Bi 1: Tng Quan V Bo Trm-Bo Chy

1. Gii thiu chc nng, nhim v h thng.

1.1. Gii thiu. H thng bo trm - bo chy t ng l h thng gm tp hp cc thit b c kt ni vi nhau thnh trong mt mng c nhim v pht hin v bo ng khi c x c chy hoc t nhp xy ra. Cc bo ng c th l chung, ci hoc n bo nhm thng bo n ngi qun l mt cch sm nht v chnh xc nht cc hin tng bt thng xy ra. H thng bo trm bo chy gip nng cao nng lc qun l ca nhn vin cng nh kh nng t qun l ca ta nh. Vic pht hin ra x c c th c thc hin t ng bi cc thit b cm bin (detector) hoc bi con ngi, v nht thit h thng phi hot ng lin tc trong 24/24 gi. Quy trnh hot ng ca h thng bo trm bo chy t ng l mt quy trnh khp kn. Khi c hin tng v s chy cc thit b u vo (u bo , cng tc khn ) nhn tn hiu v truyn thng tin ca s c v trung tm bo chy. Ti y trung tm s x l thng tin nhn c, xc nh v tr ni xy ra s chy (thng qua cc zone ) v truyn thng tin n cc thit b u ra (bng hin th ph ,chung , ci , n), cc thit b bo chy ny s pht tn hiu m thanh, nh sng mi ngi nhn bit khu vc ang xy ra s c v x l kp thi. 1.2. Chc nng, nhim v. 1.2.1 Chc nng bo chy. - Trong h thng mi im lm vic u thc hin mt chc nng nht nh. Chc nng bo chy l mt phn quan trng ca h thng bo trm bo chy, n c thc hin da trn cc cm bin c chc nng pht hin m chy nh cm bin khi, cm bin nhit, cm bin gas. Cc cm bin ny s pht i nhng tn hiu thng bo n khi x l trung tm thng qua mt mng kt ni sn c khi c s chy xy ra, thng thng nhng tn hiu ny l tn hiu in. 1.2.2 Chc nng bo trm. - Chc nng bo trm l hot ng pht hin nhng t nhp tri php vo ta nh, vn phng hoc nhng ni m ngi s dng mun bo v. Cng ging nh chc nng bo chy cc cm bin bo trm s gi tn hiu in n khi x l trung tm khi pht hin ra mt hin c t nhp. - Nhng cm bin dng bo trm thng l cc cm bin v pht hin chuyn ng, cm bin khi pht hin ph v kt cu ca ngi nh (nh ph v kin, ph ca). H thng bo trm cng c th kt hp vi camera nhm pht hin ra k trm.

- Cm bin bo trm thng c t ca ra vo, tng nh, t hoc kt st 1.2.3 Chc nng bo ng. - y l chc nng quan trng khng th thiu trong h thng bo trm- bo chy. Chng c nhim v to ra nhng bo ng thng bo nhm n ngi gim st khi c s c xy ra. Cc bo ng ny thng l cc thit b m thanh, n bo - Bo ng thng c hai dng chnh l bo ng ti ch qua cc thit b pht m bo hay n bo v bo ng t xa qua mng in thoi, internet. - Cc thit b bo ng phi m bo c tin cy,tnh n nh v trc quan nhm thng bo s c nhanh nht n ngi gim st. 1.2.4 Chc nng gim st - Mc ch ca vic gim st l kim tra hot ng ca h thng nhm pht hin nhng s c, h hng xy ra trong h thng m bo h thng c hot ng bnh thng. Cc s c thng gp nh s gin on ng kt ni gia bng iu khin v u d hoc gia bng iu khin v b bo ng, 1.3. Phn loi h thng bo trm bo chy. 1.3.1. Phn loi theo in p s dng. - Trn th trng hin ti s dng hai loi h thng bo trm - bo chy hot ng vi 2 mc in th khc nhau l 12v v 24v. V mt l thuyt c hai loi ny u c tnh nng k thut v cng dng nh nhau. Nhng so vi h thng bo trm bo chy t ng 24V th h thng bo trm bo chy t ng 12V khng mang tnh chuyn nghip,t trung tm 12V ch yu c s dng trong h thng va v nh, ngoi ra h thng cn bt buc phi c bn phm lp trnh.Trong khi h thng bo chy t ng 24V l mt h thng bo chy t ng chuyn nghip, kh nng truyn tn hiu i xa hn,v khng bt buc phi c bn phm lp trnh.Tuy nhin, trung tm bo chy 12V c gi thnh thp hn so vi trung tm bo chy 24V. V vy ty theo yu cu s dng v quy m ca h thng m ta c th la chn nhng h thng ph hp. 1.3.2. Phn loi theo dng kt ni ca h thng. - i vi h thng bo trm bo chy hin c hai dng kt ni ch yu l kt ni dng bus v loop. a. Kt ni dng bus. - Trong kt ni dng Bus cc thit b gim st (detector) c mc ni tip vi nhau trn cng mt ng dy v mc ni tip vi t trung tm. Nh s dng kin trc dng BUS (mt cp tn hiu duy nht) cho tt c cc knh, so vi cng ngh truyn thng, h thng BUSNET c th lp t vi khong

cch khng b gii hn, tit kim rt ln chi ph cp, dy dn v ph kin cng nh nhn cng lp t, cn chnh v bo tr. - BUSNET c bit ph hp cho cc ng dng trin khai trn din tch rng hoc a hnh phc tp nh: siu th ln, ta nh vn phng, khu cng nghip, khch sn, khu ngh dng, khu nh bit th i vi cc ng dng ni trn, BUSNET c th gip gim t 10-50% tng gi thnh ca ton b h thng (thit b, dy, ph kin v nhn cng). - Hn ch ca kin trc dng Bus l khi ng dy tn hiu gp s c nh t, gy hoc h hng th cc thit b pha sau khng th hot ng c.

Hinh. H thng ni dng Bus b. Kt ni dng loop. - i vi kt ni dng loop cc thit b gim st (detector) c mt ni tip vi nhau thnh mt mng vng, im xut pht ca vng t t trung tm v kt thc vng ti mt im khc t trung tm. Kt ni dng loop c u im l khi c mt s c xy ra trn ng dy th hot ng ca cc thit b t b nh hng. Gi s khi ng dy b t lp tc kin trc loop s tr thnh kin trc dng Bus v cc thit b vn hot ng nh bnh thng. - Nhc im ca kin trc loop l chi phi lp t cao v bi hn ch v khng gian.

Hnh . H thng kt ni dng loop. 1.3.3. Phn loi theo h. - H thng bo trm - bo chy c chia lm 2 h chnh, gm: a. H bo trm - bo chy thng thng (conventional): h thng bo trm - bo chy thng thng c nhng c im chnh nh sau. - H thng conventional thng s dng kt ni dng Bus v qun l theo tng khu vc (Zone) - H thng c ln t 1 knh (zone) n trn 60 knh. Cc Zone bao gm mt vi hoc tt c thit b khi u (nh: u bo, nt nhn, cng tc) trong mt khu vc hoc mt tng ca ta nh. - Mt s t trung tm cho php m rng dung lng zone trong khi s khc th khng m rng c, iu ny lm cho tnh hu dng b hn ch khi mt c s mun m rng thm. - H thng cho php bo ng s c theo tng khu vc (zone) ca ta nh. Mi Zone c th l 01 phng hoc nhiu phng gn nhau do khng th bit chnh xc thit b no kch hot bo chy hoc b s c trong Zone . - Nh vy vi tnh nng n gin, gi thnh r, h thng bo chy thng thng (conventional) ch thch hp lp t ti cc d n c din tch va hoc nh, s lng cc phng khng nhiu, nh xng nh Nhiu thit b c lp trn cng mt khu vc (zone) nn khi xy ra s c trung tm ch c th nhn bit khi qut v hin th khu vc (zone) c s c, ch khng cho bit chnh xc v tr tng u bo, tng a im c s c. iu ny lm hn ch kh nng x l, gim st ca h thng.

Hinh 1.1 H thng bo trm - bo chy thng thng. b. H bo chy a ch: cng ging nh nhng h thng bo trm bo chy khc h thng bo trm bo chy a ch cng m bo thc hin y cc chc nng v bo trm bo chy tuy nhin h thng a ch c nhng c im u vit nhm thng bo chnh xc cc khu vc s c xy ra. c im ca h thng c m t nh sau. - H thng thng kt ni cc thit b theo dang loop. Dung lng im (a ch) ca h thng a ch c xc nh bi s loop hay cn gi l mch tn hiu (SLC - Signaling Line Circuits) ca n. - Mi mch loop cung cp in, thng tin lin lc v gim st tt c cc thit b kt ni vi n. - Mi mch loop c th p ng cho trn 100 thit b a ch, ty thuc vo nh sn xut. Mi im trn mch loop c mt a ch duy nht khi lp t. - Mi mch loop c th cha nhiu loi thit b a ch. Thit b khng a ch c kt ni vo mch loop thng qua cc module a ch. - Gim st c thc hin t T iu khin bng quy trnh thm d ti tt c cc thit b trong mch loop. - Tnh hung bo ng c hin th theo im, cho php nhanh chng tm ra ni xy ra s c. - Nh vy vi tnh nng k thut cao, h thng bo chy a ch dng lp t ti cc cng trnh ln, c chia ra lm tng im (a ch) c lp, ring bit vi nhau. Tng thit b trong h thng c gim st bi trung tm bo chy gip cho pht hin s c mt cch nhanh chng, r rng v chnh xc. H thng cho

php iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi v cc h thng khc trong ta nh khi c chy vi tnh nng k thut cao.

Hnh 1.2 H thng bo trm - bo chy a ch. 2. S khi. 2.1. M hnh chung ca h thng bo trm bo chy. - Mt h thng bo chy t ng tiu biu s c 3 thnh phn nh sau: + Trung tm bo chy: c thit k dng t, bao gm cc thit b chnh : mainboard, bin th, battery. + Thit b u vo ca h thng bo chy: l cc u bo hay cn gi l detector nh u bo khi, bo nhit, bo gas, bo la, u d hng ngoi, cng tc khn (nt nhn khn). + Thit b u ra ca h thng: bao gm cc thit b cnh bo nh chung bo ng, ci bo ng. n bo ng, b quay s in thoi t ng, bng hin th ph (bn phm) + Cc b phn lin kt bao gm c cc module chc nng. + Ngun in - Hnh sau miu t mt m hnh bo trm bo chy.

Hnh . M hnh bo trm bo chy. - S khi ca h thng: nhn chung h thng bo trm bo chy gm 3 khi chnh c kt ni vi nhau nh sau.

Hinh. S khi h thng bo trm bo chy. 2.2 Chc nng ca tng khi. 2.2.1. Khi Detector (sensor). - Khi ny bao gm cc thit b nhy cm vi cc hin tng nh (s tng nhit, ta khi, pht sng, pht la,chuyn ng.), v c nhim v nhn thng tin ni xy ra s chy hoc t nhp sau truyn tn hiu n trung tm bo chy.

- Cc detector thc hin gim st trc tip trong mt phm vi lp t c nh, khi cc detector nhn c tn hiu bt thng n s pht tn hiu in n t trung tm. Cc tn hiu ny c pht lin tc trong thi gian xy ra s c. - Cc loi detector bo chy thng c u bo khi (smoke detector), u bo nhit (heat detector), bo gas, bo la. Detector chng trm gm cc u d hng ngoi pht hin di chuyn 2.2.2. Khi trung tm (control pannel) - y l thit b quan trng nht trong h thng v quyt nh cht lng ca h thng. L thit b cung cp nng lng cho cc detector t ng. C kh nng nhn v x l cc tn hiu bo v t cc detector t ng hoc cc tn hiu s c k thut, hin th cc thng tin v h thng v pht lnh bo ng, ch th ni xy ra chy- trm. Trong trng hp cn thit c th truyn tn hiu thng bo n ni nhn tin bo xa. C kh nng t kim tra hot ng bnh thng ca h thng, ch th s c ca h thng nh t dy, chp mch... - Vi b nh EEFROM, c kh nng lu tr tt c cc d liu lp trnh cho h thng ngay c trong trng hp mt ngun AC v DC. - H thng c th lp trnh cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau cho nhiu ngi, ph hp vi mi vai tr khc nhau. H thng cho php bo mt h thng nhm m bo an ton trnh cc i tng ph hoi. - Trung tm bo chy phi c lp nhng ni an ton t xy ra hin tng chy n. Mi trng xung quanh ni lp t phi m bo yu cu k thut lp t ca t ( nhit, m). 2.2.3. Khi bo hiu. - Nhn tn hiu t trung tm bo chy truyn n v c tnh nng pht i cc thng tin bng m thanh (chung, ci), bng tn hiu pht sng (n) gip mi ngi nhn bit ang c hin tng chy xy ra. Ty theo muc ch ngi s dng m ta lu chn phng n bo ng thch hp v hiu qu. 3. Nhn bit cc thit b c trong h thng. - Vic nhn bit cc thit b c trong h thng gip ta d dng hnh dung c chc nng v kh nng hot ng ca h thng. Vic nhn bit cn da vo nhng hiu bit trc quan v thit b. 3.1 Phn loi u d. - Trong h thng chng ta c th phn thnh nhiu loi u d c chc nng v phng thc kt ni khc nhau, c th ta c th phn ra thnh nhng loi nh sau: +u d bo chy s pht tn hiu bo ng n b x l trung tm khi pht hin xy ra chy, cc loi thng thy l u d khi ion, u d khi

quang in dng im v dng beam, u d nhit, u d gas, u d khi CO hay nhng loi u d tng hp c nhit v khi. + u d bo trm ch yu s dng nhng loi u d c kh nng pht hin chuyn ng nh u d hng ngoi, u d t v mt s loi u d khc. +u d thng thng v u d a ch. + u d kt ni c dy v khng dy. - Vic phn loi u d gip chng ta hiu r hn v chc nng, kh nng cng nh phng thc kt ni ca h thng. 3.2 Cc loi b x l trung tm. - B x l trung tm l thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng thng gi l t trung tm n gm c hai loi chnh l t trung tm thng thng v t trung tm a ch. + T trung tm thng thng hot ng cnh bo theo khu vc (zone), cc thit b kt ni vi t khng c nh danh, tc l n ch pht tn hiu bo ng theo zone v ta khng th bit chnh xc ni no ang xy ra s c. + T trung tm a ch hot ng nh mt thit b x l thng minh, cc u d kt ni vi t s c mt a ch xc dnh nh m ta c th bit chnh xc khu nc ang xy ra s c. - T trung tm cng c th kt ni theo dng c dy v khng dy da vo cc module kt ni.