2000 November 14

DNA

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2 cm x 2 cm


The Human Genome Project

 WHAT? International research effort to characterize the genomes of human and selected model organisms through complete mapping and sequencing of their DNA

The Human Genome Project What

The Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project Why

WHY?
Develop technologies for genomic analysis Examine ethical, legal, and social issues Train scientists who will be able to utilize HGP resources to pursue biological studies that will improve human health

What is aaGenome? What is Genome?

Collection of DNA molecules that carries the book of life of each organism. A DNA molecule is a double helix. In single-cell organisms the genome is one circular DNA molecule. In multi-cell organisms the genome is packaged in several chromosomes and every cell has a complete genome.

The Book of Life The Book of Life

How big is the Human Genome? How big is the Human Genome?
Contains over 3 billion base pairs One meter long when fully stretched Size of 6 billion genomes, one from each person on earth = 1 meter long human hair

Human has 23 chromosomes Human has 23 chromosomes

A Chromosome
A Chromosome

Chromosome to DNA
Chromosome to DNA

DNA I
DNA
()ACGT () AT CG AT CG

Structure of DNA II

DNA DNA DNA

 The Central Dogma

DNA

What is a Gene?
One Gene One Protein
The human genome has 65,000 to 100,000 genes Each gene (DNA sequence) contains the genetic code of a protein (amino acid sequence) Gene to protein

transcription
translation

 DNA
DNA()

mRNA mRNA
( RNA)
.Beginner's guide to Molecular Biology.htm

Protein synthesis

cDNA microarray schema

cDNA

DNA microarray (Explore Fig1)

Explore Fig1 Caption

Microarray analysis


(gene chip, DNA microarray)

(oligonucleotide microarray)
(cDNA microarray) (protein chip)


(Expression analysis) (Genotyping) (Disease management

LLMPP paper

Sample gene Expression data

(LLMPP paper, Alizadeh et al. Nature 403 (2000)

LLMPP Fig 1

Molecular Molecular Portraits .. Portraits of Human Breast Tumor

Perou et al. Nature 406 (2000)

DNA Chips
The Brown Lab Affymetrix MicroArray.org

Stanford microarray database

The MGuide