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fp=k 4-1
fja>k vle esa fMiqQ osQ ckgjh {ks=k esa vius ifjokj osQ lkFk
,d xko esa jgrh gSA og vius ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa }kjk ,d
Hkwfe osQ VqdM+s ij mxh ouLifr dks dkVdj o tykdj lkiQ
djrs ns[k dj vkuUn dk vuqHko djrh gSA og izk;% ifjokj
osQ lnL;ksa osQ lkFk ckl osQ ukys }kjk >jus ls ikuh ykdj
vius [ksr dks flafpr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA og vius
ifjLFkku ls yxko j[krh gS vkSj tc rd laHko gks ;gk jguk
pkgrh gSA ijarq bl NksVh cPph dks vius [ksr esa feh dh
?kVrh moZjrk osQ ckjs esa oqQN Hkh irk ugha gS ftlosQ dkj.k
mlosQ ifjokj dks vxys o"kZ u, Hkwfe osQ VqdM+s dh ryk'k
djuh gksxhA
D;k vki mu iQlyksa osQ oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k ns ldrs gSa tks
,d izns'k esa okf.kfT;d iQly osQ :i esa vkSj nwljs izns'k esa
thfodk iQly osQ :i esa mxkbZ tkrh gSa\
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D;k vki Hkkjr osQ oqQN jkT;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa tgk bl
izdkj dh f"k dh tkrh gS\
fp=k 4-2 Hkkjr osQ nf{k.kh Hkkx esa osQys dh jksi.k o`Qf"k
o`Qf"k
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'kL; izk:i
eq[; iQlysa
feh] tyok;q vkSj o`Qf"k ifr esa varj osQ dkj.k ns'k
osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vusd izdkj dh [kk| vkSj v[kk|
iQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSaA Hkkjr esa mxkbZ tkus okyh eq[;
iQlysa pkoy] xsgw] eksVs vukt] nkysa] pk;] dkWiQh]
xUuk] frygu] dikl vkSj twV bR;kfn gSaA
pkoy Hkkjr esa vfkdka'k yksxksa dk [kk|kUu pkoy
gSA gekjk ns'k phu osQ ckn nwljk lcls cM+k pkoy
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
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o`Qf"k
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esa xsg w mxkus okys nks eq[; {ks=k gSa mkj&if'pe esa
xaxk&lryqt dk eSnku vkSj nDdu dk dkyh feh
okyk izn's kA iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mkj izn's k] fcgkj] jktLFkku
vkSj e; izns'k osQ oqQN Hkkx xsg w iSnk djus okys eq[;
jkT; gSaA
eksVs vukt (Millets) Tokj] cktjk vkSj jkxh
Hkkjr esa mxk, tkus okys eq[; eksVs vukt gSaA ;|fi
bUgs eksVk vukt dgk tkrk gS ijarq buesa iks"kd roksa
dh ek=kk vR;fkd gksrh gSA mnkgj.kr;k] jkxh esa izpqj
ek=kk esa yksgk] oSQfY'k;e] lw{e iks"kd vkSj Hkwlh feyrh
gSA {ks=kiQy vkSj mRiknu dh n`f"V ls Tokj ns'k dh
rhljh egoiw.kZ [kk|kUu iQly gSA ;g iQly o"kkZ ij
fuHkZj gksrh gSA vfkdrj vkZ {ks=kksa esa mxk, tkus osQ
dkj.k blosQ fy, flapkbZ dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
egkjk"V jkT; bl iQly dk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS
rFkk dukZVd] vkakz izns'k vkSj e; izns'k blosQ vU;
eq[; mRiknd jkT; gSaA
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fp=k 4-4 ([k) eSnku esa dVkbZ osQ fy, rS;kj pkoy dh iQly
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
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o`Qf"k
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
fp=k 4-9 eSnku esa dVkbZ osQ fy, rS;kj ewxiQyh] lwjteq[kh vkSj ljlksa
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fp=k 4-13 lfCt;ksa dh o`Qf"k & eVj] iwQyxksHkh] VekVj vkSj cSaxu
v[kk| iQlysa
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
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fp=k 4-16 o`Qf"k esa iz;ksx gksus okys uohu rduhdh midj.k
o`Qf"k
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bls ^Hkwnku* osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA ckn esa fouksck Hkkos us
;k=kk, dh vkSj viuk ;g fopkj iwjs Hkkjr esa iSQyk;kA oqQN
tehankjksa us] tks vusd xkoksa osQ ekfyd Fks] Hkwfeghuksa dks iwjk
xko nsus dh is'kd'k Hkh dhA bls ^xzkenku* dgk x;kA ijarq
oqQN tehankjksa us rks Hkwfe lhek dkuwu ls cpus osQ fy, viuh
Hkwfe dk ,d fgLlk nku fd;k FkkA fouksck Hkkos }kjk 'kq:
fd, x, bl Hkwnku&xzkenku vkanksyu dks ^jDrghu kafr*
dk Hkh uke fn;k x;kA
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Hkwnku&xzkenku
egkRek xkakh us fouksck Hkkos] ftUgksaus muosQ lR;kxzg esa
lcls fu"Bkoku lR;kxzgh dh rjg Hkkx fy;k Fkk] dks viuk
v;kfRed mkjkfkdkjh ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA mudh xkakh th
osQ xzke Lojkt vokkj.kk esa Hkh xgjh vkLFkk FkhA xkakh th
dh 'kgknr osQ ckn muosQ lans'k dks yksxksa rd igqpkus osQ
fy, fouksck Hkkos us yxHkx iwjs ns'k dh in;k=kk dhA ,d ckj
tc os vkakz izns'k osQ ,d xko ikspeiYyh esa cksy jgs Fks
rks oqQN Hkwfeghu xjhc xzkeh.kksa us muls vius vkfFkZd
Hkj.k&iks"k.k osQ fy, oqQN Hkwfe ekxhA fouksck Hkkos us muls
rqjar dksbZ ok;nk rks ugha fd;k ijarq mudks vk'oklu fn;k
fd ;fn os lgdkjh [ksrh djsa rks os Hkkjr ljdkj ls ckr
djosQ muosQ fy, tehu eqgS;k djok,xsA
vpkud Jh jke pU jsMh mB [kM+s gq, vkSj mUgksua s 80
Hkwfeghu xzkeh.kksa dks 80 ,dM+ Hkwfe ckVus dh is'kd'k dhA
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
Kkr djsa fd Hkkjrh; fdlku vius csVs dks fdlku D;ksa ugha
cukuk pkgrk\
5.6
6.4
8.0
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fdlku vusd leL;kvksa ls tw> jgs gSa vkSj f"k Hkwfe ?kV
jgh gS rks D;k ge jkskxkj osQ oSdfYid voljksa osQ ckjs esa
lksp ldrs gSa\
[kk| lqj{kk
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o`Qf"k
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1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 20042000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
89.7
85.0
93.3
71.8
88.3
85.3
76.4
69.7
72.8
65.8
72.1
72.0
30.3
31.1
33.4
26.1
38.1
33.9
13.4
11.1
13.4
11.1
14.9
13.4
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{ks=kksa tSls iatkc esa pkoy rFkk egkjk"V esa xUus dh [ksrh
blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA blls Hkwfexr tyHk`r~ (Aquifer) esa
ty dk HkaMkj.k de gksrk tk jgk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i
dbZ oqQ, vkSj uyowQi lw[k x, gSaA blls lhekar vkSj
NksVs fdlku f"k NksM+us ij ekcwj gks x, gaSA
cM+s fdlkuksa dks muosQ xgjs uyowQiksa ls vHkh Hkh
ikuh miyCk gS ijarq cgqr ls nwljs fdlku ty dh
deh dh leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA vi;kZIr
HkaMkj.k lqfokk, vkSj ckkkj osQ vkHkko esa Hkh fdlku
grksRlkfgr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj fdlku mRiknu vkSj
ckkkj dh vfu;ferrk ls cqjh rjg izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
mudks nksgjk uqdlku mBkuk iM+rk gSA] ,d rks mUgsa
f"k ykxrksa tSls mPp iSnkokj okys chtksa] moZjdksa
bR;kfn osQ fy, vfkd nke nsus iM+rs gSa vkSj nwljh
vksj [kjhn ewY; c<+kus osQ fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA
fdlkuksa dh iSnkokj ,d lkFk eaMh esa igqprh gS ftlosQ
dkj.k [kjhn ewY; de feyrk gS ijarq mUgsa ekcwjh esa
vius mRikn cspus iM+rs gSaA blfy,] NksVs fdlkuksa dh
lqj{kk fcuk [kk| lqj{kk laHko ugha gSA
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
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Hkkjr dh [kk| lqj{kk] bldh vko';drk vkSj iz;kl fo"k; ij okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk vk;ksftr dhft,A
fy, izkRs lkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA vkt Hkh xeZ elkys Hkkjr
ls fu;kZr fd, tkus okyh eq[; oLrqvksa esa 'kkfey gSAa
fczfV'k dky esa vaxt
sz O;kikjh Hkkjr osQ dikl {ks=k dh
vksj vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj Hkkjrh; dikl dks fczVus esa lwrh
oL=k m|ksx osQ fy, dPps eky osQ :i esa fu;kZr fd;k
x;kA eSupsLVj vkSj fyojiwy esa lwrh oL=k m|ksx Hkkjr esa
iSnk gksus okyh mke fdLe dh dikl dh miyCkrk ij
iQyh&iwQyhA vkius 1917 esa fcgkj esa gq, pEikju vkanksyu
osQ ckjs esa i<+k gksxkA bldh 'kq#vkr blfy, gqbZ fd bl {ks=k
osQ fdlkuksa ij uhy dh [ksrh djus osQ fy, ncko Mkyk
x;k FkkA uhy fczVus osQ lwrh oL=k m|ksx osQ fy, dPpk
eky FkkA ;s fdlku blfy, HkM+oQs D;ksfa d mUgsa vius
miHkksx osQ fy, vukt mxkus ls euk dj fn;k x;k FkkA
1990 osQ ckn] oS'ohdj.k osQ rgr~ Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa
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vukt osQ LFkku ij mQps ewY; dh iQlyksa dks mxkdj 'kL; izk:i esa ifjorZu dk vFkZ gksxk fd Hkkjr dks
[kk| inkFkks dk vk;kr djuk iM+sxkA 1960 osQ n'kd esa bls ,d vkink osQ :i esa ns[kk x;k gksrkA ijarq
;fn ge dherh iQlyksa osQ mRikn fu;kZr djosQ [kk|kUu vk;kr djrs gSa rks ge Hkh fpyh] btjkby vkSj
bVyh dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk vuqdj.k djsaxs tks fofHkUu f"k mRikn (iQy] 'kjkc] tSrwu fo'ks"kdj cht)
fu;kZr djosQ [kk| inkFkZ vk;kr djrs gSAa D;k ge ;g [krjk eksy ysus dks rS;kj ga\S bl fo"k; ij okn&fookn
dhft,A
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2
vH;kl
1.
cgqoSdfYid iz'u
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ml f"k iz.kkyh dks n'kkZrk gS ftlesa ,d gh iQly yacs&pkSM+s {ks=k esa mxkbZ
tkrh gS\
(d) LFkkukarjh o`Qf"k
(x) ckxokuh
([k) jksi.k o`Qf"k
(?k) xgu o`Qf"k
buesa ls dkSu&lh jch iQly gS\
(d) pkoy
([k) eksVs vukt
(x) puk
(?k) dikl
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ljdkj fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh ?kks"k.kk iQlyksa dks lgk;rk nsus osQ fy, djrh gS\
(d) vfkdre lgk;rk ewY;
(x) e;e lgk;rk ewY;
([k) U;wure lgk;rk ewY;
(?k) izHkkoh lgk;rk ewY;
2.
3.
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
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2.
o`Qf"k
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fozQ;kdyki
ij&uhps vkSj nk;sa&ck;sa pyrs gq, oxZ igsyh dks lqy>k, vkSj fNis mkj <w<+saA
uksV % igsyh osQ mkj vaxzskh osQ 'kCnksa esa gSaA
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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(v)
(vi)
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ledkyhu Hkkjr&2