jiyg;G

,];yhkpa rl;lk; mjd; mbg;gilfs; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fp mJ vt;thW Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;f

rl;lk; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

rl;lk; vd;gJ murpd; jtph;f;f Kbahj xU mk;rkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Ml;rp Ghptjw;Fk; r%fj;ij xOq;F gLj;Jtjw;Fk; rl;lq;fs; mtrpakhditahFk;. nghJthf rl;lk; vd;gjid kdpj nraw;ghLfisf; fl;g;gLj;jp xOq;F gLj;Jk; murpd; tpjpfs; vdyhk;.

mwpQHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
nghJ kf;fspdhYk; ePjpkd;wq;fspdhYk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L eil Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; njhFjpNa rl;lk; - nghd;l; (pound) muR eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; chpikfsJk; flikfsJk; KiwikNa rl;lk; - fpwPd;

ePjp eph;thfj;jpy; murpdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Nfhl;ghLfspd; njhFjpNa rl;lk; - rhy;kd;;l; (salmond) kf;fSf;fhf mth;fsJ tho;f;if Kiwapd; nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfis cs;slf;fpaJk; mth;fisf; fPo; gba itg;gJkhd ,iwikahsdpd; fl;lisNa rl;lk; - N[hd; x];bd; Xh; mjpfhukpf;f epWtdj;jpdhy; (muR) tpjpf;fg;gl;L topelj;jg;gLk; Nfhl;ghLfNs rl;lkhFk; - xf;];Nghl; mfuhjp

,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

kdpjdpd; Njhw;wj;Jld; rl;lj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; Muk;gpj;jJ vdyhk;. kdpjd; jdJ tho;it gpur;rpidfspd;wp re;Njhrkhdjhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rpy eilKiwfisg; Ngz Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,JNt> rl;lq;fshfg; gupzkpf;fpd;wJ. nghJthf> kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fs; rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; Njhd;wp tsUk; gz;igf; nfhz;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU $l;lj;jpdu; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; NghJ kpff; FWfpanjhU tl;lj;jpDs; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wdu;. gpd;du; mf;$l;lj;jpdupd; tsu;r;rp> gpd;dilTf;Nfw;g mr;rl;lq;fSk; jhf;fKWfpd;wd. mf;$l;lj;jpdu; Ntfkhf tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ NtfkhfTk;> jhkjkhf mgptpUj;jpailAk; NghJ jhkjkhfTk; tpUj;jpailfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf Kjy; kdpjd; Mjk; (miy) mtHfSlNd rl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vdyhk;.

,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilfs;

mbg;gil %yhjhuq;fs; FHMd; ]{d;dh Jiz %yhjhuq;fs; ,[;kh fpah];

,];yhkpa rl;ltpaypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

,];yhkpa rl;lk; ,iw topfhl;lNy
,];yhkpa rl;lk; G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fJ rfy elj;ijfSk; khh;f;fg; ngWkhdk; nfhz;lJ

xOf;f tpilaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ

<Uyf epahaj;ijg; ngw;Wj; juf;$baJ r%f eyidf; nfhz;lJ epiyahdJk; fhy khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g nefpo;e;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik

,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

my;yh`;tpdhy; mUsg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; VS kdpjdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;

,iwtDld; njhlHG gl;lJ

Nky;ehl;Lr; rl;lq;fs; kdpju;fshy; tiuag;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lit. ,it nysfPfj;ij kl;Lk; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtw;Wf;F nja;tPfj; jd;iknahd;W fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fspd; %y Ntu;fshd my;Fu;MDk;> `jP]{k; t`pahf (nja;t thf;fhf) mike;Js;sjhy; mr;rl;lq;fSf;F nja;tPfj;jd;ik ,Ug;gNjhL mit ,k;ik kWik ,uz;ilAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

KO cyfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdJ
Nkw;fj;ija rl;lq;fisg; nghUj;j tiu mit Fwpj;jnjhU ehl;Lf;Nfh my;yJ Fwpj;jnjhU r%fj;Jf;Nfh kl;Lk; nghUe;Jgitahf cs;sd. xU ehl;by; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; rl;lk; ,d;ndhU ehl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;Jtjpy;iy. mjdhy;jhd; ehl;Lf; nfhU rl;lk;> muRf;nfhU ahg;G vd;W xt;nthU ehLk; ntt;NtWgl;l murpay; ahg;Gfis cUthf;fpAs;sd. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fNsh muR ehL vd;w NtWghbd;wp ,];yhkpa Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l rfy gpuNjrq;fspYk; xNu rl;lq;fNs gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. mj;jifanjhU nghJj; jd;ikAk; ru;tNjrj; jd;ikAk; tha;e;jNj ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fshFk;.

epue;jukhdJ
Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; Kf;fhyk; gw;wpa mwptpy;yhj kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; fhy Xl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ mit khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba my;yJ fhyhtjpahf Ntz;ba epiyf;F cs;shfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ,yq;if murpay; ahg;gpy; $l 1978 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,d;W tiu 17 rl;lq;fs; jpUj;jp mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fNsh Kf;fhyq;fs; gw;wpa mwpTila my;yh`;thy; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ. vdNt> mit fhy khw;;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fis Ntz;b epw;gjpy;iy. ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fspd;v gpujhd %yq;fshsd myFu;MDk; `jP]{k; vd;WNk khw;wq;fSf;Fs;shfhJ ,Ug;gJk;> mtw;wpy; jpupGfs; Vw;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; mt;tg;NghJ tho;e;j mwpQu;fshy; ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJk; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fspd; epiyNgw;Wj; jd;ikf;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. cjhuzkhf my;Fu;Md; njhFf;fg;gl;L ,d;Wtiu Rkhu; 1400 tUlq;fSf;F NkyhfpAk; mjpy; xU Gs;sp $l khw;wg;glhkypUg;ij ,e;F Fwpg;gplyhk;.

nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ

Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; mbf;fb khw;wj;Jf;Fs;shfpd;w mNj Ntis mit Gjpa gpur;ridfspd; NghJ nefpo;e;J nfhLf;Fk; trjpfisAk; nfhLg;jpy;iy. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fs; my;Fu;Md; `jP]; vd;w khwh %yhjhuq;fisAk; mt;tpuz;bYk; Neubahf Fwpg;gplg; glhj Gjpa gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf nefpo;e;J nfhLf;Fk; ,[;jp`hj; top KiwfisAk; mwpKfg; gLj;jpAs;sd. ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs;> rl;l jpl;lq;fs; khw;wkiltjpy;iy. MdhYk;> etPd fhyj;jpy; mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdhYk; fyhrhu jhf;fj;jpdhYk; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fspd; NghJ Gjpa gpur;rpidfs; cUntLf;fpd;wd. mtw;Wf;fhd Neubj; jPu;g;ig rpy Ntis my;Fu;MdpNyh `jP]pNyh fhz KbahJ. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,[;kh> fpah]; Nghd;w ,[;jp`hj; topapyike;j %yhjhuq;fisAk;> k];y`h Ku;]yh Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;jp gpur;rpidfSf;Nfw;g my;Fu;Md; `jP]pd; ,yl;rpaq;fSf;F Kudpy;yhjthW cUthf;fg;gl;l nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik nfhz;l rl;lq;fisAk; ,];yhk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

epiyahdJ
kdpjdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;;lq;fNs ,d;W Nkw;Fyfpy; eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitfs; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU fhyj;jpw;Nf nghUj;jkhditahf ,Uf;f KbAk;. ,d;Ws;s $l;lj;jpdu;fshy; mr;rl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; mit ehisa rKjhaj; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a Kbahjitfshf ,Uf;Fk;. nrd;w fhyj;jpduhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l rl;l jpl;lq;fs; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhAk; gy khw;wq;fisr; nra;a Ntz;bajhfTk; cs;sij ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; my;yh`;tpdhy; ,wf;fpaUsg;gl;l \uPmj;Njh ,j;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ljy;y. Mapuj;J ehD}W tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf vJtpj khw;wj;jpw;Fk; cs;shfhky; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. my;yh`;tpd; Mw;wYk; ty;yikANk ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

<UyfpYk; ed;ik
Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; cyf tho;it ikag;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; rhjf ghjf tpisTfs; ,t;Tyf tho;Tld; Kbtile;J tpLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,];yhk; ,d;ikia kl;Lkd;wp kWikiaAk; ,yl;rpakhf nfhz;L rl;lq;fis Kd;itj;jpUg;gjhhy; mjd; rl;lq;fis gpd;gw;;Wtjd; %yk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; ed;ikfNsh my;yJ mtw;iw kPWtjhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfNsh vJthapDk; mtw;wpw;F ,t;TyfpYk; kWTyfpYk; $yp fpilf;Fk; jd;ikia nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf tpgr;rhuk;> fsT> nfhiy> nfhs;is> mtJ}W nrhy;yy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

<UyfpYk; ed;ik
Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; cyf tho;it ikag;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; rhjf ghjf tpisTfs; ,t;Tyf tho;Tld; Kbtile;J tpLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,];yhk; ,d;ikia kl;Lkd;wp kWikiaAk; ,yl;rpakhf nfhz;L rl;lq;fis Kd;itj;jpUg;gjhhy; mjd; rl;lq;fis gpd;gw;;Wtjd; %yk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; ed;ikfNsh my;yJ mtw;iw kPWtjhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfNsh vJthapDk; mtw;wpw;F ,t;TyfpYk; kWTyfpYk; $yp fpilf;Fk; jd;ikia nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf tpgr;rhuk;> fsT> nfhiy> nfhs;is> mtJ}W nrhy;yy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ
Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; KbTfspy; rpy eiliwr; rhj;jpakw;witahf mikfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa tq;fp Fz;L ntbg;gpy; fhuzfu;j;jhthf ,zq;fhzg;gl;l NtYg;gps;is gpughfuDf;F ,yq;ifapd; cau; ePjpkd;wk; 200 tUlk; rpiw jz;lidia tpjpj;J jPu;g;gspj;jJ. 60 - 70 tUl MAisf; nfhz;l kdpjDf;F ,j;jifa jz;lidia epiwNtw;wp Kbg;gJ vd;gJ fdtpYk; epidf;f Kbahj xd;W. Mdhy; ,];yhk; $Wk; rl;lq;fs; cyfpd;> kdpj tho;tpy; eilKiwg;gLj;j rhj;jpakhditahf mike;Js;sd. ,];yhk; mjp$ba gl;rj; jz;lidahf kuz jz;lid> firab> mguhjk; tpjpj;jy;> Ciu tpl;L xJf;fp itj;jy; Nghd;w eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhd rl;lq;fis Kd;itj;Js;sij ehk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,ij tpLj;J eilKiwr; rhj;jpakw;w gy E}W Mz;L rpiwj; jz;lidfis mJ xU NghJk; mwpKfg;gLj;jtpy;iy.

mePjkw;w ePjpahdit
Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; rfy juj;jpidAk; Nru;e;j kdpju;fSf;F nghJthditahf miktjpy;iy. mt;thNw nghJr;rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg; gl;lhYk; mij epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. murDf;F xU ePjp Mz;bf;F xU ePjp vd;W ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPu;g;Gfs; mikfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fNsh Mz;lhd; mbik> murd; - Mz;b> gbj;jtd; - ghkud; vd;w NtWghbd;wp rfyUf;Fk; nghJthd jPu;Tfis Kd;itj;Js;jijAk; mij epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ghFghL fhl;lhj jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sijAk; fhzyhk;. vdJ <uw;Fiy ghj;jpkh jhd; jpUbapUe;jhYk; mtsJ ifiaAk; ntl;LNtd;. vd;W ,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;a [dhjpgjp K`k;kJ (]y;) mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;fs;.

czHr;rpfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ
kdpjd; Nfhgk;> tpUg;G> ntWg;G> md;G> MjuT Nghd;w czu;TfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltd;. mtd; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wk; NghJ vd;d kd epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;gijg; nghWj;J me;j rl;lq;fs; khWgLk; vdNtjhd; Nfhgkhf ,Uf;fpd;w NghJ ePjp toq;ff; $lhJ vd ,];yhk; (fhopfis) ePjpgjpfisf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. NfhgkhfTs;s xU fztd; nry;Yfpd;w jyhf;ifAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ngUk; rKjhankhd;iwNah Fwpj;j ehn;lhd;iwNah newpg;gLj;Jfpd;w rl;lq;fs; vj;Jid Neu;j;jpahfTk; jPu;f;f juprdkhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhyq;fs; nry;yr;nry;y vj;jidNah khw;wq;fs; ,t;Tyfpy; eilngWfpd;wd. rw;W Kd;Ndhf;fp tuyhWfis ehk; Gul;bg; ghu;j;jhy; rpy fhyq;fSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpa vj;jidNah nfhs;iffs; ,Ue;j ,lk; njupahky; mope;JNghapUf;fpd;wd. vdNt md;G ghrk;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gg; Nghd;w czu;TfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhj my;yh`;thy; ,lg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fNs gpd;gw;wg;gLtjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdit. my;yh`;it <khd; nfhz;L mtDf;fpUf;fpd;w epiwTila gz;Gfis kdg;G+u;tkhf ek;Gfpd;w K/kpd;fs; me;j epiwthd gz;Gfs; mtdhy; ,wf;fpaUsg;gl;l \uPmj;jpw;Fk; cz;nld ek;Gtjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;lkhl;lhu;fs.; (kd;dhcy; fj;jhd;> gf;: 18)

nghjpe;Js;s tplaq;fs;
Nkw;fj;jpa rl;lq;fs; r%f tptfhuq;fspy; khj;jpuNk nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. ,];yhkpa \uPMNth mijAk; jhz;b ek;gpf;if rhu;e;j tplaq;fs; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; Nghd;w vy;yh tplaq;fspYk; jiyapl;L newpg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; nfhz;ldthf ,Uf;fpwd.

rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
Nkw;Fyf rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;batu;fs; kdpju;fs;. jtWkplj;J eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;batu;fs; ehl;bd; murhhq;fk; vd;fpd;w kdpju;fs;. mj;jifatu;fSk; ,r;rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gba Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,Ug;gjdhy; eltbf;if vLf;Fk; rf;jpia ,of;fpd;wdu;. rpyNtis mtu;fs; $l mNj Fw;wj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;L ghku kf;fis khj;jpuk; jz;bg;gjw;Fk; ,lKz;L. ,d;W ,t;thwhd fPo;j;jukhd eltbf;iffs; gy ,t;Tyfpy; eilngw;wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. md;ikapy; eilngw;w <uhf; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp rjhk; `{irdpd; kuz jz;lidapy; ,jid ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. rjhk; rpy nfhiyfisr; nra;jhu; vd;gjw;fhf mtUf;F kuz jz;lidia mnkupf;f muf;fd; mspj;jhd;. Mdhy; mnkupf;fhtpd; nfhiy ntwpahl;lq;fs; rjhkpd; nfhiyfistpl gd;klq;F ngupjhf ,Ue;Jk; rl;lj;jpd; gpbapypUe;J mnkupf;fh jg;gptpLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd mepahaq;fs; eilngWtjw;F tof;fpypUf;Fk; rl;lq;fNs fhuzkhFk;. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa \uPMitg; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;batd; kdpjd;. jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; mjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLg;gtd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;fg;ghw;gl;l kpiff;fg;gl Kbahj mghu Mw;wYs;s my;yh`;thFk;. vdNt mepahaq;fs; epfo tha;g;Gf;fs; rw;NwDk; fpilahJ.

nray;fSf;fhd gyd;
Nkw;Fyf rl;lq;fSf;F kdpj cs;sq;fspNy jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; rf;jpfs; fpilahJ. mr;rl;lq;fSf;F khw;wkhf ele;J nfhs;SnkhUtu; mjpfhupfspd; fz;zpy; gl;lhy; khj;jpuk;jhd; rl;lj;ij mq;Nf gpuNahfpf;f KbAk;. ,y;iyNay; mr;rl;lj;jpw;F mj;jPa nraiyj; jLj;J epWj;j KbahJ. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa \uPMNth rl;lq;fis ,Ltjw;F Kd;du;> kdpj cs;sq;fisg; gz;gLj;jp> ,iwtd; gw;wpa czu;T nfhz;ljhf mij khw;wpajd; gpwFjhd; `uhk;> `yhy; vd;w czu;itA+l;btpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ahu; ghu;j;jhnyd;d? ghu;f;fhtpl;lhnyd;d. jPa tplaq;fspy;> tof;fq;fspy; ehd; <Lglf;$lhJ vDk; cs;Szu;it K];ypk;fspd; cs;sq;fspNy Cl;btpLfpwJ. ,itaidj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf vy;yhk; ty;y my;yh`; vd;idf; fz;fhdpf;fpd;whd; vd;w mr;rk; mtid newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt eLeprpahdhYk; kdpj rQ;rhukpy;yhj ,lkhf ,Ue;jhYk; K];ypk;fisg; nghWj;j tiuf;Fk; jPikfspd;ghy; ehl;lk; nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;.

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