Professional Documents
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English Grammar For School and College Students
English Grammar For School and College Students
English Grammar For School and College Students
3. Past Perfect Tense Sentences. 1. 2. 3. The sun had set. The show had begun. I had cut my hair.
3. Present Perfect Tense Sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I have cut my nose. I have given money. I have a house We have brought. He has sent it. She has sunk. It has broken. They have taken.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I had been eating. I had been listening. She had been running. They had been reading. You had been jumping. Future Tense Sentences Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous 1. Simple Future Tense Sentences.
4. Present Perfect continuous Tense Sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I have been giving money. I have been listening music. She has been reading. He has been running. They have been watching movie. Past Tense Sentences Simple Continuous
1. 2.
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2. Future Continuous Tense Sentences. 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. He will be eating. I shall be going. They will be dancing. They will be going. Raja will be acting. We shall be singing. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I shall have been eating. Raju will have been reading. Raja will have been studying. They will have been writing. Raja will have been doing.
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III. Make sentences using the given words as noun as well as verbs.
Noun = Name of place, animal, things. Verbs = Action. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Hand Can Lock Cook Work Visit Name Right Hold Return Offer Look Shop Produce Form Try lead Hand me the towel. (verb) Aishwaryas hand is beautiful. (noun) You can do this. (verb) The can is full of water. (Noun) Lock the door, before you leave. (verb) Key is with the lock. (noun)
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ASSERTIVE
AFFIRMATIVE/ POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
1. I like to go to the seashore. (Make it negative.) Ans. I dont dislike going to the seashore. 2. He likes to go to the seashore. Ans. He dont dislike going to the seashore. 3. They like to go to the seashore. Ans. They dont dislike going to the seashore. 4. It is useless. Ans. It is not useful. 5. There is little hurry. Ans. There is no hurry. 6. He had only his daughter with him. Ans. He had no one except his daughter with him. 7. I do not remember. (Make it affirmative) Ans. I fail to remember.
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VII. HOMOPHONES
Homophones are those words which sounds similar buy have meaning and spelling different. 1. There , their 2. Fair, fare 3. Knew, new 4. Wright, right 5. Sum, some 6. Whether, weather 7. Principle, principal 8. Piece, peace 9. Birth, berth 10. Hole, whole 11. Pray, prey 12. Sea, see 13. Be, bee 14. Where, were 15. Hear, ear 16. Our, hour 17. Are, or
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2. Mumbai is not leaner than Chennai. Ans. Chennai is as clean as Mumbai. 3. March is not as hot as June. Ans. June is hotter than March. 4. The rose smells as sweet as the lily. Ans. The lily does not smell sweeter than the rose. 5. The rose smelled as sweet as the lily. Ans. The lily did not smell sweeter than the rose. 6. The roses smell as sweet as the lilies. The lilies do not smell sweeter than the rose.
1. Raji is the richest woman in Mumbai. Ans. Raji is richer than any other woman in Mumbai. No other woman in Mumbai is as rich as Raji. 2. Swami Raja was one of the most eminent disciple of ustad Amjat Ali Khan. Ans. Very few disciples of ustad Amjat Ali Khan were as eminent as swami Raja. Swami Raja was more eminent than many other disciples of ustad Amjat Ali Khan. 3. Reading is the best form of recreation. Ans. Reading is better than any other form of recreation. No other form of recreation is as good as reading. 4. Australia is the largest Island. Ans. Australia is larger than many other Islands. No other Island is as large as Australia. 5. Australia is one of the largest Islands. Ans. Australia is larger than many other Islands. Very few Islands are as large as Australia. 6. Books are the best source of knowledge. Ans. Books are better than any other source of knowledge. No other source of knowledge is as good as books. 7. Iron is stronger than many other metals. Ans. Iron is one of the strongest metals. Very few metals are as strong as Iron. 8. No one is as lazy as Raja. Ans. Raja is lazier than any other. Raja is the laziest of all. Note: - Whenever the comparison is made between two persons or things there does not exist with superlative degree. 1. Raja is sweeter than Raji. Ans. Raji is not as sweet as Raja.
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X. Model Auxiliary
1. used to is used to express a discontinued habit 2. could is used for showing possibility 3. shall is used for request, intention, promise, permission 4. will is used for warning, order, instruction 5. must is used for compulsion, obligation
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Shone Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slept Slid Spoke Spent Spat Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stung Struck Swore Swept Swam Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw
Understood
Shone Shot Showed Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Slid Spoken Spent Spat Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stung Struck Sworn Swept Swum Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown
Understood
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Dear Sania mirza, It was great hearing from you after a long time. Your holiday in the cool hills of Shimla seems to be interesting and full of fun, however the contents of your letter has disturbed me and set me thinking. As a long standing friend, I consider it my duty to give you my views and persuade you to follow your ideals.
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. To, The Manager, The General Public Library, Dadar (W), Mumbai 400 021. Reference 2010. Subject Respected sir, : Application letter for the post of Librarian. :
With reference to your advertisement for the post of librarian in The Times of India dated 23rd, February, 2010. I wish to apply for the same. I am a very energetic person with excellent communication skill and ready to face any target set by your esteemed public library. I am will to work hard and being young I am also eager to add knowledge with experience. I hold a M.Com degree from University of Mumbai and a Diploma in Library Science from Indira Gandhi Open University, New Delhi. I have also done computer courses like Basic, Tally 9 as well as programming languages like C, C++ from NIIT, Matunga. I have 2 years experience as a assistant in local library, Mahim. My resume is sent here with, for your reference. I shall be much thankful to you, if you grant me an interview call at your convenient time. I am looking forward to join your esteemed Public library as early as possible. Thanking You, Yours Faithfully, Xyz. Encl: - Resume and Xerox copy of educational certificates. 7. Write an application letter for the post of accountant. 7G, Sonia Apartments, Rainbow colony, M.G. Road, Mahim(E), Mumbai:- 400 016. 24th February, 2010
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. To, The Principal, The General High School, Dadar (W), Mumbai 400 021. Reference 2010. Subject Respected sir, : Application letter for the post of Teacher. :
With reference to your advertisement for the post of Teacher in The Times of India dated 23rd, February, 2010. I wish to apply for the same. I am a very energetic person with excellent communication skill and ready to face any target set by your esteemed School. I am willing to work hard and being young I am also eager to add knowledge with experience. I hold a B.A. degree from University of Mumbai and I have done B.Ed. from Indira Gandhi Open University, New Delhi. I have also done computer courses like Basic, Tally 9 as well as programming languages like C, C++ from NIIT, Matunga. I have 2 years experience as a English Teacher in Local School, Mahim. My resume is sent here with, for your reference. I shall be much thankful to you, If you grant me an interview call at your convenient time. I am looking forward to join your esteemed School as early as possible. Thanking You, Yours Faithfully, Xyz. Encl: - Resume and Xerox copy of educational certificates.
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. To, The Sub Engineer, Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Dadar (w), Mumbai 400 021. Subject: Complaint letter regarding irregular electricity supply. Respected Sir,
We are totally five hundred families residing in our locality. We are facing a severe problem of growing instances of power failure for the last three months in our locality. In our locality there are many students who are preparing for their upcoming Board Exams as well as for other final examinations. But, this irregularity in electric supply is causing obstacles in their preparation. Sir, you also know, this year the summer is extremely hot so the old people facing it very difficult to tackle the problem. The problems of current supply also lead to some other illegal activities in our locality. We have already given many complaints to our local authority. They are always giving us empty promises and doing nothing. So kindly am requesting you to look into this matter personally. If you do the needful then I shall be very much thankful to you. Thanking You, Yours Faithfully, Xyz 10. Write a complaint letter regarding irregular Water supply in your locality / village. 7G, Sonia Apartments, Rainbow colony, M.G. Road, Mahim (E), Mumbai:- 400 016. 24th February, 2010
. To, The Sub Engineer, Maharashtra State Water Supply Board, Dadar (w), Mumbai 400 021. Subject: Complaint letter regarding irregular water supply. Respected Sir,
We are totally five hundred families residing in our locality. We are facing a severe problem of growing instances of insufficient water supply for the last three months in our locality. We have only 50 taps for our five hundred families, it means on an average a tap for every 10 families, which is already insufficient. But during the last three months the problem has increased to a lot due to less supply of water. Because of less supply of water there is a growing instance of disputes among our local people. Many times we have to return home with our empty vessels.
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. To, The Sub Engineer, Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board, Dadar (w), Mumbai 400 021. Subject: Complaint letter over flow of gutter in out locality. Respected Sir,
We are totally five hundred families residing in our locality. We are facing a severe problem of growing instances of overflow of gutter for the last three months in our locality.
We have already given many complaints to our local authority. They are always giving us empty promises and doing nothing. So kindly am requesting you to look into this matter personally. If you do the needful then I shall be very much thankful to you. Thanking You, Yours Faithfully, Xyz TOURIST LEAFLET 1. Prepare a Shot tourist leaflet about your village / town indicate: i. How to go there? ii. Where to stay/ Accommodation iii. When to visit? iv. What to see? v. Anything special/ Add your own points. BANGALORE Introduction: developed city. i. Bangalore is a city of Roses with beautiful gardens. It is the capital city of Karnataka. It is a highly
Ans.
Bangalore is well connected with rest of India. One can go to Bangalore by the way of or Train:
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Ans.
or Train: Plane: Daily two flights namely IA 550 and IA 330 from Mumbai to Chennai are available. Bus: The State Transport Bus Services and many other private Bus Services are available from Mumbai to Chennai. Train: There are many trains available which can take you to Chennai. The most convenient is Mumbai Chennai Express ii. Where to Stay: Accommodation is no problem in Chennai. The Government tourist Hotels and other Big and Small hotels are available to suit ever ones budget. iii. When to Visit: June to October is the best time of the year to visit Chennai. iv. What to See: The climate and scenery of Chennai is mind blowing. It is a well planned city with huge roads, parks, theatres, and gardens, there are many interesting places to see like Bull Temple, Lord Ganesh Temple, Marina Beach, Anna samathi, Lord Murugan Temple, Palatial Buildings, etc, it is
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3.
Prepare a Shot tourist leaflet about Hill Station: i. How to go there? ii. Where to stay/ Accommodation iii. When to visit? iv. What to see? v. Anything special/ Add your own points. OOTY
Ans.
Introduction: Ooty is the queen of Hill with beautiful lakes, rivers, scenery, etc. It is situated in the heart of Tamil Nadu. i. How to go there: Ooty is well connected with rest of India. One can go to Chennai by the way of Plane, Bus or Train: Plane: Daily two flights namely IA 550 and IA 330 from Mumbai to Ooty are available. Bus: The State Transport Bus Services and many other private Bus Services are available from Mumbai to Ooty. Train: There are many trains available which can take you to Ooty. The most convenient is Mumbai Ooty Express ii. Where to Stay: Accommodation is no problem in Ooty. The Government tourist Hotels and other Big and Small hotels are available to suit ever ones budget. iii. When to Visit: June to October is the best time of the year to visit Ooty. iv. What to See: The climate and scenery of Ooty is mind blowing. It is a well planned hill station with huge roads, parks, theatres, and gardens, there are many interesting places to see like Bull Temple, Lord Ganesh Temple, Dolphin Nose, Flower Garden, Lord Murugan Temple, Palatial Buildings, etc,. v. Shopping: Shopping in Ooty is fun. One can buy very traditional and well as modern things from Ooty. Ooty is very famous for woollen clothes. vi. Anything Special As far as food is concerned Ooty is famous for Black tea, Idli, Vada, Sambar, Masala dosa, Idli fry, Prawns fry, Mugal Briyani, etc. The people are very culture oriented and highly intelligent. They give more importance to their education. SPEECH Write a speech to be delivered among your class mates, regarding blood donation. BLOOD DONATION Dear friends, we have one life let us make our one life more meaningful by donating blood. Blood donation is the mother of all donations. Blood donation directly gives life to another human being. It is not only saves one individual but also the entire family of that individual. A person can donate blood thrice in a year. The donated blood will be thoroughly checked and stored up in a secured form. For donating blood a person must have a weight of at least 45 kg. Many people have misunderstandings about bold donation. They feel by donating blood they will fall sick. But it is not like so, the donated blood will automatically regenerate by our body itself within four to five hours after donating the blood. A person will be prohibited from donating blood if he drank alcohol during the last six hours. So friends, let us put our hands together and make a promise to donate blood at least once in a year. 1.
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1.
APPEAL Prepare an appeal to be presented along roadside regarding protecting environment. PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT
ONE EARTH, ONE LIFE, WHY THEN LET IT DIE? NATURE IS A GIFT OF GOD, LET US PROTECT IT Dear friends, Mother Nature is crying for help to protect herself from the social evils like, cutting of trees, polluting the rivers, burning of plastics, emission of CO 2, depletion of ozone layer, global warming etc. In order to
highlight the problems and to make people aware, the social service organisation PRITHVI is going to conduct a two days program. Day One: Former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, will give a speech regarding i. How to save our environment? ii. How to reduce the level of CO2? iii. Use of solar energy. Day Two: Famous Cricketer, Sachin Tendulkar shall plant the first sapling of ONE CRORE TREE PLANTATION program.
So, friends come one and come all let us put our hands together and make a promise to save our mother nature.
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Conversion of Simple Sentences into Compound sentences 1. Simple: Seeing a snake he ran away. Compound: He saw a snake and ran away. 2. Simple: Besides being intelligent she is beautiful. Compound: She is intelligent and she is beautiful. 3. Inspite of his enormous wealth but still he is sad. Compound: He possess enormous wealth still he is sad. 4. Simple: Standing with his grief he is optimistic (confident). Compound: He is grievous but still he is optimistic. 5. Simple: To avoid danger you must be very careful. Compound: Either you must be careful otherwise you will meet danger. Conversion of Compound Sentences into Simple Sentences 1. 2. 3. I ate apple, I went to Cinema. Eating apple I went to Cinema. He passed M.B.B.S. and became a doctor. Having passed M.B.B.S. he became a doctor. You must study well or you will not get the first class mark. You must study well to get the first class mark.
Conversion of Simple sentences into Complex sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He doesnt know the date of his marriage. He doesnt know when he had married. He expects first class in the medical examination. He expects that he will get first class in the medical examination. A man of justice gets respect every where A man of who justice gets respect very where The reason for his success is unknown. The reason how he succeeded is unknown. On seeing a police thief ran away. As soon as thief saw the police ran away.
Conversion on Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Since he was tired he could not go to office. On account of his tiredness, he could not go to office What he aced was seen by all His action was seen by all. He student who studies well gets high marks The well studying student gets high marks. He went to the college where he studied He went to his old college. He replaced the old wall clock which was damaged. He replaced the damaged wall clock. He ran fast the he might not miss the train He ran fast to catch the train
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Compound to Complex 1. 2. 3. 4. Study well or you will fail Unless you study well you will fail. He saw the name board and entered the hotel. Seeing the name board, he entered that hotel. He was suffering from fever and he was admitted in the hospital. Since he was feverish he was admitted in the hospital. He is strong but he is timid (scared). Although he is strong, he is timid.
Complex to Compound 1. 2. 3. 4. I saw a monkey which was sitting on a tree. I saw the monkey. It was sitting on a tree. If you go to Agra you can see Tajmahal. Go to Agra you can see Tajmahal. I suspect that he has done the murder. He has done the murder. I suspect him. Though the soldier was wounded, but he went to the battle field again. The soldier was wounded. He went to the battle field again.
Prepositions Time
English
on in at since for ago before days of the week months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) from a certain point of time (past till now) over a certain period of time (past till now) a certain time in the past earlier than a certain point of time
Usage
on Monday
Example
in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour at night at the weekend at half past nine since 1980 for 2 years 2 years ago before 2004
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Usage
room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio left or right of somebody or something
Example
in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on
the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age
on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but above ground covered by something else meaning more than
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movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something in the sense of where from
onto from
Usage
Example
a present from Jane a page of the book the picture of a palace a book by Mark Twain on foot, on horseback get on the bus get in the car get off the train get out of the taxi prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you
out of by at
about
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2.
Write a paragraph based on the following tree diagram about the village Kaldhari:
KALDHARI
cleanliness
energy sources
milk
rainwater harvesting
3. 4. 5.
Imagine that you are interviewing Sachin Tendulkar. Write 10 questions that you would ask him. Imagine that you are interviewing Amir Khan. Write 10 questions that you would ask him. Read the following tree diagram that give information about the judiciary system in India and prepare a short note.
6.
You have conducted a survey of wage earners in your locality. Given below is a graphical representation of your findings. The X axis represents the wages earned in Rs. And the Y axis represents the number of wage earners. The blocks are shaded differently to show children, women and men. The legend for each is given below the graph. Write a paragraph explaining your findings:
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7.
Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the enrolment of girls and boys in a school from 1998 to 2002. You may use the following words or phrases. Number of enrolments, always, more than, except, exceeded, steady rise, fell, remained the same, rose again, etc.
2.
3.
Tree Diagram A Tissue may be defined as a group of cells having some shape, size, origin, function and the same type of development. Tissues are basically classified into two groups namely, meristematic tissues, and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are divided into two, these are position based and origin based. Permanent tissues are further divided into two groups. They are simple tissues and complex tissues. On their basis of their position in the plant body meristematic tissues are classified as aplicle intercalary, and lateral. On the basis of origin, meristematic tissues are divided into 3 groups; they are Pro meristem, Primary meristem and secondary meristem. Simple tissues are classified into 3 groups, namely parenchyma, collechyma, sclerenchyma, The two complex tissues are found in vascular plant. They are xylem and phloem. Read the following extract and make a note of it with the help of the data provided. The latest national sample survey organisation (NSSO) report reveals that Urban India spent only 43% of its total consumption expenditure on food items in 2004 2005. That is a major drop from 64% in 972 73. And the trend holds for the rural India too. The share of food in total expenditure in rural areas has fallen from 73% in 1974 75 to 55% in 2004 05. In both rural and urban India, ruel and light took up 10% of total consumer expenditure, while clothing bedding and food weal took up 5% Medical expenses formed 7% of the total expenditure in rural India and 5% in Urban India. Rural India spent less on education at 3% of consumption expenditure than urban India 5%. Conveyance took away 7% expenditure in Urban India and 4% in rural India. Draw a tree diagram The United nation is a body of nations who have voluntarily joint together to work for the world peace. All nationals are equal in UN. The international labour organisation (ILO) is one of the specialised agencies of the NO. It aims at improving working conditions of workers through the combined efforts of Government, employers and labours. The
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4.
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