Professional Documents
Culture Documents
XuLyTinHieuSo Thay - TVLoan
XuLyTinHieuSo Thay - TVLoan
Chng 1
TN HIU V H THNG
RI RC
Mt phng z
X(z)= Z[x(n)]
Y(z)= Z[y(n)]
H(z)=Z[h(n)]=
Y(z)/X(z)
Y(z) = X(z). H(z)
Min tn s
Ph X(ejw)=F[x(n)]
Ph Y(ejw)=F[y(n)]
p ng tn s
H(ejw)= Y(ejw)/ X(ejw)
=F[h(n)]
Y(ejw)= X(ejw). H(ejw)
Nhn qu:
n nh:
(V tr ca im cc
ca H(z) so vi
ng trn n v)
Phn loi:
Xt trng hp tn hiu l hm ca bin thi gian
x(n)
Thi gian ri rc
Tn hiu ri rc
Bin
lintc
Bin
ri rc
Tn hiu lng t ha
Tn hiu s
10
X l s tn hiu
Tn hiu
s
Tn hiu
tng t
Ly mu &
bin i
tng t-s
ADC
X l
tn hiu
s
Bin i
s
tng t
Tn hiu
tng t
DAC
11
Ti sao li tn hiu s ?
c th x l t ng (bng my tnh)
Gim c nhiu
Cho php sao lu nhiu ln m cht lng
khng thay i
Cc b x l tn hiu s (DSP)
khi c ch to hng lot c cht lng x l
ng nht v cht lng x l khng thay i
theo thi gian
12
13
Mt s tn hiu ri rc c bit
Xung n v
n0
n0
1
(n)
0
(n)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
5 n
15
Tn hiu bc n v
u(n) 1 n 0
0 n<0
u(n)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
5 n
16
Tn hiu hm m
x(n)=an
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
17
x(n)=sin[(2/N)(n+n0)]
18
x(n).y(n)
x(n)
x(n)
19
x(n)+y(n)
Php dch
nu dch phi n0 mu, x(n) tr thnh y(n)
y(n) = x(n-n0)
20
D
Delay
x(n-1)
x(n)
x(k)(n k)
21
y(n) =x1(n-1)
1
0,5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x2(n)
-1
0,5
-3 -2
0 1 2 3
-0,5
22
y(n)
y(n)=T[x(n)]
23
y1(n)
x2(n)
y2(n)
T[ax1(n)+bx2(n)] =aT[x1(n)]+bT[x2(n)]
=a y1(n) + b y2(n)
x(n)
x(k)(n k)
Nu h tuyn tnh:
y(n)
y(n) = T[x(n)]
x(k)T[(n k)]
R1
5v
2v
R2
3v
25
x(k) h(n k)
h(n) l p ng xung ca h
y(n) x(n)*h(n)
26
(n)
(n)
(n-1)
(n-1)
(n-2)
(n)
(n-1)
(n-2)
27
FIR: H c p ng xung hu hn
(Finite Impulse Response)
IIR: H c p ng xung v hn
(Infinite Impulse Response)
Nng lng tn hiu
x(n)
28
-2
-1
x(n)
0.5
-2
y(n)
-1
x(k)h(n k)
x(k)h(n k)
k 0
29
y(n)=x(0)h(n-0)+x(1)h(n-1)=0,5h(n)+2h(n-1)
0,5h(n)
0,5
-2
-1
2h(n-1)
-2
-1
2
2
3
2
y(n)
2,5
2,5
2
0,5
-2
-1
30
V d 2
x(n)
-2
-1
x(n) =nu(n)
x(k)
0<<1
1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
h(1-k)
-2
-1
h(-k)
1
h(n) =u(n)
h(n)
-2
h(-1-k)
31
V d 2
n <0: y(n)=0
n=0: y(n) = 1
n>0: y(n)
k 0
n1
1
n1
1
y(n)
u(n)
1
Vi mi gi tr ca n:
y(n)
1
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
6 n
32
Giao hon
Kt hp
y(n)=x(n)*h(n)=h(n)*x(n)
[y(n)*x(n)]*z(n)=y(n)*[x(n)*z(n)]
33
x(n)
x(n)
h1(n)
h2(n)
h2(n)
h1(n)
x(n)
x(n)
h1(n) *h2(n)
h2(n) *h1(n)
y(n)
y(n)
y(n)
y(n)
34
Phn phi
x(n)*(h1(n)+h2(n))=x(n)*h1(n)+ x(n)*h2(n)
h1(n)
x(n)
x(n)
h2(n)
h1(n) +h2(n)
y(n)
y(n)
35
H c nh v khng nh
Khng nh: tn hiu ra ph thuc tn
hiu vo cng thi im.
V d
y(n)=A.x(n)
C nh: tn hiu ra ph thuc tn hiu
vo nhiu thi im
V d
36
H ng nht
Tn hiu ra bng tn hiu vo
y(n) = x(n)
H A l o ca h B nu mc ni
tip 2 h ny ta c 1 h ng
nht
37
H B
y(n)
z(n)
x(n) = z(n)
hA(n)*hB(n)
h(n) =hA(n)*hB(n)=(n)
H(z)=HA(z).HB(z) = 1
38
x(k)h(n k)
x(k)h(n k)
h(k)x(n k)
k 0
40
y(n)
y(n)
h(k)x(n k)
h(k) x(n k)
y(n) B
y(n) c gi tr hu hn:
h(k)
h(k)
41
V d p ng xung ca h n nh v khng n nh
h(n)
n nh
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
5 n
h(n)
Khng n nh
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
5 n
42
V d Xt tnh nhn qu v n nh ca h c p
ng xung h(n) = anu(n)
y l h nhn qu v h(n) = 0 vi n < 0
Xt tnh n nh
h(n)
n0
43
1.6. p ng tn s ca h TTBB
p ng tn s: cho bit tnh cht truyn t ca h i
vi cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu vo
K
Thng thp
Thng cao
Thng di
Chn di
x(n) ejn
H c p ng xung h(n)
44
1.6. p ng tn s ca h TTBB
p ng ca h:
y(n)
h(k)x(n k)
n
e
H(ej)
h(k) ej(nk)
k
h(k)e jk x(n).
H(ej)
h(k)e jk
1.6. p ng tn s ca h TTBB
H(ej ) l hm phc nn c th c biu din
theo phn thc, phn o:
H(ej )= HR(ej ) +jHI(ej )
hoc theo bin -pha:
H(e )= |H (e
j
j)]
jarg[H(e
)| e
46
H(e )
n0
n
n
ae
(aej)n
n0
j
Tng cp s nhn li v hn: H(e )
|H(ej)|
1
1 ae j
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
47
Nhn xt
H(ej ) l hm lin tc theo v tun hon theo
vi chu k 2.
Nu h(n) l thc, p ng bin i xng
trong khong 0 2
Nu p ng xung l thc, ch cn xt khong
tn s 0
48
h(n)e jn
(1)
Pulse
Tone
50
1 C
H()
Hy xc nh p ng xung h(n)
C
j
n
j
n
1
1
h(n)
e d
e
2
2jn
1 e
2jn
j n
C
sinCn
j n
51
-1
-1/2 -fc
fc 1/2
arg[H(f)]
h(n)
-3
-6
-5
-4
3
-2
-1
52
x(n)e jn
x(n) 1 X(ej)ejnd
2
Theo tn s f:
X(f)
x(n)
x(n)e j2fn
n
1/2
X(f)ej2fndf
1/2
Ph bin v ph pha
X(f) X(f)ejarg[X(f)]
|X(f)|: Ph bin , arg[X(f)]: Ph pha
p ng xung
tn hiu
h(n)
x(n)
F
F-1
F
H(ej)
p ng tn s
X(ej) ph
F-1
54
aX1(ej) bX2(ej)
F x(n n0)
t n-n0 = m
F x(m)
x(n n0)e jn
jn0
x(m)e j(mn0)
x(m)e jm
e jn0X(ej)
Nhn xt
Tn hiu tr c ph bin khng thay i
cn ph pha dch i 1 lng
n 0
56
x(t)
H tng t
y(t)
x(n)
H ri rc
y(n)
58
k 0
k 0
aky(n k) bkx(n k)
y(n)
M b
k
a0 x(n k)
k 0
bk
0 k M
h(k) a0
0
k cn l i
y(n)
h(k)x(n k)
1
y(n) a
0
k 0
k 1
bkx(n k) aky(n k)
60
k 0
k 0
aky(n k) bkx(n k)
Ly bin i Fourier c 2 v:
n
N
aky(n k) e jn
k 0
akn
k 0
y(n k) e jn
bkx(n k) e jn
n
M
k 0
bkn
x(n k) e jn
k 0
M
k 0
k 0
Y(ej)
H(ej)
bke jk
Y(ej) k 0
X(ej) N a e jk
k
k 0
p ng tn s xc nh bi cc h s ca PT-SP
61
62
Bi tp chng 1 (1/3)
Gi s x(n) = 0 vi n < 2 v n > 4. Vi mi tn hiu sau
y, hy xc nh gi tr n cho tn hiu tng ng bng 0.
a) x(n3)
b) x(n+4)
c) x(n)
d) x(n+2)
e) x(n2)
1. Xt h S c tn hiu vo x(n) v tn hiu ra y(n). H ny c
c bng cch mc h S1 ni tip vi h S2 theo sau. Quan h
vora i vi 2 h S1 v S2 l:
S1 :
y1(n) = 2x1(n) + 4x1(n1)
S2 :
y2(n) = x2(n2) + (1/2)x2(n3)
vi x1(n), x2(n) k hiu tn hiu vo.
a) Hy xc nh quan h vora cho h S
b) Quan h vo ra ca h S c thay i khng nu thay i
th t S1 v S2 (tc l S2 ni tip vi h S1 theo sau).
63
Bi tp chng 1(2/3)
1. Tn hiu ri rc x(n) cho nh hnh v sau. Hy v cc tn hiu:
a) x(n4)
b) x(3n)
c) x(2n)
d) x(2n+1)
e) x(n)u(3n)
f) x(n-1)u(3-n) g) x(n2) (n2)
h) (1/2)x(n)+(1/2)(-1)nx(n)
i) x((n-1)2)
1
0,5
0,5
-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1
-2 -1 0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
-0,5
64
Bi tp chng 1(3/3)
Cho
65
S1
S2
y1(n)=x2(n)
y(n)=y2(n)
1
0,5
0,5
-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1
-2 -1 0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
-0,5
-1 0 1
-1
2 3
4 5
6 7
n
67
1
0,5
0,5
-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1
-2 -1 0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
-0,5
u(3-n) = 1 nu 3-n 0 tc l n 3
u(3-n) = 0 nu 3-n <0 tc l n > 3
x(n)u(3n) = x(n) nu n 3
x(n)u(3n) = 0 nu n > 3
68
1
0,5
0,5
-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1
-2 -1 0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
-0,5
69
x(n)
h(n)
1
3
-1
1 2
4
-1
a)
-1
h(k)x(n k)
k 1
y(n)=h(-1)x(n+1)+h(1)x(n-1)=2x(n+1)+2x(n-1)
2x(n+1) = 2(n+1) + 4(n) 2(n2)
2x(n-1) = 2(n-1) + 4(n2) 2(n4)
y(n) = 2(n+1) + 4(n)+ 2(n-1) + 2(n2) 2(n4)
70
y(n)
2
4
-2
-1
-2
h(k)x(n 2 k)
k 1
y(n)=h(-1)x(n+3)+h(1)x(n+1)=2x(n+3)+2x(n+1)
2x(n+3) = 2(n+3) + 4(n+2) 2
(n)
2x(n+1) = 2(n+1) + 4(n) 2(n2)
y(n) = 2(n+3) + 4(n+2)+ 2(n+1) +2(n) 2(n2)
71
j
H(e ) F h(n) h(n)e jn
n
1
1
j
jn
H(e )
(n)e
(n 1)e jn
2 n
2 n
j
j
j
1
1
1
H(e j ) e j e 2 e 2 e 2
2 2
2
j2
H(e ) j sin e
2
j
| H(e ) | sin
2
j
72
|H(ej)|
1
/2
73
Chng 2
PHP BIN I Z
74
2.1. nh ngha
Bin i z ca tn hiu ri rc x(n) c nh ngha nh
sau:
X(z)
x(n)zn
x(n)zn
n0
75
2.1. nh ngha
X(re )
x(n)(rej)n
X(re )
n
x(n)r
e jn
X(z)
zej
X(ej)
2.1. nh ngha
ng trn n v
Im
z=ej
Mt phng z
Re
77
iu kin tn ti bin i z
Min gi tr ca z chui ly tha trong nh
ngha bin i z hi t gi l min hi t.
p dng tiu chun C-si xc nh min hi t
Chui c dng
un u0 u1 u2 ...
s hi t nu
n0
1/n 1
|u
|
tha mn iu kin nlim
n
x(n)zn
x(n)zn
n0
1/n|z1 | 1
lim
|x(n)|
n
78
iu kin tn ti bin i z
Gi thit
lim |x(n)|1/n R x
n)|
n
Min hi t ca bin i z: 0 Rx |z| R x
Im
Rx-
Rx+
Re
79
V d 1.
X(z)
1.zn 1 1z1
n0
V d 2.
vi |z|>1
Rx-=1
Rx+=
X(z)
n0
an.zn
(a.z1)n
n0
Im
1
z
vi |z|>|a|
1 az1 z a
Rx-=|a|
Re
Rx+=
im khng: z = 0
im cc: z = a
Min hi t khng cha im cc
80
x(n)
X(z)
X(z)
Bin i z thun
x(n)
Bin i z ngc
81
2j
0 k 0
p dng nh l C-si
X(z)
x(n)zn (1)
1 X(z)zm1dz 1
x(n)znm1dz
2j
2j n
1 X(z)zm1dz x(n) 1 znm1dz
2j
2j
n
1 X(z)zm1dz x(m)
2j
x(n) 1
X(z)zn1dz
2j
82
Z X (z)
1
x2(n) Z X2(z)
x1(n)
ax (n)+bx (n)
1
n=-
a x1(n)z
n
Z X(z)
z n
b x2 (n)zn
n
Z X(z)
x(n n0 )
Z x(n n0 )
i bin m=n-n0
Z ?
x(n n )z
0
Z x
x(m)
x(m)z (mn0 )
n0
x(m)z m
z n0 X(z)
x(n n0 )
Z zn0 X(Z)
84
Z x(n n0 )
x(n n0 )zn
85
x(n)
z-1
x(n-1)
x(n)
x(n-1)
86
x(n)z
x(0) x(1)
x(n)z
n 0
1
1
x(2) 2 ...
z
z
Z x(n) X(z),R x | z | R x
Z x(n) ?
1
m
x(m)z
z
n
m
1
1
| z |
R x
R x
x(n)z
87
dz
Nhn 2 v vi - z
(n)x(n)zn1
dX(z)
z
dz
nx(n)
z n Z nx(n)
n
x(k)h(n
k)
z
n k
n
k
n
h(n
k)z
x(k)z
h(n)z
X(z).H(z)
n
k
y(n)z
x(k)
Y(z)=X(z).H(z)
88
Q(z)
V d
Cho X(z)
Ai
i1 z zi
K
Ai (z zi )X(z) z z
1
1 3z
2z
vi |z|>2. Tm x(n) ?
(z 1
1/2
A1
A2
1
1
1
1)(z 1 / 2) (z 1) (z 1 / 2)
A1 (z 1 1).X(z)
z1 1
A2 (z 1 1 / 2).X(z)
z1 1 / 2
1
89
1
1
2
1
z1 1 z 1 1 / 2 1 2z 1 1 z 1
1
1 az 1
Vy x(n)=2.2nu(n)-u(n)=u(n)[2n+1-1]
90
V d
z 1
X(z)
1 1, 414z 1 z2
91
1-1,414z-1+z-2
z-1 -1,414z-2+z-3
z-1+ 1,414z-2+ z-3- z-5-1,414 z-6
1,414z-2-z-3
1,414z-2-2z-3+ 1,414z-4
z-3 - 1,414z-4
z-3 - 1,414z-4 + z-5
-5
z
X(z) x(n)zn
- z-5 + 1,414z-6 z-7
n
- 1,414z-6 + z-7
x(0)=0. x(1)=1. x(2)=1,414. x(3)=1. x(4)=0. x(5)=-1
n<0 x(n)=0
92
Bin i z
Min hi t
(n)
Ton mf z
u(n)
-u(-n-1)
(n-m)
anu(n)
-anu(-n-1)
1
1 z 1
1
1 z 1
z
-m
1
1 az 1
1
1 az 1
|z|>1
|z|<1
Ton mf z tr 0 nu
m>0, tr nu m < 0
|z|>|a|
|z|<|a|
93
Bin i z
az 1
1 az
1
az 1
1 az
1
Min hi t
|z|>|a|
|z|<|a|
cos(n)u(n)
1 (cos )z 1
1 (2 cos )z 1 z 2
|z|>1
sin(n)u(n)
(sin )z 1
1 (2 cos )z 1 z 2
|z|>1
94
n
n
n
y(n)z
x(n)z
a
y(n
1)z
n0
n0
n 0
n0
r 1
r
Y(z) y(r)z
n0
x(n) = ejnu(n)
X(z)
1
1 e j z 1
aK
1
Y(z)
1
1 az
(1 az 1 )(1 e jz 1 )
aK
a /(a e j ) e j /(a e j )
Y(z)
1
1
1 az
(1 az )
(1 e jz 1 )
Bin i z ngc
p ng vi
iu kin u
an1
e j(n1)
y(n) a K
u(n)
j
j
ae
ae
n1
p ng
qu
p ng i vi
tn hiu vo
96
Y(z) =H(z).X(z)
Y(z)
H(z)
Z h(n)
X(z)
H(z): Hm truyn t
h(n)zn
a) H(z) ca h nhn qu
H nhn qu nn h(n) = 0 vi n < 0
1/n
| h(n) |
H(z) hi t vi | z | R h nlim
H(z)
h(n)z
n0
97
H(z) h(n)z n
n
| h(n) |
(1)
98
k 0
k 0
aky(n k) bkx(n k)
Ly bin i z c 2 v ca PT-SP
ak y(n k) z
n k 0
n
n
b
x(n
k)
k
z
k 0
99
ak
k 0
N
y(n k)z
bk
k 0
Y(z) ak zk X(z) bk z k
k 0
H(z)
k 0
x(n k)z n
Y(z)
X(z)
b z
k 0
N
k
a
z
k
k 0
H(z) H0
(z z )
r
r 1
N
(z p )
k
k 1
100
Bi tp chng 2 (1/2)
1. Cho tn hiu
1 0 n N-1
0 n cn l i
x(n)
X(z)
ln
1
z vi |z|>1/2
1. Tnh bin i z ngc ca
Bi tp chng 2 (2/2)
1. H TT-BB c PT-SP:
y(n)=y(n-1)+y(n-2)+x(n-1)
a) Xc nh hm truyn t, im khng, im cc
b) Nhn xt tnh nhn qu, n nh
c) Xc nh p ng xung sao cho h nhn qu
102
Tn hiu x(n):
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
N-1 N
1 z N
a) X(z) 1.z
1 z 1
n 0
b) x(n) u(n) u(n N)
N1
1
z N
Z x(n) Z u(n) Z u(n N)
1
1z
1 z 1
103
dX(z)
(1 / 2)z 2
1
z1
z
z
dz
2 1 (1 / 2)z 1
1 (1 / 2)z 1
n 1
1 1 1
x(n)
n 2 2
3.
1 1
u(n 1) u(n 1)
n 2
y(n)=(n)
104
y(n)=y(n-1)+y(n-2)+x(n-1)
a) Bin i z c 2 v: Y(z)=z-1Y(z)+z-2Y(z)+z-1X(z)
Y(z)
z 1
z
H(z)
X(z) 1 z1 z2 z2 z 1
Nghim mu s:
1 1 4
z1,2
1,62 v -0,62
2
H c 1 im khng ti z=0 v 2 im cc ti z=1,62;z=-0,62
105
Im(z)
b)
1
z=-0,62
Re(z)
z=1,62
c)
H(z) z.H1(z)
H1(z)
1
H1(z) 2
z z 1
1
A1
A2
1
0, 45
(z 1,62)(z 0,62) z 1,62
1
A2 (z 0, 62)
0, 45
(z 1,62)(z 0, 62) z 0,62
A1 (z 1, 62)
0, 45
0, 45
H(z)
1
1 1, 62z
1 0, 62z 1
h(n) 0, 45 (1, 62)n (0, 62)n u(n)
107
S = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + + aN-1
ai = ai-1.q
S = a0.(1-qN)/(1-q)
S = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + + aN-1+
ai = ai-1.q
S = a0./(1-q)
108
Chng 3
B LC S
109
L
10010010
R
110
|H()|
1
p ng bin
ca b lc thng
thp
/2
111
3.2. B lc FIR
B lc FIR v IIR
N
ak y(n k)
k 0
bk x(n k)
k 0
M b
k
N=0: FIR
N>0: IIR
a0 x(n k) h(k)x(n k)
N=0
y(n)
M=1
y(n)=h(0)x(n)+h(1)x(n-1)
k 0
h(0)
x(n)
S khi
k 0
y(n)
D
x(n-1)
h(1)
112
3.2. B lc FIR
const
h0 = 0.5;
h1 = 0.5;
var
xn, xnt1, yn: real;
begin
xnt1 := 0;
repeat
(* Nhp tn hiu vo t bn phm *)
write(Nhp tn hiu vo xn = );
readln(xn);
(* Tnh tn hiu ra *)
yn:= h0 * xn + h1 * xnt1;
(* Tr tn hiu *)
xnt1 := xn;
until Ketthuc;
end.
113
3.2. B lc FIR
Trng hp tng qut
h(0)
x(n)
y(n)
D
h(1)
x(n-1)
D
x(n-2)
D
x(n-M)
h(2)
h(M)
114
3.3. B lc IIR
a0y(n)+a1y(n-1)=b0x(n)
H bc nht
Gi thit a0 = 1
x(n)
y(n)=-a1y(n-1)+b0x(n)
b0
y(n)
D
y(n-1)
-a1
115
3.3. B lc IIR
a0y(n)+a1y(n-1)=b0x(n)+b1x(n-1)
H bc hai
Gi thit a0 = 1
b0
x(n)
y(n)=-a1y(n-1)+b0x(n)+ b1x(n-1)
=-a1y(n-1) + w(n)
w(n)=b0x(n)+b1x(n-1)
w(n)
y(n)
D
b1
y(n-1)
-a1
116
3.3. B lc IIR
Tng qut (a0 = 1) y(n)
b x(n k) a y(n k)
k 0
k 1
w(n) ak y(n k)
k 1
w(n)
b x(n k)
k 0
117
3.3. B lc IIR
b0
x(n)
w(n)
y(n)
D
b1
Dng
trc
tip 1
-a1
D
b2
-a2
D
bM
-aN
118
3.3. B lc IIR
x(n)
x(n)
H 1
H 2
w(n)
z(n)
H 2
H 1
y(n)
y(n)
119
3.3. B lc IIR
z(n)
x(n)
y(n)
-a1
b1
D
b2
-a2
D
-aN
b0
D
bM
120
3.3. B lc IIR
z(n)
x(n)
b0
y(n)
D
-a1
Dng
trc
tip 2
(chun
tc)
b1
M>N
D
-a2
b2
D
-aN
bN
bM
121
Mc ni tip
H(z) C Hk (z)
C: Hng s
k 1
C
x(n)
H1(z)
H2(z)
HP(z)
y(n)
122
H(z) D Hk (z)
D: Hng s
k 1
x(n)
y(n)
H1(z)
H2(z)
HQ(z)
123
3.5.Kho st h bc 1
a0 = b0 = 1, a1 = -a
y(n) a y(n-1) = x(n)
Hm truyn t
H(z) c 1 im khng ti z = 0 v 1 im cc ti z = a
n nh: H n nh nu |a| 1
Nhn qu:
h(n) = anu(n) nu |z| > |a|
Phn nhn qu: h(n) = -anu(-n-1) nu |z| < | a|
H nhn qu v n nh nu |a| < 1
p ng tn s H(ej) = H(z)|z = ej
124
4
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
V d: p ng bin v pha
2
0
2
4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency(rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
30
25
10
20
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency( rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency( rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
Phase(degrees)
15
15
10
20
25
30
0.1
Phase(degrees)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency(rads/sample)
a=0,5
0.8
0.9
a=-0,5
125
3.6.Kho st h bc 2
a0 = b0 = 1
y(n) + a1 y(n-1)+a2y(n-2) = x(n)
Hm truyn t
Y(z) a1z1Y(z) a2z2Y(z) X(z)
2
Y(z)
1
z
H(z)
2
2 a za
X(z) 1 a z a z
z
1
1
2
2
1 im khng bc 2 ti z = 0
2 im cc
a1 a12 4a2
p1,2
2
126
a1 a12 4a2 2
2 a1 a12 4a2 2
a12
a2
4
(*)
Xt im cc phc:
a1 j 4a2 a12
p1
2
a1 j 4a2 a12
p2
2
p1 p2 a2 a2<1
128
a2
a12
a2
4
-2
-1
a2 = -1+a1
a2=1
1
-1
2 a1
a2 = -(1+a1)
H n nh v nhn qu nu a1 v a2
thuc min tam gic.
129
V d: p ng bin v pha
Magnitude(dB)
10
Magnitude(dB)
10
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency( rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
10
60
10
50
20
40
30
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency( rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency( rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
Phase(degrees)
40
30
50
20
60
10
0
0.1
Phase(degrees)
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NormalizedAngularFrequency( rads/sample)
0.8
0.9
1)
1) a1 = 1, a2 = 0,5
70
2)
2) a1 = -1, a2 = 0,5
130
V d:X l nh.
nh qua b lc thng thp (lm trung bnh)
131
V d:
nh qua b lc thng cao (o hm)
132
Bi tp chng 3 (1/2)
1. H TT-BB c quan h vo ra:
1
x(n 1) x(n) x(n 1)
3
a) Xc nh p ng tn s
b) Xc nh v v dng p ng bin . Nhn
xt tnh cht lc ca h.
y(n)
2. Hm truyn t ca b lc s c dng:
H(z) = 1 + 2z-1 + 4z-3
a) Xc nh PT-SP biu din quan h vo-ra
b) V s khi thc hin b lc
133
H(ej)
h(n)
F-1
z=ej
Z
Z-1
H(z)
134
Bi tp chng 3 (2/2)
3. H TT-BB c hm truyn t:
H(z)=(1+az-1)/(1+bz-1+cz-2) vi a,b,c l hng s.
a) Xc nh quan h vo-ra ca h
b) V s dng chun tc thc hin h.
135
a) p ng xung: h(n)
1
(n 1) (n) (n 1)
3
p ng tn s:
1 j
1
j
jn
j
H(e ) h(n)e
e 1 e (1 2 cos )
3
3
n
b) p ng bin :
|H(ej)|=(1/3)|1+2cos|
|H()|
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2/3
136
x(n)
y(n)
z-1
z-1
z-1
137
Chng 4
PHP BIN I FOURIER
RI RC
138
j nk
1 N1
xp (n) Xp (k)e N
N k 0
(1)
N n0
0 r mN
Nhn 2 v xp(n) vi e
N1
x (n)e
n0
2
nr
N
2
nr
N
j (k r)n
1 N1 N1
Xp (k)e N
N n 0 k 0
140
N1
x (n)e
n0
2
nr
N
1 N1 j2N (k r)n
Xp (k) e
N
k 0
n 0
N1
k r = mN [] = 1, k r mN [] = 0
k=r+mN v k < N m=0 v k = r
N1
x (n)e
N1
x (n)e
n0
n0
j
2
nk
N
2
nr
N
Xp (r)
(2)
Nhn xt
Xp(k) tun hon theo k vi chu k N
Cc cng thc (1), (2) l biu din chui Fourier ca
tn hiu ri rc tun hon. (1): Tng hp. (2): Phn tch
141
xp (n) 0 n N-1
n cn l i
0
x(n)
Xt 1 chu k ca xp(n):
X(z)
x(n)z
Mt khc
Xp (k)
x(n)z n
n 0
N1
x (n)e
n0
N1
2
nk
N
vy
Im(z)
2/N
Re(z)
142
-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4
Xp (k) e
2
nk
10
4k
10
n0
sin(k/2)
sin(k/10)
|Xp(k)|
-2 -1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
k
143
x(n rN)
xp (n) 0 n N 1
n cn l i
0
x(n)
144
N1
x(n)e
X(k)
2
nk
N
0 k N1
n0
k cn l i
2
j nk
1 N1
0 n N1
X(k)e N
x(n) N k0
0
n cn l i
145
146
4.4. Cc hm ca s
x(n)
n
N
Ly ra on tn hiu c di N phn tch
Tng ng nhn tn hiu vi hm w(n)
w(n) = 1 trong on tn hiu c ly
w(n) = 0 trong on tn hiu khng c ly
x(n) = x(n).w(n)
Mc nhin dng ca s ch nht !
147
4.4. Cc hm ca s
X(f) = X(f)*W(f)
Tn hiu c phn tch c di hu hn
gy ra X(f) X(f) c sai s khi tnh bin i Fourier
gim sai s c th tng N
Phng php hay dng l chn W(f) hay chn w(n)
Ca s ch nht gy sai s ln nn thng dng cc ca
s khc nh Hamming, Hanning, Kaiser, Blackman
148
4.4. Cc hm ca s
Hm ca s Hamming, Hanning:
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Hamming
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Hanning
50
100
150
N=256
200
250 n
149
vi a l s thc.
a. Xc nh gi tr ca a sao cho H(z) ng vi mt h n nh
b. Ly 1 gi tr c bit ca a trong s cc gi tr ny, biu din
cc im cc, im khng v min hi t.
c. nh gi |H(f)|
150
Bi tp ln (1/2)
1.
B lc s FIR c PT-SP
y(n)=x(n) + 2x(n-1)-3x(n-3)+5x(n-4)
Hy lp trnh bng Pascal xc nh p ng
xung ca b lc ny.
-Khi to tn hiu tr = 0 (xnt1, xnt2, xnt3, xnt4)
-Gn xn = 1 (xung n v)
B vng lp:
- Tnh tn hiu ra yn (=hn) theo PT-SP
- Tr tn hiu vo xn:
xnt4 := xnt3;
xnt3 := xnt2;
xnt2 := xnt1;
xnt1 := xn;
( sau buc lp u tin phi gn xn := 0)
KT vng lp
151
Bi tp ln (2/2 )
2. B lc s IIR c cc h s nh sau:
a0
1.0000
b0
0.0252
a1
-9.7023
b1
a2
8.8979
b2
0.0684
a3
-12.7653
b3
-0.0800
a4
13.1148
b4
0.0976
a5
-4.0608
b5
-0.0800
a6
5.1226
b6
0.0684
a7
-1.7620
b7
-0.0615
a8
0.3314
b8
0.0252
-0.0615
bk x(n k)
k 0
(1)
(2)
k 1
- Tr tn hiu xn v yn
(* Sau bc lp u tin phi gn xn = 0)
KT vng lp
END
153
Kt qu c dng
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
154
BI TP
1) H TT-BB c tn hiu vo x(n) = u(n) u(n-2),
h(n) = u(n) u(n-2). Hy xc nh v v tn hiu ra y(n).
4)