Overall: Decreased height (vertebral compression and stooped posture secondary to increased kyphosis) Decreased weight (after age

80 in longitudinal studies) Increased fat-to-lean body mass ratio Decreased total body water Skin: Increased wrinkling Atrophy of sweat glands Cardiovaskular: Elongation and tortuosity of arteries, including aorta Increased intimal thickening of arteries Increased fibrosis of media of arteries Sclerosis of heart valves Fungsi > Decreased cardiac output during exercise Decreased heart rate of arteries response to stress Decreased compliance of peripheral blood vessels Ginjal: Increased number of abnormal glomeruli Interstitial fibrosis Fungsi > Decreased creatinine clearance Decreased renal blood flow Decreased maximum urine osmolality Paru: Decreased elasticity Decreased activity of cilia Fungsi > Decreased forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume Decreased maximal oxygen uptake Decreased cough reflex Gastro: Decreased hydrochloric acid Fewer taste buds Fungsi>slower intestinal motility Skeleton: Osteoartritis, loss of bone structure Eye: Arcus senilis,decreased pupil size,growth of lens. Fungsi> Deceased accommodation Hyperopia Decreased acuity

Decreased color sensitivity Decreased depth perception Telinga: Degenerative changes of ossicles Increased obstruction of eustachian tube Atrophy of external auditory meatus Atrophy of cochlear hair cells Loss of auditory neurons Fungsi> Decreased perception in high frequencies Decreased pitch discri mination Imun: Fungsi> decreased t cell activity Syaraf: Decreased brain weight,decreased cortical cell count Fungsi> Increased motor response Slower psychomotor performance Decreased intellectual performance Decreased complex learning Decreased hours of sleep Decreased hours of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep Endokrin: Decreased triiodo-thyronine (T3) Decreased free (unbound) testosterone Increased insulin Increased norepinephrine Increased parathormone Increased vasopressin