114

CHNG VIII
I S BOOLE

Cc mch in trong my tnh v cc dng c in t khc u c cc u vo,
mi u vo l s 0 hoc s 1, v to ra cc u ra cng l cc s 0 v 1. Cc mch in
u c th c xy dng bng cch dng bt k mt phn t c bn no c hai trng
thi khc nhau. Chng bao gm cc chuyn mch c th hai v tr m hoc ng v
cc dng c quang hc c th l sng hoc ti. Nm 1938 Claude Shannon chng t
rng c th dng cc quy tc c bn ca lgic do George Boole a ra vo nm 1854
trong cun Cc quy lut ca t duy ca ng thit k cc mch in. Cc quy tc
ny to nn c s ca i s Boole. S hot ng ca mt mch in c xc nh
bi mt hm Boole ch r gi tr ca u ra i vi mi tp u vo. Bc u tin trong
vic xy dng mt mch in l biu din hm Boole ca n bng mt biu thc c
lp bng cch dng cc php ton c bn ca i s Boole. Biu thc m ta s nhn
c c th cha nhiu php ton hn mc cn thit biu din hm . cui
chng ny, ta s c cc phng php tm mt biu thc vi s ti thiu cc php tng
v tch c dng biu din mt hm Boole. Cc th tc c m t l bn
Karnaugh v phng php Quine-McCluskey, chng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
thit k cc mch in c hiu qu cao.
8.1. KHI NIM I S BOOLE.
8.1.1. nh ngha: Tp hp khc rng S cng vi cc php ton k hiu nhn (.), cng
(+), ly b () c gi l mt i s Boole nu cc tin sau y c tho mn vi
mi a, b, c eS.
1. Tnh giao hon: a) a.b = b.a,
b) a+b = b+a.
2. Tnh kt hp: a) (a.b).c = a.(b.c),
b) (a+b)+c = a+(b+c).
3. Tnh phn phi: a) a.(b+c) = (a.b)+(a.c),
b) a+(b.c) = (a+b).(a+c).
4. Tn ti phn t trung ho: Tn ti hai phn t khc nhau ca S, k hiu l 1 v 0
sao cho: a) a.1 = 1.a = a,
b) a+0 = 0+a = a.
1 gi l phn t trung ho ca php . v 0 gi l phn t trung ho ca php +.
5. Tn ti phn t b: Vi mi a eS, tn ti duy nht phn t aeS sao cho:
a) a.a = a.a = 0,
b) a+a = a+a = 1.
115
a gi l phn t b ca a.
Th d 1:
1) i s lgic l mt i s Boole, trong S l tp hp cc mnh , cc php ton .
(hi), v (tuyn), (ph nh) tng ng vi . , +, , cc hng (ng), s (sai) tng
ng vi cc phn t trung ho 1, 0.
2) i s tp hp l mt i s Boole, trong S l tp hp P(X) gm cc tp con ca
tp khc rng X, cc php ton (giao), (hp), (b) tng ng vi . , +, , cc tp
X, tng ng vi cc phn t trung ho 1, 0.
3) Cho B

= {0,1}, cc php ton . , +, trn B c nh ngha nh sau:
1.1 = 1, 1+1 = 1, 1 = 0,
1.0 = 0, 1+0 = 1, 0 = 1. (1)
0.1 = 0, 0+1 = 1,
0.0 = 0, 0+0 = 0,
Khi B l mt i s Boole. y cng chnh l i s lgic, trong 1, 0 tng ng
vi (ng), s (sai). Mi phn t 0,1 ca B gi l mt bit. Ta thng vit x thay cho x.
Tng qut, gi B
n
l tp hp cc xu n bit (xu nh phn di n). Ta nh ngha
tch, tng ca hai chui v b ca mt chui theo tng bit mt nh trong Bng 1, m
thng c gi l cc php ton AND-bit, OR-bit, NOT-bit. B
n
vi cc php ton ny
to thnh mt i s Boole.
4) Cho M l tp hp cc s thc c cn trn p, cn di q v tm i xng O. Cc php
ton . , +, trn M c nh ngha nh sau:
a.b = min(a, b), a+b = max(a, b), a l im i xng ca a qua O.
Khi M l mt i s Boole, trong q, p tng ng vi cc phn t trung ho 1, 0.
8.1.2. Ch : Trc ht cn lu iu quan trng sau y: cc tin ca i s Boole
c xp theo tng cp a) v b). T mi tin a), nu ta thay . bi +, thay + bi ., thay
1 bi 0 v thay 0 bi 1 th ta c tin b) tng ng.
Ta gi cp tin a), b) l i ngu ca nhau. Do nu ta chng minh c
mt nh l trong i s Boole th ta c ngay mt nh l khc, i ngu ca n, bng
cch thay . v 1 tng ng bi + v 0 (v ngc li). Ta c:
Quy tc i ngu: i ngu ca mt nh l l mt nh l.
8.1.3. nh l:
6. (Tnh nut)
a) a.0 = 0,
b) a+1 = 1
7. (Tnh lu ng)
a) a.a = a,
b) a+a = a.
116
8. (H thc De Morgan)
a) (a.b) = a+b,
b) (a+b) = a.b.
9. (H thc b kp)
(a) = a.
10. a) 1 = 0,
b) 0 = 1.
11. (Tnh ht)
a) a.(a+b) = a,
b) a+(a.b) = a.
Chng minh:
6. 0 = a.a (tin 5a))
= a.(a+0) (tin 4b))
= (a.a)+(a.0) (tin 3a))
= 0+(a.0) (tin 5a))
= a.0 (tin 4b)).
7. a = a.1 (tin 4a))
= a.(a+a) (tin 5b))
= (a.a)+(a.a) (tin 3a))
= (a.a)+0 (tin 5a))
= a.a (tin 4b))
8. Ta chng minh rng a+b l b ca a.b bng cch chng minh rng:
(a.b).(a+b) = 0 (theo 5a)) v (a.b)+(a+b) = 1 (theo 5b)).
Tht vy, (a.b).(a+b) = (a.b.a)+(a.b.b) = (a.a.b)+(a.b.b) = (0.b)+(a.0) = 0+0 = 0,
(a.b)+(a+b) = (a+b)+(a.b) = (a+b+a).(a+b+b) = (1+b).(a+1) = 1.1 = 1.
V a.b ch c mt phn t b duy nht nn (a.b) = a+b.
9. C ngay t tin 5.
10. C t cc h thc 1.0 = 0 v 1+0 = 1.
11. a.(a+b) = (a+0).(a+b) = a+(0.b) = a+0 = a.
8.1.4. Ch : H tin ca i s Boole nu ra y khng phi l mt h ti thiu.
Chng hn, cc tin v tnh kt hp c th suy ra t cc tin khc. Tht vy, vi
A=(a.b).c v B=a.(b.c), ta c: a+A = a+((a.b).c) = (a+(a.b)).(a+c) = a.(a+c) = a, a+B =
a+(a.(b.c)) = (a+a).(a+(b.c)) = a.(a+(b.c)) = a, a+A = a+((a.b).c) = (a+(a.b)).(a+c) =
((a+a).(a+b)).(a+c) = (1.(a+b)).(a+c) = (a+b).(a+c) = a+(b.c), a+B = a+(a.(b.c))
= (a+a).(a+(b.c)) = 1.(a+(b.c)) = a+(b.c).
Do a+A = a+B v a+A = a+B. T suy ra rng:
117
A = A+0 = A+(a.a) = (A+a).(A+a) = (a+A).(a+A) = (a+B).(a+B)=(a.a)+B=0+B= B
hay ta c 2a) v i ngu ta c 2b). Ngoi ra, tnh duy nht ca phn t b cng c
suy ra t cc tin khc.
Tng t trong i s lgic, trong i s Boole ta cng xt cc cng thc, c
thnh lp t cc bin a, b, c, nh cc php ton . , +, . Trong cng thc, ta quy c
thc hin cc php ton theo th t: , ., +; a.b c vit l ab, gi l tch ca a v b cn
a+b gi l tng ca a v b. Ta c th bin i cng thc, rt gn cng thc tng t
trong i s lgic. Ta cng xt cc tch s cp v tng s cp tng t hi s cp v
tuyn s cp. Mi cng thc u c th a v dng tch chun tc hon ton hoc v
dng tng chun tc hon ton tng t dng hi v tuyn chun tc hon ton. Mi
cng thc trong i s Boole cng c gi l biu din mt hm Boole.
8.2. HM BOOLE.
8.2.1. nh ngha: K hiu B = {0, 1} v B
n
= {(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) | x
i
eB, 1 i n}, y
B v B
n
l cc i s Boole (xem 2) v 3) ca Th d 1). Bin x c gi l mt bin
Boole nu n nhn cc gi tr ch t B. Mt hm t B
n
vo B c gi l mt hm Boole
(hay hm i s lgic) bc n.
Cc hm Boole cng c th c biu din bng cch dng cc biu thc c
to bi cc bin v cc php ton Boole (xem Bng 1 trong Th d 1). Cc biu thc
Boole vi cc bin x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
c nh ngha bng quy nh sau:
- 0, 1, x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
l cc biu thc Boole.
- Nu P v Q l cc biu thc Boole th P, PQ v P+Q cng l cc biu thc Boole.
Mi mt biu thc Boole biu din mt hm Boole. Cc gi tr ca hm ny nhn
c bng cch thay 0 v 1 cho cc bin trong biu thc .
Hai hm n bin F v G c gi l bng nhau nu F(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
)=G(a
1
, a
2
, ,a
n
)
vi mi a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
eB. Hai biu thc Boole khc nhau biu din cng mt hm Boole
c gi l tng ng. Phn b ca hm Boole F l hm F vi F (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) =
) ,..., , (
2 1 n
x x x F . Gi s F v G l cc hm Boole bc n. Tng Boole F+G v tch Boole
FG c nh ngha bi:
(F+G)(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) = F(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)+G(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
),
(FG)(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) = F(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)G(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
).
Th d 2:






Bc S cc hm Boole
1 4
2 16
3 256
4 65.536
5 4.294.967.296
6 18.446.744.073.709.551.616

Theo quy tc nhn ca php m ta suy
ra rng c 2
n
b n phn t khc nhau gm
cc s 0 v 1. V hm Boole l vic gn 0
hoc 1 cho mi b trong s 2
n
b n phn
t , nn li theo quy tc nhn s c
n
2
2 cc hm Boole khc nhau.

118
Bng sau cho gi tr ca 16 hm Boole bc 2 phn bit:
x y F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
F
5
F
6
F
7
F
8
F
9
F
10
F
11
F
12
F
13
F
14
F
15
F
16
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
trong c mt s hm thng dng nh sau:
- Hm F
1
l hm hng 0,
- Hm F
2
l hm hng 1,
- Hm F
3
l hm hi, F
3
(x,y) c vit l xy (hay x .y),
- Hm F
4
l hm tuyn, F
4
(x,y) c vit l x+y (hay xvy),
- Hm F
5
l hm tuyn loi, F
5
(x,y) c vit l xy,
- Hm F
6
l hm ko theo, F
6
(x,y) c vit l xy,
- Hm F
7
l hm tng ng, F
7
(x,y) c vit l xy,
- Hm F
8
l hm Vebb, F
8
(x,y) c vit l x+y,
- Hm F
9
l hm Sheffer, F
9
(x,y) c vit l x|y.
Th d 3: Cc gi tr ca hm Boole bc 3 F(x, y, z) = xy+ z c cho bi bng sau:









8.2.2. nh ngha: Cho x l mt bin Boole v o eB. K hiu:

=
=
=
. 0
, 1
o
o
o
khi x
khi x
x
D thy rng o
o
= = x x 1 . Vi mi hm Boole F bc n, k hiu:
T
F
= {(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)eB
n
| F(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)=1}
V gi n l tp c trng ca hm F. Khi ta c:
F
F
T T = , T
F+G
= T
F
T
G
, T
FG
= T
F
T
G
.
Cho n bin Boole x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
. Mt biu thc dng:
k
k
i i i
x x x
o o o

2
2
1
1

x y z xy
z F(x, y, z) = xy+ z
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1

119
trong e
k
o o o , , ,
2 1
B, 1 n i i i
k
s < < < s
2 1
c gi l mt hi s cp ca n
bin x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
. S cc bin xut hin trong mt hi s cp oc gi l hng ca ca
hi s cp .
Cho F l mt hm Boole bc n. Nu F c biu din di dng tng (tuyn) ca
mt s hi s cp khc nhau ca n bin th biu din c gi l dng tng (tuyn)
chun tc ca F. Dng tng (tuyn) chun tc hon ton l dng chun tc duy nht ca
F m trong cc hi s cp u c hng n.
Th d 4: y x y x + l mt dng tng chun tc ca hm xy.
y x + v y x y x y x + + l cc dng tng chun tc ca hm Sheffer x|y.
8.2.3. Mnh : Mi hm Boole F bc n u c th biu din di dng:

e
+
=
i
n
i
B
n i i
i
n
x x F x x x x x F
) , , (
1 1
1
2 1
1
1
) , , , , , ( ) , , , (
o o
o o
o o

(1),
trong i l s t nhin bt k, 1 i n.
Chng minh: Gi G l hm Boole v phi ca (1). Cho (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)eT
F
. Khi s
hng ng vi b gi tr o
1
= x
1
, , o
i
= x
i
trong tng v phi ca (1) bng 1, do
(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)eT
G
. o li, nu (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)eT
G
tc l v phi bng 1 th phi xy ra
bng 1 ti mt s hng no , chng hn ti s hng ng vi b gi tr (o
1
, , o
i
),
khi x
1
=o
1
, , x
i
=o
i
v f(o
1
,,o
i
, x
i+1
,, x
n
)=1 hay (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)eT
F
. Vy
T
F
=T
G
hay F=G.
Cho i=1 trong mnh trn v nhn xt rng vai tr ca cc bin x
i
l nh nhau,
ta c h qu sau.
8.2.4. H qu: Mi hm Boole F bc n u c th c khai trin theo mt bin x
i
:
) , , , 1 , , , ( ) , , , 0 , , , ( ) , , (
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n i i i n i i i n
x x x x F x x x x x F x x x F
+ +
+ = .
Cho i=n trong mnh trn v b i cc nhn t bng 1 trong tch, cc s hng
bng 0 trong tng, ta c h qu sau.
8.2.5. H qu: Mi hm Boole F bc n u c th c khai trin di dng:

e
=
F n
n
T
n n
x x x x F
) , , (
1
1
1
1
) , , (
o o
o o

.
8.2.6. Ch : T H qu 8.2.5, ta suy ra rng mi hm Boole u c th biu din di
dng tng (tuyn) chun tc hon ton. Nh vy mi hm Boole u c th biu din
bng mt biu thc Boole ch cha ba php tch (hi), tng (tuyn), b (ph nh). Ta
ni rng h {tch, tng, b} l y .
Bng i ngu, ta c th chng minh mt kt qu tng t bng vic thay tch
bi tng v ngc li, t dn ti vic biu din F qua mt tch cc tng. Biu din
ny c gi l dng tch (hi) chun tc hon ton ca F:
120
[
e
+ + =
F n
n
T
n n
x x x x F
) , , (
1
1
1
1
) ( ) , , (
o o
o o

Th d 5: Dng tng chun tc hon ton ca hm F cho trong Th d 3 l:
xyz z xy z y x z y x z y x z y x F + + + + = ) , , ( ,
v dng tch chun tc hon ton ca n l:
) )( )( ( ) , , ( z y x z y x z y x z y x F + + + + + + = .
8.3. MCH LGIC.
8.3.1. Cng lgic:




Xt mt thit b nh hnh trn, c mt s ng vo (dn tn hiu vo) v ch c
mt ng ra (pht tn hiu ra). Gi s cc tn hiu vo x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
(ta gi l u vo
hay input) cng nh tn hiu ra F (u ra hay output) u ch c hai trng thi khc
nhau, tc l mang mt bit thng tin, m ta k hiu l 0 v 1.
Ta gi mt thit b vi cc u vo v u ra mang gi tr 0, 1 nh vy l mt
mch lgic.
u ra ca mt mch lgic l mt hm Boole F ca cc u vo x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
. Ta
ni mch lgic trong hnh trn thc hin hm F.
Cc mch lgic c to thnh t mt s mch c s, gi l cng lgic. Cc cng
lgic sau y thc hin cc hm ph nh, hi v tuyn.
1. Cng NOT: Cng NOT thc hin hm ph nh. Cng ch c mt u vo. u ra
F(x) l ph nh ca u vo x.

=
=
= =
. 0 1
, 1 0
) (
x khi
khi
x x F
Chng hn, xu bit 100101011 qua cng NOT cho xu bit 011010100.
2. Cng AND: Cng AND thc hin hm hi. u ra F(x,y) l hi (tch) ca cc u
vo.

= =
= =
0
, 1 1
) , (
y x khi
xy y x F



Chng hn, hai xu bit 101001101 v 111010110 qua cng AND cho 101000100.
x
1

x
2

x
n-1

x
n


F(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
x
F(x)= x

trong cc trng hp khc.
F(x,y)=xy

x
y
F(x,y,z)=xyz
x
y
z
121
3. Cng OR: Cng OR thc hin hm tuyn (tng). u ra F(x,y) l tuyn (tng) ca
cc u vo.

= =
= =
= + =
. 0 0
, 1 1 1
) , (
y x khi
y hay x khi
y x y x F



Chng hn, hai xu bit 101001101 v 111010100 qua cng OR cho 111011101.
8.3.2. Mch lgic:
1. T hp cc cng: Cc cng lgic c th lp ghp c nhng mch lgic thc
hin cc hm Boole phc tp hn. Nh ta bit rng mt hm Boole bt k c th biu
din bng mt biu thc ch cha cc php , ., +. T suy ra rng c th lp ghp
thch hp cc cng NOT, AND, OR c mt mch lgic thc hin mt hm Boole
bt k.
Th d 6: Xy dng mt mch lgic thc hin hm Boole cho bi bng sau.








Theo bng ny, hm F c dng tng (tuyn) chun tc hon ton l:
z y x z xy xyz z y x F + + = ) , , ( .
Hnh di y v mch lgic thc hin hm F cho.











F(x,y)=x+y

x
y
F=x+y+z+t
x
y
z
t
x y z F(x,y,z)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

x
y
z
z y x z xy xyz F + + =
122
Biu thc ca F(x, y, z) c th rt gn:
z y x xy z y x z z xy z y x z xy xyz + = + + = + + ) ( .
Hnh di y cho ta mch lgic thc hin hm z y x xy + .







Hai mch lgic trong hai hnh trn thc hin cng mt hm Boole, ta ni l
hai mch lgic tng ng, nhng mch lgic th hai n gin hn.
Vn tm mch lgic n gin thc hin mt hm Boole F cho trc gn lin
vi vn tm biu thc n gin nht biu din hm y. y l vn kh v l th,
tuy ngha thc tin ca n khng cn nh my chc nm v trc.
Ta va xt vic thc hin mt hm Boole bt k bng mt mch lgic ch gm
cc cng NOT, AND, OR.
Da vo ng thc y x y x . = + cng nh y x xy + = , cho ta bit h {., } v h
{+, } cng l cc h y . Do c th thc hin mt hm Boole bt k bng mt
mch lgic ch gm c cc cng NOT, AND hoc NOT, OR.
Xt hm Sheffer

= =
= =
= | =
. 0 0 1
, 1 0
) , (
y hay x khi
y x khi
y x y x F Mch lgic thc hin
hm | gi l cng NAND, c v nh hnh di y.



Da vo cc ng thc ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( , y y x x y x y x y x xy x x x | | | = + | | | = | = ,
cho ta bit h {|} l y , nn bt k mt hm Boole no cng c th thc hin c
bng mt mch lgic ch gm c cng NAND.
Xt hm Vebb

= =
= =
= + =
. 0 1
, 1 1 0
) , (
y x khi
y hay x khi
y x y x F Mch lgic thc hin hm
+ gi l cng NOR, c v nh hnh di y.



Tng t h {+} l y nn bt k hm Boole no cng c th thc hin c
bng mt mch lgic ch gm c cng NOR.
Mt php ton lgic quan trng khc l php tuyn loi:
x
y
z


z y x xy F + =
O
x
y
y x |
O
y x + x
y
123

=
=
= =
. 1
, 0
) , (
y x khi
y x khi
y x y x F
Mch lgic ny l mt cng lgic, gi l cng XOR, c v nh hnh di y.



2. Mch cng: Nhiu bi ton i hi phi xy dng nhng mch lgic c nhiu ng
ra, cho cc u ra F
1
, F
2
, , F
k
l cc hm Boole ca cc u vo x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
.




Chng hn, ta xt php cng hai s t nhin t cc khai trin nh phn ca chng.
Trc ht, ta s xy dng mt mch c th duc dng tm x+y vi x, y l hai s 1-bit.
u vo mch ny s l x v y. u ra s l mt s 2-bit cs , trong s l bit tng v c
l bit nh.
0+0 = 00
0+1 = 01
1+0 = 01
1+1 = 10

T bng trn, ta thy ngay xy c y x s = = , . Ta v c mch thc hin hai hm
y x s = v xy c = nh hnh di y. Mch ny gi l mch cng hai s 1-bit hay
mch cng bn phn, k hiu l DA.






Xt php cng hai s 2-bit
1 2
a a v
1 2
b b ,



Thc hin php cng theo tng ct, ct th nht (t phi sang tri) ta tnh
1 1
b a + c
bit tng s
1
v bit nh c
1
; ct th hai, ta tnh
1 2 2
c b a + + , tc l phi cng ba s 1-bit.
x
y
y x
x
2

x
n-1

x
n


F
1
(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
x
1

F
2
(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)

F
k
(x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
x y c s
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0



x
y
y x s =
xy c =

DA
x
y
s
c
1 2
1 2
b b
a a

124
Cho x, y, z l ba s 1-bit. Tng x+y+z l mt s 2-bit cs , trong s l bit tng
ca x+y+z v c l bit nh ca x+y+z. Cc hm Boole s v c theo cc bin x, y, z c
xc nh bng bng sau:








T bng ny, d dng thy rng:
z y x s = .
Hm c c th vit di dng tng chun tc hon ton l:
xyz z xy z y x yz x c + + + = .
Cng thc ca c c th rt gn:
xy y x z z z xy y x y x z c + = + + + = ) ( ) ( ) ( .
Ta v c mch thc hin hai hm Boole z y x s = v xy y x z c + = ) (
nh hnh di y, mch ny l ghp ni ca hai mch cng bn phn (DA) v mt
cng OR. y l mch cng ba s 1-bit hay mch cng ton phn, k hiu l AD.















x y z c s
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1



x
y
s
c
z



DA

DA
x
y
z
s
c

AD
s
c
x
y
z
125
Tr li php cng hai s 2-bit
1 2
a a v
1 2
b b . Tng
1 2
a a +
1 2
b b l mt s 3-bit
1 2 2
s s c , trong s
1
l bit tng ca a
1
+b
1
:
1 1 1
b a s = , s
2
l bit tng ca a
2
+b
2
+c
1
, vi c
1

l bit nh ca a
1
+b
1
:
1 2 2 2
c b a s = v c
2
l bit nh ca a
2
+b
2
+c
1
.
Ta c c mch thc hin ba hm Boole s
1
, s
2
, c
2
nh hnh di y.









D dng suy ra mch cng hai s n-bit, vi n l mt s nguyn dng bt k.
Hnh sau cho mt mch cng hai s 4-bit.










8.4. CC TIU HO CC MCH LGIC.
Hiu qu ca mt mch t hp ph thuc vo s cc cng v s b tr cc cng
. Qu trnh thit k mt mch t hp c bt u bng mt bng ch r cc gi tr
u ra i vi mi mt t hp cc gi tr u vo. Ta lun lun c th s dng khai trin
tng cc tch ca mch tm tp cc cng lgic thc hin mch . Tuy nhin,khai
trin tng cc tch c th cha cc s hng nhiu hn mc cn thit. Cc s hng trong
khai trin tng cc tch ch khc nhau mt bin, sao cho trong s hng ny xut hin
bin v trong s hng kia xut hin phn b ca n, u c th c t hp li.
Chng hn, xt mch c u ra bng 1 khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 hoc x = z = 1 v y =
0. Khai trin tng cc tch ca mch ny l z y x xyz + . Hai tch trong khai trin ny ch
khc nhau mt bin, l bin y. Ta c th t hp li nh sau:
xz xz xz y y z y x xyz = = + = + 1 ) ( .

AD

DA
a
1

b
1

a
2

b
2

s
1

c
1

s
2

c
2


AD

DA
a
1

b
1

a
2

b
2

s
1

c
1

s
2

c
4


AD
c
2

c
3

s
3

a
3

b
3


AD
s
4

b
4

a
4

126
Do xz l biu thc vi t php ton hn biu din mch cho. Mch th hai ch
dng mt cng, trong khi mch th nht phi dng ba cng v mt b o (cng NOT).
8.4.1. Bn Karnaugh:
lm gim s cc s hng trong mt biu thc Boole biu din mt mch, ta
cn phi tm cc s hng t hp li. C mt phng php th, gi l bn
Karnaugh, c dng tm cc s hng t hp c i vi cc hm Boole c s bin
tng i nh. Phng php m ta m t di y c Maurice Karnaugh a ra
vo nm 1953. Phng php ny da trn mt cng trnh trc ca E.W. Veitch. Cc
bn Karnaugh cho ta mt phng php trc quan rt gn cc khai trin tng cc
tch, nhng chng khng thch hp vi vic c kh ho qu trnh ny. Trc ht, ta s
minh ho cch dng cc bn Karnaugh rt gn biu thc ca cc hm Boole hai
bin.
C bn hi s cp khc nhau trong khai trin tng cc tch ca mt hm Boole c
hai bin x v y. Mt bn Karnaugh i vi mt hm
Boole hai bin ny gm bn vung, trong hnh vung
biu din hi s cp c mt trong khai trin c ghi s 1.
Cc hnh c gi l k nhau nu cc hi s cp m chng
biu din ch khc nhau mt bin.
Th d 7: Tm cc bn Karnaugh cho cc biu thc:
a) y x xy + b) y x y x + c) y x y x y x + +
v rt gn chng.
Ta ghi s 1 vo vung khi hi s cp c biu din bi c mt trong khai
trin tng cc tch. Ba bn Karnaugh c cho trn hnh sau.




Vic nhm cc hi s cp c ch ra trong hnh trn bng cch s dng bn
Karnaugh cho cc khai trin . Khai trin cc tiu ca tng cc tch ny tng ng l:
a) y, b) y x y x + , c) y x + .
Bn Karnaugh ba bin l mt hnh ch nht c chia thnh tm . Cc
biu din tm hi s cp c c. Hai c
gi l k nhau nu cc hi s cp m chng
biu din ch khc nhau mt bin. Mt trong
cc cch lp bn Karnaugh ba bin c
cho trong hnh bn.
xy
y x
y x y x

y y
x
x
1
1




1
1
1

1
1
y
x
x
x
x
y y
xyz
z xy z y x z y x
yz x z y x z y x z y x

x
x
yz

z y z y z y
127
rt gn khai trin tng cc tch ba bin, ta s dng bn Karnaugh nhn
dng cc hi s cp c th t hp li. Cc khi gm hai k nhau biu din cp cc hi
s cp c th c t hp li thnh mt tch ca hai bin; cc khi 2 x 2 v 4 x 1 biu
din cc hi s cp c th t hp li thnh mt bin duy nht; cn khi gm tt c tm
biu din mt tch khng c mt bin no, c th y l biu thc 1.
Th d 8: Dng cc bn Karnaugh ba bin rt gn cc khai trin tng cc tch sau:
a) , z y x yz x z y x z xy + + +
b) z y x z y x yz x z y x z y x + + + + ,
c) z y x z y x yz x z y x z y x z xy xyz + + + + + + .
Bn Karnaugh cho nhng khai trin tng cc tch ny c cho trong hnh
sau:








Vic nhm thnh cc khi cho thy rng cc khai trin cc tiu thnh cc tng Boole
ca cc tch Boole l:
a) yz x z y z x + + , b) z x y + , c) z y x + + .
Bn Karnaugh bn bin l mt hnh vung c chia lm 16 . Cc ny biu
din 16 hi s cp c c. Mt trong nhng cch lp bn Karnaugh bn bin c
cho trong hnh di y.







Hai c gi l k nhau nu cc hi s cp m chng biu din ch khc nhau
mt bin. Do , mi mt k vi bn khc. S rt gn mt khai trin tng cc tch
bn bin c thc hin bng cch nhn dng cc khi gm 2, 4, 8 hoc 16 biu din
cc hi s cp c th t hp li c. Mi biu din mt hi s cp hoc c dng
lp mt tch c t bin hn hoc c a vo trong khai trin. Cng nh trong trng
1 1
1

1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1

x x
x
x x
x
yz yz
yz
z y z y z y z y
z y
z y
z y
z y
z y
1
wxyz
z wxy z y wx z y wx
yz x w z y x w z y x w z y wx
yz x w z y x w z y x w z y x w
xyz w z xy w z y x w z y x w

yz z y z y z y
wx
x w
x w
x w
128
hp bn Karnaugh hai v ba bin, mc tiu l cn phi nhn dng cc khi ln nht
c cha cc s 1 bng cch dng mt s t nht cc khi, m trc ht l cc khi ln
nht.
8.4.2. Phng php Quine-McCluskey:
8.4.2.1. M u: Ta thy rng cc bn Karnaugh c th c dng to biu
thc cc tiu ca cc hm Boole nh tng ca cc tch Boole. Tuy nhin, cc bn
Karnaugh s rt kh dng khi s bin ln hn bn. Hn na, vic dng cc bn
Karnaugh li da trn vic r sot trc quan nhn dng cc s hng cn c nhm
li. V nhng nguyn nhn , cn phi c mt th tc rt gn nhng khai trin tng cc
tch c th c kh ho c. Phng php Quine-McCluskey l mt th tc nh vy. N
c th c dng cho cc hm Boole c s bin bt k. Phng php ny c W.V.
Quine v E.J. McCluskey pht trin vo nhng nm 1950. V c bn, phng php
Quine-McCluskey c hai phn. Phn u l tm cc s hng l ng vin a vo khai
trin cc tiu nh mt tng cc tch Boole m ta gi l cc nguyn nhn nguyn t. Phn
th hai l xc nh xem trong s cc ng vin , cc s hng no l thc s dng c.
8.4.2.2. nh ngha: Cho hai hm Boole F v G bc n. Ta ni G l mt nguyn nhn
ca F nu T
G
cT
F
, ngha l GF l mt hng ng.
D thy rng mi hi s cp trong mt dng tng chun tc ca F l mt nguyn
nhn ca F. Hi s cp A ca F c gi l mt nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F nu trong
A xo i mt bin th hi nhn uc khng cn l nguyn nhn ca F.
Nu F
1
, , F
k
l cc nguyn nhn ca F th
F F
T T
i
c , k i s s 1 . Khi

k
i
F F
F
T T T
i
k
i
i
1
1
=
c =

=
. Do

=
k
i
i
F
1
l mt nguyn nhn ca F.
Cho S l mt h cc nguyn nhn ca F. Ta ni rng h S l y i vi F nu

e
=
S G
G F , ngha l

S G
G F
T T
e
= .
8.4.2.3. Mnh : H cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca hm F l mt h y .
Chng minh: Gi S l h cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F. Ta c S g T T
F G
e c , ,
Nn .
F
S G
G G
T T T
S G
c =
e

e

Gi s dng tng chun tc hon ton ca F l

e
=
' '
'
S G
G F
nn

' '
'
S G
G F
T T
e
= .
Xt ' ' S Ge , nu G khng phi l nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F th bng cch
xo bt mt s bin trong G ta thu c nguyn nhn nguyn t G ca F. Khi
G G
T T c
'
v

S G
G
S G
G
T T
e e
c
' '
'
hay

S G
G F
T T
e
c . V vy

S G
G F
T T
e
= hay

e
=
S G
G F .
129
Dng tng chun tc

e
=
S G
G F c gi l dng tng chun tc thu gn ca F.
8.4.2.4. Phng php Quine-McCluskey tm dng tng chun tc thu gn:
Gi s F l mt hm Boole n bin x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
. Mi hi s cp ca n bin
c biu din bng mt dy n k hiu trong bng {0, 1, } theo quy c: k t th i l
1 hay 0 nu x
i
c mt trong hi s cp l bnh thng hay vi du ph nh, cn nu x
i

khng c mt th k t ny l . Chng hn, hi s cp ca 6 bin x
1
, , x
6
l
6 4 3 1
x x x x
c biu din bi 0110. Hai hi s cp c gi l k nhau nu cc biu din ni
trn ca chng ch khc nhau mt v tr 0, 1. R rng cc hi s cp ch c th dn
c vi nhau bng php dn A x = + A Ax nu chng l k nhau.
Thut ton c tin hnh nh sau: Lp mt bng gm nhiu ct ghi cc kt
qu dn. Sau ln lt thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Vit vo ct th nht cc biu din ca cc nguyn nhn hng n ca hm Boole
F. Cc biu din c chia thnh tng nhm, cc biu din trong mi nhm c s cc k
hiu 1 bng nhau v cc nhm xp theo th t s cc k hiu 1 tng dn.
Bc 2: Ln lt thc hin tt c cc php dn cc biu din trong nhm i vi cc biu
din trong nhm i+1 (i=1, 2, ). Biu din no tham gia t nht mt php dn s c
ghi nhn mt du * bn cnh. Kt qu dn c ghi vo ct tip theo.
Bc 3: Lp li Bc 2 cho ct k tip cho n khi khng thu thm c ct no mi.
Khi tt c cc biu din khng c du * s cho ta tt c cc nguyn nhn nguyn t
ca F.
Th d 9: Tm dng tng chun tc thu gn ca cc hm Boole:
wxyz xyz w yz x w z y x w yz x w z y x w z y x w F + + + + + + =
1
,
wxyz z wxy z y wx z y wx yz x w yz x w z y x w F + + + + + + =
2
.









T cc bng trn ta c dng tng chun tc thu gn ca F
1
v F
2
l:
yz z x z w F + + =
1
,
.
2
wx wyz yz x y x w F + + + =

0 0 0 1 *
0 1 0 1 *
0 0 1 1 *
1 0 0 1 *
1 0 1 1 *
0 1 1 1 *
1 1 1 1 *


0 0 1 *
0 0 1 *
0 0 1 *
0 1 1 *
1 0 1 *
0 1 1 *
0 1 1 *
1 1 1 *
1 1 1 *
0 1
0 1
1 1







0 0 1 0 *
0 0 1 1 *
1 1 0 0 *
1 0 1 1 *
1 1 0 1 *
1 1 1 0 *
1 1 1 1 *

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0 *
1 1 0 *
1 1 1
1 1 1 *
1 1 1 *

1 1








130
8.4.2.5. Phng php Quine-McCluskey tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu:
Sau khi tm c dng tng chun tc thu gn ca hm Boole F, ngha l tm
c tt c cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca n, ta tip tc phng php Quine-
McCluskey tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu (cc tiu) ca F nh sau.
Lp mt bng ch nht, mi ct ng vi mt cu to n v ca F (mi cu to
n v l mt hi s cp hng n trong dng tng chun tc hon ton ca F) v mi dng
ng vi mt nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F. Ti (i, j), ta nh du cng (+) nu nguyn
nhn nguyn t dng i l mt phn con ca cu to n v ct j. Ta cng ni rng
khi nguyn nhn nguyn t i l ph cu to n v j. Mt h S cc nguyn nhn
nguyn t ca F c gi l ph hm F nu mi cu to n v ca F u c ph t
nht bi mt thnh vin ca h. D thy rng nu h S l ph hm F th n l y ,
ngha l tng ca cc thnh vin trong S l bng F.
Mt nguyn nhn nguyn t c gi l ct yu nu thiu n th mt h cc
nguyn nhn nguyn t khng th ph hm F. Cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu c
tm nh sau: ti nhng ct ch c duy nht mt du +, xem du + thuc dng no th
dng ng vi mt nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu.
Vic la chn cc nguyn nhn nguyn t trn bng nh du, c mt
dng tng chun tc ti thiu, c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau.
Bc 1: Pht hin tt c cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu.
Bc 2: Xo tt c cc ct c ph bi cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu.
Bc 3: Trong bng cn li, xo nt nhng dng khng cn du + v sau nu c hai
ct ging nhau th xo bt mt ct.
Bc 4: Sau cc bc trn, tm mt h S cc nguyn nhn nguyn t vi s bin t nht
ph cc ct cn li.
Tng ca cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu v cc nguyn nhn nguyn t
trong h S s l dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca hm F.
Cc bc 1, 2, 3 c tc dng rt gn bng trc khi la chn. phc tp ch
yu nm Bc 4. Tnh hung tt nht l mi nguyn nhn nguyn t u l ct yu.
Trng hp ny khng phi la chn g v hm F c duy nht mt dng tng chun tc
ti thiu cng chnh l dng tng chun tc thu gn. Tnh hung xu nht l khng c
nguyn nhn nguyn t no l ct yu. Trng hp ny ta phi la chn ton b bng.
Th d 10: Tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca cc hm Boole cho trong Th d 9.

z y x w z y x w yz x w z y x w yz x w xyz w wxyz
z w + + +
z x + + + +
yz + + + +
131
Cc nguyn nhn nguyn t u l ct yu nn dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca F
1
l:
yz z x z w F + + =
1


z y x w yz x w yz x w z y wx z y wx z wxy wxyz
wx + + + +
y x w + +
yz x + +
wyz + +

Cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu nm dng 1 v 2. Sau khi rt gn, bng
cn dng 3, 4 v mt ct 3. Vic chn S kh n gin: c th chn mt trong hai nguyn
nhn nguyn t cn li. V vy ta c hai dng tng chun tc ti thiu l:
yz x y x w wx F + + =
2
,
wyz y x w wx F + + =
2
.























132
BI TP CHNG VIII:

1. Cho S l tp hp cc c nguyn dng ca 70, vi cc php ton , + v c nh
ngha trn S nh sau:
a b = UCLN(a, b), a + b = BCNN(a, b), a = 70/a.
Chng t rng S cng vi cc php ton , + v lp thnh mt i s Boole.
2. Chng minh trc tip cc nh l 6b, 7b, 8b (khng dng i ngu suy ra t 6a,
7a, 8a).
3. Chng minh rng:
a) (a+b).(a+b) = a;
b) (a.b)+(a.c) = (a+c).(a+b).
4. Cho cc hm Boole F
1
, F
2
, F
3
xc nh bi bng sau:

x y z F
1
F
2
F
3
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

V mch thc hin cc hm Boole ny.
5. Hy dng cc cng NAND xy dng cc mch vi cc u ra nh sau:
a) x b) xy c) x+y d) xy.
6. Hy dng cc cng NOR xy dng cc mch vi cc u ra c cho trong Bi
tp 5.
7. Hy dng cc cng NAND dng mch cng bn phn.
8. Hy dng cc cng NOR dng mch cng bn phn.
9. Dng cc bn Karnaugh, tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu (khai trin cc tiu) ca
cc hm Boole ba bin sau:
a) z y x yz x F + = .
b) z y x yz x z xy xyz F + + + + = .
c) z y x yz x z y x z y x z xy F + + + + + = .
d) z y x z y x yz x z y x z y x xyz F + + + + + = .

133
10. Dng cc bn Karnaugh, tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca cc hm Boole
bn bin sau:
a) z y x w z y x w z y wx z y wx wxyz F + + + + = .
b) z y x w z y x w z y x w yz x w z y wx z wxy F + + + + + = .
c) z y x w z y x w z y x w z y x w z y x w z y wx z wxy wxyz F + + + + + + + = .
d) z y x w z y x w yz x w xyz w z y x w yz x w z y wx z wxy wxyz F + + + + + + + + = .
11. Dng phng php Quine-McCluskey, tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca cc
hm Boole ba bin cho trong Bi tp 9 v hy v mch thc hin cc dng ti thiu tm
c.
12. Dng phng php Quine-McCluskey, tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca cc
hm Boole bn bin cho trong Bi tp 9 v hy v mch thc hin cc dng ti thiu tm
c.
13. Hy gii thch lm th no c th dng cc bn Karnaugh rt gn dng tch
chun tc (tch cc tng) hon ton ca mt hm Boole ba bin. (Gi : nh du bng
s 0 tt c cc tuyn s cp trong biu din v t hp cc khi ca cc tuyn s cp.)
14. Dng phng php Bi tp 13, hy rt gn dng tch chun tc hon ton:
) )( )( )( ( z y x z y x z y x z y x F + + + + + + + + = .




















134

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Cam-Chu c Khnh, L thuyt th, NXB Thnh ph H Ch
Minh, 1999.
[2] Hong Chng, i cng v ton hc hu hn, NXB Gio dc, 1997.
[3] Phan nh Diu, L thuyt -t-mat v thut ton, NXB i hc v THCN,
1977.
[4] c Gio, Ton ri rc, NXB i hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2000.
[5] Nguyn Xun Qunh, C s ton ri rc v ng dng, NXB Gio dc, 1995.
[6] ng Huy Run, L thuyt th v ng dng, NXB Khoa hc v K thut,
2000.
[7] Nguyn T Thnh-Nguyn c Ngha, Ton ri rc, NXB Gio dc, 1997.
[8] Claude Berge, Thorie des graphes et ses applications, Dunod, Paris 1963.
[9] Richard Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics, Macmillan Publishing
Company, New york 1992.