Alcohols: Contains a hydroxyl group C-OH 3 types of alcohols. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

Primary Alcohol: Contains 2 Hydrogens connected to the carbon atom with the OH group on there.

Secondary Alcohol: Contains 1 Hydrogen connected to the carbon group with the OH group on there.

Tertiary Alcohol: No Hydrogens connected to the carbon with the OH group.

Polarities:

Alcohols are all polar molecules since carbon, oxygen and hydrogen all have different electronegativies.

Physical Properties:

High melting point and boiling point than alkanes of comparable molar mass. Soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding.

Summary of Alcohol Oxidations: Oxidising agent used is H2SO4(source of H+) and Potassium Dichromate(K2Cr2O7)

By heating and immediately distilling the product, oxidation can be stopped at aldehyde stage. By Refluxing with excess of the oxidising agent, further oxidation take place to form the carboxylic acid.

By heating with H+/Cr2O7 , a secondary alcohol can be oxidised to

form a keytone.

Reaction with Bromide Ions in acid

-Most reactions of alcohol require the presence of an acid.

Dehydration of alcohols. When an alcohol is refluxed with a concentrated acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid H2SO4, or Phosphoric acid(H3PO4), and elimination reaction takes place: Water is eliminated of an alkenes. C2H5OHC2H4 + H20 Test for Alcohols: Alcohols react with Sodium releasing Hydrogen gas. The reaction involves the breaking of the O-H bond of the alcohol.

2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa

+ + H2