Tm cng thuc phn tu formulas from combustion analysis

Trang 1
Tm cng t hc phn t t phn ng
dt chy
( The Young Vi et namese Chemist r y Specialist s)
Phan ung cua hop chat hu co dot chy voi mot luong oxy du sinh ra cacbon dioxit v
nuoc. Su bao ton khoi luong cho thay rng tat ca cacbon tu hop chat hu co tro thnh
cacbon dioxit. Do d khoi luong cua cacbon trong cacbon dioxit bng voi khoi luong cua
cacbon c mt trong hop chat hu co. Tuong tu khoi luong cua hydro trong nuoc phai bng
khoi luong cua hydro c mt trong hop chat hu co. Theo dinh luat bao ton khoi luong th
khoi luong cua hop chat ban dau phai bng tong khoi luong cua cc nguyn to c mt trong
hop chat. Do vay nu mot hop chat hu co c chua oxy, khoi luong cua oxy c th duoc xc
dinh bng cch lay khoi luong cua ca hop chat tru di khoi luong cacbon v hydro, v khoi
luong cua cc nguyn to khc c mt trong chat khao st.
A. Cng thc kinh nghim
Cng thuc kinh nghim don gian l ti l mol cua cc nguyn t trong hop cht, nn xc
dinh s mol cua mi nguyn t trong hop cht ri tm v rt gon ti l d thu duoc cng
thuc don gian.
V d 1
Tm cng thuc kinh nghim cua mt hydrocacbon m sau khi dt chy thu duoc 2.703 g
CO
2
v 1.108 g v 1.108 g H
2
O.
Li gii:
V cht dem dt chy l hydrocacbon nn n chi chua hydro v cacbon cng thuc kinh
nghim s l mt ti s ti gian cua cc nguyn t ny
S mol cacbon = 2.703 g CO
2
x
2
1 CO
44.01 g
mol
x
2
1 C
1 mol CO
mol
= 0.06142 mol C
S mol hydrogen = 1.108 g H
2
O x
2
1 H O
18.01 g
mol
x
2
2 H
1 mol H O
mol
= 0.1230 mol H
Tm cng thuc phn tu formulas from combustion analysis
Trang 2
D c duoc ti s ti gian, chia s mol cua mi nguyn t cho s mol c gi tri thp nht ta
c:
0.06142 C
1
0.06142
mol
= ;
0.1230 H
2.003
0.06142
mol
=
Lm trn cc s hoc dng phn s ti gian p dung vo cng thuc do d cng thuc kinh
ghim cua hop cht ny l CH
2
V d 2
Tm cng thuc kinh nghim cua hop cht chua cacbon, hydro, v oxy nu 1.000g hop cht
dem dt thu duoc 1.467g CO
2
v 0.6003 g H
2
O
Li gii:
Khi luong cua cacbon dioxit v nuoc c th dng d tm ra s mol cua cabon v hydro.
Khi luong cua oxy c th xc dinh tu khi luong cua cht gc. Boi v theo dinh lut bao
ton khi luong ta c:
khi luong cua cht gc = khi luong cacbon + khi luong hydro + khi luong oxy
Truoc ht phai xc dinh duoc s mol cua C v H sau d moi tm khi luong cua C v H
S mol CO
2
= 1.467 g CO
2
x
1
44.01
mol
g
x
2
1
1
mol C
mol CO
= 0.03333 mol C
S gam C = 0.03333 mol C x
12.01
1
g
mol
= 0.4003 g C
S mol hydro = 0.600 g H
2
O x
1
18.01
mol
g
x
2
2
1
mol H
mol H O
= 0.0666 mol H
S gam hydro = 0.0666 mol H x
1.008
0.0672
1
g
g
mol
= H
S gram oxy = g hop cht g cacbon g hydro
= 1.000 0.4003 0.0672 = 0.5325 g
= 0.5325 g
S mol Oxy =
1
0.03328 O
16.00
mol
mol
g
=
Tm cng thuc phn tu formulas from combustion analysis
Trang 3
D tm duoc ti s ti gian bng cch chia cc s mol cho s mol c gi tri thp nht cua cc
s mol, trong v du ny s mol cua cacbon l thp nht.
Cacbon
0.03333
1
0.03333
= = ; Hydro
0.0666
2.00
0.03333
= ; Oxy
0.03328
0.998
0.03333
=
Lm trn cc gi tri tm duoc hoc rt gon phn s d p dung vo cng thuc nn ta tm
duoc cng thuc kinh nghim l CH
2
O
B. Cng thc phn t
D tm duoc cng thuc phn tu, truoc ht phai xc dinh duoc cng thuc kinh nghim( trong
SGK goi l cng thuc chung, o dy chng ti d dng ci tn cng thuc kinh nghim).Th
nhung thng tin v khi luong mol ( khi luong mol l khi luong cua 1 mol cht khao st)
l rt cn thit cho vic giai nhung dang ton ny.
D c duoc cng thuc phn tu tu cng thuc kinh nghim, truoc ht phai xc dinh duoc
chnh xc khi luong mol dua vo cng thuc kinh nghim. Sau d chia khi luong mol thuc
(d cho) cho khi luong mol chnh xc, v lm trn cc s. Nhn mi h s cua mi
nguyn t trong cng thuc kinh nghim cho ti s tm duoc bng cch ny d thu duoc cng
thuc phn tu.
V d 3
Khi luong mol cua cht trong V d 2 l 120 g/mol. Tm cng thuc phn tu cua n
Li gii:
Tu v du 2 ta c: cng thuc kinh nghim cua hop cht l CH
2
O khi luong mol chnh xc
cua n l:
Khi luong mol chnh xc = 12.01 + 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 30.03 g/mol
Ti s =
120
30.03
= 3.996 4
Cng thuc phn tu = 4(CH
2
O) = C
4
H
8
O
4
V d 4:
Tm cng thuc phn tu cua mt cht chua C, H, O nu n c khi luong mol l 234 g/mol
v dt chy 0.360 g cht ny thu duoc 0.406 g CO
2
v 0.250 g H
2
O
Li gii:
Truoc ht xc dinh khi luong v s mol cua cacbon, hydro tu CO
2
v H
2
O
Tm cng thuc phn tu formulas from combustion analysis
Trang 4
S mol cacbon = 0.406 g CO
2
1
44.01
mol
g
= x
2
1 C
1 CO
mol
mol
= 0.00922 mol C
Khi luong cacbon = 0.00922 mol C x
12.01
1
g
mol
= 0.111 g C
S mol hydro = 0.250 g H
2
O x
1.008
1
g
mol
x
2
2 H
0.0278 mol
1 H O
mol
mol
= H
Khi luong Hydro = 0.0278 mol H x
1.008
0.270
1
g
g
mol
= H
Khi luong cua oxy duoc xc dinh tu khi luong cua cht gc ban du
S gam oxy = S gam cht gc s gam cacbon s gam hydro
= 0.360 0.111 0.0279
= 0.221 g O
S mol cua oxy duoc xc dinh tu khi luong cua oxy:
S mol oxy = 0.221 g O x
1
0.0138
16.00
mol
g
= mol O
Xc dinh cng thuc kinh nghim bng vic chia cc s mol tm duoc cho s mol c gi tri
nho nht, d l s mol cua cacbon:
Cacbon
0.00922
1
0.00922
= = ; Hydro
0.0278
3.01
0.00922
= = ; Oxy
0.0138
1.498
0.00922
= =
Lm trn cc s tm duoc hoc cc phn s ti gian. Ta tm duoc ti l cua C:H:O l 1:3:1
H s cua cc nguyn t trong cng thuc phn tu phai l s nguyn nn ta nhn ti l tm
duoc voi mu s cua phn s. Ta c ti l sau 2:6:3 v cng thuc phn tu s l C
2
H
6
O
3
Bi ton cho khi luong mol thuc cua cht l 234 g/mol
Khi luong mol chnh xc l = 2(12.01) + 6(1.008) + 3(16.00) = 78.07 g/mol
Ti s =
234
78.07
= 2.997 3
Nhn cng thuc kinh nghim tm duoc voi 3 ta s c cong thuc phn tu cn tm cua cht d
cho l C
6
H
18
O
9
.