am At{]w aev]m

am At{]w aev]m

/
v
t
.
x
Imew sNbvX ]. _t-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b
ImtXmo
enm _mhm Xncp-ta\n dm-\m-bn-cp--tm kpdn-bm-d
\n-bn \np
o
hnh\w sNbvX Hcp IrXnsb B[m-c-am-n-bmWv
Cu {Kw
th hcp-n-bncNn-n-p--Xv. aqe-Ir-Xn-bn \npw Imcy-ambram
n-s-nepw Nne `mK- kwn]vXcq-]-o
n-em-n-bn-p-v.
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am At{]w aev]m

I
ss{IkvXh k`m-N-cn-{X-n X-en-]n-I-fn tcJ-s-Sp-snp hnip--\mWv am At{]w. Ctlw kpdn-bm\n hwi-P-\m-bncpp.
am At{]-an-sd ]nXmhv \vko_n ]-W-m-c\pw amXmhv
BoZv ]-W-m-cn-bp-am-bn-cp-p. hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-cpsS IpSpw-_-n
]nd At{]w Hcp ss{IkvXh kn-\m-bn-o IY Ap-X-I-cam-Wv.
At{]-an-sd ]nXmhv A_v\o F hn{K-l-n-s ]qPm-cn-bmbn-cp-p. Cu hn{Klw ]nevm-ev bqs_-\n-bm-\qkv cmPmhv
XIp-I-f-p.

/
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t
tImbn N{I-hn-bpsS Ime-mWv am At{]w. PmXx
\m-b-Xv.
o
d
hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-m-c-s ]p{X-\mbn ]nd-np IqSn,oAip--_-enI-fnepw A\m-Nm-c--fnepw ]s-Sp-msX ]hn-{X-tbh
-\mbn Pohn-m
r
Ah\p Ir] e`n-n-cp-p. bd-an-bm, Kvaqtb XpSnb {]hm-N-I-mo apIqn sXc-ssc-tmse Xs ssZhw X\n-p-thn Chs\
a
r
Sp-n-cp-p.
a
ssZh-Ir] s]mXnp kqn-n-cp-k
n -Xn-\m ss]im-NnI inIv At{]-ans\ ASn-a-s-Sp-a
m Ign-n-cp-n-. ]nim-Np-
l
Ahs\ hf-sc-tbsd `b-s-n-ca
p-p. ss]im-NnI t{]c-W-bpsS ^eambn At{]-an-sd amXm-]m
Ahs\ Hcp hn{K-lm-cm-[-I
. n-Xm-ssZhBm {ian-n-cp-p. ]t
Ir-]- aqew AXn\np cw
s-Sp-hm -A-h\p Ign-p. hn. ]ueq-kn-s\-tmse ssZh-n-s
"sXc-s-Sp--s w
]m{X'ambn Ah ]cn-e-kn-p.
w
/-fp-ambn At{]w kw ]pep-Xv Ah-s
{InkvXy-m\nI
/
:
]nXm-hns\ tcmjm-Ip-e-\m-n-bn-cp-p. Xqew ]e-tmgpw At{]-an\p
ITn-\in-
tp-I A\p-`-hn-tn hn-cp-p.
t
hZnhkw At{]-an-\pthn Ah-sd ]nXmhv tZh-m-cpsS hn{KHcp
l-p apn _en-bn-p. Atm kmm AhnsS {]Xy-\m-bn.
"At\Iw kwh--c--fmbn t{Xm-cm-[-\-I-fnepw _en-b-W-

am At{]w aev]m

nepw \o Xmev]c
- y-ap-h
- \
- m-Ipp Fp Rm Adn-bp-p. Fm
\ns ]p{X-\p-th-n-bp bmN\ ssIsm-m F\np \nhrn-bn-. kzw `qan-bm-bo-o-cp-hm Ign-bm-Xn-cn-p{]Imcw
Xs \ns ]p{X-\n F\nv Bizm-khpw ]pw e`n-m Ign-bp-X-. Rm \ns ASp- hkn--W-sap \o B{K-ln-p
]w Ahs\ \ns `h-\-n \nv HmSn--Ww. Ab e-fnt]mepw Ahs\ Xma-kn-n--cp-Xv. Fs-m Ah Fs
i{Xphpw hntcm-[nbpw BIpp' Fv kmm ]d-p.
kmm-sd B A\p-k-cnv B {Iqc-\mb ]nXmhv Xs
]p{Xs\ AhnsS \ntm-Sn-p. Fm ssZh-`--\mb At{]-an\v
Aev]w-t]mepw Ass[cyw Dm-bn-. Ah IqSp-X kp-jvS-\mbn-cp-p.

/
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t
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xt- ep
\vkn_n-\nse Fn-kvtm-b
- mb am bmq-_n-s ASpo
ssZhw Ahs\ hgn \S-n. Atlw At{]-an\v Znthymd ]-tZ-i-
o
\evIn. am bmq_v At{]-ans\ san-\nb (amh aq-Zokm appt
-Xn\p app ]Z-hn) Bn.
r
o
II
a
r
a At{]-ans\ Hcp ]pXnb
am bmq-_n-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp Xmakw
k
a\p-jy-\m-n-op. ]t kmm
n \nc--c-ambn Ahs\ ]coa
n-p-sIm-n-cp-p.
l
a
B ]n-bn At{]w Fp t]cp Hcp I]ym-cp-m-bn-cp-p.
Ah kmms- Bbp-.[m
-am-bn-op. ]-W-nse Hcp {][m-\nwhio-I-cnp ]ng-n-p. Imcyw shfn-s-Sp-bpsS ]p{Xnsb Ah
w injy-\mb At{]w \nan--amWv Xm ]ng-]w bmq-_n-sd
w
sX-v Fm-h-tcmSpw ]d-bm B ZpjvS Ahsf iw-sI-n-bn-cpp.
/
/D]I]ym-cpsS
tZiw A\p-kc
- np Xs Ah {]hn-p. At{]:
p
amWv Xs
t ]ng-n--sXv Ah \nw ]d-p.
t
Ahh fpsS ]nXmhv hnhcw Fn-kvtm-msb Adn-bn-p. tIh
tI-h hnkva-bn-p.
""kXyw shfn-s-S-cptX'' Fv At{]w {]mn--Xp-aq-ew, kXyw
shfn-s-SmsX t]mbn.
"Fs ]p{Xm \o {]hn-Xv Fv' Fv Fn-kvtmm At{]an-t\mSp tNmZn-p. At{]w au\-am-bn-cp-p.

am At{]w aev]m

cmw {]mhiyw tNmZn--tm "]nXmth Rm ]m]w sNbvXp'

Fm-bn-cpp At{]-an-sd adp-]-Sn. At{]-ans\ Fn-kvtmmbvv
icn-p-ad
- n-bm-am-bn-cp-X
- n-\m, Ah-s hmp-If
- n astm Aap-m-bn-cn-p-sav Atlw Nnnp.
]ng-bv-s bphXn HcmIp-nsb {]k-hn-p. B Ipnsb AhfpsS A sImp-hv Fn-kvtm-m-bp-sSbpw ]-m-cp-sSbpw
apmsI hp.
""At{]-ta.... \ns Ipnsb hfn-smI'' F-bm ]d-p.
""Fsd ]nXm--mtc Rm ]m]w sNbvXp-t]mbn'' Fp hne]npsImv At{]w Ipnsb Gphmn.

/
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t
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shdp-ns-bpw, ]cn-lm-k
- n-sbpw \Sp-hn ssZhm-{ibwxssIhnovW-Xbpw
SmsX B hnip- PohnXw \bn-p. At{]-an-s kln-j
d
ss[cyhpw Ap-X-I-c-am-bn-cp-p.
o
h
"Gh apJm-ncw hncp--ap-m-p-p-thm..... tB a\p-jy\p lm
r
IjvSw' F Xncp-h-N\w At{]-an-sd lrZ-o
b-n Dbp-sIma
n-cp-p.
r
a Xn-cn-m kXyw shfnXm \nanw ap-hv CSkhcms-tS--Xm-h-iy-sav At{]-an\p t_myn am-bn.
a
l
Hcp Rmb-dmgvN ]-mcpw hnizmkn-Ifpw hnip CS-b-t\m-Sp-IqSn
a
]n-bn {]mn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-tm am At{]w Ipn-tb-bp.msNp. _oam-ta Ib-dp-hm Fnsa-Sp-p-sImv Ahn-tSp
w hmZw hmn.
kvtm-m-bn \nv A\pw
Ipnsb aZv_w
-lm-bpsS t\sc s]mn henb i_vZ-tm-Sp-IqSn
A-l-kn-p. /
:/
""ape-Ip-p
Sn-p inipth BIm-ihpw `qanbpw Ah-bn-ep kIt Sn \psS Im-hmb tbip-avin-lm-bpsS \ma-n
ehpw krjv
t
Rmh\ntmSv BW-bn-Sp-p. \nsd ANvO Bcm-Ipp F
III

kXyw shfn-s-Sp-p-I'' Fp hnip- Bm-]n-p.

""Fsd ANvO Cu ]n-bpsS I]ym-cmb At{]w BIpp''
Fp aqp -{]m-hiyw ]d-nv DSs\ Xs ac-W-a-S-p.

am At{]w aev]m
P\-sf Cu kw`hw Ap-X-hn-h-i-cm-n.

""Hcp ]cn-ip-s\ ]cn-l-kn--Xp-sImp Rp lm IjvSw''

F-h Htc- kz-c-n hnfnp ]d-p. Ah At{]-an-t\mSp amt]-n-p.
kmm en-X-\m-bn-op. At{]-ans\ ]g-b-Xn-t\-m
A[n-Ia
- mbn P\- kvt\ln-bpw BZ-cn-bpw sNbvXp. hn. At{]an\v A]-am\w hcp-nb I]ym Ahn-sS-\npw HmSn-tm-bn. AXn\p-tijw Ahs\ Bcpw In-n-.

/
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x
IV
o
d
o
GXm\pw hj- Ign--tm thZ-hn-]-co-X
n-bmb Adn-bqhXe-s]m-n.
kn-sd ]mjmtm]tZ-i- Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn
t
r
]p{X-s\-bpw, ]. dqlm-sbbpw ]n Adn-boqkv ZqjWw ]d-p.
a hns\ Ah \nnp.
X\np kwkm-c-in \evInb kzob r
]nXmAdn-bq-kn-sd thZ-hn-]-coXw CuPn-]vXa
k nepw ap \mSp-I-fnepw tImfnf-- krjvSn-p. ]n-X\pw n
Xmn-I\pw Bbn-cp Adn-bqkn-sd ]nSn-bn ]e ]ptcm-lln-X
a-mcpw AI-s-p.
a-I-\m-bn-cp tImbn N{Iss{IkvX-h-k-`m -kw-c-
m
hnsb CXp hymIp-.e-Nn--\m-n. temI-s-p-ap Fnkvtm--msc Atlw
w A. D 325 \nJym-bn hnfn-p-Iq-n. am
bmq_pw \nJym w
kp-l-tZm-kn-tep Wn--s-n-cp-p.
w
Adn-bq-kn-s/
d thZ-hn-]-co-X-n-s\-Xn-cmbn ]S-s]m-cp-Xm bmq/
_n-t\m-sSmw
: At{]-ap-ap-m-bn-cp-p.
p
t kp-l-tZmkv Adn-bq-kns\ i]np Xn. thZ-im-kv{X\nJym
t
]m-ch
w-K-X-\m-bn-cp Am-\m-kn-tbmkv sim- Bbn-cpp Adnbq-kn-sd hmZ-ap-J- XIp Xcn--W-am-n-b-Xv.
hnip bmq-_n\p Xsd hm-ey-in-jy-\mb At{]-an-t\m-Sp
kvt\lw ]g-b-Xn-t\-m ]Xn--Sp hn-p. At{]-an\pw bmq_n-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp Xmakw B\--{]-Z-am-bn-cp-p.

\nJym kp-l-tZmkv Ign--tm hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn \npw

h Fn-kvtm--m-scmw X-fpsS e--fn-tep t]mbn.
am bmq_v Pbm-fn-bmb ]S--e-h-s\-tmse At{]-an-t\msSmv Xs e-tp aS-n-tm-bn. am At{]w kIe Imcy-

am At{]w aev]m

-fnepw Xs Kpcp-hn\p Iogvhgn Pohn-p. ssZh-Ir] Ah-s

ta hjn-p-sIm-n-cp-p.

V
A. D 337 alm-\mb tImbn N{I-hn \nXy-kz-X-bn-tep {]th-in-p. Cu Xw t\mn t]jy N{I-hnbmb kmt_m bp-n\v Hcp-- sNbvXp. tImbn-s
]p{X-m Xosc sNdp--m-cm-I-bm XtmSv FXn--m Ah
apXn-cp-I-bn-m-sbv kmt_m Icp-Xn-bn-cp-p.
Bbn-c--W-n\v IpXn-c-I-fpw, B\-I-fpw klnXw F-a
Imem-S-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cpp kmt_m bp-n\p ]pd-s--Xv.
\kv_o ]-W-n-s\-Xn-cmbn Fgp-]Xp Znhkw kmt_m-dn-s
ssk\yw bpw sNbvXp. B ]-W-n-eqsS Hgp-In-sm-n-cp
\Znsb Ah-s ssk\yw AS-p-I-f-p. \Zn hn-h-c--tXm-Sp- IqSn
henb Cfw Dm-bn. kmt_m-dn-s ssk\yw tIm-sIm--f-
CSnp\nc-m XpS-n. tImbvp henb {]hm-l-n-s ins-Xn-cmbn sNdpp \nevm Ign-bm-Xn-cp-Xp aqew AXp hogmdm-bn. CtXmsS \njv{]-bmkw ]-Ws Iogvs-Sp-m Ign-bp-sav
kmt_m \n-bn-p.

/
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d
o
th
r
o
a
r `-P-\--tfm-sSmw
a
Fm am bmq_pw am At{]apw
kp. ]cn-ip CS-b-s \nttZhm-e-b-n-sen apn-mbn {]mnn
i-{]-Imcw tIm-bv-Iv thsdmcp
latIm-bpw -IqSn ]Wn-Xp. AXnepw
]S-bm-fn-I-sf-bm-n. tIm-bp-sS-ata cmP-Iob hkv{Xw [cn-p-\n
Hcm-fn-s \nan--a-msX m
tIm-bpsS ]Wntbm _etam \nanw
kmt_m hnkva-bn-n-. .
w
tIm-bpsS ta\n
w Bfn-sd taem-S-I ann-nfn-bn-cp-p.
Ah cmPm-hp -Xw
-s-sbv kmt_m Xocp-am-\n-p.
/
/ Jym-bn-em-Ipp Fp XtmSv Adn-bn--h-cp-sScmPmhv Atym:
t\sc kmt_m
tcmjm-Ip-e-\m-bn. Ipsd Ign--tm tdmam-mtp Ahpt
cpsS ssZhw
thn bpw- sN-p-p-sh--dnv Acn-jvSa\p-jhy Gw tIm]n-p. Ah Akv{Xw hen-s-dn-p. Atm
Ah-s {`mn\v A]w ia-\-ap-m-bn.
Atm hnkva-b-\o-b-\mb am At{]w tIm-bpsS apI-fn
Ibdn. B _mt_-dn-b
- m-cpsS t\sc im]-n-s Akv{X- Fphm Xs A\p-h-Zn--W-sav am bm-q-_n-t\mSv At]-n-p.

am At{]w aev]m

am At{]w apJm-ncw app-mb ApXw Hmnv bmq_v

A\p-hmZw \In.
At{]w tIm-bpsS apI-fn Ibdn Bbn-ca
- m-bncw i{Xp-sf Itm, Ah-tcmSp bpw sNp--Xn\v Gw sNdnb {]mWn-I am{Xw
aXn-sb-pw, \o i-\m-Ipp Fv Ch Adn-tb--Xn\p hp-Itf-bpw Cu-I-tfbpw ]d--b-bv-W-ta-sbpw ]d-p. At{]w
{]mn- - h - k m- \ nnpw apt hp- I fpw Cu- I fpw Xnn
\ndp. B\-I-fp-sS-bpw, IpXn-c-I-fp-sS-bpw, tijw arK-fp-tSbpw
sNhn-If
- nepw aqp-If
- nepw Ib-dp-Ibpw tZlw Ipn-p-fb
- vp-Ibpw
sNbv I - b m henb Ipg- - - f p- m- b n. arK- \mep- ] mSpw
]mtmSn. Ah-bpsS apI-fn-en-cp `S-m sXdnp \ne-p-ho-Wp.
ac-W-sh-{]mfw ]nSn `S-mcpw \mep-]mSpw ]mpXp-S-n. Alm- c nbpw Kn- j v T - \ p- a m- b n- c p kmt_m ssZh- i - n- b psS
amlmyw Zin--tm Xsd A]-Xz-s-p-dnv Nnnp enX-\m-bn-op. `mKy-hm-\mb At{]-an-s {]m-\- aqew B ]Ww
cn--s-p.

/
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d
o
h
t
r
o
VI
a
r
A. D 337 `mKy-]-cn-em-fn-X-\m-bn-cp
aam bmq_v Xs Bmk
hns\ ssZh-k-n-[n-bn `c-ta]n-
p. At{]w AKm-[-Zpx-J-n
n BtLm-j-ambn \S--sp.
apgp-In. bmq-_n-sd I_-d-SwaGw
l
aVII
m
tImbn N{I-.hn-bpsS ]p{X\pw B Ime-p-Xs
w
acWw {]m]n-p. XpSp knwlm-k-\m-cq-V-\m-bXv ZpjvS-\mb bqenw
bm-t\mkv Bbn-cp-p. Hcp henb ss{IkvX-h- ]oU\w Ah Agnw
/
p-hn-p. ]n-I
sf \in-n--bpw, B m\p hn{K-l-{]-Xn-jvT/
I \S-p-:Ibpw sNbvXv ss{IkvX-h-k-`sb bn-n-m Ah
p \p-tijw Ah t]jy-bn-tep t]mbn. avinlm-Xp{ian-p. tAXnt
cms\ Zpjn Ah icn-bmb in A\p-`-hn-p. i{Xp--fpsS
h
apmsI ]n-sb-tmse Ah Np-ho-Wp.
Ch-\p-tijw hnizm-kn-bmb bqs_-\n-bqkv knwlm-k\
- m-cq-V\
- mbn.
Ah t]jy-m-cp-ambn kn-bp-m-n. \vkv_n ]Ww Ahp hnp-sIm-Sp-p.
B ]Ww t]jym-mp hnp-sIm-Sp--Xn-s tijw am

am At{]w aev]m

At{]w s_kvK-d-_nbm F e-tp t]mbn. Ahn-sS-hp

Xs 28mw hb-n m\-kv\m\w ssIsm-p. Xs m-\kv\m-\-s-Sp-nb Bfn-sd AcnsI Xma-knp Nne-sXmw ]Tn-p.
B Imev k`-bn ]oUbp-mI-bm Ahn-sS-\npw BaoZv ]W-n-tev HmSn-tm-bn. AhnsS Ipsd-\m Xma-kn--tijw s_k\-ld
- o-\n-ep Dd-lm-bvp t]mbn. AXn-s Nppap Zb-dm-I Itm At{]-an-sd lrZbw Bm-Zw-sImp XpSn-p. Ahn-sS-s
injvSm-bpp Ign--W-sav Ah Xocp-am-\n-p.
B ]-Ws Npp ssZkm F \Zn Ac IS-p-tm
X-fpsS hkv{X- Ae-n-sm-n-cp kv{XoI-fn-sem-cp-h
\new hnip--s\ -t\m-n.

/
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t
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x Xp
""\o \ne-p-\nv FSp--s-Sp-I-bm \nep t\mto
\obm-Ipp. Rms\m \nn\nv FSp-s-n-cn-p-d
p. AXn-\m
o
Rm \nn t\mt--Xm-Ipp'' Fv Ah hnipth \p adp-]Sn
\evIn.
r
o\-aphsc-n ]pcp""Cu ]-W-n-ep kv{XoI C{X ma
r hnip- B-KXw
j-m F{X m-\n-I-fm-bn-cn-pw'' Fv
a
sNbvXp. Fs-nepw the -sNbvXv D]k Po-h\w Ign--W-sa Dti-ytmsS Atlw ]-W-n-tepn{]th-in-p. ssIsm-gn-ep-I
a
Hpw At{]-an\v Adn-p-Iq-Sm-b
al n-cp-p.
B Imev Dd-lm-bn m
A[n-Iw-t]cpw Ass{I-kvX-h-cm-bn-cp-p.
.
the-bn-m ka-bv Ah Ahp kZp-]-tZ-i- ]Ipw
sIm-Sp-n-cp-p.
w
Hcp Znhkw Hcp
w]pd-Pm-Xn-m-c-\p-ambn At{]w Xn-p-sImp
\np-tm//
hr-\mb Hcp Culn-Zm-b-m-c AXp-hgn hp.
:
""Fs p
]p{Xm \o Fhn-Sp-p-Im-c'' Fv Atlw At{]-an-t\mSp
t
tNmZn-tp. At{]w Xs Pohn-X-IY apgp-h Culn-Zm-b-m-c-t\mSp
hp.
]d-
""kv{Xosb \o en-p-n-t- bm. \nep t\mpI'' Fv tIm]tm-Sp-IqSn ]d-p.

""{InkvXym-\n-bmb \o ]pd-Pm-Xn-I-tfmSv kwkw sNbvXv temIIm-cy--fn Ds-Sp-hm \o hnNm-cn-p-pthm?'' Fp tNmZn-p.

""Fs ]nXmth Rm temI-Im-cy--fn Ds-Sp-hm hnNm-cn-

10

am At{]w aev]m

p-n'' Fv At{]w adp-]Sn \In.

""A-s\-sb-n Fs hmp-Ip \o sNhn Xcn-I. \o ]X-n-tep Ibdn Zb-dm-I-fn-sem-n sNv hr-\mb Hcp CulnZm-b-m-c-t\m-sSmp Xma-kn-p-I. Ah \ns ]q-X-bn- hgn\-S-pw'' Fv Culn-Zm-b-m-c D]-tZ-in-p.
At{]w X\nv D]-tZiw \Inb Culn-Zm-b-m-c-t\mSp tNp.
Ah Hnv ]-X-n-tep t]mbn. AhnsS Hcp I-Sm-hn ]mp-d-n-p. AhnsShv Zb-dm-bq-tm-bpsS ]q-thjw [cn-p.
t\mpw {]m-\bpw \nc-c
- a
- mb ]pkvXI ]cn-tim-[\
- bpw \Sn.

/
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Hcp Znhkw ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bn B Culn-Zm-b-m-c {]m\
x
o
Ignv ]pd-n-d-n-b-tm Hcp Zi\w Ip.
dHcp amemJm
o
cp hihpw Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]pkvX-I-p-cp-fp-ambn
hNpcp Bp
Cd-n-h-nv Ccp-h-ihpw \nevphtcmSv Cu
t
r
\IWw Fp tNmZn-p.
o
aCu Culn-Zm-b-m-c
""ankvd-bn-anse h\-n hkn-p
r
ap.
Ao\p sImSp-pI'' Fv Ah ]dk
""A{]-Imcw Iev]n-n-n'' FpnamemJ ]d-p.
la
""Culn-Zm-b-m-c bqen-ba
m-t\m-kn\p sImSp-Ww'' Fv Ah
]dp.
m
.
""Dd-lm-bpsS ]-w
X-n-en-cn-p kpdn-bm-\n-m-c At{]-amsX CXn\p tbmKy\m-b-h Bcp-an'' Fv amemJ adp-]Sn
w
]dp.
w
/
/ Culn-Zm-b-m-cs\ hnkva-b-`-cn-X-\m-n.
Cu Zi\w
:
hn. At{]w
tp inip-hm-bn-cn-p-tm Ah-s \mhn Hcp apncn
t
apfv
hfv BIm-i-n Iosgmw ]Sp Fpw kar--ambn
h
Ipe-I Dm-bn-sbpw BIm-i-nse ]n-I hv Ahsb
VIII

`np Fpw hopw hopw Ipe-I Dm-bn-sbpw Hcp Zi\w

I-Xmbn Xs acW]{Xn-I-bn Fgp-X-s-n-cp-p.
Hcp Znhkw At{]w Dev]n ]pkvX-I-n\p hymJym-\-sa-gp-XpXv Culn-Zm-b-m-c Im-Wm-\n-S-bm-bn. Ah-s apn-es Adnhn-m-bva-sbbpw ]noSv ssZhw sImSp Adn-hn-s\bpw ]n Nnn-

am At{]w aev]m

11

-tm Atlw hfsc hnkva-bn-p. Hm-as ]pkvX-I-n-s

hymJym\w Ah-km-\n--bp-S cmw ]pkvXI-n-s hymJym-\hpw
Fgp-Xn-p-S-n. CtXmsS Xm I Zi\w kXy-am-bn-cp-p-shv
Culn-Zm-b-m-c\p a\-n-em-bn.
At{]w Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-{Kw Culn-Zm-b-m-c ]ptcm-lnX-mpw, imkv{Xn-ampw Imn-sm-Sp-p. Cu {Kw Fgp-Xnb
At{]-an-sd ]mnXyw Ah-sc-sbmw Ap-X-hn-h-i-cm-n.
""ae-ta ]Wn-b-s-n-cn-p ]-W-n\p ad-hm-bn-cn-m IgnI-bn'' F-cp-fn-sbvX avinlm-X-p-cm, ]-W-nse {In-kvXym\n-I-fpsS lrZ-b-sf Cf-n-bXp \nanw At{]-ans\ ImWp-Xn-\mbn Ah Iq-tmsS sNp.

/
v
t
.
x
IX
o
d
Ah Hcp Xmgvhc-bn-te-n-d-p-tm Hcp ssZh-oZq-X Ah\p
{]Xy--\m-bn.
th
r
""At{]-ta..... \o Fhn-sS-tm-Ipp'' Fv o
Ah tNmZn-p.
a
r \npw amdn im-am-bn""Fsd \mYm temI-n-s el-f-bn
cn-m HmSn-tm-Ipp'' Fp ]d-k
p. a
n hen Imf-sb-tmse At{]w
""\pI-n \np Xs Igp-a
ns\
l
Fn \ntm-Sn-tmbn'' Fv a
Fgp-Xs
- -n-cn-p-Xv \ns-ta \nhrn-m CS-h-c-cpXv'' Fp amemJ ]d-p.
.m
""Imth, Rm _e-lo-\\pw Atbm-Ky-\p-am-Ipp'' Fv
w
Ah Ic-p-sImp
w ]d-p.
w Fm-hpw ImW---hw Xn-t-e""hnfp sImfpn
/
msX ]d-bnIosg
/ shp-am-dn'' Fv amemJ ]d-p. Cns\
:
]e Imcy-
fpw
p At{]-an-t\mSp kwkm-cn--tijw amemJ A{]-Xy-\m-btn.t
h
At{]-ans\ ImWmsX \ncmicmb P\-qw X-fpsS ]-W-nCu hnhcw Adn--tm At{]w Hfn-tm-Sn-tm-bn.

tep Xs aS-n-tm-bn.
At{]w Dd-lm-bn-te-p X
- s aS-n-tm-p. ]-W{- ]-th-i\
-
- n\p
apmbn At{]w Hcp eLp {]m\ \S-n.

12

am At{]w aev]m

""]cn-ip ol-mv kmm-sbpw Ah-s ssk\y-nsbpw ta A[n-Imcw sImSp Imth, \ns in F\np
Xv Fm thZ-hn-]-co-X--sfbpw Fsd apn \np ambnp
If-hm Ir] -X-c-W-ta.....'' -C-Xm-bn-cpp At{]-an-s {]m-\.
]ntZnhkw {]`m-X-n ]-W-n-eqsS Ah \S-p-tm
Nne Ahs\ Ip-]n-Sn-p.
""Cu thj-[m-cnsb hp Imao. \mw Ah-s ]nmse sNtm Ah HmSn--f-p. Ctm CXm Ah kzbw hn-cnpp'' Fv Ah ]d-p.

/
v
t
.
""Fsd ]nXm--mcpw ktlm-Z-c-m-cp-ta, an-o.x\n
o
At\z-jn--h Rm Xs-bm-Ipp'' Fv At{]w d
hn\bw Xpfpp kzc-n ]d-p. Ah-s Xmgva \nan-woAhv Ahh
t\mSv Zbbpw kvt\lhpw tXmn.
t
r
o
X
a
r
aCuln-Zm-b
Hcp Znhkw Znhy-Zi\w ImWp Hcp
- m-c `Ww
k
hmphm ]-W-n-tev Cd-nn-h-p. At{]-ans\ Ahn-sS-hv
Ah Ip.
a
l
""AXn-\m Ifs shSn-a
mn thZ-hn-]-co-X-sf Npp-I-f-bpm
-Xmbn Im-hn-s Ine
p
hnidn Ch-\m-Ipp'' Fv Culn.
Zm-b-m-c ]d-p. w
]-W-hm-kn-Iw
CXp tIp. thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Ifpw Ass{I-kvX-hcpw
tIm]m-Ip-ec
- m-b/n w
At{]-ans\ ]nSnp ]-W
- n\p ]pd-m-n. Ahs
/
ta Is-d:n-p. It-dp-sImv A-{]m-W-\mbno At{]w,
]ntZnhkw
tp Xs aphm-k--e-t-p-Xs t]mbn.
t
thZh hn-]-co-Xn-Is-Xn-cmbn [mcmfw {K- cNn-p. henb
Hcp injyk-v Ah-\p-m-bn-op. Dd-lm-bpsS ]n-bnse
At{]w {]iwk CjvS-s-Sp--h-s\p IcpXn Ahs\ ]-m-cpsSbpw m-\n-I-fp-tSbpw apmsI sImp-sN-p.

sim-i-\mb sk\p-_n-tbmkpw am Ck-lm-pw, kq\m-bpw, bqenbm-\m-bpw, sia-Hm-\pw, A{_-lmapw Ah-cn {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-p.

Ch-scmw ]nm-ep {K-c-N-bn-Xm-fpw aev]m-m-cp-am-bnop.

am At{]w aev]m

13

Am-ev I-tZm-Iym-bnse tIk-dn-bm-bpsS Fn-kvtm--bmbn-cp hn. _t-en-tbm-n-sd Ap-X--sf-p-dnp tI-bm

At-ls ImWp--Xn\v At{]-an\v B{K-l-ap-m-bn. _t-en-tbmkn-s\-p-dn-p tIhn kXy-amtWm F-dn-bp--Xn-\p-thn
At{]w {]mn-p.
Hcp Znhkw At{]w Hcp Zi\w Ip:
"aZv_-lm-bpsS apmsI kz-tmfw Db Hc-n-q
\nevp--XmWv' At{]w I Zi-\w.
""At{]ta Cu An-q F{]-Im-c-tam, A{]-Im-cw-Xs henb
_t-en-tbmkpw BIpp'' Fv Hcp kzo-b-i-_vZhpw tIp.

/
v
t
.
x
o
ankvd-bn-an-tep t]mIp-hm Ah I Ib-dn. I-dense km[o mSn-p.
\-sfmw Fdn-p-I-f-b---hw D{K-amb h
sImSpIm IS-en NmSn--f-hm hnNm-cn-p. rt
o kn-s\bpw Ah""ktlm-Zc
-
- mtc.... \n `b-s-Sc
- p-Xv. hn.
]utema
r Cu ]co-b- n \np
tcm-Sp-IqSn Dm-bn-cphtcbpw cn ssZhw
a
\sbpw cnpw'' Fp ]dv At{]w
k Ahsc ss[cy-s-Sp-n.
n
Im At{]ans\ ]cn-la
-kn-p. Atm At{]w apn-mbn
l
{]mn-p. IS-en-t dqivamasNbvXp.
m avin-lm-bpsS \ma-n Rm Iev]n""\o au\-am-bn-cn-m tbip.
p-p'' Fv ]d--bw
p-S IS im-am-bn.
w \o Rsf cn-p'' Fp ]d-p-sImv
""R-fpsS ]nXmth,
w
At{]-ans\ ]cn-/l-kn--h Ah-s apmsI Ihn-Wp-hoWv am-t]/
n-p.
:
pkap-{Z-bm-{X-bvn-S-bn Hcp henb Pp I-ens\ \inhopw
t
t
n-m
h ]ms-n. B Pp-hn-s -t\sc At{]w dqivam sNbvXp.
DSs\ AXp \Spth ]nfv IS-en XmWp-t]m-bn. Im HCu Zi-\s XpSv, _t-en-tbm-kns\ ImWp--Xn\p ]pds-p. {Kop `mj-b-dn-bm-hp Hcp injy-t\bpw Xtm-sSmp
sImp-t]m-bn.

Sw ssZhs al-Xz-s-Sp-n.
kam-[m-\-tmsS At{]apw injy\pw an{k-bo-an-se-n. ]cn-ip
h\-sbpw AXn-ep Culn-Zm-b
- m-cs
- \bpw ImWp-X
- n\v At{]w

14

am At{]w aev]m

B{K- l n- p. ssZh- n- s sXc- s - S p- - s - - h - \ mb Bs_m

(]nXmhv) Ccn-p ew Ah Ip]nSn-p. Ah-cpsS {]m-\bpsS ^e-ambn ]. _oip-hn\v kpdn-bm-\n-bpw, At{]-an\v CuKp]vXmbpw kwkm-cn-m-\p Ir] e`n-p.

XI
""sXc-s-Sp--s Bs_m-_o-ip-hn-t\m-sSmw \n\p Rm
{]Xn-]-Icw Xcpw'' Fv Dtd-lm-bn hv ssZhw At{]-an-t\mSv Acpfn-s-bvXn-cp-p. AXn-\m Cu ki\w At{]-ans\ hf-sc-tbsd
ktm-jn-n-p. HcmgvN At{]w Bs_m- _o-ip-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS Xmakn-p.

/
v
tam{X.
Zb-dm-m-c-\m-b-Xn-\p- tijw If-tKm-Xpw ]-k-ky-fpw
am-bn-cpp At{]-an-s `-Ww. AXp-sImv Ah-sox icocw
saenv FpwsXmenbpw Bbn tijn-p. Iod-hk
- v{X-
df- mWv Ah
o
[cn-n-cp--Xv. Iq\pw, Ij-nbpw ]nSn Hcp Ipdnb
a\p-jy-\m-bnh
cpp At{]w. Ah-s apJv Ftmgpw ZpxJ-`tm-h-am-bn-cp-p.
r
o
Bs_m -_o-ip-hn-t\mSp bm{X-]-d tijw
an{k-bn-an Fpa
hjw At{]w Xma-kn-p. Adn-tbm-kn-sd
r thZ-hn-]-co-X-n apna
b-hsc kXy-hn-izm-k
- n-tev At{]w hgn\Sk n. CuKp-]vXmb `mjbn ]mnXyw t\Snb At{]w n
B `mj ]Tn-n--bpw, \nc-h[n
{K- cNn-bpw sNbvXp. la
a
Adn-tbm-kn-s thZ-hn-]c
- oXw kzoI-cn I]-S`-
- \
- mb Hcp Culnm
Zm-b-m-c-\p-m-bn-cp-p. .p{Z-m-c-\m-bn-cp Ah\v Ap-X-
wn-cp-p. CXn-\m Ah-s\-p-dnp hfsc tI{]hn-m Ign-
hn-bp-m-bn-cp-p. w
w
Hcp Znhkw/ Ch At{]-ans\ ]cn-l-kn-p. At{]w Ahs\
/ Ah adnp \nep hoWp. ssIIm-ep-I Ci]np. DSs\
:
Snp XpStpn.
t
hrh \mb p{Z-m-c\v kw`-hn--sX-sp ImWm Culn-Zmb-m ASp-p-Iq-Sn. At{]-an\p lrZ-b-n Aenhpw ZpxJhpw
tXmp-I-bm, B thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-p-thn {]mn-p. kmm-s
kzm[o-\-n \npw tamNn-X-\m-Ibpw Ah kXy-hn-izm-kn-bm-bno-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm-h-cmepw ]pI-gv-s At{]w Ahn-sS\npw _t-en-tbm-kns\ ImWp--Xn-\p-thn bm{X Xncn-p.

am At{]w aev]m

15

hn. Zl-\m -Zn-hkw At{]w tIk-dn-bm-bn Fn-tp. ]ntv

]. _t-en-tbm-kns\ ]n-bn ImWm Ignbpw Fv P\-fn \n-dn-p. B cm{Xn ]mm Bcpw Ahs\ ssIsm-mXn-cp--Xp-aqew sXcp-hn Xma-kn-t-n-h-p. ]ntv ]n-bn
hv _t-en-tbm-kns\ Ip.
""ktlm-Zcm \mw ChnsS hXp hrYm-hmbtm'' Fv _tk-entbm-kns\ I-tm At{]w Xs injy-t\mSp ]d-p.
]. _t-en-tbmkv tim`-bp hkv{X-f
- m-WWn-n-cp-X
- v. Xebn Ae--cn--s ak-\-]vkmbpw apSnbpw AWn-n-cp _tken-tbmkv ]-m-cmepw sim--m-cmepw ]cn-tk-hn-X-\m-bn-cpp.
_t-en-tbm-kn-s\-p-dnv At{]-an-s kev]w asmm-bn-cp-p.
efn-X-amb thj-n-epw, `mh-n-ep-am-bn-cnpw _t-en-tbm-kns\
ImWpI Fv At{]w [cn-n-cp-p.

/
v
t
.
x
""\mw Cu DjvWw kln--Xp-sImv Hcp {]tbm-P-\-h
p-an--tm,
o
d-h Rm
C{X henb _lp-am-\-nepw Ae-m-c-nepw Ccn-p-
o
I{]Imcw An-q-Wm-hm Fs\ Ignbpw''hFv `mjm--ct
m-c-t\mSp ]d-p.
r
o
Ah C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-tm {]kw-K-
n-\mbn _t-en-tbmkv
a
rhn-s cq]-n Ahs
_om-ta (]pn-n) Ib-dn. ]. dqlm a
{]mhmbv apJm-ncw kwkm-cn-p-Xv At{]w
k Ip.
n
sXc-s-Sp--s--h\pw ]cnaip--\p-amb _t-en-tbm-kns\
sXn-cn-tm Ftmv At{]w
al hyk-\n-p.
m cnp \nn-b-tm P\w Hcp
am _t-en-tbmkv .kwkm{]mhiyw ]pI-gvn. At{]w
w cp {]mhiyw ]pIgvn tl tl
tl tl Fp ]d-w
p.
w Xncnp t\mn-b-tm At{]-ans\ Ip.
_t-en-tbmkv
/
/ At{]-ans\ _t-en-tbm-kn\p shfn-s-Sp-nsmAtm ]. d
- :qlm
Sp-p. DSs\
tp _t-en-tbm-kv Xs A-Zn-bm-tms\ hnfn-p.
t
""IjW- Iqn-p-nb hkv{Xw [cn Hcp Zb-dm-m-c\pw
h
Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS asmcp Zb-dm-m-c\pw ]n-bn \n]p-v. \o
t]mbn Ah-t\mSv doiv Fn-kvtmm hnfn-pp Fp ]dI'' Fv
_t-en-tbmkv A-Zn-bm-tm-t\mSp ]d-p.
`mjm-c
-
- m-c aptJ\ A-Zn-bm-tm At{]-an-t\mSp kwkmcn-p.

16

am At{]w aev]m

""\n\p sXp ]ntm-bn. Fs-m R ]c-tZ-in-I-fmIpp. doiv Fn-kvtmm Rsf Adn-I-bp-an'' Fm-bn-cpp
At{]-an-s adp-]-Sn.
_t-en-tbm-kn-t\mSv A-Zn-bm-tm hnhcw ]d-p.
A-Zn-bm-tm t]mb DS BZyw \nn-cp m\-p-\npw
asmcp m\-tv At{]w amdn-\n-p.
At{]w \nevp ew _t-en-tbmkv A-Zn-bm-tm\p
IrXy-ambn ]d-p-sIm-Sp-p.

/
v
t
.
x al-Xzo
CXp tI-tm am At{]w Gw hnkva-bnp ssZhs
d
s-Sp-n.
o
""kXy-am-bnv _t-en-tbmkv hen-b-h-\m-Ip-tp.hAh An-qWp-am-Ip-p. kXy-am-bnv hnip-m-mhv Ah-srXncp-hmbv apJm-ncw
o
kwkm-cn-bpw sNpp'' Fv ]d-p. a
r
""hn. Ipm\ Ign-bp-tm `m-a
c-p-c-bn hv _t-en-tbmk Wta'' Fv At{]w At]kp-ambn kwkm-cn-m A\p-hmZwnXcn-p.
a
l
a _t-en-tbmkv At{]-ans\ hnfnhn. Ipm\ Ign--tm
m
np.
.
w
Imjmbhkv{Xw [cn--h\pw ZpxJw \ng-enp \nevp--h-\p-amb
w {]`p-Xp-ey-\mb _t-en-tbmkv Xe Ip\np.
At{]-ans\ I-tm
w
/ {Z\pw ]m]n-bp-amb FtmSp an--Wta'' F""]nXmth!/Zcn:
t]-n-p-sImv At{]w _t-en-tbm-kn-sd apn app-I aSn.
p
_t-etn-tbmkpw Xmsg app-I aS-n.
t
h Ccp-hcpw FWov Xn Xn kam-[m\w sImSp-p.
]noSv
""am At{]ta ]cn-ip _om-bpsS ASp--tep hcn-I. \ns
doiv Fn-kvtmm hnfn-pp'' Fp ]d-bp-hm _t-en-tbmkv
A-Zn-bm-tm-t\mSv Bm-]n-p. A{]-Imcw Ah sNbvXp.

Ah ]c-kv]cw kam-[m-\-hm-p-I sNmcn-p.

At{]apw injy\pw ]. _t-en-tbm-kn-sd hnip--I-c--fm
hn. Ipm-\-b-\p-`-hn-p.
""kpdn-bm-\n-m-c-\mb \o Fs {]kwKw a\-n-em-n-bXpw cp
{]mhiyw ]pI-gvn-bXpw Fs\''sbv _t-en-tbmkv tNmZn-p.

17

am At{]w aev]m

""\ns hmbv apJm-ncw kwkm-cn ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ Rm

]pIgvn'' Fv At{]w adp-]Sn ]d-p.
_t-en-tbmkv At{]-an-sd apn hoWp. At{]-an\p e`n-np \h-c-sf hmgvn.
At{]apw _t-en-tbmkpw ssZh-k-n-[n-bn apn-mbn {]mnp. bh-\m-b-`mj XS-hp-Iq-SmsX kwkm-cn-m-\p Ir] At{]an\p e`n-p. At{]w _t-en-tbm-kn-t\m-sSmv cmgvN Xma-knp.
_t-en-tbm-kn\npw At{]w Iom]w kzoI-cn-p.

XII

/
v
t
.
x
""ktlm-Z-c-mtc CXn \n Ie-ln-t-m. CXpos_kv\d
l-doIm-c-\mb ssZh-a-\p-jy-\n \npw Rm tIXm-Ip-p. ].
o
{XnXz-n\p alXzw sImSp-p-tm Fm Znhy-t\h
m-a-pw "Dw'
F hnkw tNmsX alXzw sImSp-mr ]mSn-. AXn-\m
o ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\pw
alXzw sImSp-p-tm ]nXm-hn\pw ]p{X\pw
a
r P\w A\p-k-cn-p.
kvXpXn Fp ]d-bWw Fp ]d-p. Atm
a
t\mn-s cmw Znhkw kpjn-sb-k
n n _t-en-tbmkv ]Tn-np.
CXp Xs kz hm-, At{]-aa
ns hN-\-am-Ip-p-shv _t-entbmkv ]dp.
al
m
Hcp tImgn ap-bpsSta
s]mcp--bn-cn-bpw AXn-s NqSp apJm.
ncw Poh-\p-m-Ibpw
wsNp--{]-Imcw ssZh-n-s Bmhv
sh-n Bh-kw
nv AXn\p Poh \evIn. AXn-\m ssZhmmhv {kjvSm-hm-I
wp-p-shpw AXn\v Hcp Ipd-hp-an-spw ]Tn-np.
/
/
XIII
:
p
Dd-ltm-tbn thZ-hn-]-coXw ]Sp ]nSn-n-cn-p-p-sh--dn-tmhAt{]apw injy\pw _t-en-tbmkn-t\mSv bm{X-]d
- tijw
Hcp Znhkw _t-en-tbmkv ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\-n ]Tn-n-t- m
]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw ]. dqlmbpw Fp ]d--Xn Ah Xn-p.
AXn\v apv ]. dqlmbpw F ]d-I-bn-m-bn-cp-p.

aS-n-tm-bn.
""At{]w ]n-bn \np-tm {]Im-i-ap hkv{Xw [cn-ncp cp amem-J-am Ah-s Ccp-h-i--fn-ep-ambn \np-Xp
Rm Ip'' Fv _t-en-tbmkv Hcp ]-m-ct- \mSp ]d-p. {]mkv

18

am At{]w aev]m

\Zo-Xo-c-p ivanKnm ]-W-n hv thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-bmb Hcp

aev]m-t\mSp IqSn-bp-m-bn-cp _me-m-cn-sem-cp-h At{]-ans\
ASnp. B Ipnsb Hcp tJZv\m- kw Zwin-p. At{]w B Ipnsb
kuJy-am-n. thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-bmb aev]m\pw injy-mcpw kXy-hn-izmkn-I-fmbnop.
thZ-hn-]-co-X-s-Xn-cmbn At{]w t]mcmw Bcw-`n-p. B
t]mcm--n hnip hnPbw hcn-p.
Adn-tbmkv, am\n, an-bm XpS-n-b-h-cp-sS-sbmw thZ-hn-]co-X-sf XIm At{]-an\p Ign-p.

/
v
.t
a\p-jy kwKo-X-n-tep Nmbpp Fp a\-n-em-xnb hnipo ]mp-I
[mcmfw Km\--sfgpXn. _kvn-bm-m-cn-eqsS Cu
d
P\s ]Tn-n-p. Fm Bob hnj-b--sfbpw ]cmain-p-sImo Bymp B Km\- ss{Ikv X - h - k - ` - b n- e p- S - \ ofw
-nI
h
t
ssNX\yw ]Ip.
r
o
tXmm-o-lm-bpsS henb]n-bpsS hmXn
`n- bm-Nnp
a
r
sImn-cp Hcp Xfhm-X-m-cs\ At{]w
kuJya
m-bp-m-bn.
a
k
hn. _t-en-tbmv \mep kwh-c-ptijw sXtbm-^ntemkv Fpw tXmakv Fpw lcp
an injy-msc At{]-an-s ASp-e-b-p.
a
m
Xs Fn-kvtmm. Bm _t-en-tbmkv B{K-ln-p-pshv a\-n-emb At{]w,
w Xms\mcp {`m-s\p `mhn-p. AXn-\m
_t-en-tbm-kn-sw
injy-m \ncm-i-cmbn aS-n. ""{`m-\m-I-bm
Ahs\ sImp-w
h-n'' F-h _t-en-tbm-kn-t\mSp ]d-p.
/
""lm.... -a:-d/
-b-s-n-cn-p amWn-Iyta temI-n\p \ns a\-nem-mtp
Ign-bp-n'' Fp _t-en-tbmkv ]dp.
t
ssZhh `-b-n ]q-\mb Culn-Zm-b-m-c-m tkms_m apXemb ]e kvt\ln-X-m am At{]-an-\p-m-bn-cp-p. Cu hnip-
XIV

acn-tm Ah-scn ]e sa-dm-I-fp-m-n. Xs Ime-p-mbn-p kIe Fn-kvtm--m-sc-nbpw \oXn-am-m-cmb ]e BfpI-sf-nbpw Xs aev]m-\mb am bm-q-_n-s\-nbpw am{X-a
tIm-bn N{I-hn a-ivap-\nbpw Ggp afpw XpSn
]e-sc-nbpw ]e-Xn-s\-nbpw sa-dm-I Fgp-Xp-Ibpw thZ-hymJym\- cNn-bpw sNbvXp.

19

am At{]w aev]m

XV
am At{]w ZpjvS-\mb thmen-tbm-t\m-kn-s Imew hsc Pohnn-cp-p. thmen-tbm-t\mkv A. D 364 apX 378 hsc `cn-p.
kIe t{ijvT-X-I-fmepw kq-\m-bn-cp am At{]w Xs
Ay-\n-an-j
- ASp-p-sh-d
- n-t- m ac-W]
- {- XnI Xm-dmn.
Xs injy-msc hnfnphcp-n Ahv Atym-]-tZ-i-
\evIn. X-fpsS {]nb- Kp-cp-hn-s th]mSv ASp-p-sh--dnv
Ah Io hmpsImn-cp-p.
A. D 372 Cu alm- hn-ip- \nXy-kz--X-bn-tep {]thinp. Culn-Zm-b-m-cpw, FkvXp-t\-td-mcpw Zb-dm-bmmcpw kwLw
kwL-am-bn-cpv ]mp-Ifpw {]m-\-Ifpw \S-n.

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thZ-im-kv{X-]m-cw-K-X\pw Znhy-Km-b-I-\p-amb At{]an-s Pohn-Xo
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