Kythuatdientu

Hc vin k thut qun s
B mn L thuyt mach -o lng khoa v tuyn in t
nguyn vn Thc
K thut in t
(dng cho chuyn ngnh c )
h ni 2004
mc lc
Trang
Chng 1:tn hiu v cc h thng in t 1.1 Khi nim chung v tn hiu 1.2 .Mt s thng s v c tnh ca tn hiu 1.3 .Cc h thng in t thng dng 1.4 .Cc dng tn hiu iu ch 1.5 Phn loi sng v tuyn in theo tn s v c im ca qa trnh truyn sng 1.6 S lc v lc tn s . Chng2:Cc linh kin in t thng dng 2.1.C s vt l ca cc linh kin in t 2.2.Cc tham s ca linh kin in t 2.3.in tr 2.4.T in 2.5.Cun cm Chng 3:Cc dng c bn dn 3.1.C ch bn dn 3.2.Mt ghp n-p 3.3.Diot bn dn 3.4.Tranzisto lng cc 3.5. Tranzisto trng 3.6.Phn t nhiu mt ghp n-p 3.7.Cc dng c quang in bn dn 3.8.Cc dng c hin th 3.9.S lc v mch tch hp Chng 4:Khuch i in t 4.1.Phn loi, cc tham s v c tnh ca khuch i 4.2.S lc v hi tip trong mch khuch i 4.3.Cc ch lm vic ca mch khuch i 4.4.Cp ngun v n nh ch lm vic ca tranzisto 4.5.Khuch i in tr 4.6.V d tnh ton mch khuch i din tr Emit chung 4.7.Mt s cch mc tranzisto c bit trong khuch i 4.8.Khuch i di rng v khuch i xung 4.9.Khuch i in tr c hi tip m 4.10 Khuch i in tr nhiu tng 4.11.Khuch i chn lc
5 5 6 9 13 16 19 32 32 35 37 40 43 46 46 48 49 51 59 63 65 67 68 74 74 78 83 84 89 100 103 104 109 110 112
4.12.Khuch i cng sut 117 Chng 5:Khuch i thut ton v ng dngca chng 125 5.1.Khuch i vi sai 125 5.2.Khuch i thut ton 132 5.3.Mt s mch tnh ton v iu khin tuyn tnh trn khuch i thut ton 139 5.4. Mt s mch to hm phi tuyn trn khuch i thut ton 152 Chng 6:To dao ng hnh sin 159 6.1.Khi nim chung 159 6.2.To dao ng hnh sin LC ghp h cm. 160 6.3. To dao ng hnh sin kiu ba im 162 6.4. To dao ng thach anh 166 6.5.To dao ng RC 169 Chng 7:Nguyn l bin i phi tuyn 172 7.1.Khi nim chung v mch phi tuyn 172 7.2.iu bin 174 7.3.iu tn v iu pha 179 7.4.Tch sng bin 182 7.5.Tch sng pha 183 7.6.Tch sng tn s 185 7.8.Bin tn 189 7.9.Vong gi pha PLL 190 Chng 8: K thut xung -s 193 8.1.Khi nim chung v tn hiu xung 193 8.2.Cc phn t tuyn tnh dng trong k thut xung 194 8.3.Mch kho 198 8.4.Mch trig 201 8.5 Mch a hi i 205 8.6 Mch a hi t dao ng 207 8.7 Mch dao ng bloking 208 8.8.Mch to in p rng ca 210 8.9.Khai nim v thut ton logic,phn t logic v i s logic 213 8.10.Cc phn t logic 216
8.10.Cc phn t logic thng dng 8.12.Trig s 8.13.Mch n hi 8.14.Mch a hi t dao ng s 8.15.B m 8.16.B ghi-dch 8.17.B bin i m v gii m 8.18.B dn knh v tch knh 8.19.Cc b nh bn dn. Chng 9:ngun nui 9.1.Khi nim chung 9.2.Cc mch chnh lu mt pha 9.3.Chnh lu ba pha 9.4n p mt chiu Ti liu tham kho
221 224 229 230 230 234 235 242 244 248 248 250 254 257 268
ti liu tham kho

1 .L thuyt mch tn hiu-T1,T2,T3- Huy Gic-HVKTQS 2001,3003 2 . L thuyt mch tn hiu-T1,T2,T3-Phng Xun Nhn,H Anh Tu NXB KHKT 1998 3 .K thut mch in t-Phm Minh H - NXB KHKT 1997 4 . K thut in t-Nguyn Xun Th - NXB gio dc 1997 5 .OC P RHCTPOB RHCTOPHX CXEM .HP 1977 6 .The art electronics ,Paul Horowt,Winfield Hill-Cmbrige -LondonNewyork-1980-1983 7 .in t cng nghip-Nguyn Xun Qunh-NXB H v G D 1988 8 Dng c bn dn v vi in t - Xun ThNXB H v G D 1985 9 . pMHe CTPOCTBO-TPXMeHKO .TEXHKA 1972 10 .Electronics circuits-Ghausi-1972
li ni u
Loi ngi bc vo mt thin nin k mi,mt thin nin k ca khoa hc k thut v cng ngh cao.Ngy nay mi lc ,mi ni trong i sng hng ngy cng nh trong k thut qun s-qun dng ta u thy s c mt ca cc thit b in t.Trong Hc vin k thut qun s kin thc trong lnh vc in t khng ch cn trang b cho cc k s thuc cc chuyn ngnh in t nh k s thng tin,k s tn la, k s rada, k s y sinh, k s tc chin in t m cn cn trang b cho cc k s chuyn ngnh c kh,xe,cng trnh,v kh..Cc k s thuc cc chuyn ngnh "khng in" ny cng buc phi lm vic vi cc trang thit b -kh ti l cc h thng c-in -in t phc tp.V vy,mn hc k thut in t cng vi mt s mn hc khc thuc khoa v tuyn in t c gng trang b mt lng kin thc tm cho loi hnh k s ny.Gio trnh "K thut in t" l ti liu tham kho chnh cho hc vin nghin cu mn hc K thut in t. Gio trnh trnh by kin thc i cng v in t -v tuyn in t trong 9 chng: Chng 1:Tn hiu v cc h thng in t.Trnh by nhng khi nim,nh ngha kinh in ca tn hiu ,cc h thng truyn tin,cc dng tn hiu v tuyn in ,cc mch cng hng chn lc tn hiu theo tn s . Chnh2:Cc linh kin in t thng dng. Trnh by v cu to vt l,cc c tnh k thut ,cc tham s ca cc linh kin in t th ng thng dng l in tr,t in v cun cm sn xut trong cng nghip. Chng 3:Cc dng c bn dn.Trnh by cu trc vt l ca bn dn,cc dng c bn dn nh diot,tranzisto,cc dng c nhiu mt ghp n-p v mt s dng c bn dn quang in. Chng 4:Khuch i in t: Phn tch nguyn l lm vic,cc c tnh-ch tiu k thut ca cc mch khuch i in t trn tranzisto lng cc v trn tranzisto trng. Chng 5:Khuch i thut ton v ng dng.Trnh by khuch i vi sai,trn c s trnh by v mt loi vi mch thng dng l khuch i thut ton v mt s mch ch nng analog xy dng trn khuch i thut ton . Chng 6.To dao ng hnh sin . Trnh by nguyn l ca c mch to ra sng hnh sin trong k thut in t. Chng 7:Nguyn l bin i phi tuyn.Trnh by nguyn l bin i ph ca tn hiu trong cc mch iu ch,tch sng,bin tn... Chng 8:K thut xung-s.Trnh by kin thc c bn v k thut xung v k thut s,cc mc s c bn.
Chng 9:Ngun nui.Trnh by v cc mch ngun thng dung s dng trong k thut in t l chnh lu v n p. Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc ng nghip trong b mn L thuyt mch -o lng khoa v tuyn in t :Cc PGS-TS Huy Gic,V Nh Giao,Bi Vn Sng
c nhng gp qu gi cho tc gi hon thnh gio trnh ny.Gio trnh khng trnh khi nhng sai st,mong c s gp ca bn c,xin cm n nhiu. H ni 2003 Tc gi
Chng 1
Tn hiu v cc h thng in t
1.1. Khi nim chung v tn hiu . Tn hiu l biu hin vt l ca tin tc. Trong k thut in t , tin tc c bin i thnh cc dao ng in t, hay ni cch khc tn hiu l cc dao ng in t c cha tin tc trong . V d mirco bin i ting ni thnh mt dng in gn nh lin tc theo thi gian. Tn hiu in t s khai va ni trn ta gi chung l tn hiu s cp. Khi nghin cu tn hiu ngi ta thng biu din n l mt hm ca bin thi gian hoc ca bin tn s. Tuy nhin biu din tn hiu ( in p hoc dng in ) l mt hm ca bin thi gian l thun li v thng dng hn c. Nu ta biu din tn hiu l hm s(t), trong t l bin thi gian th tn hiu c th l tun hon hoc khng tun hon. s(t) = s( t + nT);n=0,1,2 .. (1.1.) Khi s(t) tho mn iu kin (1.1) mi thi im t th s(t) l mt tn hiu tun hon vi chu k T ( y T nhn gi tr nh nht). Nu khng tm c mt gi tr hu hn ca T tho mn (1.1) tc l T tin ti v cng ( T) th s(t) s l u(t) tn hiu khng tun hon. Trong cc tn hiu tun hon Um thng dng nht l tn hiu c dng t 0 T hnh sin (dao ng iu ho ) nh hnh 1.1.Dao ng ny c biu Hnh 1.1 in p hnh din bng hm iu ho: u (t) =Um sin(t + ) . (1.2) y Um , v tng ng l bin , tn s gc v pha ban u ca tn hiu . Vi cch biu din tn hiu l mt hm ca thi gian , tn hiu c chia thnh 2 dng c bn l dng lin a) b) u u tc ( hay tng t analog) v dng ri rc ( hay tn hiu xung t t digital). u u c) d) Trong thc t thng s dng cc dng t t xung nh hnh 1.2 : a)xung vung ,b) xung Hnh 1.2.Cc dng xung thng dng rng ca, c) xung nhn u,d)xung hnh thang 1.2 Mt s thng s v c tnh ca tn hiu. 1.2.1 Ph ca tn hiu .
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Mt tn hiu lin tc cng nh ri rc thng gm nhiu thnh phn tn s. V d nh ting ni ca con ngi l dao ng phc tp, gm cc tn s m c bn v cc thnh phn hi c bin v cc pha khc nhau. Tn s c bn ca ting ni nm trong khong 80 1200 Hz v do ging ni quyt nh . tm hiut tn hiu, ngi ta thng biu din s ph thuc bin v pha ca tn hiu vo tn s bng th . th gi tng ng l ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu a)Ph ca tn hiu tun hon. Nu tn hiu s(t) l tun hon vi chu k T tho mn iu kin:
+
s(t) dt
<
(1.1)
th c th phn tch thnh tng ca v s cc dao ng iu ho bng (cng c ton ) chui Fourrier dng:
s(t) = A 0 + (a k cos k1t + b k sin k1 t ) =

k =1
Ao + Ak cos ( k1 t + K )
k =1
(1.2)
hay s(t ) = C K e jk1t

k =
(1.2)
Trong :
A0 =
1 T 2T s(t ) dt; a k = s(t ) cos k1dt T 0 T0 T 2 b k = s(t ) sin k1dt T0 b AK = a 2 + b 2 ; k = arc tg k k k ak
(1.13)
2 - Tn s gc ca sng c bn. k = 1,2,3,4.... T AK,K -tng ng l bin v pha ca sng hi bc k. Chui (1.2) gi l chui Fourrie.N cn c th biu din di dng phc nh (1.2). Ch l ,theo (1.13) th : nu s(t) l hm chn cc bk s bng 0 ,nu s(t) l hm l th ak s bng 0 . 1=
Trong C = C k e k gi l bin phc (Ch CK c du chm pha trn)ca sng hi bc k , c xc nh theo biu thc (1.3) hoc (1.3):
T 1 2 jk1t s( t ) e Ck = dt T T 2 .
(1.3)
Nh vy mt dao ng tun U(t) hon c th phn tch thnh U0 tng ca v s cc dao ng iu ho vi cc tn s l 1 a) v cc bi k1 ca n ,gi l t cc sng hi bc k vi bin t T 9 l AK v gc pha u K. 8 7 th Ak(k) cho ta ph b)6 5 bin ; th Argument ca 4 3 Ak -tc l k (k) cho ta ph 2 pha ca tn hiu.Trong k 1 thut ngi ta thng quan 7 1 10 1 1 21 41 51 tm n ph bin . V d xt ph ca dy Hnh 1.3 xung vung tun hon trn hnh 1.3.a.Dy xung in p u(t) ny c chu k lp T=5 S , rng ca xung l tX=1 S,cao ca xung l 25 Von.Ta c th tm ph ca tn hiu theo cng thc (1.13). hoc (1.13). tn hiu ny hm c dng khng chn khng l nn tin hn l dng cng thc (1.13). Tn s c bn :
1 =
2 2 = = 1,25664.10 6 rad / s = 1256 640 rad / s; f1 = 1 = 200 000 Hz 6 T 5.10 2
. U e jk1t t X U 0 e jk1t X 1 1T 1 tX C k = u ( t )e jk1t dt = U 0 e jk1t dt = 0 = = T0 T 0 T jk 1 0 T jk 1 U 0 1 e jk1t X U 0 e = T jk 1 T 2U 0 ( e Tk 1

j k1t X 2 j k1t X 2
(1 e jk1t X )e jk 1
k1t X 2
k1t X 2
U (e = 0 T
k1t X 2
e 2 )e jk 1
k1t X
k1t X 2
e 2j
k1t X 2
j 2U 0 k t sin( 1 X )e Tk1 2
k1t X 2
Ta nhn c cng thc chung cho ph c vit dng tng (1.12).
Theo cng thc va nhn c ta c ph bin l C k = pha l K = k1
2U 0 sin( k1 Tk1
tX ) 2 ;ph
tX .Ta quan tm n ph bin : 2
Theo cng thc(1.13) th :

. s(t ) = C k e jk1t = C k e jk e jk1t = C k e j( k1t +k ) .
k = k = k =
Biu thc ny trin khai theo cng thc le vi k=0, 1 , 2 , 3..ta thy phn hm sin b trit tiu,ch cn phn hm cosin gp 2 ln nn bin : A0=C0, A1=2C1, A2=2C2..Ak=2Ck. Thnh phn C0 phi c tnh khi a v dng hm lim
x 0
sin x : x
C0 =
2U 0 sin k1 Tk1
tX t sin k1 X U t 2 = 2U 0 t X 2 = 2U 0 t X = 0 X t T 2 T 2 k=0 T k1 X 2
Khi k0 biu thc trn c tnh :
Ck =
Theo
U 2U 0 2U 0 t t 2 t X ) = 0 sin( k X ) sin( k sin( k1 X ) = 2 T 2 k Tk1 T 2 Tk T

s liu cho trn
C 0 = 25.0,2 = 5; C k =
7,958 sin(0,2 k) k
tX/T=1/5=0,2
nn
Kt qu ph bin trong bng 1.1. Bng 1.1 k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C k 5 4,677 3,784 2,223 1,169 0 -0,779 -1,081 0 0,946 0,519 Ak 5 9,354 7,568 4,443 2,238 0 -1,558 -2,162 0 1,892 1,038 IAkI 5 9,354 7,568 4,443 2,238 0 1,558 2,162 1,892 1,038 0 Hnh 1.3 l v d ph ca mt tn hiu tun hon.Chng gm nhng vch nn ngi ta gi l ph vch hoc ph tuyn tnh.T ta cng thy l vi nhng sng hi bc cng cao th bin cng gim. b)Ph ca tn hiu khng tun hon. Khi tn hiu s(t) l khng tun hon th ngi ta biu din n bng tch phn Fourrier nh sau:
s(t)=
.
1 + . j t d G( j)e 2
(1.4) . (1.5)
Trong hm S (j) c xc nh: .
j t S (j ) = s(t) e dt
.
Ta xt ngha ca hm S (j): Biu thc (1.4) cho ta thy tn hiu s(t) l tng ca v s cc dao ng diu ho vi bin phc v cng b l : dA = T (1.6) ta c:
.
1 . S( j)d 2
(1.6)
S ( j ) =
.
. 1 d A 2 d
.
(1.7)
Quan h (1.7) cho thy S (j) l mt ca bin phc . th modun v Argument ca S (j) cho ta ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu. V d,tm ph ca xung vung hnh 1.4a biu din ph ca mt xung vung c thi gian tn ti t 0 n tX vi S() b) s(t) cao h. a)
. tX e jt x 1 S = he jt dt = h j 0 e
j t x 2 j t x 2 j t x 2
e tx = h2 e Hnh 1.4 a) xung vung v b) dng ph ca n 2 j t t sin x j t x sin x j t x t 2 e 2 =S 2 e 2 = 2h x t x 2 t x 2 2 Trong S=h.tx l din tch ca xung. t sin x 2 c dng hnh 1.4.b. Ph bin l hm I S(j)I = S tx 2
Nh vy ph bin cho ta hnh nh phn b ca bin theo tn s . 1.2.2 Tr s trung bnh ca tn hiu
tX t
Khi truyn tn hiu trn ng truyn th thi gian tn ti ca tn hiu l thi gian knh thng tin b chim dng. Nu tn hiu s(t) tn ti trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2 th tr s trung bnh ca tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc:
1 s(t)Tb= t 2 t1
t2
s ( t ). d t
t1
(1.8)
1.2.3.Nng lng, cng sut v tr hiu dng ca tn hiu. + Nng lng Ws ca tn hiu s(t) tn ti trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2 c xc nh nh sau : WS = s ( t ) 2 . dt
t1 t
2
(1.9)
+ Cng sut trung bnh Ptb tnh theo cng thc : t2 WS 1 2 Ptb = s ( t ) . dt = t 2 t1 t1 t 2 t1 + Tr s hiu dng Shd ca tn hiu xc nh theo biu thc Shd =
t2 1 2 s ( t ). dt t1 t1
t2
(1.10) (1.11): (1.11)
1.2.4. Di ng ca tn hiu. Di ng ca tn hiu c trng cho mc ca cng tn hiu tc ng ln thit b. N l t s gia tr s cc i v cc tiu ca cng sut tn hiu tnh bng dexibel(d-xi-ben - db): Ddb = 10 lg
S (t ) max S 2 (t ) max = 20 lg 2 S (t ) min S (t ) min
(1.12)
1.3. Cc h thng in t thng dng Ngy nay kh c th tm thy mt lnh vc hot ng ca con ngi m khng c s tham gia trc tip hoc gin tip ca cc thit b in t. Mt h thng in t nh vy c thit k gii quyt mt hoc nhiu chc nng nh truyn tin tc, m nhc, hnh nh, thc hin tnh ton, o c, iu khin t ng vv... C th da vo nhng c im chung nht phn chia cc h thng in t thnh hai dng : - H thng h, trong thng tin ch truyn i theo mt chiu nht nh . - H thng kn th ngc li, thng tin truyn theo c hai chiu v chng lin h cht ch vi nhau, c bit y l thng tin truyn theo chiu ngc c vai tr quyt nh a h thng kn n mt trng thi lm vic ti u. Theo chc nng x l tn hiu ta c th chia cc h thng in t thnh ba loi nh sau : 1.3.1.H thng thng tin qung b. y l h thng kinh in, k t tha s khai ca k thut in t cho n nay n vn tip tc pht trin phc v con ngi trao i tin tc, s liu, hnh
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nh.... Ngy nay ta thy c th ni mng thng tin vin thng, mng internet trn ton cu phc v trao i mt lng thng tin khng l trong mi lnh vc chnh tr, i sng vn ho, kinh t, nghin cu khoa hc, qun s... Hnh 1.5 l s khi tng qut ca mt h thng thng tin qung b. Ngun tin tc (mnh lnh, bi ca, hnh nh....) qua thit b bin i c bin i thnh tn hiu in tn s thp. Ta gi tn hiu ny l tn hiu s cp. Mun truyn c tn hiu s cp i cn phi c i tng truyn. Trong k thut v tuyn in i tng ny l mt dao ngiu ho c c tn s cao lm nhim v ti tin nn gi l dao ng ti tin hoc sng mang fo . Mun sng mang ti c tn hiu s cp i cn phi trn tn hiu s cp vo ti tin. Qu trnh trn, tc l qu trnh cho tn hiu s cp tc ng vo mt tham s no ca ti tin, bt tham s phi bin thin theo quy lut
Ngun tin
M y pht
B bin i
iu ch Dao ng sng mang
Kh.i pht
M i trng truyn tin
Nhiu
Dao ng ngoi sai Nhn tin

M y thu
Tch sng
Kh.i trung tn Kh.i cao tn
i tn Mch vo
Hnh 1.5.S khi ca h thng thng tin qung b
ca tn hiu s cp,gi l qu trnh iu ch(modulation). Sn phm ca qu trnh iu ch l dao ng cao tn bin iu theo dng tn hiu s cp,gi l tn hiu c iu ch hoc tn hiu v tuyn in(tn hiu VT). Tn hiu ny c khuch i cho ln pht vo mi trng truyn tin. Mi trng l khng gian th thng tin l v tuyn in, mi trng l ng dy - thng tin hu tuyn in. mi trng truyn tin ngoi tn hiu cn c cc dao ng in t khc ta gi chung l nhiu. Ti my thu tn hiu cn thu c tn s fth t ng ten hoc ng dy a n mch vo loi bt nhiu ri vo khuch i cao tn. Khuch i cao tn ch khuch i khong chc ln ri a vo b trn trn vi dao ng ni b tn s fng ( cn gi l dao ng ngoi sai) ly ra tn s trung tn ftt ( thng ftt = fng - fth ).Tn s trung tn l tn s c nh nn khi tn s cn thu fth thay i th tn s ngoi sai fng cng phi thay i theo. V di tn s trung tn c nh nn khuch i trung tn d dng thc hin vi h s khuch i ln, v chn lc (lc nhiu) cao. . Sau khuch i trung tn tn hiu c tch sng (gii iu ch -demodulation) tc qu trnh nhc li vi
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qu trnh iu ch nhn c tn hiu s cp.Tn hiu ny c khuch i a n b nhn tin. Ton b cc thit b nm trn ng truyn t ngun tin n ni nhn tin lp thnh mt knh thng tin.Knh thng tin c th l mt chi hoc hai chiu,c th l h tuyn hoc v tuyn hoc kt hp. H hthng thng tin qung b xy dng theo s khi hnh1.5 c nhng c im sau: -c im th nht : l h thng h,tn hiu t ni nhn tin khng th tc ng tr li ni pht tin. Cht lng truyn tin c trung thc, chnh xc hay khng th ni pht khng th nhn bit c. nng cao cht lng truyn tin cn nng cao cht lng ca thit b thu v thit b pht c lp nhau. - c im th hai l: Qu trnh iu ch din ra my pht cn qu trnh tch sng my thu l hai qu trnh ngc nhau nhm to ra tn hiu v tuyn v tch tin tc t tn hiu v tuyn. -c im th ba l: trong mi trng truyn tin c nhiu loi nhiu tc ng (nhiu cng nghip, nhiu thin nhin, nhiu do cc i pht khc to nn... ) nn vic khc phc nhiu bng cc gii php k thut khc nhau tng cht lng thng tin l vn rt quan trng. -c im th t l: phi gii quyt cc vn k thut cho ph hp vi tng loi knh thng tin. l cc vn cn c la chn ti u :vn dng iu ch, cng sut pht, tn s pht, khong cch v mi trng truyn tin, cht lng my thu ,gi thnh sn phm... 1.3.2.H thng o lng in t: i a s cc i lng vt l cn o trong mi ngnh k thut ( o nhit , m, tc chuyn ng vt th, tc vng quay, nng ht, nng dung dch,theo di nhp tim ...) ngy nay thng l thit b o in t. S khi rt gn ca thit b o in t c dng nh hnh 1.6 B bin i u vo(cc b cm nhn-cn gi l senser hay datchic) c nhim v bin i tham s ca i lng vt l cn o v dng tn hiu in. Tn hiu mang thng tin v i lng vt l ny c gia cng x l kch thch cho thit b ch th. Trong cc thit b o ngy i lng B bin Gia cng Thit b nay ta thy ni cn oi u vo tn hiu hin th ln my c ngun tin im sau : Th nht: S Hnh 1.6. S khi h thng o lng in t can thip bt k ca mt thit b o no vo i tng cn o u lm cho i tng cn o khng cn ng c lp vi thng s thc cn bit na, ngha l c s sai lch thng tin t nhin do thit b o lm bin i thng s ca i tng.
12
Th hai: Mi c gng tng chnh xc ca php o thng lm tng tnh phc tp, gi thnh ca thit b; ng thi s c nhng nguyn nhn sai s mi cn c quan tm. B bin i u vo ( gi l cc cm bin-sensor hay datchic ) l khu quyt nh nhy, chnh xc ca php o. Th ba: Thit b o c th xy dng theo nguyn tc tng t (analog) hoc s (digital) tu theo yu cu v mc chnh xc. Cc thit b o lng s c chnh xc cao v cho php ni ghp trc tip thit b o vi h thng x l s liu v lu gi thng tin . Vi mi loi nguyn tc nu trn u c th p dng mt trong hai phng php: o trc tip ( trc tip bin i i lng cn o khi phc gi tr o t thng s u vo ) hoc gin tip bng cch so snh vi mt mu chun trong my o. Th t: Trong thc t thng phi o cng mt lc nhiu thng s ca mt qu trnh, khi cn c nhiu b cm bin u vo tng ng lm vic chung vi cng mt knh x l, gia cng thng tin thu c t mt khi ch th nh mt b iu khin phn chia knh v iu chnh tc o. Ngy nay trong nhiu my o ngi ta s dng b vi x l trung tm vi nhng chng trnh c ci t sn t ng thc hin cc php o. 1.3.3.H thng t ng iu chnh v t ng n nh. y l mt h thng kn c s dng rt rng ri trong cc h t ng iu chnh mt hoc vi thng s trong mt qu trnh. y c ng tn hiu ngc phc v cho mc ch t ng hiu chnh. V d xt s khi ca mt h t ng khng ch nhit nh trn hnh 1.7 Nhit ca i tng cn theo di ( v d nh l nung hoc l p trng g chng hn ) c bin i thnh tn hiu in Ux thng qua b bin i ri c so snh vi gi tr chun Uch ng vi mt mc nhit nht nh. Ti b so snh hai tn hiu Ux v Uch c so snh vi nhau cho ra kt qu: Nu sai lch bng 0 th i tng ang trng thi chun nn khng cn t 0x
i tng cn khng ch
t0x Ux
B bin i B so snh
Uchun
To tn hiu chun
C cu chp hnh
Khuch i sai lch
U = Ux - Uchun
Hin th kt qu
Hnh 1.7 S khi ca mt h t ng khng ch i tng o iu chnh, ngha l nhnh phn hi khng hot ng ( nhit o bng nhit chun) .
13
-Nu sai lch khc0v c gi tr dng tc l U = Ux - Uch > 0 ( tc l t0x >t0ch , nhit o ln hn nhit chun) th sai lch U c khuch i v tc ng vo c cu chp hnh iu chnh t0x theo hng gim t c U = 0. U = Ux - Uch < 0 th qu trnh din ra - Nu sai lch c gi tr m, tc l s ngc li Qua v d trn ta thy mt h thng in t t ng iu chnh c cc c im sau: 1. Lun xy ra qu trnh thng tin hai chiu vi s tham gia ca mt hoc nhiu vng phn hi lin tc theo ri i tng nhm n nh mt hoc vi thng s ca n trong mt vng hn nh. 2. Mc chnh xc ca qu trnh ph thuc vo b bin i, b so snh, chnh xc ca ngun tn hiu chun cng nh c cu chp hnh. Nh vy h thng phn hi cng quyt nh cht lng ca c h thng. 3. Vic iu chnh c th din ra lin tc ( analog) hoc gin on theo thi gian (digital) t c gi tr trung bnh mong mun. Phng php digital t ra c nhiu u im hn phng php analog. 1.4.Cc dng tn hiu iu ch Nh phn trn nu, trong h thng thng tin qung b cn c qu trnh iu ch. Khng nhng ch trong h thng tin v tuyn in cn c iu ch m i khi ngay trong cc h my o lng, h t ng iu chnh cng cn iu ch tn hiu. y ta xt s lc v cc dng tn hiu iu ch.Dng tn hiu s cp k (hiu l s(t) ) iu ch sng mang u0(t) l dao ng iu ho tn s cao, ta c ba cch: iu ch bin , iu ch tn s v iu ch pha, cho tng ng ba tn hiu l tn hiu iu bin, tn hiu iu tn v tn hiu iu pha. 1.4.1 Tn hiu iu bin AM(Amplitude Modulation) c c tn hiu iu bin ta cho tn hiu s cp u(t) tc ng ln bin ca sng mang u0(t), bt bin ca sng mang bin thin theo quy lut ca hm s cp u(t). n gin ta coi u(t) l mt dao ng hnh sin n m (l mt tn s m thanh) th hnh 1.8a. (1.13) u(t)=Umcos (t+) Dao ng sng mang l: (1.14) u0(t) = U0m cos (ot + 0 ) = Uom cos(2f0 + 0 ) Trong U0m, o, f0 v 0 tng ng l bin , tn s gc, tn s v pha ban u ca dao ng sng mang u0(t)( hnh 1.8b). Tn hiu iu bin s c biu thc: 0 ub(t) = [U0m + hs(t) ] cos(ot + ) = U 0 m 1 + hu
(t) cos( 0 t + 0 ) U 0m
Thay u(t) = Umcos (t + ) vo biu thc trn ta c :
14
hU m cos( t + ) cos( t + ) 1 + U 0m =U0m[1+mbcos( t +)] cos (0t +0) (1.15) Trong biu thc trn h l mt hng s, biu hin mc thm nhp ca tn h .U m hiu s cp vo sng mang(ph thuc vo mch iu bin); m db = U 0m gi l su hoc ch s iu bin. u
db
(t) = U
0 m
tch sng khng b mo th o mb . Biu thc (1.15) cho php ta biu din tn hiu iu bin nh th hnh 1.8c. T th ta thy bin ca tn hiu iu bin bin i theo quy lut ca tn hiu s cp v tin tc cha trong ng bao ca tn hiu iu bin. Biu thc (1.15) c th bin i v dng:
m db U 0 m cos[(0 + )t + 0 + ] 2 m U + db 0 m cos[(0 + )t + 0 + ] 2
u db ( t ) = u 0 m cos( 0 t + 0 ) +
(1.16)
Biu thc (1.16) cho ta thy trong tn hiu iu bin c ba thnh phn:thnh phn th nht l sng mang tn s gc 0, bin U0m ,thnh phn th hai c tnn s gc mdbU 0 m gi l bin (0 + ) bin 2 trn,thnh phn th ba -bin di c tn s gc (0 - ) v bin cng l m db U 0 m . Hai bin trn v di c mang 2 tin ( cha tn s ) nhngc bin nh hn mt na ti tin U0m ( v mb , 1). Ph ca tn hiu iu bin n m c dng nh hnh 1.9.a
s(t) a) u0(t) b) ub(t) c) t Hnh 1.8 th m t nguyn l iu bin

ng bao ca tn
15
Trng hp tn hiu s cp khng phi ch l mt tn s m l mt gii tn s t min n max (tc t FminFmax th ph ca n s gm sng mang, mt gii bin trn[o+(min max)] v mt gii bin di[o-(min max)] nh hnh 1.9b . Lc b rng ca ph tn hiu iu bin l : b= [o+max)] -[o-max)] = Uom 2max hay mbU 0m mbU 0m fb=2Fmax (1.17) Trong tn hiu iu bin 2 2 (1.16) nu loi b i thnh phn a) sng mang th s c tn hiu iu bin cn bng;cn nu loi 0 o- o o+ b thm mt bin,ch cn li mt bin th c tn hiu n bin. 1.4.2 Tn hiu iu tn FM v b) iu pha. o- max o- min o o+ min o+ max Tn hiu iu tn c tn s bin thin theo quy lut ca tn Hnh 1.9 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin hiu s cp, tc l nu o l tn s ca sng mang th tn s ca tn hiu iu tn s l = o + h.u(t). Pha tc thi (t) ca tn hiu iu tn l (t) = . dt Biu thc ca tn hiu iu tn s c dng: ut(t) = U0mcos(t) = U0m cos[0t + h u (t ) dt+0 ]. Trong trng hp u(t) l n m nh (1.13) th ta c :
u dt =
U 0 m cos( 0 t + h U 0 m cos t dt + 0 )
= U 0 m cos
o t +
hU 0 m sin t + 0
= U 0 m cos [ 0 t + m dt sin t + 0 ]
(1.18)
Trong mt l su hoc ch s iu tn. Hnh 1.10b biu din th ca mt dao ng iu tn khi tn hiu iu ch l n m (h1.10a).Tn hiu iu tn hnh 1.10.b c tn s bin thin theo gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu hnh 1.10.a
16
Biu thc ca tn hiu iu pha c u (t) dng a) uf = U0mcos[0t + h.u(t) + o ] (1.19) Nu u(t) l n m nh (1.13) th uf(t) = U0mcos [0t + h u(t) + 0]= t U0mcos [0t + m f cost + 0] b) ut(t) (1.20) Trong mf = hUm gi l su hoc ch s iu pha. Ta bit rng tn s v pha c quan h cht ch vi nhau nn t iu pha s lm cho tn s bin thin v ngc li iu tn lm cho pha bin thin. Hnh 1.10.a) Tn hiu n m Nh vy, tn hiu iu tn v b) Tn hiu iu tn n m iu pha th tin tc nm trong s bin thin ca tn s v pha ca tn hiu c iu ch. Cui cng cn nhn mnh thm mt c im quan trng ca cc tn hiu iu ch l : tn hiu iu bin cng sut ca n ph thuc vo su iu ch, cn tn hiu iu tn th su iu ch khng quyt nh cng sut. Ngha l tn hiu iu tn khi c iu ch cc i hoc khng c iu ch cng sut vn nh nhau.Tuy nhin c s phn b li nng lng gia cc thnh phn tn s trong qu trnh iu ch. 1.5.phn loi sng v tuyn in theo tn s v c im ca qu trnh truyn sng 1.5.1.Phn loi sng v tuyn in. Sng v tuyn in l dao ng in t c truyn i trong khng gian vi tc ca nh sng (C = 3.108m/s). Sng v tuyn c bc x t cc i pht sng cao tn. Ngi ta thng phn loi sng v tuyn theo bc sng (hoc tn s ) ca sng mang. Bc sng l khong cch m sng i c trong mt khong thi gian bng mt chu k ca dao ng. Bc sng thng tnh bng mt, centimet, milimet. Bng 1.1
Bng phn loi sng v tuyn in

S TT Di Tn chung Sng Tn ring Bc sng Tn s f Lnh vc ng dng
17
1 Sng di (LW) 2 Sng trung (MW) 3 Sng ngn (SW ) 4 Sng cc ngn (SCN)
Sng siu 10010Km di 10 1km Sng di Sng trung 1km100m
3 30 Khz 30 300Khz 300khz3 Mhz 3 30 Mhz
Thng tin pht thanh ,v tuyn nh v Thng tin lin lc pht thanh, VT nh v Thng tin lin lc,pht thanh Pht thanh FM, thng tin lin lc , Ra a, truyn hnh ,VT nh v....
Sng ngn
100m 10m
Sng met
10 1m
30 300Mhz
Sng 1m 1dm ximet 300Mhz3Ghz Sng 10 1cm 3 30 Ghz centimet Sng 10 1mm 30300Ghz milimet Tn s ca sng c tnh bng Hz, Khz = 103 Hz, Mhz = 106 Hz, Ghz =109 Hz , Thz = 1012 Hz. di bc sng v tn s lin h vi nhau theo cng thc:
[m] =
300000000 300 = f [hz ] f [ Mhz ]
(1.21)
Sng v tuyn nm trong cc di tn s khc nhau c nhng c im khc nhau v cng c ng dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau. C th phn chia mt cch tng i cc sng v tuyn theo bng sau1.1. 1.5.2.Cu to ca mi trng truyn sng. Mi trng truyn sng l khng gian bao quanh tri t, tc l bu kh quyn ca tri t. Lp kh quyn c cao tnh t mt t khong 2000 3000km, trong cha cc hn hp kh ch yu l Nit, hyr, xy v hi nc. Kh quyn c chia thnh nhiu tng, trong mi tng nh hng n qu trnh truyn sng khc nhau. + Tng i lu: L tng kh quyn thp nht c cha cc thnh phn kh nu trn. Tng ny c cao t 10 18km + Tng bnh lu: Tng bnh lu nm trn tng i lu, thnh phn ch yu ca n l hi nc v hu nh n khng nh hng n qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn in + Tng in ly: Tng in ly nm trn tng bnh lu n ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic truyn sng v tuyn in, c bit vi sng trung v sng ngn.
18
Do tc dng ca cc tia mt tri, tia v tr cc cht kh b ion ho lm xut hin cc ht in tch dng v m. Tu theo mt ca cc ht mang in m ngi ta chia tng in ly ra lm nhiu lp: Lp D l lp thp nht c cao khong 90km, l lp ch xut hin ban ngy khi cng tia mt tri mnh. Lp E cao 130km Lp F cao trn 130km. Vo ban ngy ca ma h cng tia mt tri rt mnh nn lp F li chia thnh hai lp con l F1 v F2. Lp con F1 cao khong 200 km, F2 - 400 km. T lp D n lp F mt ca cc ht mang in tng dn. Cc tng kh quyn nm trn tng in ly c mt rt long nn hu nh khng nh hng n qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn in. 1.5.3.Cc phng php truyn sng.
Hnh 1.11 m t s lc cc phng php truyn sng c bn.

-ng 1 l sng t, sng ny lan truyn st b mt tri t. -ng 2 l truyn trc tip, sng ny truyn thng theo ng chim bay t trm pht n trm thu. -ng 3 l truyn qua tng in ly, sng ny truyn nh hin tng phn x nhiu ln v theo cc ng khc nhau gia cc tng in ly v mt t. -ng 4 l ng truyn qua v tinh vin thng. +Sng di t b mt t hp th v c kh nng un cong theo hnh dng b mt ca tri t, v vy ngi ta thng dng sng t truyn sng di.c bit nhng vng hn i, n i vic truyn sng t rt n nh nn c th dng cho mc ch thng tin, pht thanh. Sng c th truyn xa ti 3000km. Tuy nhin nhcim ca cch truyn sng ny l cng sut phi ln, ng ten thu- pht phi cao. + Sng trung c th truyn theo hai cch: Hoc sng t hoc sng in ly ( cn gi l sng tri ). Ban ngy sng trung c truyn bng sng t, bc sng cng di th khong cch truyn cng xa ( c th truyn t t 3000km). Ban ngy khng truyn theo sng in ly v tn ti lp D c kh nng hp th sng
4
te l lit e
Sa
3 4 3
at
el
lit
4 3
3
Satellite dish Com m . Tower
Mt tri t
Com m . Tower Satellite dish Com m . Tower
Hnh1.11.Cc dng ng truyn sng
trung rt mnh, bc sng cng di th s hp th sng cng tng. Ban m
19
khng c lp D nn sng trung c th truyn bng c sng t v sng tri. Sng in ly c c ly truyn rt ln nn v m sng trung c kh nng truyn i rt xa. + Sng ngn c truyn ch yu bng sng in ly. Nu chn bc sng thch hp th sng s phn x t tng in ly, phn b tng in ly hp th l khng ng k nn sng s phn x nhiu ln gia tng in ly v b mt tri t. Do vy, ta c th thc hin c thng tin gia hai im bt k ca tri t nu ta chn bc sng thch hp. Bc sng thch hp l bc sng nh hn bc sng gii hn gh ( < gh). Nu chn bc sng ln hn bc sng gii hn th s phn x km t tng in ly, cn nu chn ln hn qu nhiu th sng s khng phn x t tng in ly. Bc sng gii hn gh ph thuc vo mt ca cc ht mang in ca tng in ly, do bc sng gii hn s bin i theo ma, ngy v m. Thng ban ngy truyn sng c bc sng nm trong khong 1025 m, ban m 35 50 m l tt nht. Do sng in ly t im pht n im thu phn x theo nhiu ng khc nhau nn pha ca sng n im thu s khc nhau. Nu cc sng ngc pha nhau th chng s trit tiu nhau lm cho bin gim, nu chng ng pha th bin tng. Do vy bin ca tn hiu thu c lc tng lc gim mt cch ngu nhin. Hin tng ngi ta gi l hin tng pha inh. Hin tng pha inh l nhc im chnh ca sng in ly. + Sng cc ngn khng phn x t tng in ly m cng khng un cong theo b mt ca tri t nn ch c th truyn thng. Ngha l im thu v im pht (nh ng ten ) phi nhn thy nhau. V mt ca tri t cong nn thc t thng tin ch thc hin c c ly 50 60 Km. Mun truyn c xa hn phi chuyn tip trung gian qua cc trm mt t hoc v tinh a tnh. 1.6 .S lc v lc tn s : Khi phn tch cc loi tn hiu ta thy c loi ph ca n gm hu hn cc thnh phn tn s (v d tn hiu iu bin AM) hoc c cc loi ph l v s cc thnh phn tn s nhng nng lng ch yu vn tp trung trong mt di tn s hn hp (v d tn hiu iu tn FM). Mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng trong qu trnh x l tn hiu trong cc my in t l lc ly tn s hu ch, loi b cc tn s c hi. Chc nng c thc hin bi cc mch lc in hay n gin gi l cc mch lc. 1.6.1. Khung cng hng n . Mt mch lc n gin nht l mt khung cng hng n gm mt in cm L, mt in dung C v mt in tr R nh hnh 1.12a. V cc mch lc phc tp hn thng c xy dng t mch n gin ny nn ta xt qu trnh vt l din ra . Trong hu ht cc trng hp mt in tr R thng khng mc vo mch m l in tr tn hao trong mch bao gm in tr tn hao ca cun cm L, ca cht in mi trong t C v ca cc dy ni.
20
u tin ta xt khung cng hng LC l tng khng tn hao (R=0 ) hnh 1.12b. Gi s trc khi ng kho K nng lng c np cho t C ( dng in trng ) bi in p UCmax , tc l nng lng in trng tch trong t C l WE = C
U2 max 2
1 2
L Khi kho K bt v v tr 1 L th t C bt u phng in C E R C sang in cm L, in cm L np in nng di dng t trng bng dng in iL tng Hnh 1.12 .a)Khung cng hng c tn hao dn. Dng t gi tr cc i b)Khung cng hng l tng Ilmaxng vo lc t C va phng ht, ngha l ton b nng lng t C c chuyn sang in cm L. Nng lng t trng ca in cm lc ny l cc i c gi tr :
I2 WL = L max 2
Tip ti l in cm phng in bng dng iL gim dn cho n khi t C c in p Ucmax nhng c du ngc vi du khi u. Qu trnh phng np qua li gia t in v in cm din ra theo mt quy trnh xc nh,c trng bi phng trnh vi phn sau : d2u c uc d2u c (1.22) + = 0 hay + ru c = 0 LC dt 2 dt 2 (1.22) l phng trnh ca dao ng iu ho .Nghim ca n c dng : uC (t) = U Cmcos 2fr t (1.23) Tng t ta tm c quy lut bin thin ca dng in: iL(t) = Ilmsin2fr t (1.24) UCm, ILm l bin ca in p uc(t) v dng in iC(t)=iL(t). uC(t) th biu din bin thin ca uc i c in p (1.23) v dng in (1.24) iC(t) t trn hnh 1.13 Tn s fr trong (1.23)v Hnh 1.13.in p v dng din hnh sin (1.24) l tn s cng hng ca khung dao ng LC. Nghch o ca fr l chu k T ca dao ng, l thi gian t lc bt u phng cho n lc np li gi tr ban u ca in dung hoc in cm. Nh vy chu k T hoc tn s fr (r=2fr) c quan h n tr vi L v C. Tr s ca n c th c xc nh t tr s bng nhau ca modun tr khng ca in dung v in cm, tc l : 1 1 1 (1.25) nn r= [rad/s] ; fr = [1/s=hz] r L = r C LC 2 LC
21
S bin thin ca cc tr khng XL= Lv XC = XP k = XL -
c dng nh hnh 1.14 .
1 l thnh phn phn khng ca khung cng hng. Khi tn s nh C
hn tn s cng hng r mch mang tnh dung khng, khi ln hn tn s cng hng mch mang tnh cm khng. Vi khung cng hng ngoi cc thng s r, fr, T cn c trng bi cc thng s quan trng sau y: - Tr khng sng bng t s ca in p trn C v dng in qua L,tm t tr s bng nhau ca nng lng cc i c np trn L v C : U 2Cm I2Lm = WE=C WM=L 2 2
L C
(1.26)
Trng hp va xt trn l trng hp mch in khng c tn hao (r = 0), cc dao ng ko di v tn. Trong mch thc c in tr tn hao r , cc dao ng s tt dn v tt cng nhanh khi tr s ca r cng ln. i vi cc khung cng hng c in tr tn hao r 0,ngi ta a ra khi nim h sphm cht Q: Q=
XL X pk 0 XC
r
(1.27)
C th chng minh rng lc ny Hnh1.14.Tr khng ca L v C dng in trong mch s bin thin theo quy lut hnh sin tt dn : t Q T sin2f t iL(t) = ILm . e (1.28) r Quan h (1.28) c th thi gian trn hnh 1.15 . QT = k trong (1.28) gi l hng s thi gian ca khung cng hng. k T s c xc nh bng khong thi gian m bin ca dng in gim i e ln so vi gi tr cc i ( dng gim n tr s 0,37ILm ) .Thc t khi r khc 0 th tn s ca dao ng l r khc vi r:
22
r r2 r r = = r 1 = r 1 LC = r 1 2 L 2L 2L 4 C Tuy nhin c th ly gn ng r r. Nu tr s ca r kh ln th trong khung s khng pht sinh dao ng tt dn 'r 2 r
m dao ng s tt ngm ngay lp tc. Trng hp ny ng vi r
r , tc l Q 2L
0,5. Thng s dng khung dao ng c h s phm cht Q nm trong khong: 10 20 < Q < 200 300 i khi ngi ta s dng khi nim h s tn hao d=1/Q nh gi cht lng ca khung cng hng. Ch xt trn l ch dao ng t do trong mch RLC ni tip. Trong thc t thng s dng ch dao ng cng bc: khung dao ng c nui bi ngun sut in ng hnh sin, c tn s xp x tn s cng hng r ca khung dao ng (hnh 1.16). Nu ngun mc ni tip vi L v C th khung cng hng gi l ni tip. Lc ny bin ca dng in s l:
C iL(t) t Hnh 1.15 dng in iL(t) tt dn

I m () = U ng m Z() = U ng m 1 r 2 + L C 2
ung(t) r
Hnh 1.16Khung cng hng ni tip (1.29). .
Khi = r th Im(r) =
U ng m r
; bin in p trn in cm v in dung l:
1 = Ung m.Q r C Nh vy khi = r, bin in p trn L v C bng nhau v gp Q ln bin in p t vo mch, ta ni rng mch trng thi cng hng. Dng in trong mch tn s c bin ph thuc vo tn s nh sau:
UmL(r) = Im(r).r L = Ungm.Q; UmC(r) = Im .
23
I m ( ) = I m ( r )
r 1 r + L c
2 2
1 2 1+ Q 1 r 2
2 2
1 ( r )( + r ) 1+ Q 2
2 2
(1.30) Khi s dng khung cng hng lc tn hiu ta thng xt tn s ln cn tn s cng hng ngha l + L 2r; - r = - lch tn s tuyt i. Lc (1.30) c dng :
I m ( ) = I m ( R ) 1
2
(1.30)
2 1+ Q2 r Quan h (1.30) cho ta c tnh bin tn s hay c tnh chn lc ca khung cng hng. (hnh 1.17) . Tnh cht chn lc, tc l kh nng lm yu tn hiu c tn s lch khi tn s cng hng, c c trng bi di thng v h s ch nht. Di thng 2d l di tn s ng vi mc gim 2 ln ca c tnh chn lc so vi gi tr cc i. ( Hnh 1.17) : 2d = 0,7= 1- -1. Theo nh ngha th t (1.30) ta c:
1 2 = 0,707
1
2
1 20, 7 1+ Q R
T ta c: 2d = 0,7=
2
1 = 0,7 2
Khi h s phm cht Q thay i th gii thng thay i t l nghch vi Q. Tng t ngi ta xc nh di 0,1 tc l di tn s ng vi mc gim 10 ln, k hiu l 0,1 .H s ch nht KCN = 0,1 nh gi mc ging hnh ch nht ca c tnh chn lc. L tng KCN 0 , 7 = 1, cn i vi cc khung cng hng th KCN > 1. KCN cng tin ti 1 th chn lc cng cao.
0,7 r Hnh 1.17 c tnh chn lc ca khung cng hng
r Q
(1.31)
24
Ngoi c tnh bin tn s xt ta cn quan tm n c tnh pha tn s; l gc lch pha ca dng in so vi in p ngun ti tn s ang xt: 1 L C = arctgQ r z()= arc tg (1.32) r r Khi tn s ang xt ln cn tn s cng hng th z() arc tg(2Q. ) (1.33)
r
Khung cng hng song song. Khi ngun, in cm, in dung mc song song ta c khung cng hng song song. Xt mch thng dng hnh 1.18. ch dao ng cng bc vi ngun dng i(t) c th ch ra rng in p trn khung cng hng c c trng bi tng tr Z(j) ca mch vi:
2 Z= r
1 1 + Q ( )2 r
2
(1.34)
Khi = r, = 0 mch trng thi cng hngZ= Q., tc l cng ging nh khung cng hng ni tip khi cng hng tng tr l thun tr. Nhng khc vi khung cng hng ni tip, khi cng hng tng tr c tr s bng r nh , khung cng hng song song, tr khng cng hng rt ln, nu r =0 th n bng . in p trn khung cng hng : I ng mZ ; in p khi cng hng l I ngm(r). Z(r). Tng t nh khung cng hng ni tip, y c tnh bin tn s l:
I ngm (R ) z(R )
(1.35)
I ngm () z
1 2 1+ Q r
2 2
r L C
Hnh 1.18 Khung cng Nh vy c tnh ca mch cng hng song song cng tng t nh mch cng hng ni tip ta hng song song xt. Di thng 2d l di tn s ng vi mc gim 2 ln ca c tnh chn lc so vi gi tr cc i. ( Hnh 1.17) 2d = 0,7= 1- -1. 1.6.2.Khung cng hng ghp ci thin c tnh chn lc ca khung cng hng-t c h s phm cht tt hn ,khi lc tn hiu ngi ta ghp hai khung cng hng n vi nhau qua h cm hoc in dung. Thng s dng mch ghp qua h cm(bin p), ghp in dung ngoi hoc in dung trong tng ng nh hnh 1.19a,b,c.
25
Trong cc mch ghp c tnh tn s ca mch khng ph thuc vo dng ghp m ch ph thuc vo i lng ghp ( h s ghp ). V vy ta xt hai khung cng hng ni tip ghp qua h cm ( bin p ) nh hnh 1.20 Di tc ng ca ngun sut in ng E() khung dao ng th nht s c dng I1 ,dng ny gy nn t thng mc vng sang cun L2, to nn sut in M Cgh
0
L1
L2 Cgh
a) b) c) Hnh 1.19 Cc khung dao ng song song ghp a)qua h cm b,c)qua in dung ng h cm: E12 = - jM I1 = - Xgh I1. y Xgh = jM - tr khng h cm .
M = k L 1 .L2 , k l hng s biu hin mc ghp gia hai cun cm. Sut in ng E12 gy nn dng I2 ;dng ny li to nn t thng mc vng sang cun L1 , L1 li sut hin sut in ng h cm E21. Nh vy mi cun cm sut hin mt thnh phn tng tr tng h ZTH :
21
ZTH 21 =
gh
I2
gh
I1
ZTH 12 =
2 gh
I1
12 X gh = Z2 Z2
(1.36)
Tng t
z1
(1.37) ZTH 21 v ZTH12 c thnh phn thun tr v thnh phn o: ZTH 21 = rTH 21+jXTH 21= Thng
r 22
2 gh
.r2
2 2
+ x
r 22
2 gh
.x
+ x
2 2 2
C1= C2 = C ; L1 = L2 = L ; r1 = r2 = r ; lc M = k.L k = X1 = X2 = X ; r <<X; X = Xgh
M ; L
26
ng thc cui cng c dng T y ta c :

r =1k 1, 2
2
L -
= M
M R
(1.38) y k=
1,2 =
M ; r= L
C L
. L
C .
1 ; Hnh 1.20 Hai khung cng hng ghp h cm LC
r 1 k
Ta cng chun ha dng I2m() theo I2m(r) ta c :

I 2 m ( ) = I2m r
(1 +
1 + gh
2 gh
2 2
+ 4
(1.39)
y :
gh= kQ gi l nhn t ghp. - lch tn s tng qut : =
2 f .Q fr
f - lch tn s tuyt i. Nu coi Q l khng i v kho st hm c tnh bin tn s (1.39) ta s dng c h c tnh hnh 1.21. Vi gh thay i th c tnh bin tn s t ch ging nh ca khung cng hng n (gh< 1 ) n ch c dng ba cc tr(gh > 1- mt cc tiu, hai cc i). Khi gh = 1 ( gi l ghp ti hn ) th tnh ca ng cong l bng phng hn c. Thng hiu chnh ghp t gh ln hn 1 mt cht hoc bng 1.
kQ=1 kQ<1 kQ<1
Hnh 1.21 c tnh tn s ca mch giao ng ghp hn. 3. Mch lc tp trung; tng chn lc hn na ca mch ngi ta thng ghp nhiu khung cng hng qua in dung nh hnh (1.22) to thnh mch lc gi l mch lc tp trung. Mch lc nh vy c c tnh bin tn s gn ging nh mt hnh ch nht.
Khi so snh vi khung cng hng n c cng di thng ngi ta thy rng h s ch nht ca khung cng hng n l 9,95 th khung cng hng ghp l 3,15. R rng khung cng hng ghp c tnh chn lc tt
27
Cc mch lc loi ny c khung cng hng c ch to t vt liu p in (vt liu c hiu ng p in ) .C th s dng n 10 15 khung cng hng n to mch lc tp chung. Chng c ch to sn thnh mt loi linh kin d dng phi hp vi cc mch khc. Hnh 1.22 Mch lc tp chung Cc vt liu p in gm hai loi: loi gm p in v thch anh ( tinh th p in) Ta xt mt thanh thch anh c ct nh hnh 1.23a. Thch anh l mt loi vt liu c nhiu c tnh vt l qu gi nh n nh nhit cao, t chu nh hng ca m , tc ng ho hc, c bit n c hiu ng p in: di tc dng ca in trng thch anh s dao ng c hc, ngc li khi dao ng c hc n sinh ra cc in tch bin thin. Trong k thut in t thch anh c s dng nh mt khung cng hng vi tn s cng hng ph thuc vo kch thc v cch ct tinh th thch anh. Hnh 1.23c l k hiu ca thch anh trong s mch in,hnh 1.2bb - s tng ng, trong rq, Lq , Cq - cc thng s in, ph thuc vo kch c v cch ct khi thch anh, CP - in dung gi . Theo s tng ng hnh 1.22b th thch anh c hai tn s cng hng c xc nh t biu thc tng tr phc: Z = ZP // Zq=ZPZq/(ZP+Zq) (1.40) ZP =
1 j C P
1 jC q
Zq = rq +jLq +
(1.41)
Thay vo biu thc (1.37), b qua rq nh trong Zq s c Z j
(C p + C q 2 L q C p C q )
1 2 L q C q 1 2 Lq CpCq Cp + Cq = fq 1 + Cq Cp
2 L q C q 1
(1.42)
T (6.36) xc nh hai tn s cng hng ni tip fq v song song fP:

fq = fp =
(1.43)
rq
a)
28
+- + - -+ -+ +- + + -+ --
C0
Lq
c
C 0q
Hnh1.23 a)Hiu ng p in ca thch anh b)S tngng ca thch anh c)K hiu ca thch anh
Q=
2 fqL rq
(1.44)
V d ta xt thch anh 4Mhz vi cc tham s Lq = 0,22H, Cq = 0,0072 pF ;rq = 23 , CP = 10,3 pF.Xc nh cc tn s theo (6.37) s c fq = 3998918Hz = 3,998918MHz.fp = 4000315Hz= 4,000315MHz . Khong cch gia hai tn s l f =fP - fq = 1397Hz Nh vy trong khong tn s rt hp thch anh tng ng vi mt in cm. H s phm cht Q=.
2 4.106 .0.22 = 240400 23
Cc ln!
S ph thuc ca thnh phn phn khng ca tr khng vo tn s trnh by trn hnh 1.24 Cc loi gm p in c h s phm cht nh hn thch anh. Cng ging nh cc mch lc tp trung, ngi ta ghp cc khung cng hng ch to t thch anh hoc gm p in thnh cc mch cng hng ghp. Ghp X y c th thc hin qua t (gi l ghp in) hoc qua mt bn cc in mi (gi l ghp c). Khi ghp in th nng lng in c truyn t khung cng hng ny fq fp f sang khung cng hng kia di dng cc dao ng in, cn khi ghp c - di dng cc dao ng c. Ngy nay ngi ta cn s dng cc mch lc SAW - mch lc s dng hiu ng sng Hnh 1.24.c tnh phn m b mt. Nguyn l lm vic ca n da khng ca thch anh trn hin tng truyn sng m theo b mt ca vt liu p in v hin tng lan truyn ca s bin dng n hi. kch thch cc dao ng bin dng n hi, trn b mt ca vt liu p in ngi ta to ra cc in cc dng c bit kch vo chng nhng dao ng in. Khi i c mt on no , nng lng ca sng m b mt c bin i thnh cc dao ng in nh cc cc in c bit. y qu trnh bin i sng m thanh thnh dao ng in v ngc li ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu p in, vo cu to v v tr tng i ca cc in cc. u im ca cc mch lc SAW l dn cao, cc tham s n nh v kch thc gn nh. Mch lc loi ny c th lm vic gii tn s 10 100 Mhz hoc cao hn vi t s ca gii thng trn tn s trung tm t 0,01 n 100% Khi s dng cc mch lc tp trung cn m bo phi hp tr khng c u vo ln u ra. Nu khng m bo phi hp tr khng th c tnh bin tn s s b mo ( mo bin ), c bit l ngoi gii thng .
29
1.6.3Mch lc RC. Nu s dng cc mch lc LC tn s thp th tr s cc in cm s ln, kch thc cc cun cm ln, mch s cng knh. tn s thp nn s dng cc mch lc RC. Xt mt khu thng thp RC nh hnh 1.25a.Hm truyn t phc ca mch lc thng thp ny l:
1 . 1 1 (j ) = U ra m = j C = = . 1 1 + j R C 1 + j R + U vao m j C
R 1
1 2
= 0,707
(1.45)
uv a)
ur 0 t b) C
Hnh1.25 a)t lc thng thp RC; b)c tnh bin tn s ca mch
Trong = RC - hng s thi gian ca mch,Uvm v Ur m bin phc ca in p vo v ra ca mch. 1 T ( j) = T () = (1.46) 1 + 2 2 th (1.46) l c tnh bin tn s ca mch ,biu din bng ng lin nt trn hnh (1.25b). Ti tn s = 0, th K() = 1, ti tn s ct t.. tr s ca
K() =
1 hay t. =1. Nh vy tn s ct t xc nh theo tr s ca : 2
t
1 RC
; f
1 2 RC
(1.47)
Di tn s t 0ft gi l di thng ca mch lc thng thp. Di tn s ft gi l di chn. Nu ta i ch RC trn hnh 1.25a ta c mch lc thng cao. Lc :
K C (j ) =
1 1+ 1 j RC
(1.48)
30
K C ( j ) = C ( ) = 1+
1 1
(1.49)
2 R 2C 2 c tnh bin tn s ca mch lc thng cao theo (1.49) c trnh by bng ng nt t trn hnh (1.25b). Khi tn s cc ln : th KC() = 1,
khi = 0 th KC() = 0. Tn s ct c xc nh khi KC(C) =
1 = 1 hay C RC 1 hay 2
1 RC 1 = 2R C =
K()
R1 C1 . R2 C2 Ura
(1.50)
Uv
a)
b)
Hnh1.26 Mch lc di thng a)s nguyn l b)c tnh bin tn s
Di thng l di t fC , di chn l di 0 fC. Tnh chn lc ca cc mch lc va xt trn ph thuc vo dc ca c tnh bin tn s. tng dc ta mc lin tng nhiu t lc cng loi, tuy nhin khi tn hao trong di thng cng s tng. Ta cng c th thnh lp cc mch RC c kh nng chn lc tn hiu theo tn s nh mt khung cng hng LC . Xt mch trn hnh 1.26a. c tnh bin tn s ca mch c dng: 1 ( j ) = ( ) (1.51) 2 1 9 + RC RC Ti tn s 0 khi 0RC tr cc i.
1 1 1 = 0 tc l 0 = th K(0) = v l gi RC 3 0 RC
31
c tnh bin tn s (1.51) trnh by trn hnh 1.26b - tng t nh c tnh bin tn s ca mt khung cng hng LC. Trong nhiu trng hp cn chn mt di tn s hp no ngi ta dng mch lc di chn RC nh trn hnh 1.27a. l mt cu T kp. Cu ny c c tnh bin tn s biu din trn hnh 1.27b. Ti tn s o =
K()
R1 . Uv C1 R2 R1 C2 C1 Ura
a)
b)
Hnh1.27 Mch lc di chn: a)s nguyn l b)c tnh bin tn s
R C 1 th tn hiu b suy gim ln nht. y n = 2 = 1 . R1 C2 2nR1C1 2n 1 K(o) = (1.52) 1 2n + 1 + n
32
Chng 2
cc linh kin in t th ng
Nhn vo phn mch in thc ca mt thit b in t ta thy c nhng mch n gin ch gm mi linh kin, nhng c nhng mch in cc k phc tp lm ta c cm gic nh lc vo mt rng in t. Cc linh kin trong mt mch in t phn ln l cc in tr, t in, cun cm, bng bn dn, iot bn dn, cc vi mch (IC) v cc linh kin khc. Cc linh kin va nu trn l nhng linh kin thng dng, chim a s cc linh kin trong my. Chng ny gii thiu cc loi linh kin in t th ng trong cc mch in t l in tr, t in v cun cm. 2.1 C s vt l ca cc linh kin in t . Cc vt liu c s dng ch to cc linh kin in t bao gm cc cht dn in, cch in, bn dn, vt liu t ...Khi s dng cc vt liu ch to cc linh kin in t ta khng ch quan tm n cc tnh cht in t ca chng m cn phi quan tm n cc c tnh c - l - ho ca vt liu di tc ng ca cc thng s mi trng nh nhit , m p sut, mc phng x, chu lc nn, lc un, chu va p, mi mn,mc bin dng.... iu c bit quan trng i vi cc my in t s dng trong iu kin nhit nng m nh nc ta. thy r c cc qu trnh vt l din ra trong cc linh kin cn s lc im li c s vy l ca chng .Ta s nghin cu tm tt trng thi v m ca vt cht v c im cu trc ca cht rn. 2.1.1. Trng thi v m ca vt cht. Vt l kinh in chia vt cht trong ba trng thi : kh, lng v rn. Cn trng thi Plasma c th coi l trng thi th 4 ca vt cht. th kh trong iu kin p sut bnh thng ca kh quyn trong 1m3 c 2,3.1025 phn t kh l tng. Khong cch gia cc phn t kh ln hn mi ln kch thc phn t. Cc phn t kh chuyn dng t do v khng ng chm n phn t bn cnh. Cc cht kh cha b ion ho u l cc cht in mi (cch in ). th lng cc phn t xch li gn nhau hn nhiu so vi th kh. Chng lun kt hp li vi nhau ri li tch ra to thnh trng thi khng bn vng ca cht lng. Cc phn t ca cht lng c th trng thi trung tnh hoc phn cc thnh nhng ion. Cc cht lng hoc dung dch c lin kt ion u dn in, cn khi chng trng thi trung tnh hoc phn cc yu th chng l cht in mi. th rn cc phn t vt cht lin kt cht ch vi nhau. Cn nhn mnh rng phn ln cc linh kin in t c ch to t cc vt liu th rn. Trng thi Pasma c th coi l trng thi th t ca vt cht. N c to thnh trong iu kin ca cc in trng cc mnh hoc t cc cht kh nhit cao. trng thi ny vt cht bao gm cc ion dng, cc ion m v cc in t t do. Cc in t ny c gi trong in trng ca cc in tch khi dng ca cc nguyn t mt trung ho v in.
33
2.1.2. c im cu trc v s phn b ca in t trong cht rn. S phn b ca in t trong cht rn quyt nh tnh cht in ca cht rn . Cht rn c th c cu trc tinh th, v nh hnh, dng thu tinh hoc cu trc phc hp. Phn ln cc cht rn s dng cc linh kin c cu trc tinh th , cc nguyn t hoc cc ion c sp xp mt cch u n theo mt quy lut tun hon nht nh. S phn b ca in t trong vt rn tun theo thuyt cu to nguyn t, in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn mang c tnh cht sng ln ht. Qu o ca cc in t l qu o elp. Mi qu o c trng cho mt mc nng lng ca in t trong nguyn t. Khi chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn in t c trng bi Mmen lng t. Ngi ta dng 4 s lng t c trng nh sau : + S lng t chnh n (n = 1,2,3,....) Xc nh mc nng lng ca mt qu o quay ca in t m eq 2 e W= (2.1) 2 2 2 8( 0 ) h n Trong : me - Khi lng ca in t qe - in tch ca in t h - Hng s Plng Theo cc mc nng lng ng vi n = 1, 2, 3.....ngi ta t tn tng ng l cc mc nng lng K, L, M ..... + S lng t ph ( s lng t m men qu o) : i vi mt h gm nhiu in t th mc nng lng cho php ca mi in t theo l thuyt Pauli li phn thnh nhiu mc nh c trng bng s lng t ph, k hiu l . = 0, 1, 2, 3...; lp c = 0 l lp S;lp c = 1 l lp p lp c = 2 l lp d. in t quay quanh ht nhn c m men ng lng M tnh theo cng thc: h (2.2) M = ( + 1 ) 2 + S lng t t (k hiu Mz), n l hnh chiu ca m men qu o ln mt phng z no : MZ = mZ
h 2
(2.3)
mZ= 0, 1, 2, 3,..... + S lng t Spin : c trng cho m men quay ca in t xung quanh trc ca n, k hiu l Mez: Mez = mS
h 2
(2.4)
1 1 hoc . 2 2
mS c gi tr +
Theo ngha ca s cc lng t trn th 3 s lng t u n, , mZ xc nh v tr ca in t trong nguyn t : cn s mS ch r chiu quay ca in t
34
xung quanh trc ca n. Theo l thuyt Pauli th trong mt nguyn t khng bao gi tn ti hai in t c cng 4 s lng t nh nhau. Nh vy vi gi tr n ( lp v in t ) tng s mc nng lng , hay tng s in t c th chim ch l :
N 1 = 1
2 (2 + 1) = 2 n
(2.5)
Theo thuyt nng lng c nhng vng m mi mc nng lng u b in t chim ch gi l vng y. Thng thng vng y l vng c mc nng lng nh nht trong nguyn t, l cc qu o gn ht nhn nht. Vng khng c nng lng no gi l vng cm ( tc l vng khng c in t). Ngoi hai vng trn cn c vng m nhiu mc nng lng c th chim ch nhng cha c in t hoc c rt t in t chim ch gi l vng dn. Vng ny c trng cho cc qu o xa ht nhn ca nguyn t. Ngi ta dng gin nng lng chia vt liu lm ba nhm : dn in, bn dn v cch in. + Vt liu dn in (hnh 2.1a,b), in hnh l kim loi, khng c vng cm; vng y v vng dn c th chm ph ln nhau hoc xt nhau. C in t bn b c th d dng nhy ln vng dn tr thnh in t t do dn in. Vt liu bn dn : C vng cm nhng vng ny hp nn cc in t b ca vng y khi c kch thch nng lng c th vt qua vng cm nhy ln vng dn (hnh 2.2c) Vt liu cch in : (hnh vngdn 2.2d) Gia vng y v vng dn c vng cm rt rng nn cc vng cm in t vng y kh c th vt ln vng dn . vng y Theo Fecmi - Dirac s a b c d phn b ca in t c th xc Hnh 2.1 M hnh cu trc cc min nng lng nh theo s phn b ca nng lng trong vt rn nh sau:
dn 4 = 3 (2 m e ) dw h
3 2
1 + e
w w w kT
(2.6)
Trong : me - khi lng ca in t h - Hng s Plng k - Hng s Bosman T - Nhit Kenvin n - S in t w - Mc nng lng tnh theo (2.1) wF - Mc nng lng Fecmi ( l mc nng lng khi w > wF th xc sut tm thy in t bng 0) Biu thc (2.6) cho ta thy s nguyn t trong mt n v th tch nm trong khong mc nng lng t w n w + dw.
35
WFo l mc nng lng Fecmi ln nht nhit 0 Kenvin (0o K) 2 h 2 3n (2.7) w F0 = 2 m e 8 2.1.3. c tnh c - l - ho ca vt cht Cc thit b in t lm vic c bn hay khng ph thuc vo bn ca tng linh kn trong my. tin cy ca mi linh kin in t li c quyt nh bi cc c tnh c - l - ho ca vt liu ch to chng . Ta xt mt s c tnh c bn sau: c tnh vt l: Trc ht ngi ta quan tm ti tnh cht dn in v cch in ca vt cht. Chng c c trng bi in tr xut , gc tn hao tg . Tip theo ngi ta quan tm n kh nng chu nhit ca vt cht : Khi nhit thay i t ngt hoc chu nhit cao hn hoc thp hn trong mt thi gian di m linh kin vn khng b h hng. H s nhit cng l c tnh quan trng ca vt liu: h s gin n nhit theo chiu di, h s nhit ca in tr sut, h s nhit ca hng s in mi, h s nhit ca t thm. Ngoi ra cn quan tm n kh nng cch nhit, dn nhit ca vt liu . Nc ta l nc nhit i nng m nn cn quan tm n kh nng ht m ca vt cht. Ni chung cc vt liu u ht m, nht l cc vt liu in mi (cch in). Cc vt liu cch in khi ht m, cc thng s ca chng s xu i rt nhiu, v vy cc linh kin cn c nhit i ho. Ngoi cc l tnh nu trn, khi chn vt liu ch to cc linh kin cn quan tm n cc tnh cht c hc nh sc chu lc cng, lc nn, rn, un, rn v cc ho tnh nh tnh n nh ho hc, tnh ho tan v ho tan... 2.2 .Cc tham s ca linh kin in t Cc linh kin in t c cc tham s sau: -Gi tr danh nh. -Cp chnh xc v s tn mn ca cc tham s. - tin cy. -Tnh chu m, chu nhit, chu dung sc, va p. Sau y ta xt mt s tham s c trng. 2.2.1. Gi tr danh nh v cp chnh xc. Gi tr danh nh ca linh kin l tr s ca tham s linh kin c xc nh trong iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr thng c ghi ngay trn mt linh kin. Cp chnh xc: Cc tham s ca linh kin khi ch to thng sai lch so vi tr s danh nh . sai lch ph thuc vo k thut - cng ngh ch to. Ngi ta phn cp chnh xc theo bng (2.1) . Cc linh kin c sai lch cng nh th gi thnh cng cao v vy s dng loi linh kin no l tu thuc vo chnh xc cn thit vi gi thnh hp l,chc nng ca mch trong tng loa thit b in t . 2.2.2. tin cy.
36
tin cy l kh nng lm vic khng hng ca linh kin trong thi gian nht nh. N c c trng bi thi gian nht nh m tham s ca n vn c gi nguyn gi tr. Bng 2.1 S h hng ca linh kin xut hin mt cch ngu nhin; ngi ta dng l thuyt xc Phn cp chnh xc ca linh kin Cp chnh sai sut nh gi h hng. xc lch Gi s trong mt m linh kin sn xut cp 00 1% ta ly ra N0 chic cho vic th (th nghim). cp 0 2% Nu Ti l thi gian lm vic khng hng ca cp I 5% linh kin th i th k vng ton hc ca thi cp II gian lm vic khng hng ca cc linh kin ( 10 % cp III cng loi ) gi l thi gian khng hng trung 20 % bnh TTb ca loi linh kin :
N0
TTb =
i =0
N0
[gi]
(2.8).
TTb tnh bng gi. i lng nghch o ca TTb c trng cho kh nng xut hin h hng ca linh kin, ta gi l him hng (t). 1 (t) (1/gi) (2.9) (t) = T Tb (t) cho ta bit trong mt gi c 0 t1 t2 t th c bao nhiu linh kin b h Hnh 2.2 Him hng ca cc linh kin in t hng trong s linh kin cng loi. V d = 10-5 th trong mt gi lm vic s c 1/100.000 linh kin b h hng , ngha l nu c 1000 linh kin lm vic trong 100 gi th trung bnh s c mt linh kin b hng. Trn thc Bng2.2 Him hng ca mt s loi linh kin in t Loi linh kin it bn dn Ge it bn dn Si Tranzisto tn s thp Tranzisto tn s cao Tranzisto cng sut in tr than o,5W in tr than 1W in tr in tr dy cun 10W in tr dy cun 50W Bin tr dy cun 0 (1/gi) 0,006.10-3 0,007.10-3 0,006.10-3 0,007.10-3 0,01.10-3 0,001.10-3 0,002.10-3 0,006.10-3 0,002.10-3 0,014.10-3 0,016.10-3 Loi linh kin T giy T mica T gm T ho T xoay Cun cm Cun chn Binp xung R le M t in uong h 0 (1/gi ) 0,0015.10-3 0,003.10-3 0,015.10-3 0,002.10-3 0,0006.10-3 0,0063.10-3 0,00025.10-3 0,0008.10-3 0,001.10-3 0,03.10-3 0,06.10-3
37
nghim th him hng c dng nh hnh 2.2. Theo th hnh 2.2 th khong thi gian t t1 n t2 l thi gian lm vic bnh thng ( tui th ) ca linh kin. Khong thi gian trc t1 kh nng hng tng do linh kin c hiu chnh, sa cha v cc tham s n nh dn. Sau thi gian t2 cc linh kin b lo ho v him hng tng ln. Him hng ca mt s loi linh kin in t cho bng 2.2 ( iu kin tiu chun): 2.3 in tr in tr l loi linh kin c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t. Tnh cht ca n l cn tr dng in i qua v trc tip bin i nng lng thnh nhit nng. N c chc nng iu chnh hoc phn phi nng lng in trong mch in.
a) b) c)
Hnh 2.3 K hiu in tr a) in tr khng i b) n tr phi tuyn c)trit p
in tr c nhiu loi : Tuyn tnh (k hiu hnh 2.3a), phi tuyn - hnh 2.3b- tu theo c tuyn V-A l tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn; in tr khng i, in tr bin i tc trit p ( k hiu hnh 1.3c). in tr c th ch to t bt than p, dy cun hoc kim loi. 2.3.1. Cc tham s in tr. a. Tr s danh nh: Mi in tr khng i c sn xut vi mt tr s danh nh. V d nh 1,5K; 2,2 K; 100... Cc nc trn th gii sn xut cc in tr vi cc tr s danh nh cho bng 2.3 (hai s u): Tr s in tr t 10 10M;l hai ch s trong bng 2.3 nhn vi 1, 10, 102, 103, 104... Tr s danh nh ca in tr c th ghi ngay trn in tr hoc k hiu bng cc vch mu hoc chm mu nh hnh 2.4 Bng 2.3 Tr s danh nh ca in tr Cp chnh xc 11 12 13 16 18 20 24 30 I II 10 15 22 27 III I 36 43 51 62 75 91 II 33 39 47 56 68
38
Khi k hiu bng cc vch mu hoc cc chm mu th hai vch u ch 2 s ng vi bng 2.3, vch th III ch s s 0 ng sau hai s trn, vch th IV ch cp chnh xc. Ba vch mu u c tr s ng vi cc mu nh sau : en Black 0 Nu Brown 1 Red 2 Cam orange 3 I II III IV VngYellow 4 Lc Green 5 Lam Blue 6 Hnh 2.4 Cc vch mu ghi tr s ca in tr Tm Violet 7 Xm Gray 8 TrngWhite 9 Vch th IV ch cp chnh xc : mu vng 5%, mu nh bc 10%, khng mu 20% V d xt 2 in tr nh sau: - - cam - nh bc: 22000 = 22k 10% Vng - - nu - vng 420 5% b - Cng xut danh nh : Tnh chu nhit v din tch to nhit ca in tr quyt nh cng xut danh nh ca in tr. Khi lm vic cng xut lm vic ca n P = R.I2 phi nh hn cng xut danh nh ca n. Ngi ta ch to cc in tr vi cc cng xut 0,05w; 0,12w ; 0,25w; 0,5w ; 1w; 2w; 5w; 10w; 15w; 20w; 30w; 50w; 100w.... c - Tnh cht tn s ca in tr Khi lm vic tn s cao cn ch n in dung k sinh v in R cm k sinh ca in tr. Lc s tng ng ca mt in tr c Co dng nh hnh 2.5 Tr s Lo ph thuc vo cu trc ca in tr , cn in dung Co ph Hnh 2.5 S tng ng ca thuc vo hng s in mi ca vt . in tr vng tn s cao liu lm ( li) , hnh dng v tr dy dn, cu trc v lp sn ph ngoi ca in tr. Nh vy tn s cao hng trm Mhz in tr tng ng vi mt khung cng hng song song vi Co< 1 pF v Lo< 1H. Ngoi ra khi cn cn phi tnh n n nh nhit v tp m ca in tr.
R0
39
2.3.2. in tr khng i. D y in tr bng hp kim . a . in tr dy cun khng i: c cun bng dy hp kim crom - niken trn li s , li nha hoc li thu tinh. Lp dy cun Lp m en cch in c ph sn bo v . Cu to ca in tr dy cun trnh by trn hnh 2.6 C hn ni in tr dy cun c tr s khng ln lm Hnh2.6 Cu to ca in tr dy cun ( 50k) nhng c cng sut to nhit ln ( c th ti vi trm w), cp chnh xc kh cao (0,1%, 1%), n nh cao , chu nhit tt. in tr dy cun thng dng cc mch gn c cng sut danh nh ln , chnh xc cao nhng tn s lm vic khng ln lm. b. in tr mng than: c ch to bng cch cho kh than ngng ng thnh mng dy 0,04 10mm theo rnh xon trn li s trong mi trng chn khng(Hnh 2.7). Mun c tr s ln lp mng than phi mng, di v tit din ngng phi nh. in tr mng than c th ch to vi tr s danh nh t 10 n 10M, cng sut danh nh t 0,05w n 5w, c bit c th ch to n 25w,50w hoc 100w, tr s Lo v Co nh, n nh nhit kh tt nn c th s dng vng tn s cao. c. in tr mng kim loi: in tr mng kim loi c cu trc gn ging nh in tr mng than. N c ch to bng cch cho hp kim hoc oxyt kim loi bc hi ngng ng trong mi trng chn khng hoc bng phng php phn hu catt to mt lp mng mng bao quanh li (s, thu tinh hoc cht do) hnh tr ( hnh 2.8) Ngi ta thay i thnh phn hp kim v dy ca mng kim loi thay i tr s
2 1 3
Hnh2.7 Cu to ca in tr mng than 1.mng than 2.rnh xon 3. Li s

2 1 3 4
danh nh ca in tr t 20 n Hnh 2.8 in tr mng kim loi 1000. Mun c tr s in tr ln 1.ng s 2.in tr 3.sn cch in hn phi dng mng rnh son nh 4.thu tinh cch in in tr mng than. Lc c th to in tr c M. in tr mng kim loi thng ch to vi cng sut 0,125w 2w.
40
in tr mng kim loi c hnh dng b ngoi ging nh in tr mng than nhng thng ph lp sn mu , c loi c bc kn bng ng thu tinh hoc ng s . d. in tr hn hp: 2 1 Vt liu ch to in tr hn hp gm ba thnh phn dng bt v keo : -Thnh phn dn in l m 4 3 hng hoc than tr (graphit) 5 dng bt. Hnh2.9.Cu to ca in tr dy cun - Cht n l bt mica, bt tr s bin i 1ng x 2.sn cch in 3.con s hoc bt thch anh dng 4.dy cun 5.tip im to cho in tr c th tch nht nh, tng kh nng dn nhit, nng cao in tr sut ca vt liu hn hp v tng bn c hc. - Cht keo lin kt cc thnh phn vt liu thnh mt khi . Vt liu hn hp c nn trong ng s, ng thu tinh to nn in tr . Bn ngoi in tr bc mt lp vt liu c bn c hc cao. in tr hn hp thng c ch to di dng hnh tr v dng vch mu ch tr s danh nh ca n. Hin nay in tr hn hp ang c s dng rng ri v gi thnh r, quy trnh sn xut n gin. 2.3.3. in tr bin i v trit p. a. in tr bin i: Ch to nh in tr dy cun khng i nhng c thm con trt thay i tr s ca in tr - Hnh 2.9 in t bin i c tr s n mi k , kch thc ln, ch yu dng trong cc phng th nghim . b. Trit p: Vt liu, phng php ch to, c tnh k thut ca trit p cng ging nh in tr tng ng Nhng trit p 1 con trt lun chy trn b phn dn in nn 3 Hnh2.10 bn thp v tp m ln . Cu to trit p dy cun Trit p dy cun, cu to trit p dy 1.dy cun cun trnh by trn hnh 2.10. y con chy 2.in cc kim loi trt trn dy cun thay i in 3.tip im 2 tr ra. Trit p dy cun ch to c in tr khng qu 20k , cng sut danh nh 35w. Trit p hn hp: Trn b mt ca cch in ngi ta ph mt lp vt liu ch to phn dn ca in tr t hn hp bt than hnh 2.11 Tu theo dng ca vng dn in m s bin thin ca in tr s tun thao quy lut hm m hoc hm lgarit. Trit p than hn hp c in tr danh nh Rmax= 10 10M vi cng sut danh nh 0,1w 2w, c s dng
Hnh2.11 Cu to trit p bt than
41
rt rng ri trong cc mch in t. Trit p dng lu th trn mt dn thng c bi than lm cht lng gim. Trong thc t c th lau sch vt bi than khi phc li cht liu trn. 2.4 T in T in l loi linh kin tch lu nng lng di dng in trng . Tr s in dung ca t in l lng in tch m t in tch tr c khi t vo hai m ca t in mt hiu in th 1 v. Mt t in gm c hai in cc ( hai m t) v lp in mi t ga hai cc. Tr s in dung ca t in t l vi din tch S ca in cc v hng s in mi , t l nghch vi khong cch gia hai cc. 2.4.1.Phn loi ca t in. T in c th phn loi theo cu trc: - T khng i : C tr s in dung C khng i. - T bn chun ( Prim) : Tr s C bin thin c trong mt khong hp. - T xoay : Tr s C bin thin trong mt khong tng i rng . - T phi tuyn : Tr s C ph thuc vo in p t trn hai m t . T in c th phn loi theo cht in mi : - T khng kh : Gia hai m t l khng kh hoc chn khng . - T du : Cht in mi l mt loi du tng hp cch in . - T v c : Cht in mi l cc cht rn v c nh mica, s (gm), thu tinh. - T hu c : Cht in mi l giy, cht do tng hp . - T ho : Cht in mi l xit kim loi c hnh thnh trong qu trnh in phn. Loi t ny c tr s in dung ln nhng n c phn cc dng v m nn ch dng trong cc mch mt chiu ( lc ngun) hoc truyn cc tn hiu m tn. T c cu trc dng phng, dng ng hoc cun trn nh hnh 2.13. i vi t phng hnh 2.13a th tr s in dung xc nh theo cng thc: .S C = (pF) (2.10) 3,6 d . - hng s in mi. S- Din tch hiu dng ca mt m t (cm2). d - Khong cch gia hai m t (cm). Nu t c nhiu m nh hnh 2.12b th: S (n 1) (pF) C= 2,6 d l a) b) c) (2.11). n - Tng s m t ca hai nhm. Nu t hnh ng Hnh 2.12 a)t phng b)t phng nhiu tm nh hnh 1.12c th : c)t hnh ng.
42
2,41l (pF) (2.12). D2 ln D1 D1, D2 - ng knh ng trong v ng ngoi(cm). l - di ng kim loi (cm). 2.4.2. Cc tham s c bn ca t. a. Tr s danh nh: Tr s in dung danh nh c ghi r trn t vi c sai s. Trong thc t thng dng n v F (microphara); nF(nanophara) v pF(picrophara). 1pF = 10-12F = 10-6F = 10-3nF. 1F = 1012pF = 109nF = 106F. Ngi ta sn xut t in vi cc cp chnh xc: 1% Cp 00 sai s 2% Cp 0 sai s Cp I sai s 5% 10% Cp II sai s 20% Cp III sai s Cp IV sai s +20% -10% Cp V sai s +30% -20% Cp VI sai s +50% -20% Cp IV, V,v VI l cp chnh xc ca t ho. Ngoi ra cn c cc t vi cp chnh xc rt cao dng trong cc thit b c bit: 0,1% Cp 001 sai s Cp 002 sai s 0,2% Cp 005 sai s 0,5% Cc t c kch thc nh phi dng vch mu ghi tr s . Cch c vch mu cng tng t nh in tr . b. bn in : Khi t ln t in p ln t s b nh thng . in p nh thng ph thuc vo phm cht v b dy lp in mi. Trn t in c ghi tr s in p danh nh mt chiu. Khi s dng t trong mch xoay chiu hoc mch xung phi m bo thnh phn mt chiu cng vi bin xoay chiu hoc bin xung khng c vt qu tr s in p danh nh. c. Tn hao trong t in : Trong t in c tn hao nng lng trong cht in mi, do in tr dy dn, tn hao do v bc, tn hao do cht tm ph...Nng lng tn hao lm t nng ln nh hng n cc tham s ca t. Tn hao c nh gi bng tg ( - gc tn hao) hoc h s phm cht Q: 1 Q= (2.13) tg T mica, t thu tinh c cht lng cao, tn hao nh: tg 0,001. T c phm cht trung bnh th tg c khong 0,01 ; T ho c tn hao ln tg 0,1. d. Tnh cht tn s ca t in C=
43
tn s cao s tng ng ca mt t c dng y nh hnh 2.13 Lo- in cm ring ca t bao gm in cm tp tn ca cc m t v hai dy dn ni vi m t. ro- in tr tn hao trong L0 r0 kim loi m t R R- in tr tn hao (in tr r) cht in mi . Hnh 2.13.S tng g ca t Nh vy t c tn s cng in tn s cao hng ni tip ring. 2.4.3.Cu trc ca t in. a.T giy Hnh 2.14 cho thy cu to ca t giy : 1- in cc bng giy kim loi 2- in cc bng giy cch in ( thng gi l giy t ) 3- u dy dn ni ra ngoi. 3 b. T mng mng: khc phc phn no 2 nhc im ca t giy ngi ta thay giy cch in bng mng cht do, do vy tng c cch in, kh nng chu nhit gim c tn hao. c. T mica, t thu tinh, t s (gm). Nhm t ny s dng lp in mi v c nn c c 1 tnh cng, rn, c kh nng chu nhit cao. Hnh2.14 Cu to t giy Cu to ca mt t mica c lp in mi l 1.in cc kim loi nhng tm mica c = 6,5 8,5 . T mica l 2.in cc bng giy t loi t c cht lng tt, tr s trong khong 3.u dy dn ni ngoi 51pF 30.000pF, in p danh nh 250V 2500V. T thu tinh ch khc t mica l lp in mi l thu tinh, n c c im l c th lm vic nht cao ( 125oc) T s lm bng gm s c bn kh cao. C th to c t s chu c in p hng chc kV. d. T ho: T ho c hnh dng nh hnh 2.15a Cu to bn trong m phng n gin nh hnh 2.15b
44
1- Dung dch in phn 2- Lp xit nhm 3- in cc bng nhm. Lp xit nhm Al203 bm trn b mt cc dng c = 7 10 v chu c in trng cao. 3 4 T ho c tr s in dung t vi F n + hng ngn F . Tnh dn in ca cht in 1 phn khng i xng nn t ho c cc dng a) 2 b) v cc m. T ho c in cc l nhm hoc Hnh2.15 tantal, cn cht in phn c th l xyt nhm a)Cu tao ca t ho nh trn hoc cc cht khc th lng hoc th 1-Dung dch in phn kh. 2-Lp oxyt nhm Khi s dng t ho phi mc ng in 3-in cc cc v in p t ln t phi nh hn in p b)Hnh dng t ho danh nh, mt khc cn lu l t ho tch nng lng ln c th gy nguy him ngay c sau khi tt my. 2.5.Cun cm . Cun cm tch lu nng lng di dng t trng. N c cu to t cc vng dy in t cun mt lp hay nhiu lp, c li st t hoc khng li, c th bc kim hoc khng bc kim. Cun cm c c trng bi cc tham s c bn sau: a. Tr s in cm L,, hay cn gi l h s t cm . in cm L ca mt cun cm cun mt lp trn li cch in trn tnh theo cng thc :
L=
. D 2 .W 2
4
[H] (2.16)
- t thm ca li t D - ng knh li cch in [cm] l - Chiu di ca cun cm [cm] W - S vng dy Cun cm nhiu lp khng li t tnh theo cng thc gn dng sau y:
L= 0,8. D 2 tb w 2 3D
tb + 9l
+ 10t
[H]
(2.17)
Trong Dtb -ng knh trung bnh lp dy cun -cm;t-b dy lp dy cun-cm. Trong k thut v tuyn in t ngi ta s dng cc cun cm c tr s nm trong khong t vi phn ngn microhenri (H) n vi henri. Ngi ta dng cc cun cm c li ( li c th l st t hoc ng, nhm...) thay i tr s in cm L. b. in dung ring Co :
45
S tng ng y ca mt cun cm c dng nh hnh 2.16 . y rd - in tr tn hao ca dy cun , rC - in tr tn hao trong cht cch in, Co - in rd dung ring ca cun cm. Chnh in dung ring hn ch tn s lm vic di cao ca L C0 cun cm. rc in dung ring Co bao gm in dung gia cc vng dy, in dung gia cc vng dy vi v bc cun cm v my. N c th Hnh2.16.S tng ng ln ti vi chc pF. ca sun cm Cun cm phi lm vic tn s f < trong
1 .fo 3
f0 =
1 2 LC 0
(2.16)
c. H s phm cht ca mt cun cm xc nh theo cng thc: L Q= (2.17) R Trong R =rf +r + rbk + rt rf- in tr tn hao ca cun dy i vi dng cao tn. r - in tr tn hao in mi trong khung ca cun cm v bc cch in ca dy dn cun cm . rbk - in tr tn hao tnh n nng lng tn hao in t trng trong hp bc kim .
rt- in tr tn hao tnh n tn hao trong li ca cun cm H s phm cht ca mt cun cm khng ch ph thuc vo tn s m cn ph thuc vo cu to a) b) ( vt liu dn in, cch in, kt cu ),kch thc hnh hc ca cun cm . tng h s phm cht ca cun cm ngi ta chp dy thnh nhiu si cun cun cm . c) Cun cm c cun trn hnh ng bng giy hoc bng nha thnh tng ngn (Hnh 2.17a) ,hoc cun trn(Hnh 2.17b) hoc nhiu lp "t Hnh 2.17 Hnh dng cc cun dy thng gp trong k thut ong" (Hnh 2.17c).
46
Chng 3
cc dng c bn dn
3.1 C ch bn dn 3.1.1. Bn dn thun Cc nguyn t thuc nhm IV trong bng tun hon Mendeleep nh Gecmani(Ge), Silic(Si) l nhng nguyn t c 4 in t lp ngoi cng. iu kin bnh thng cc in t tham gia Ge Ge Ge lin kt ho tr trong mng tinh th nn chng khng dn Ge Ge Ge in . Hnh 3.1 trnh by cu trc phng ca mng tinh th Gecmani, Ge Ge Ge trong mi nguyn t em 4 in t ngoi cng ca n gp Hnh 3.1 Cu trc vi 4 nguyn t khc to thnh cc cp in t ho tr ( k mng tinh th hiu bng du chm ). Khi c kch thch nng lng, mt Gecmani s in t c th bt ra khi lin kt v tr thnh in t t do dn in nh trong kim loi. Nh vy cht bn dn tr thnh cht dn in. Bn dn nh vy gi l bn dn thun hay bn dn n cht 3.1.2. Bn dn tp tng kh nng dn in ca bn dn ngi ta trn thm tp cht vo bn dn thun c bn dn mi c nng cc ht dn cao. a. Bn dn loi cho n Nu ta trn tp cht thuc nhm V ca bng h thng tun hon Medeleep vo bn dn thun th mt nguyn t tp cht vi 5 nguyn t lp ngoi cng s c 4 nguyn t tham gia lin kt vi 4 nguyn t bn dn , Ge Ge Ge cn li l mt in t t do. V d trn hnh 3.2 l bn in t dn Gecmani Ge c trn vi asen As. Tp cht y Ge As Ge cho in t nn to thnh bn dn loi cho , k t do Ge Ge Ge hiu l n. Ht dn (ng t)chnh bn dn loi cho n l in t vi mt nn. Hnh3.2 Cu to bn dn n b. Bn dn loi ly p Ge Ge Ge Nu ta trn vo Indi (In)thuc nhm III ca bng tun hon th to c 4 cp in t lin kt ho tr v 4 Ge In Ge l trng nguyn t bn dn.ngoi 3 in t ca mt nguyn t In Ge Ge Ge s c mt in t ca nguyn t Ge ln cn c ly Hnh3.3Cu to bn dn loi p vo. Ch mt in t s to thnh l trng mang in tch dng(hnh 3.3).Cc l trng c to thnh hng lot s dn in nh nhng in tch dng. Bn dn loi ny c tp cht ly in t nn gi l bn dn
47
loi ly k hiu l p. y ht dn chnh l l trngvi mt l pp. Cn ni thm rng bn dn loi cho n c ht dn ph l l trng vi nng pn, trong bn dn loi ly c ht dn ph l in t vi mt l nP. Ngha l pP nP v nn >pn. 3.1. 3. Mt s hin tng vt l trong bn dn Trong bn dn tp cng nh bn dn thun din ra mt s qu trnh vt l nh hng n tnh cht dn in ca chng. Ta xt cc hin tng . a. Hin tng ion ho nguyn t Khi nguyn t b ion ho s pht sinh cc ht dn t do. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy tch s ca hai nng ht dn chnh v ph trong bt c mt bn dn tp no iu kin cn bng l mt hng s: nP.pP = nn.pn = const (3.1) T (3.1) ta thy nu tng nng ca ht dn loi ny ln bao nhiu ln th nng ca ht dn loi kia s gim i by nhiu ln. Nh vy mun thay i nng ca ng t (ht dn)trong bn dn tp ta cn thay i nng ng t trong bn dn thun. Trong bn dn loi n s in t t do lun bng s ion dng ND+; cn trong bn dn loi p s l trng lun lun bng s ion m NA- ca tp cht. b. Hin tng ti hp ca ht dn Trong bn dn cc ion lun c th nhn in tch tr thnh nguyn t trung tnh. l hin tng ti hp. Nh vy c mt ln ti hp th trong bn dn li mt i mt cp in tch v bn dn li chuyn sang mt trng thi mi. Khi cn quan tm n s gia tng nng ca cc ht dn ph v chng c vai tr quyt nh trong c ch pht sinh dng in trong cc dng c bn dn m ta s nghin cu sau ny. Trong bn dn loi n, s gim nng l trng theo thi gian ( s ti hp ca l trng vi in t trong iu kin nng in t cao) l p(t) th
p(t) = P(0) e (3.2) Trong P(0) - lng l trng ti thi im t = 0 ( l thi im sau qu trnh sinh ht. P - thi gian sng ca l trng trong bn dn loi n. N c nh ngha l khong thi gian m lng l trng gim i e ln. Tng t trong bn dn loi P : t n n(t) = n(0) e (3.3) P, n quyt nh tnh tc ng nhanh ( tn s lm vic) ca cc dng c bn dn. c. Chuyn ng tri (gia tc) ca cc ht dn trong in trng:
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Di tc dng ca in trng E cc ht dn (cc in tch) s chuyn ng gia tc theo hng ca in trng to nn dng tri Itr : Itr = qE(n.n + p.P) = Itr n + ItrP (3.4) Trong : q - in tch ht dn E - Cng in trng n,p - Nng in t v l trng n, P - l cc h s gi l linh ng ca in t vl trng. d. Chuyn ng khuch tn ca cc ht dn: Do s chnh lch v nng m cc ht dn s khuch tn t ni c nng cao n ni c nng thp hn, to thnh dng khuch tn Ikt . Mt ca dng khuch tn theo phng gim ca nng c dng: dn Iktn = q.Dn. (3.5) dx dp Iktp = q.DP . (3.6) dx Dn, DP - cc h s khuch tn ca in t v l trng (3.7) Dn = 32 cm2/s ; DP = 12 cm2/s 3.2. Mt ghp n-p 3.2.1.S hnh thnh mt ghp n-p Mt ghp n-p l c s to nn hu ht cc dng c bn dn v vi mch. Chng c hnh thnh nh sau: -+ Cho hai n tinh th bn dn n v p tip xc vi nhau ( bng cng ngh c bit). Trong bn dn loi n ht dn chnh l in t, ht dn ph l l trng ; trong bn dn loi p ht dn chnh l l trng v ht dn ph l in t. Do c s chnh lch v nng ht dn cng loi gia hai khi bn dn nn in t t lp n khuch tn sang lp p v ngc li l trng t lp p khuch tn sang lp n. Sau khi cc in t t lp n khuch tn sang lp p li bn n mt lp ion dng gn b ca vng tip xc. Tng t nh vy, cc l trng khuch tn sang n s to nn mt lp ion m bn p gn b vng tip xc (hnh 3.4a). Khi t trng thi cn bng, hai bn ca mt tip xc hnh thnh hai min in tch tri du ( min in tch dng bn dn n, min in tch m bn dn p) . Ngi ta gi chung min in tch ny l min in tch khng gian hay min ngho ng t v hu n khng c ng t . Min ny c tnh dn in c bit gi l mt ghp in t l trng hay mt ghp n-p. S khuch tn ca in t v l trng khng phi din ra v hn. Khi hnh thnh hai lp in t tri du th nghim nhin hnh thnh mt in trng hng t bn dn n sang bn dn p gi l in trng tip xc Utx (hnh 3.4a). B dy ca lp ngho ng t ny l l0 = l0P + l0n ,ph thuc vo nng tp cht. Nu nng tp cht hai min l nh nhau th l0P = l0n . Thng thng mt mt
49
ghp ch to vi nng l trng p ln hn nng in t n nn l0n>> l0P. in trng tip xc Utx c chiu cn cc ht dn chnh nhng li gy ra dng tri ca cc ht dn ph, c chiu ngc li vi chiu ca dng khuch tn. Qu trnh ny tip din cho n khi dng khuch tn bng dng tri th dng qua mt ghp s bng khng. n y coi nh hnh thnh xong mt ghp n-p. iu kin tiu chun hiu in th tip xc c 0,3V i vi bn dn Ge, c 0,6V vi bn dn Si. 3.3.2. Phn cc mt ghp bn dn bng in trng ngoi. a, Mt ghp n-p phn cc thun. Nu ta u lp p vi cc dng, lp n vi cc m ca mt in trng ngoi nh hnh 3.4b th mt ghp n-p c phn cc thun. Lc ny s cn bng ca dng khuch tn v dng tri Ikt=Itr b ph v. in trng ngoi c chiu ngc vi in trng tip xc Ut x . Lc ny ngun ngoi ch yu s t ln vng mt ghp l0 v in tr khi ca vng ny ln, lm cho dng khuch tn tng ln. Ngi ta ni rng mt ghp n-p lc ny thng hoc m v s c hin tng phun cc ht dn chnh qua min tip xc l0 . Trong khi dng tri do Utx gy ra l khng ng k v Utx gim do in trng ngoi tc ng ngc chiu. B rng ca min tip xc lc ny co li l < l0. b. mt ghp n-p phn cc ngc: Nu ta i chiu ngun ngoi nh hnh 3.4c th trng ngoi s cng chiu vi trng tip xc lm dng khuch tn gim, dng tri tng. Tuy nhin dng tri ch tng cht t v nng ca cc ht dn ph nh, to thnh mt dng ngc nh. Lc ny c th coi l mt ghp ng (ngt) vi b rng ca min tip xc lc ny tng ln l > l0. Nh vy mt ghp n-p dn in theo mt chiu nh mt van in, khi c phn cc thun th dng thun ln, khi phn cc ngc th dng ngc rt nh. 3.3 it bn dn 3.3.1Cu to ca it bn dn it bn dn c cu to t mt mt ghp n-p vi mc ch s dng n nh mt van in . Tu theo din tch ca phn tip xc gia hai lp n v p m ngi ta gi l it tip im hay it tip mt. it tip im, mt tip xc gia hai lp bn dn thu nh li hu nh ch cn mt im nhm mc ch gim in dung k sinh ca mt ghp it c th lm vic c tn s cao. it tip im c s dng cc mch x l tn hiu v tuyn in nh tch sng, iu ch, bin tn ...Khc vi it tip a) b) im, it tip mt th mt tip xc ca hai lp n v p c in tch ln nhm chu c dng ln in s dng chng vo mc ch chnh lu. Trong s nguyn l it thng thng c Hnh 3.5 a) k hiu diot b)k hiu diot n p k hiu nh hnh 3.5a, cn hnh 3.5b l k hiu ca
50
it n p. Trn k hiu A-anot- cc dng ng vi lp p, K-catot - cc m ng vi bn dn loi n. 3.3.2. c tnh von - ampe (V/A) ca it c tnh V/A ca it l quan h gia dng in qua it v in p mt chiu t ln n. S ly c tnh mc nh hnh 3.6a .Nu ngun c mc c cc tnh nh trn hnh 3.6a th it c phn cc thun, vonk o in p thun trn it, ampe k o dng thun qua it. c tnh c dng nh trn hnh 3.6b. Khi in p phn cc thun tng th dng thun tng nhanh. Ngi ta chng minh c rng dng thun tng theo quy lut hm m: I = I0 (e 1) (3.8) A ER Trong : U - in p thun; Ut 0,25mV V gi l in th nhit; m = 12 - h s hiu _ 0 A U chnh gia l thuyt v thc t; I0 - dng bo B ho ngc (gn nh khng ph thuc U , ph Hnh3.6.C thuc vo ht dn ph lc cn bng, vo bn a)S ly c tnh ca diot cht ca bn dn tp v vo nht mi b) c tnh Von-Ampe ca diot trng). Nu i chiu ngun ngoi th it phn cc ngc. Trong on 0A khi phn cc ngc, dng qua it l dng ngc bo ho I0 kh nh(c mt l10-12A/cm2 i vi it Silic v 10-6A/cm2 vi it Gecmani) v ph thuc vo nhit mi trng. on AB dng in tng vt v in p phn cc ngc ln ph v cc lin kt ho tr. Lc ny cc in t ho tr nhy t mc ho tr ln mc dn, it mt tnh cht van in. Ngi ta ni mt ghp lc ny b nh thng v in . Hin tng nh thng ny xy ra do hai hiu ng : - ion ho do va trm : Do cc ht thiu s c gia tc trong in trng mnh nn chng va chm vi cc nt mng tinh th , lm cho cc mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t bin dng hoc b ion ho to thnh cc cp in t v l trng mi. Cc cp ny li tip tc va chm gy nn hin tng ion ho mi. Kt qu l cc in t v l trng tng ln theo kiu thc l , nn nh thng ny gi l nh thng thc l. - Hiu ng xuyn hm (tunen) : Khi in trng ngc ln c th ph v cc mi lin kt nguyn t trongvng ho tr to thnh cc in t v l trng tham gia dn in .iu ny tng ng vi cc in t t vng ho tr vt ln vng dn xuyn qua vng cm, gi l s xuyn hm . Khi nh thng v in, dng in ngc tng ln ng k trong khi in p hu nh khng tng . on BC, mt ghp b nh thng v nhit do b nung nng bi dng ngc qu ln v mt ghp b ph hu hon ton.
U m.U t
a) b)
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3.3.3. Cc thng s ca it : Khi s dng it ngi ta quan tm n cc thng s sau ca it: 1) Dng thun cc i Imax , l dng thun m it cn chu c khi n cha b thng ( nhit ) . 2) Cng sut cc i Pmax trn it khi it cha b thng . 3) in p ngc cc i Ung max - in p phn cc ngc cc i ca iot khi it cha b nh thng. 4) Tn s gii hn fmax ca it - l tn s ln nht m ti it cha mt tnh cht van. 5) in dung mt ghp : Lp in tch l0 tng ng vi mt t in gi l in dung mt ghp n-p . tn s cao lp in dung ny quyt nh tc ng m ca it khi n lm vic nh mt kho in, tc l in dung mt ghp n-p quyt nh fmax. 6) in tr mt chiu R0 (hnh 3.7): U I R0M = M (3.9) IM R0 M = cotg . IM M 7) in tr xoay chiu ca it:
dU = cotg. dI 1 dI = S= R dU
R=
(3.10) (3.11)
S - h dn ca it, S = tg 8) in p m ca it : L in p UD dng thun qua it t 0,1 Imax. 3.4 Tranzisto lng cc . Nu trn mt bn dn ta to ra hai mt ghp n-p lin tip nhau th ta c mt tranzisto lng cc (bipolar ) hay n gin quen gi l tranzisto . Tranzisto c kh nng khuch i E tn hiu ging nh n in t ba cc, E p n p C n p n C Tranzisto ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cc mch in t nn ta cn a) b) B B nghin cu t m nguyn l lm vic v C E C cc thng s ca n . E 3.4.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic: Tranzisto c hai mt ghp n-p cu to t B B Hnh 3.8 Cu to v k hiu ba lp bn dn tp khc tnh nn n c a)Ca tranzisto thun th l p-n-p hoc n-p-n (hnh 3.8) loi b) Ca tranzisto ngc tranzisto p-n-p c cu trc v k hiu nh hnh 3.8a gi l tranzisto thun,
UM U Hnh3.7 Xc inh tham s ca diot trn c tuyn Von-Ampe
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loi tranzisto n-p-n hnh 3.8b gi l tranzisto ngc. Hai loi tranzisto ny c cu to khc nhau nhng nguyn l lm vic tng t nhau . S khc nhau y l ngun phn cc cho hai loi tranzisto ny ngc tnh nhau. V vy ch cn xt nguyn l lm vic ca mt loi l c th suy ra loi kia. V d ta xt cu to v nguyn l lm vic cu tranzisto thun p-n-p. Cu to ca mt tranzisto trnh by trn hnh 3.9a.Min bn dn th nht gi l cc pht - cc Emit hay cc E, l min c nng tp cht ln, tc l nng l trng ln. Min th hai l min n gi l min cc gc hay cc baz hay B. Min ny va mng (c vi m) li va ngho in t (nng tp cht nh). Min th ba l min cc gp hay cc colect hay cc C c DE r DC E p C E nng tp cht trung bnh. C p n ba min cc u c chn ni C B ra ngoi hn vo mch. Mt b) a) B ghp n-p gia E v B gi l mt Hnh 3.9 a)Cu to b) v cc mt ghp a tranzisto ghp Emit, mt ghp n-p gia C v B - mt ghp colect . Nh vy v mt cu trc c th coi tranzisto lng cc nh hai it mc ni tip nhau qua in tr khi rB ca mincc B. Tuy nhin khng th dng 2 it mc ni tip nhau c 1 tranzisto v trong tranzisto do cu to nh trn nn hai it (hai mt ghp ) c tc dng tng h vi nhau qua C min baz . Hiu ng tranzit ch IC xy ra khi khong cch gia hai IC C mt ghp nh hn nhiu so vi _ B _ EC B di khuch tn ca ht dn. IB + EC + cho tranzisto thun lm vic _ IB E _ ta phn cc n nh hnh 3.10. + E IE B + E Vi cch u ngun nh trn mt IE B E ghp Emit c phn cc thun, Hnh 3.10 Cp ngun(phn cc) cho tranzisto mt ghp colect phn cc ngc. thun V mt ghp Emit phn cc thun nn l trng t min E phun vo min Baz. Cc l trng ny to nn dng cc pht IE. Cc ht ny vo min baz tr thnh ht thiu s ( ht dn ph ca baz) v i su vo min baz hng ti mt ghp colect. Trn ng i mt s ti hp vi in t (ht a s) to nn dng baz IB cn li a s t ti mt ghp colect v min baz rt mng(tc l xy ra hiu ng "tranzit"). Ti y n b trng gia tc ca cc colect (do mt ghp colect phn cc ngc ) cun sang min cc gp to thnh dng cc gp IC (*). Nh vy (3.12) IE = IB +IC
(*) Thc ra cc qu trnh vt l din ra trong tranzisto kh phc tp . Trn y ch trnh by cc nt chnh ca qu trnh vt l ..
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Tuy nhin trong thnh phn dng colect cn c dng ngc ca mt ghp colect. V vy : IC = IE + IC 0 (3.13) IE l phn dng do l trng tranzit sang cc C IC 0 - dng ngc ca mt ghp colect (xem hnh 3.6b)thng th IC 0 rt nh nn c th coi IC IE . =
IC I
(3.14)
gi l h s truyn dng in (cc pht ) ,n nh gi hao ht dng in khuch tn trong vng baz .( = 0,9 0,999) nh gi tc dng iu khin ca dng baz i vi dng colect ngi ta thng dng h s truyn (khuch i) dng baz : = Vy IE = IC + IB = (1+)IB I I = C = = I (1 + )I 1 + = (3.16)
IC I
(3.15)
1 v = 1 1+ Tt c cc kt lun trn u ng cho tranzisto ngc. Phn cc cho tranzisto ngc n-p-n c chiu ngc vi hnh 3.10 3.4.2.H c tuyn tnh ca tranzisto. Cc h c tnh I I I I tnh ca tranzisto I a) c xc nh tu I U U U U U theo cch mc U tranzisto. M c EC M c BC M c CC Tranzisto c ba I I cch mc gi theo U U Tranzistor cc chung gia b) Hnh 3.11.a)cc cch m c tranzisto.b)Tranzistor nh m t m ng u vo v u ra bn cc gi l mc emit chung EC, baz chung BC v colect chung nh trn hnh3.11a. tin cho vic xc nh cc tham s ca tranzisto ngi ta coi tranzisto l mt mng 4 cc tuyn tnh nh hnh 3.11b. Lc ta c cc h phng trnh c trng:
2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
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H phng trnh tr khng: U1 = f1 (I1,I2) = r11I1 + r12I2 U2 = f2 (I1,I2) = r21I1 + r22I2 (3.17) H phng trnh in dn : I1 = g1 (U1, U2) = g11U1 + g12 U2 (3.18) I2 = g2 (U1, U2) = g21U1 + g22 U2 H phng trnh hn hp : U1 = h1 (I1, U2) = h11I1 + h12U2 (3.19). I2 = h2 (I1, V2) = h21I1 + h22U2 Trong rij, gij, hij, tng ng l in tr in dn v tham s hn hp ca tranzisto: u = h11 - in tr vi phn u vo ca tranzisto r11 = 1 I1 I = const
2
r22 =
u 2 I 2 I 2 I1
=1/h22 - in tr vi phn u ra ca tranzisto.

I 1 = const
h 21 =
-H s khuch i dng in vi phn

U 2 = const
g 21 =
I2 U 1
U2=const = 1/r12 = S - h dn thun (truyn t ca tranzisto )

U
2
= const
H c tuyn tnh ca tranzisto thit lp cc quan h gia cc dng in v in p ca tranzisto trong ch khng c tn hiu (ch tnh ). H ny xc nh theo h (3.19) l tin hn c: mA H c tuyn vo U1 = f(I1) khi U2= const;H c tuyn hi tip U1 = f(U2) khi I1 = const;H c R 2 EC tuyn truyn t I2 = f(I1) khi U2 = EB R 1 A const;H c tuyn ra I2 = V2 V1 f(U2) khi I1 = const. + Nh vy vi cch mc + khc nhau th h c tuyn ca Hnh 3.12 S ly c tuyn ca tranzisto thun tranzisto s khc nhau. Tuy nhin cch thng dng nht l mc Emit chung, nn ta xt h c tuyn ca cch mc ny. i vi cch mc Emit chung c th ly h c tuyn theo s
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hnh 3.12 (tranzisto cng sut nh ). Trong s ny A-microampe k dng o dng baz IB, mA- miliampe k dng o dng clect IC , V1 - von k th nht o dng in p UBE, V2 - von k th hai dng o in p UCE ; R1, R2 - hai trit p chnhUBE v UCE. a)H c tuyn vo: IB = f(UBE) = f(UB) khi UCE = UC = const ly h c tuyn vo ta gi cho in p UCE ( n gin gi l UC ) khng thay i, ghi cc gi tr IB v UB tng ng vo bng. Thay i gi tr UC ri lp li php o ta c ng cong th hai (hnh 3.13a). c tuyn ny ging nh c tuyn ca it khi phn cc thun. Tht vy IB l mt phn ca dng IE chy qua mt ghp Emit phn cc thun. ng vi mt UB nht nh dng IB cng nh khi UC cng ln v in p UC cng ln th s ht b cun sang min cc C cng ln, s ht dn b ti hp trong min baz v n c cc B cng t nn dng IB nh i. V vy khi tng UC (tr tuyt i) h c tuyn dch sang phi. b. c tuyn ra : L c tuyn IC = f(UC ) khi IB =const. ly c tuyn ny gi cho IB gi tr c nh no , thay i UC v lp bng IB 150 a) 100 50 UB 0,5 1,0 1,5 IC mA IB=100A c) 5 4 c tuyn truyn t UC=6v UC=2v 3 IB=40A 2 1 IB=20A IC V IB=80A IB=60A b) v A UC=2v UC=6v
I A 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hnh3.13 a) c tuyn vo b)c tuyn truyn t v c tuyn ra .
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ghi li dng IC tng ng. Php o c lp li vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca IB. Kt qu s c h c tnh nh hnh 3.13b. Khi UCE = UC = 0 th dng IC=0 v l trng t min E qua mt ghp Emit c mt phn nh to thnh dng IB cn phn ln ng li min baz v cha c trng gia tc cho l trng sang min Colect . Khi UC tng ban u d nh nhng tc ng trc tip ln l trng ng min baz nn dng IC tng rt nhanh. y UCE= UEB+UBC . im un ca ngc tuyn ng vi UBC = 0 .Lc ny d trng UC nh vn mau chng lm dng thun ( UCE < UEB) gi l ch bo ho. Khi UCE > UEB tranzisto chuyn sang ch khuch i. ch ny cc ng c tuyn ra gn nh song song nhau. Nu tip tc tng UCE th dng IC cng ln ,tranzisto s b nh thng. c. c tuyn truyn t : IC = f(IB) khi UC = const c ly bng cch gi cho gi tr ca UC khng i, thay i IB v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca IC . c tuyn truyn t cng c th dng t c tuyn ra, ta lm nh sau: Ti mt v tr UC cho trc trn c tuyn ra ta k ng song song vi trc tung , ng ny ct h c tuyn cc im khc nhau ta tm c IB v IC tng ng. Trn trc IB , IC ta tm cc im tho mn IB , IC va tm c . Ni cc im ny ta c c tnh truyn t(xem hnh 3.13c). 3.4.3.S tng ng ca tranzisto. Khi tranzisto lm vic ch tn hiu nh, c th coi tranzisto l mt phn t tuyn tnh . tin phn tch mch cha tranzisto ngi ta thng dng hai dng s tng ng ca tranzisto sau y: S tng ng th nht da vo h phng trnh tham s H . ch hnh sin ta c h (3.19) U1 = h11eI1 + h12eU2 (3.19). I2 = h21eI1 + h22eU2 Cc tham s c thm k hiu e ch s emit chung. Cc tham s hije c th xc nh trc tip trn cc h c tuyn ca tranzisto nh hnh 3.14a U1 U B U B 2 U B1 h11e = U = const = U = const = U = const = rbe - in tr I1 I B I B 2 I B1 u vo ca tranzisto ch khuch i tn hiu nh. rbe = rB + .rd rd- in tr khuch tn emit, c vi trm n vi trm k. rB - in tr khi vng baz , c vi chc . U U B2 U B U 2 = B3 - H s hi tip in h12e = = U 2 I1 = const U C I B = const U C 2 U C1
2 C C
p, thng rt nh (10 - 4 10 - 6 ) nn c th b qua.
57
h21e = h22e = rCE = IB
I I I 2 = C 3 C1 - H s khuch i dng in. I1 U 2 = const I B 2 I B1

I 2 U 2
= I C 2 I C1 = 1
U C 2 U C1
r CE
- in dn ra ca tranzisto
1 c chc k n M h22 e
UC1 UC2 IB2
IC IC3 IC2 IC1
IB2
IB1
IB1 UB UB1 UB2 UB3 b) 0 UC1 UC2 UC Hnh 3.14. a)c tuyn vo b)c tuyn ra. T h 3.19 ta c s tng ng hnh 3.15a. H phng trnh 3.18 vi s mc Emit chung: I1 = g11eu1 +g12eu2 (3.18) I2 = g21eu1 + g22eu2 T h ta c s tng ng hnh 3.15b Cc tham s giJ e s ny cng IB IB IC IC xc nh tng t nh cc tham s -h21e IB -g21e IB h11e g11e hiJ trn UB UC UC UB g22e g22e h12eUC cc h c tnh. s 3.15b ta b g12eUC qua g12e 0, a) g22e=
b) 1 Hnh 3.15 S tng ng ca tranzisto h22e a)Theo tham s H b) theo tham s Y rCe I2 IC IC I B = = = h21e / h11e= S - h dn ca tranzisto g21= U 1 U B I B U B a)
T hnh 3.15a th: - h21eIB = - g21eh11eIB = - g21UB (3.20) Nn s 3.15b ch l bin tng ca s hnh 3.15a Dng s th hai da theo cc tham s vt l ca tranzisto.Hnh 3.16 trnh by s tng ng ca mch mc baz chung theo cc tham s vt l ca tranzisto:
58
re- in tr mt ghp Emit;rb- in tr khi vng baz ; rC- in tr mt ghp colect;-IE ngun dng tng ng ca cc Emit a ti cc colect. S tng ng ny gi l s tng ng hnh ch T . y: h11 = re + (1- )rb ; h21 = (3.21) 1 ; =h22 rb/re = h12
rc
Cc s tng ng va xt trn l nhng s tng ng khi tn hiu nh, c tn s khng cao. Do thi gian C rC bay ca cc ht dn (ph) vng baz l hu hn, do s tn IE re ti in dung khuch tn nn gia dng in v in p c CC rb s lch pha. V vy m t cc c tnh ca tranzisto tn B s cao ngi ta s dng s tng ng hnh ch (hnh Hnh 3.16 3.17) Trong in dung vo Cbe ph thuc vo in dung lp chn emit CSe v in dung khuch tn ca mt ghp emit Cde. (3.22) CbE = Cde + CSe Cde quan h vi in tr khuch tn rd v thi gian bay ca ht dn ttrong vng baz theo biu thc: b = Cde rd. S0 - h dn trong ca tranzisto: Ic S0 = = (3.23)
E B'
rd
Ut
gC v Cbe - in dn v in dung hi tip gC =
e 0 .r d
(3.24)
e = 10-3 10-4 gi l h s Early CbC = CSC + CdC CS C - in dung lp chn colect

Ccb IB UBE
(3.25) CdC - in dung khuch tn colect CdC = e Cde 0 rce - in tr ra , rce =
C gc Cce Ic UCE
rbb'
Cb'e
Ccb v Cce l in dung phn b gia cc E u ni bn ngoi. Hnh 3.17.S tng ng hnh ca tranzisro tn s > (100 1000)Mhz th cbe >> gc nn c th b qua gc v Ccb kh nh nn thng b qua.
rce
SoUBE
rd e
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3.4.4. S nh hng ca nhit n cc tham s ca tranzisto. Ni chung cc tham s ca tranzisto u ph thuc vo nhit . Tuy nhin ch khuch i cn ch n hn c l s ph thuc ca cc dng d (dng ngc) vo nhit . ch khuch i dng colect theo (3.13) c thnh phn dng d Ico l dng ngc ca mt ghp colect . nhit bnh thng i vi tranzisto Silic dng ny c vi nanoampe, i vi tranzisto Gecmani dng ny vi microampe. Khi nhit tng khong (8 10)0c dng ny tng gp i. Thc t nu dng tnh Ic ca tranzisto chn > 0,1 mA th c th b qua Ico . Trong trng hp ngc li phi tnh n s ph thuc ca dng Ic theo nhit . Do vy trong cc mch cn c bin php n nh nhit cho tranzisto. 3.5 Tranzisto trng (Tranzisto knh). Tranzisto trng FET (Field - effect - tranzisto) hot ng nh s iu khin knh dn bn dn bng mt in trng ngoi. Dng in trong tranzisto trng ch do mt loi bn dn to ra. c im ca tranzisto trng trong cc mch in t l n tiu th rt t nng lng v gia cng x l tn hiu vi tin cy cao. Tranzisto trng c hai loi chnh l: - Loi cc ca l mt ghp n-p (JFET) - Loi cc ca cch ly ( IGFET) 3.5.1Tranzisto trng cc ca mt ghp n-p JFET. Tranzisto trng JFET c th c knh dn ra l bn dn p hoc n. Chng c k hiu tng ng nh hnh 3.18a. Chng hot ng cng tng t nh nhau nn ta ch cn xt nguyn l lm vic a) ca mt trong hai loi. V d ta xt loi knh dn n. Hnh 3.18b trnh by m phng Knh dn loi n Knh dn loi p cu trc ca JFET knh dn n. Trn tinh th bn dn silic loi n ngi ta to bc quanh b) P G n mt lp bn dn loi p c Knh dn n nng tp cht cao hn nhiu P so vi , ri a ra ba cc D ESG in cc l : cc ngun S Mt ghp n-p + (source), cc mng D(Drain) v S cc ca G hay cng(Gate). ESD Knh dn n ni gia cc ngun + S v cc mng D c ngn cch vi cc ca bi lp mt Hnh 3.18 K hiu v cu to ca tranzisto trng ghp n-p bao quanh n(Nu knh dn l p th bao quanh n l lp n.) Nguyn l lm vic ca JFET nh sau : Nu dng ngun phn cc cho tranzisto trng nh hnh
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3.18b th cc D s dng so vi cc S, cn cc G m so vi S (nu coi S u vi mt th UGS < 0 v UDS > 0). Di tc dng ca in trng trong knh dn sut hin dng t D sang S gi l dng mng ID. dng ny ph thuc vo UGS v UDS tc l ID = f(UGS,UDS) Nu gi nguyn tr s mt in p ta c: ID = F1(UDS)/UGSconst ID = F2(UGS)/UDS = const (3.26) Khi ngun UDS = 0 v UGS < 0 th S v D ng th, cc ca G phn cc m, mt ghp n-p phn cc ngc, in trng s phn b u dc theo knh dn. V tp cht knh dn pha t hn nhiu so vi cc ca nn lon >> l op, ngha l b rng vng ngho ng t ca mt ghp n-p n su vo pha knh dn b tht u dc theo phng SD (hnh 3.19a). Khi UDS nhn mt gi tr no m S v G u mt th D dng to nn mt trng tng dn dc theo hng S sang D( Hnh 3.19b). Trng ny cng lm cho mt ghp n-p phn cc ngc nn lon P cng tng dn dc theo knh dn theo chiu t S sang D lm knh c dng hnh P phu (hnh 3.19b) . a)
S G D + P
b)
P S G D
+ P
c)
P S + + G D
Hnh 3.19 Phn cc cho tranzisto trng trong cc ch khc nhau
Khi phn cc m cho G v dng cho D qu trnh trn s sy ra sm hn nn knh dn c dng nh hnh 3.19c. Nh vy nu ta iu khin in p UGS ta c th iu khin c m ca knh dn, tc l iu khin c dng cc mng tng t nh dng in p baz iu khin dng colect nh tranzisto lng cc. H c tuyn ra ID = f(UDS) khi UGS = constca tranzisto trng c dng nh hnh 3.20 .c tuyn c ba min : - Min gn gc to : Khi UDS nh dng ID tng rt nhanh v ph thuc vo UGS cho ti im un A (ng vi UGS = 0 ). y l vng lm vic ca JFET
ging nh mt in tr thun.
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- Ngoi im A gi l min tht (min bo ho) khi UDS ln ID hu nh khng ph thuc vo UDS m ch ph thuc vo UGS. Min ny JFET lm vic nh nh mt phn t khuch i, ID ch ph thuc vo UDS ID(mA) A - T im B tr i, dng ID tng vt mt ghp n-p b nh thng. ng vi mt UGS nht nh ta s c mt gi tr UDSO ng vi im un A gi l in p tht knh hay in p bo ho ca dng cc mng. Tranzisto c cc tham s c trng sau: Cc tham s gii hn : - Dng cc mng cho php IDmax ng vi im B hnh 3.20 (ng vi UGS = 0);gi tr IDmax
UGS=0 -0,5v -1v -1,5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UDS (v) Hnh 3.20 .H c tuyn ra ca tranzisto trng knh dn n
khong 50 mA. - in p ngun-mng cc i cho php : UDmax = UB / (1,2 1,5) - c vi chc von, y UB l UDS ng vi im B. - in p kho UGS 0 (bng gi tr ca UDSo ng vi ng UGS = 0) Cc tham s lm vic : - Ni tr hay in tr vi phn Ri = - H dn ca JFET :S =
dU dI
DS
khi UGS = const. Ri c 0,5M.
dID khi UDS = const - cho bit tc dng iu khin ca dU GS
in p cc ca ti dng cc mng. Vi JFET S thng t (710) mA/V. - in tr vi phn u vo RV: RV =

dU dI
GS G
c 109.
tn s cao cn cn quan tm n cc in dung k sinh CDS v CGD c vi pF 3.5.2. Tranzisto trng c cc ca cch ly IGFET FET c cc ca cch ly c cu trc kim loi - in mi - bn dn (metal isolator - semicondactor) nn gi l MISFET. in mi isolator thng dng oxyt Silic SiQ2 nn gi l MOSFET ( Metal -oxyt - semicondactor). MOSFET l loi thng dng nht v d ch to, gi thnh r nn ta xt loi cu to MOSFET. Hnh
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3.21 trnh cu to ca MOSFET loi knh t sn v loi knh cm ng (khng t sn). Trn bn dn Silic tp loi p (Si-p) ngi ta pha tp cht bng cng ngh c bit to nn hai min bn dn n+ (nng tp cht cao hn so vi ) v ly ra cc mng D v cc ngun S. Hai min ny c ni vi nhau bng knh dn t sn nh hnh 3.21a, hoc ch hnh thnh sau khi c in trng ngoi nh hnh 3.21b. (gi l knh cm ng hoc knh khng t sn). i din vi knh dn l cc ca G c cch ly vi knh dn bng lp in mi SiQ2 mng . Do vy m FET c gi l c cc ca cch ly (IGFET) . Knh dn c cch ly vi nh mt ghp n-p, thng c phn cc ngc nh mt ngun in p ph a ti cc th t l cc (P _ , n+). IGFET c k hiu nh trn hnh 3.22. Nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET nh sau : Vi loi knh dn t sn, s xut hin dng in t trn knh p t knh p cm sn ng knh dn gia cc S v D to thnh dng cc mng ID ngay c khi cha c in p t vo cc ca G (UGS = 0 ) phn cc MOSFET ta a) b) c) t in p mt chiu UDS > 0 Hnh 3.22.K hiu MOSFET cc ca cch ly d) . y c hai trng hp : a,b) knh t sn c,d) knh cm ng. Nu t vo cc ca UGS > 0, in t t do trong vng (l ht dn ph) c ht vo vng knh dn lm giu ht dn ca knh dn, lm tng dng ID. Ch lm vic ny gi l ch giu ca MOSFET. Nu t vo cc ca UGS > 0, in t t do trong vng (l ht dn ph) c ht vo vng knh dn lm giu ht dn ca knh dn, lm tng dng ID. Ch lm vic ny gi l ch giu ca MOSFET. Nu t ti cc ca in p UGS < 0 th ngc li, knh dn s b ngho, ht dn chnh lm gim dng ID. Ch ny gi lch ngho ca MOSFET. H c tuyn ca MOSFET knh t sn loi n c dng nh hnh 3.23a Vi loi knh cm ng, khi cc ca t in p m UGS < 0 s khng c dng cc mng (ID = 0 ), do tn ti hai mt ghp n-p ti vng mng - v ngun - do khng tn ti knh dn. KHi UGS > 0 th ti lp i din vi cc ca xut hin nhiu in t t do (do cm ng tnh in) nn hnh thnh mt knh dn ni S v D, v xut hin dng ID tng theo tr s ca UGS .( hnh 3.23b) Nh vy c tuyn ca MOSFET cng c dng ba min nh JFET. Hon ton tng t nh knh dn loi n va xt, trn bn dn loi n ta c th to knh dn loi p loi JFET hoc MOSFET.
knh n t sn knh n cm ng
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Ta cn lu mt s c im ca FET khi s dng chng : - Vic iu khin in tr knh dn bng in p UGS trn thc t gn nh
Ch giu
ID(mA) 4 3 2 1
UGS=+0,5v
Ch ngho
ID(mA) 20 10
+6v +4v +2
UGS=0 v UGS<0
a) 0 b) Hnh 3.23 a) c tuyn ra caMOSFET knh t sn b) c tuyn ra ca knh cm ng. khng lm tiu hao nng lng tn hiu, iu ny t c do cc iu khin gn nh cch ly v in vi knh dn. Nh vy FET c tr khng vo rt ln :103 1013. So vi tranzisto lng cc th dng vo IG coi nh bng 0. - a s cc FET c cu trc i xng gia hai cc mng D v ngun S, ngha l c th i ch hai cc ny - Vi JFET v MOSFET ch ngho dng mng t cc i ID = IDmax khi in p t vo cc ca bng 0 . Ngc li vi MOSFET ch giu, dng ID = 0 lc UGS = 0 nn n c gi l FET trng kho. Trong vng gn gc khi UDS 1,5 V th ID v UDS t l thun, ngha l FET tng t nh mt in tr thun c tr s ph thuc vo UGS. - Tng t nh tranzisto lng cc FET c 3 cch mc nhng thng khng dng cch mc cc ca chung m ch mc ngun chung SC v mng chung DC. -Khi thay FET knh n bng FET knh p cn thay i cc tnh ngun v cc tnh ca cc it, t ho c lin quan . 3.6 Phn t nhiu mt ghp n-p. 3.6.1 Thizisto. Thizisto ch to t 4 lp bn dn tp to thnh 2 mt ghp n-p lin tip nh hnh 3.24a. Lp p ngoi cng l cc Ant- p1, lp n ngoi cng l katt- n2, lp p2 l cc khng ch (ca iu khin)G . Trong thiristo hnh thnh 3 mt ghp n-p xen k nhau J1, J2,J3. Nh vy thizisto tng ng vi hai tranzisto : 1 thun 1 ngc mc nh hnh 3.24b;cn k hiu ca n c dng nh hnh 3.24c. Nh vy Thizisto l mt it c thm cc ca iu khin.
64
c tuyn Von-Ampe ca thizisto c dng hnh 3.24d.Khi thizisto phn cc ngc th mt ghp J2 phn cc thun (l mt it thng) cn J1 v J3 coi nh hai it mc ni c tip phn cc ngc nn c tuyn ging nh mt it. Khi phn cc thun cho thizisto : A u vi + , Katt u vi - ngun th khi UG = 0 ,
a) A A
p1 n1
A
p1
A IA
Q1
b)
c)
IHC
ID UG=0 UG2 UG1
IB1
IRX
n1 p2
G G K
p2 n2
n1 p2 n2
IC1 IB2 G K
Q2
Ik
Hnh3.24 Thiristo a)K hiub,c) Cu trc d)H c tuyn J1 v J2 phn cc thun, 3 phn cc ngc . Khi UAK cn nh th dng ny l dng ngc ca J2 ( c 100 A) gi l dng d ngc IRX . n mt gi tr no ca UAK th mt ghp J2 b nh thng (gi l in p nh thng thun UBE) dng ln m c hai tranzisto T1 v T2 (hnh 3.24b) v chng nhanh chng t trng thi bo ho, thizisto thng, ni tr ca n gim nn st p trn n gim n gi tr UE gi l in p dn thun. Nh vy bng cch tng in p UAK ta kch m thyzisto, gi l phng php kch m thun. Nu IG 0 (UG 0) th IG cng vi dng ngc ca J2 lm thizisto m sm hn. IG cng ln th thzisto m cng vi gi tr ca UAK cng nh. Phng php kch m bng dng IG gi l kch m bng dng iu khin . Phn c tuyn thizisto khi n cha m gi l min chn thun, min m thizisto m gi l min dn thun. Khi thizisto m, mun duy tr trng thi m ca n phi m bo dng thun lun ln hn gi tr nh mc gi l dng ghim (gi tr cc tiu ca dng thun) . Nu khi thizisto m m dng IG vn duy tr th dng ghim cng nh khi IG tng. Trong cc s tay dng ghim k hiu IHC khi IG = 0 v IHX khi IG 0. Cc tham s quan trng ca thizisto: dng in cc i, in p thun v ngc cc i m thizisto cha b nh thng, cng sut tiu hao cc i cho php, in p cc i khng ch cc G v in p kch m khi UAK = 6V. Nu lm vic tn s cao cn phi quan tm n thi gian ng m : tm thi gian chuyn t trng thi ng sang trng thi m, t - thi gian chuyn t trng thi m sang trng thi ng. 3.6.2.Triac. Triac c cu to tng t nh hai thyzisto u song song ngc nhau (hnh 3.25a,b; chung mt cc iu khin G, c k hiu nh hnh 3.25c.
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Thizisto th nht c A1 l Ant, A2 l katt, thizisto th hai c A2 l Ant, A1 l katt, chng chung nhau cc iu khin G . Hai thizisto ny u song song, ta coi A1 l Ant, A2 l katt. Khi A1 v G phn cc dng so vi A2 th T1 v T2 c kch thng, ng vi c tnh na phi trc to ca hnh 3.25d, trong khi T1 v T2 ngt ng vi na tri ca trc to hnh 3.25d. Nu A2 v G phn cc dng so vi A1 th T1 v T2 c kch thng, T1 v T2 ngt. Nh vy Triac dn in theo c hai chiu v c c tnh nh hnh 3.25d - c tnh ca hai thiristo ghp song song ngc nhau. 3.6.3. Diac: diac hon ton ging Triac nhng khng c cc iu khin G. Diac c kich m bng Hnh 3.26k hiu ca Diac cch nng cao in p thun t vo hai cc. K hiu v c tuyn c dng nh trn hnh 3.26. 3.7 Cc dng c quang in bn dn Trong k thut in t hin i nhiu khi tn hiu in phi bin thnh tn hiu quang v ngc li tin cho cc qu trnh x l. Ta xt s lc cc phn t x l tn hiu quang in. 3.7.1.in tr quang(photoresisto) in tr c tr s bin thin theo cng ca nh sng gi l in tr quang. N cu to v k hiu trnh by nh a) nh sng b) 3 hnh 3.27a,b. Trn 3 cch in ngi I ta ph mt mng hoc mt khi bn dn 2 v c hai cc 2 1 3 a ra hn vo mch. Ton b kt A + E cu trn c bc Hnh 3.27a)Cu to ca in tr quang:1. in mi 2.lp bn dn 3.in cc kim loi trong v cch in b)K hiu in tr quang sao cho nh sng c th chiu xuyn qua v tc ng vo lp bn dn. Khi khng c nh sng chiu vo th khi bn dn c s ht dn nht nh nn in tr ca khi cng c mt tr s nht nh. Khi c nh sng chiu th ht dn tng t l vi cng nh sng, tc l in s t l vi cng ca nh sng. 3.7.2.it quang in - Fotodit it quang l phn t c mt mt ghp n-p, di tc ng ca nh sng n khng ch thay i dn m cn xut hin hiu in th gia cc on khc nhau ca it. Hnh 3.28a trnh by cu trc n gin ca mt it quang. Mt mt ghp
66
n-p c t trn mt cch in. Tt c t trong hp nha trong sut, c in cc a ra ngoi. Di tc ng ca nh sng, mt s in t ca lp ngoi cng chuyn sang vng dn, lm tng ht dn trong c hai loi bn dn. Di tc dng ca hiu in th tip xc cc ht dn ph s chuyn qua mt ghp (l trng t n chuyn sang p, in t t .p chuyn sang n hnh 3.3a). Nh vy trong bn dn n s tha in t v mt l trng, trong bn dn p th tha l trng v mt in t. Kt qu mt ngoi ca hai bn dn
a)
4
b)
c)
Hnh3.28 .a)Cu to ca photodiot1.v bo v(trong

sut)2.lp bn dn p 3.lp bn dn n4.in cc b)k hiu photodiot c)mc diot vo mch ngoi
- E +
to nn mt sut in ng quang EF c 0,1V. it quang c hai ch lm vic : - Ch my pht quang in : Di tc ng ca nh sng it quang to EF. Ngi ta ghp nhiu it quang to pin mt tri. - Ch it: Ta mc it quang phn cc ngc vo mch nh hnh 3.28b. Nu khng c nh sng tc ng ,dng qua it l dng ngc do cc ht dn ph to thnh. Khi c nh sng tc ng, ht dn ph tng nn dng qua it (dng ngc) cng s tng t l vi a) b) B mA cng ca nh sng. Nh vy it bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. n V p p 3.7.3.Tranzisto quang E C R Tranzisto quang lng cc c hai mt ghp n-p . Cu trc + E + ca Tranzisto c thc hin sao cho nh sng tc ng c I 3 c) vo cc gc baz. Kch thc ca lp baz kh ln nh 2 sng tc ng c vo lp 0 < 1 < 2 <3 baz d dng. (hnh 3.29a) 1 Nguyn l hot ng nh 0 sau:khi c nh sng tc ng
U
Hnh 3.29 tranzisto quang ) Cu to b)S ly c tnh c)h dc tnh
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vo min baz th trong min ny xut hin cc cp in tch : in t v l trng. iu tng ng vi xut hin dng IB trong tranzisto lng cc. S xut hin dng cc gc IB lm xut hin dng cc gp IC . Nh vy c th dng nh sng iu khin dng IB .c tuyn ca Tranzisto quang c dng nh hnh 3.29b. l s ph thuc ca dng IC vo in p UC khi ta thay i quang thng ca nh sng tc ng vo cc B . 3.8 Cc dng c hin th 3.8.1.T pht quang . T in pht quang, gi tt l t quang c cu to c m t nh hnh 3.30a. N s dng kh nng pht quang ca bn dn trong trng thi nh thng. mt s bn dn di tc dng ca cng in trng c 105 107 V/cm qu trnh nh thng bt u, kt qu l mt s in t t vng ho tr nhy ln vng dn. Tip theo l s ti hp ca cc ht c) dn km theo nng a) b) lng c gii 4 phng. Nng lng ny l cc bc x nh 5 1 sng c bc sng 2 ph thuc vo bn 3 cht ca bn dn. hnh 3.30a : 1 Hnh 3.30 a) cu to t quang b )LED 7 thanh c)LED ma trn l lp bn dn pht quang, 2 v 5 l hai in cc a vo in p xoay chiu bo m lp 1 lm vic ch nh thng, 3 l bo v, 4 l v trong sut nh sng pht ra t lp 1 xuyn ra c pha ngoi. Nh vy cu trc nh hnh 3.30a thc cht l mt t in lm vic vi ngun in p xoay chiu. 3.8.2.it pht quang(LED-light emitting diot) it pht quang LED c thc hin da trn s ti hp ca cc ht dn c km theo hin tng pht quang khi cc ht dn chuyn ng qua mt ghp n-p phn cc thun. Cc bc x quang to ra c bc sng 0,44 0,85 m . Trn thc t cc it phat quang sn xut pht ra nh sng c bc sng ca cc tia , vng v lc. Cc it ny thng c kt cu theo kiu 7 thanh hoc kiu ma trn nh hnh3.30b,c hoc s dng nh cc LED n chi (ri). Vikt cu nh vy chng c iu khin bng cc IC gii m BCD chuyn dng. 3.8.3Tinh th lng(LCD-liquit crystal display) Tinh th lng l loi cht va l cht lng, va l tinh th. l cht lng ngng t c tnh nh hng,mt trng thi nhit nm gia trng thi rn v trng thi lng ng hng. Tu theo loi tinh th lng di tc dng ca in trng, cht lng c th thay i c tnh khc x hoc h s phn x ca tia sng i vo cht lng. Nh
68
vy di tc ng ca in trng tia sng i vo cht tinh th lng s khc x hoc phn x khc nhau, nh vy ta quan st c on tinh th lng c nh sng (in trng) khc dng bnh thng. Nhiu thanh tinh th lng ghp li dng 7 on hoc dng ma trn s cho ta mt dng c hin th dng s hoc ch.Xt cu trc c th trn hnh 3.31. hnh 3.31.a 1-l ngun sng v v tr quan st ca mt ngi ,2-knh phn cc ng,3-tm LCD tong sut,4-in cc gm 2 bn c dng ch s 7 thanh vn kp tm LCD v gia,5-knh phn cc ngang,6-gng phn x,ng mi tn ch cc tia ti,ng cc mi tn cong ch tng trng cc tia phn x.Phn t tinh th lng y c c tnh lm xoay phn cc nh sng mt gc 900.Mng tinh th lng trong sut c t gia hai tm knh phn cc vung gc vi nhau.Hai in cc trong sut 4 hnh k t 7 thanh vn nng kp mng tinh th lng vo gia chng. Khi khng c in 2 6 trng nh sng i qua 3 5 c ton b h thng 1 a) (hnh 3.31a). Khi c in Hnh trng t vo tinh th 3.31.M t lng(hnh 3.31b) th phn 4 nguyn l t tinh th lng kp gia 2 hot ng hai in cc b sp xp li 6 3 5 tnh phn cc v mt c ca LCD 1 tnh xoay phn cc nh en trng b) sng 900.Do vy nh sng khng i qua c h 4 thng :t v tr quan st thy k t hin th mu +E_ en. 3.9 S lc v mch tch hp IC(vi mch) . 3.9.1. Lch s xut hin v nhng c tnh ca mch tch hp a) S ra i ca vi in t. Mc pht trin ca k thut in t c th nh gi bng s gia tng khng ngng tnh cht phc tp ca cc thit b in t. Vo nm 1920 mt my in bo ch c10 n 20 linh kin, vo nm 30 my thu rai c 100 n 200 linh kin, my dao ng k in t nm 1940 c 1000 n 2000 linh kin th nhng nm sau i chin th gii th II s linh kin trong cc my in t tng ln gp bi. V d nm 1950 my pht truyn hnh(VTTH) c 10000 20000 linh kin, nhng nm 1960 my tnh in t c 100.000 200.000 linh kin. Cho n nay cc my mc trong h thng truyn v x l tin cn phc tp hn nhiu. Do s linh kin trong my tng ln nn tin cy ca my gim, kch thc trng lng ca my tng ln.
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khc phc cc nhc im trn, u tin ngi ta ch to cc mng mch gn nh, c tiu chun ho gi l nhng modul. Nhng modul ny thng c lp i lp li nhiu ln trong s ca my. Tip n ngi ta thu nh cc modul ny thnh cc micromodul, cng l nhng linh kin ri lp rp thnh, nhng cc linh kin ny c ch to bng cng ngh c bit c kch thc nh. Mt hng pht trin mi hnh thnh trong k thut in t l Vi in T. Vi in t c th coi l mt mn khoa hc ng dng, n s dng tt c nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thut mi nht to nn nhng linh kin, nhng khi chc nng v c nhng thit b in t c kch thc rt nh. Thnh tu to ln nht m k thut vi in t t c l ch to ra cc mch tch hp hay cc vi mch (Intergrated Cuircuts) IC. b) Vi mch IC Vi mch hay gi tt l IC l mt mch in t t trong mt v kn. Trong mch ny mt min dn ca vt liu bn dn v in mi s thc hin chc nng ca mt linh kin ring r no hoc thc hin chc nng ca mt tp hp linh kin. Nh vy l chc nng ca mt tp hp linh kin c hp nht trong mt th nguyn vn (Intergration), khng th phn chia, trong khi modul hoc micromodul cu thnh t nhng linh kin ri rc. IC c to ra sau mt chui cng on gia cng ca cng ngh bn dn, do vy khng th tch ri mt linh kin bt k trong IC. i u trong lnh vc ch to IC l hng Texas instruments ca m .Nm 1958 h to t mt n tinh th Silic nhng vng c tnh dn in khc nhau v nhng vng chnh l nhng linh kin trong mt IC. Mch IC thng phm u tin c mt trn th trng M vo nm 1960 ; chnh l bc m u cho mt cuc cch mng k thut trong cng nghip in t a n vic loi b dn cc linh kin ri nh n in t, Trazisto, t in, in tr...ra khi cc thit b in. c) Phn loi IC + Phn loi theo chc nng : Theo cch phn loi ny c IC tuyn tnh (analog) v IC logic (digital). IC logic dng thc hin cc hm logic v c c trng bng mt s hu hn cc gi tr khc nhau ca in p ra vi mt trong hai mc : Mc cao l mc 1 v mcthp l mc 0 . IC tuyn tnh dng Vi mch IC khuch i, to cc dao ng, to dng cc tn hiu khc nhau... IC ny dng IC c cch in IC c in v in p u vo bn v u ra l nhng i lng lin tc theo thi IC IC IC IC IC gian. i lc chng cng nguyn xp Phc mng mng c s dng trong cc khi chng hp lai mch xung. Hnh 3.32. S phn loi IC
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+ Phn loi theo cng ngh : theo cng ngh c th phn chia theo s khi hnh 3.32 C hai phng thc phn chia l IC c bn dn v IC c cch in. y ta hiu l b mt phng, trn bng cng ngh in t to ra cc linh kin ca IC. IC bn dn c loi nguyn khi v loi xp chng; IC c cch in c loi mng v c loi mng lai. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng tt c cc cng ngh trn to ra loi phc hp. 3.9.2. Cng ngh bn dn a. IC nguyn khi Loi ny thng dng Silic v gia cng bng cng ngh Planar - epitaxi (Planar c ngha l b mt). c dng bn mng hnh trn dy 0,1 - 0,2mm ct lt t mt thi tinh th Silic ra. Bn dn Silic n tinh th c to ra t silic a tinh th c tinh khit cao. Ngi ta nung chy bn dn a tinh th, sau ko mm n tinh th t thi a tinh th nng chy vi mt tc ko rt chm, qu trnh nh vy ngi ta gi l qu trnh nui n tinh th. c tnh dn in cn thit cho bn dn trong qu trnh nui n tinh th ngi ta a thm vo thnh phn cht bn dn nhng tp cht ph to ra tnh dn in loi n hoc p tu . 1Bn tinh th sau khi ct t thi ln s c mi nh bng n khi c b mt sch s quang hc. Ti ra ca bn dn c s mt khc nh lm mc nh v trong qu trnh gia cng tip theo. Ming tinh th chnh l bn dn c to ra. Trn ngi ta ph lp Silic bng cng ngh epitaxi (epitaxi - t gc Hi-lp c ngha l t ln) ; lp ny c b dy vi phn trm milimet do lng ng Silic t dng kh hp cht di nhit cao. Kh dng y l kh SiCl4 v kh H2 c dng lm cht kh Cl kt qu trn b mt cn li Silic lng ng. Mng tinh th ca Si lng ng ny ni tip rt chnh xc vi mng tinh th lp . Nu trong qu trnh epitaxi ngi ta thm vo trong thnh phn kh tp cht to bn dn p hoc n th s c lp bn dn p hoc n. B A SiO2 B E C Hnh 3.33 Cu trc ca in tr khuch tn v tranzisto n p . p n planar trong IC bn dn.Tip n Min n+ p p p p theo ngi ta cho xy ho bn n+ Si tinh th nhit 900 1200 0 Hnh 3.33 M t cu trc ca in tr khuch tn v c trong mi trng O2 hoc hi tranzisto planar trong IC bn dn nc, trn mt lp epitaxi s to c mt lp SiQ2 mng cch in. to c nhng vng c tinh dn khc nhau trn b mt lp Silic ngi ta p dng cng ngh khuch tn ca to ra nhng ca s lp SiQ2 bng phng php in quang hc. u tin ngi ta ph ln b mt ca bn tinh th mt lp mng
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mng polymer. Nh vy ca s c to ra trn lp SiQ2 . Qua cc ca s cho khuch tn vo lp epitaxi tp cht n hoc p tu theo yu cu. Nhng tp cht ny thng l Bo v phspho v chng d khuch tn trong Silic song li kh khuch tn trong SiQ2 .Kt qu sau mt chu trnh xy ho, in quang hc, khuch tn ... trong lp epitaxi hnh thnh cc vng tng ng vi in tr, t in, it, tranzisto tu theo tnh cht ca cc vng . Hnh 3.33 m t mt cu trc gm mt in tr khuch tn v mt tranzisto planar. in tr c to tch bit vi min cc gp bng hai lp bn dn c sp xp cc tnh i nhau (mt mt ghp n-p theo chiu thun cn mt ghp kia theo chiu ngc), do trn thc t mi lin kt c tnh cht gavanic gia chng s khng c. Mi ming tinh th to nn 1 IC c din tch vi mm2 vi mt trng 10 15 linh kin/ mm2 .Nhng ming tinh th ny c ni vi nhau bng dy dn vng Au c ng knh 0,01 0,03 mm v c t trong mt v kn to thnh mt IC Qu trnh cng ngh trn ch l mt trong cc qu trnh c s dng ch khng phi l qu trnh duy nht. Ta c th thy cc IC c cu trc trn lp Xaphia. Sau y ta xt mt s tnh ca cc linh kin in hnh c to ra nh cng ngh bn dn trong cc IC : in tr trong IC bn dn : C th to c in tr tr s 10 50k vi sai s 10% 20%. Nhng in tr cao c hnh thnh trong qu trnh khuch tn nhng vng cc gc, nhng in thp c to ra trong qu trnh khuch tn cc min cc pht vi nng tp cht cao hn. H s nhit in tr ca cc in tr khuch tn cao khong (1 5)10-3
1 grad
cn i vi nhng in tr thp gi tr
nm trong nhng khong thp hn. St p trn cc in tr ny gii hn bi tr s 20V mt ghp n-p khng b nh thng. T in trong IC bn dn: T in thng th khng c. Tuy vy i khi ngi ta cng to ra t t mt ghp n-p phn cc ngc vi tr s vi trm pF sai s 20%. v c tr s ph thuc vo in p t ln n. it trong IC bn dn : it c hnh thnh trn c s cu trc tranzisto. Thng thng nht ngi ta s dng mt ghp gc - pht trong tranzisto lm it , lc ni ngn mch cc gc v cc gp, cch ny cho it tc ng nhanh ti a v c st p thun l ti thiu (khong 0,85V) Tranzisto trong bn dn : tranzisto c th l tranzisto trng hoc tranzisto lng cc. ci thin c trng trong cc tranzisto Planar hai mtghp n-p ngi ta thng mc sun cho tip gip cc gp bng lp n+ ngm di lp n (xem hnh 3.33). Lm nh vy in tr min cc gp s gim t vi trm xung cn vi chc hoc vi .
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Vi tranzisto trng: Trong IC bn dn c hai loi tranzisto trng l loi khuch tn v loi MOS. c hai loi ny tnh dn ca knh u chu s iu khin ca in p cc mng . Trong cng ngh IC th ch to tranzisto trng r hn tranzisto lng cc, ng thi mc tiu th nng lng ca cc IC MOS cng nh hn ng k nn IC MOS c pht trin rt mnh. b. IC mng : C hai cng ngh IC mng l IC mng dy v IC mng mng. Cng ngh IC mng dy to mng c dy 5 10 m. Mch IC mng dy c ch to bng phng php hnh trn bn dn . Mt linh kin c 5 10 phn t trn mt mm2 .u im ca phng php mng dy l vi phng php hnh c th t c cc gi tr in tr rt ln, mt linh kin va phi, gi thnh r. Nhc im ca loi IC mng dy l kh to t c in dung ln (Di 0,02F/cm2). Cng ngh IC mng mng thc hin bng phng php thng hoa trong chn khng , b dy ca mng khng qu 1m . Cng ngh ny ch cho php ch to trn nhng linh kin th ng nh in tr, t in, cun cm v cc dy ni ; do vy to ra cc IC cn cy thm tranzisto , it. IC nh vy gi l mng lai. Nhng linh kin cy thm khng cn v ring v kch thc ca chng cng rt nh, bo v ngi ta ph men cho chng. Mt linh kin loi ny 10 20 phn t trn mm2 .u im ca loi ny l to c cc linh kin th ng c tr s khc nhau vi sai s rt nh. Ngy nay ngi ta kt hp c hai cng ngh ch to cc IC c tham s n nh, tin cy cao v thc hin c nhng mch phc tp. in tr mng mng : in tr mng mng c ch to t hp kim 80% Niken, 20% Crm, tantal hoc hn hp gm SiO v Cr (gi l Ker met). in tr c b rng cng nh, di cng ln th tr s cng ln. B rng ca in tr hn ch 12 26 m. in tr mng Ni - Cr t 40 400/ (c l m trn mt n v din tch); in tr mng tantal t 50 1000/ . Hn hp SiO + Cr (Kermet) t 300 2000/ (k hiu / c c l m trn n v din tch). Vi b dy thch hp ngi ta c th to ra nhng in tr t 10 n hng M sai s 5%. H s nhit ca loi in tr ny khong (13)10-4
1 . grad
a
T in mng: T in mng cu trc rt bnh thng, gm ba lp: kim loi - in mi - kim loi. in mi thng l SiO, SiO2 , oxyt tantal, oxyt nhm. in dung cc i t vi ngn pF. V IC :
b c
Hnh 3..34. Mt s dng v IC tuyn tnh
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IC c t trong v bo v bng nha tng hp hoc bng kim loi. C ba dng v thng gp: a) V hnh m : Thng v hnh m (hnh 3.34a) lm bng kim loi c 8, 10 hoc 12 chn , thng l IC analog. b)V con rt : thng gp nhiu nht l v con rt 8 chn , 12 chn, 16 chn, 40 chn. V con rt thng l nha mu en vi kch thc khc nhau. (hnh 3.34c) c) V chn ngang : Cng ta nh hnh con rt vi v nha tng hp nhng c kch thc nh hn (hnh 3.34b).
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Chng 4
Khuch i in t
Trong qa trnh bin i gia cng tn hiu thng phi x l vi tn hiu bin rt nh, cng sut thp khng kch thch cho tng tip theo lm vic. Nh vy, cn phi gia tng cng sut cho tn hiu. Mch in cho php ta nhn u ra tn hiu c dng nh tn hiu u vo nhng c cng sut ln hn gi l mch khuch i. Qu trnh khuch i l qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng ca ngun mt chiu ( khng cha ng thng tin ) c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu ca tn hiu c mang tin. y l mt qu trnh gia cng tn hiu analog. Mch khuch i c mt hu ht cc thit b in t. Trong mch khuch i c phn t khuch i (tranzisto,IC ), ngun mt chiu v cc phn t th ng RLC. Chng ny nghin cu cc mch khuch i in t thng dng. 4.1.Phn loi khuch i , cc tham s v c tnh ca mch khuch i. 4.1.1. Phn loi khuch i Mch khuch i ( hay b khuch i ) c th phn loi theo cc du hiu sau: 1/ Theo phn t khuch i: c khuch i dng n in t 3,4 hoc 5 cc, khuch i dng tranzisto lng cc , khuch i dng tranzisto trng, khuch i dng diot tunen, khuch i tham s, khuch i IC( vi mch) ... 2/ Theo di tn s lm vic : C khuch i m tn, khuch i cao tn, khuch i siu cao tn... 3/ Theo b rng ca di tn s : khuch i di rng, khuch i di hp. 4/ Theo dng ti : Khuch i cng hng(chn lc ), khuch i in tr. 5/ Theo i lng cn khuch i: khuch i in p, khuch i dng in, khuch i cng sut. 4.1.2. Cc tham s v c tnh ca khuch i. nh gi nh lng cht lng ca mt mch khuch i ngi tra s dng cc tham s v c tnh sau : a)H s khuch i: l t s gia i lng in u ra v u vo ca mch khuch i. Cc i lng l in p, dng in hoc cng sut , tng ng c h s khuch i in p KU hay K,h s khuch i dng in KI v h s khuch i cng sut KP. H s khuch i in p (dng in) l t s gia bin phc ca in p (dng in ) u ra v u vo ca mch khuch i:
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. . . U mR (4.1) KU = K = . U mV . . I mR (4.2) KI = . I mV V trong mch tn ti phn t qun tnh (phn khng ) trn tng qut m ni K v KI l cc hm s phc ca bin tn s ( = 2f ), tc l ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu cn khuch i. H s khuch i cng sut KP cho ta thy cng sut trung bnh ( tc dng) ra ti ca mch khuch i ln hn bao nhiu ln cng sut trung bnh ( tc dng) u vo ca n
PR PV
(4.3)
H s khuch i cng sut cn c biu th bng n v dexiben (db) KPb = 10 lg Kp (4.4) Trong mch khuch i dng tranzistor trng FET vic xt h s khuch i dng in l khng thc t v dng vo cc nh, do vy ngi ta ch xt h s khuch i in p K. khuch i dng tranzistor lng cc c th dng c ba h s K, KI,KP, tuy nhin thng dng h s khuch i in p KU, n gin thng k hiu l K. b)c tnh bin tn s v c tnh pha tn s Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu thng i km vi qu trnh gy mo dng ca tn hiu. Mo tn hiu c hai dng l mo tuyn tnh v mo phi tuyn. Mo tuyn tnh pht sinh do tr khng ca phn t phn khng ph thuc vo tn s (ZC = 1/jc, ZL= 1/jL). Do vy cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau(cc sng hi) s c khuch i khc nhau, ng thi quan h pha gia chng u ra so vi u vo cng thay i. Mo tuyn tnhc nh gi qua c tnh bin tn s (TBT), c tnh pha tn s( TFT) v c tnh qu (TQ). V h s khuch i in p l i lng phc nn ta c . . j ( ) (4.5) K (i) = K (i) e
. & K ( j) - modun ca K (j)
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& () - argument ca K ( j) .
TBT ch s ph thuc ca modun h s khuch i K ( j ) vo tn s ca tn hiu. Dng ca TBT in hnh trnh by trn 4.1a. Tt nhin TBT c th biu din bng th Umra (f) hoc Um ra () khi Uvo =const. Khi phn tch khuch & i ngi ta thng dng TBT quy chun m = K( j) / Ko , trong K0 l gi tr cc i ca h s khuch i. TFT ch s ph thuc ca lng dch pha gia tn hiu u ra v u vo ca mch khuch i vo tn s ca tn hiu. TQ phn nh qu trnh qu trong mch khuch i. TQ k hiu l h(t), l in p u ra ca mch khuch i biu din heo thi gian khi tc ng u vo l tc ng bc thang n v. Tc ng hoc thang n v e(t) l:
0 khi e (t) = 1 khi t 0 t0
(4.6)
c tnh qu cho ta thy s mo dng xung khi khuch i tn hiu xung. ( Hnh 4.1b).
K() h(t) Ko Ko
t
a)
b)
Hnh 4.1 a) Mt dng TBT ca khuch i b) dng TQ ca khuch i
Tng qut m ni th trong mt mch khuch i TB, TFT v TQ lin quan cht ch vi nhau, tc l dng ca c tnh ny s quyt nh hai c tnh cn li, tuy nhin tu theo chc nng ca mch khuch i m ngi ta quan tm n c tnh no hn. Mo phi tuyn l s mo dng tn hiu trong b khuch i o c tuyn VON - AMPE ca phn t khuch i khng phi l tuyn tnh ( m l phi tuyn). Do c tuyn ca phn t khuch i khng tuyn tnh nn mt tn s a ti u vo ca b khuch i s lm xut hin u ra nhng sng hi bc cao. Mo phi tuyn c nh gi bng h s hi :
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U 2 m 2 + U 2 m 3 + ....U 2 mn K h% = 100% (4.7) U m1 Trong Um1, Um2, Um3, ......Umn l bin ca in p tn s c bn v bin cc hi bc 2, 3, ...n u ra ca mch khuch i. Tu theo chc nng ca mch khuch i m Kh% c nh mc khc nhau trong cc mch k thut. c)c tnh bin : l s ph thuc ca bin in p u ra vo bin in p u vo ca b khuch i. Dng ca n c trnh by trn hnh 4.2a. Thc t khi in p vo bng khng ( khng c tn hiu vo) th vn tn ti mt in p ( tuy rt nh ), l tp m ni b ca mch khuch i. Cn khi bin in p vo qu ln th bin in p ra s khng tng v tnh phi tuyn ca phn t khuch i. Khi bin tn hiu vo nm trong khong UVmin UVmax th mch khuch i c th coi l mt mng bn cc tuyn tnh. Lc ni di ng ca mch khuch i l :
U ra a) b) P ra c)
K P dB
U m in
U m ax
U v o
P vo
P v max
P vo
Hnh 4.2 a)c tnh bin ca cc mch khuch i b)c tnh bin ca khuch i cng sut. (4.8) U mV min Vi cc mch khuch i cng sut c tnh ng l quan h Pra = f(PVo) hoc KPdb = f ( Pvo) ( hnh 4.2b,c) lc h s mo phi tuyn s l : P K 0 = Ra 100% (4.9) PVo Cng sut vo cc i Pvomax ng vi mc gim cng sut ra 1 db gi l bin trn ca c tnh bin ( hnh 4.2c). d) Hiu sut ca mch khuch i: c tnh bng t s gia cng sut ra ti ( cng sut hu ch ) v cng sut tiu th ngun:
D= U mV max
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PRa (4.10) P0 PRa - cng sut ra ti P0 - cng sut tiu th ngun. e)Tr khng (tng tr) vo, tr khng ra ca mch khuch i. Tng tr hoc tng dn u vo v u ra cng l mt tham s quan trng ca mch khuch i. Tng tr u vo ( hoc u ra ) l t s gia bin phc ca in p v dng in u vo (hoc u ra )ca b khuch i: . . U mR U mV ; ZR = ZV = . . I mR I mV (4.11) . . 1 1 I mV I mR = ZV = = ZV = YV = ; YR = . . ZV ZR U mV U mR Tt c cc tham s v c tnh va nu trn u quan trng i vi mt mch khuch i, tuy nhin tu theo chc nng ca tng mch c th m cc tham s c th c cc yu cu khc nhau. Ngoi ra cc tham s trn cn cn phi k n n nh ca h s khuch i, h s tp m, tp m nhit, cc tham s khai thc... 4.2 S lc v hi tip trong mch khuch i. Hin tng mt phn nng lng ca tn hiu ra quay tr li u vo ca mch khuch i gi l hin tng hi tip hay phn hi trong mch khch i.. Hnh 4.3 l s khi ca mch khuch i c hi tip.Mch hi tip l mch th ng( R, L, C)n c c trng bi h s truyn . K l mch khuch i n hng. Tn hiu vo Ph ti Khuch i n
=
hng K
Hnh 4.3 S khi ca khuch i C hi tip. u ra mch hi tip
Mch hi tip
u vo mch hi tip
4.2.1.Phn loi hi tip. Ngi ta phn loi hi tip theo cc du hiu sau y: +Theo cch cu thnh mch hi tip c th chia ra thnh hi tip trong v hi tip ngoi.Mch hi tip c th c to nn bi cc tham s k sinh bn
79
trong ca phn t khuch i ,lc ta c hi tip trong.Mch hi tip c th to bi cc k sinh bn ngoi phn t khuch i( v d k sinh do lp rp mch to nn ) lc ta c hi tip ngoi. Hi tip ny cn gi l hi tip k sinh, tn ti ngoi mun ca ngi thit k. Ngoi ra mch hi tip ngoi c th c to nn theo mun ca ngi thit k ci thin cc tham s k thut ca khuch i. + Theo cch mc mch hi tip : T hnh (4.3) ta thy u ra ca mch khuch i c mc vi u vo ca mch hi tip, u ra ca mch hi tip c ni vi u vo ca mch khuch i. Nh vy, u vo v u ra ca mch khuch i c th u song song hoc ni tip vi u ra v u vo ca mch hi tip. C c 4 cch u nh hnh 4.4. Nu u ra ni tip th c hi tip theo dng in, nu u song song th c hi tip theo in p ( phn bit vi u vo ): Hi tip song song theo in p hnh 4.4a Hi tip song song theo dng in hnh 4.4b Hi tip ni tip theo in p hnh 4.4c Hi tip ni tip theo dng in hnh 4.4d.
K Zt c) Zt d) K
Zt
Hnh 4.4 Cc dng hi tip a) a) Hi tip song song theo in b) Hi tip song song theo dng in c)Hi tip ni tip theo in p d) Hi tip ni tip theo dng in b)
Zt
+ Theo pha ca tn hiu hi tip : Nu tn hiu hi tip ng pha vi tn hiu vo th hi tip gi l hi tip dng, cn ngc pha gi l hi tip m. 4.2.2.H s khuch i ca mch khuch i c hi tip. Xt mch khuch i c hi tip in hnh l khuch i hi tip ni tip theo in p hnh 4.5 ( chnh l hnh 4.4b)
. U Ra Ta c: K = - H s khuch i khi khng c hi tip . U V'
80
U V U V' U ht
U ra
Zt
Hnh 4.5K hi tip ni tip theo in p
. . U ht - H s truyn ( hm truyn t = . UR phc) ca mch hi tip. . . U ra - H s khuch i khi c hi tip. K = . Uv
UV'= UV+Uht nn : . . U ra U ra . . . . . . U ra U ra K U V' = = U V' = = K = (4.12) . . . . . . . . U V U V ' U ht U ht U ht U ra 1 K 1 1 . . . U V' U ra U V ' . . . Tng qut th K , K , l cc hm phc (ca bin j); tuy nhin trong mt di tn s nht nh th c th coi chng nhn cc gi tr thc nn (4.12) c dng: K K = . (4.13) 1 K . i lng K. gi l hm truyn vng, cn g = 1 - K gi l su hi tip. Khi 1>K > 0 th h s khuch i khi c hi tip K ln hn khi khng c hi tip K , l hi tip dng . Khi K = 1 mch khuch i b t kch, bin thnh mch to dao ng. Khi K < 0 th: K K = <K (4.14) 1 + K . l trng hp hi tip m. Hi tip m tuy lm gim h s khuch i nhng li lm cho hng lot cc tham s ca mch khuch i tt ln nn ngi ta s dng khuch i hi tip m rt nhiu trong cc mch in t. 4.2.3. nh hng ca hi tip m n cc c tnh ca khuch i. + nh hng n n nh ca h s khuch i: Trong qu trnh lm vic, h s khuch i ca mch khuch i c th bin ng, ngha l b khuch i s lm vic khng n nh. Ngi ta nh gi
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n nh bng sai s tng i ca h s khuch i khi khng c hi tip

K K v c hi tip m .Ly o hm K theo K (4.14) ta c: K K
dK 1 = dK (1 + K
hay
K =
K 1 K 1 K K = . . = K . . K (1 + K . ) (1 + K . ) K 1 + K . (1 + K ) 2
Vy:
K K
K 1 . K 1 + K .
(4.15)
Sai s tng i h s khuch i khi c hi tip m nh hn (1+K.) ln so vi sai s khi khng c hi tip m, ngha l hi tip m lm n nh ca h s khuch i tng ln 1+K. ln.
.
Kh i K 1
.
Kh i K 2
.
Kh i K n
Hi tip 1
Hi tip 2
Hi tip n
. Kh i K 1
. Kh i K 2
Hi tip .
. Kh i K n
Hnh 4.6 a)Hi tip m ring r b)Hi tip m bao nhiu tng
Vi b khuch i gm nhiu tng c th dng hi tip m tng tng ring r hoc dng hi tip m bao tt c cc tng . -Khuch i hi tip m tng tng ring r ( hnh 4.6a ): Vi b khuch i n tng, mi tng c h s khuch i l K th h s khuch i ca ton mch K l:
K n K = ( ) (4.16) 1 + K. -Khuch i hi tip m bao tt c cc tng ( hnh 4.7b) K = Kn 1 + K n
(4.17)
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T (4.16) v (4.17) suy ra sai s tng i h s khuch i c hi tip m tng tng ring r v hi tip m bao tt c cc tng tng ng l:
n = ; n 1 + (. ) Nh vy dng hi tip m bao tt c cc tng s cho n nh ca h s khuch i cao hn. + nh hng n tr khng vo . Hi tip m lm thay i tr khng vo K tu theo cch mc u vo ca mch khuch IV UV ' i. - Trng hp mch hi tip mc ni tip rv UV vi u vo ca mch khuch i, lc ny ta m r rht hnh u vo ca mch khuch i bng tr U' khng vo rv ,u ra ca mch hi tip l rrht ( tr khng ra ca mch hi tip )mc ni tip vi U r ngun in p Ura ( hnh4.7) Hnh 4.7 M hnh ho u Vi khuch i c hi tip theo in p vo ca mch K c hi tip ra l Ura, hi tip theo dng in ra l Ira Lc : Khi khng c hi tip (Ur = 0) U U + U' Zv = v = V ' = rv + rrht . Iv Iv Khi c hi tip: Ur U v ' (1 + . ) + U ' U v U v ' + U'+ .U r U V' (1 + K ) + U ' U v' ZV = = = = = Iv Iv Iv Iv rv (1 + K .) + rr ht (1 + Krv = g.rv
(4.18) Lc ny tr khng vo c hi tip ni tip tng (1+ K) ln. - Trng hp u vo u song song, cng m hnh ho v chng minh tng t: ZV Z V = (4.19) g Ngha l tr khng vo gim g=(1+ K) ln. + nh hng n tr khng ra: Hi tip m theo in p:
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Zr =
Zr g
(4.20)
Hi tip m theo dng in Z r = gZ r (4.21) d phi hp tr khng u vo v u ra ca mch khuch i cn c tr khng vo ln, tr khng ra nh nn ngi ta thng s dng hi tip m ni tip theo in p. C th chng minh rng hi tip m m rng di thng, gim mo phi tuyn, tng di ng, gim tp m trong mch khuch i. Nh vy hi tip m tuy lm cho h s khuch i gim nhng hu ht cc tham s khc ca mch c ci thin nn hi tip m c s dng rt rng ri trong k thut. 4.3 Cc ch lm vic ca mch khuch i. Mt b khuch i c th lm vic trong cc ch sau: A, B, AB, C, D.Ch A l ch dng in u ra ca mch khuch i tn ti trong c chu k ca tn hiu, ngha l phn t khuch i lun m ( thng) - Hnh 4.8a. Cng sut tiu th ngun mt chiu hu nh khng i, khng ph thuc vo mc ca tn hiu u vo, t l vi dng tnh ca tranzistor. Ch A ng vi gc ct din = 1800. Hiu sut lm vic trong ch A nh nn ch A ch dng khuch i tn hiu nh. Ch B, C, D dng tnh ca tranzisto nh, ngha l tranzisto khng thng trong c chu k tn hiu m c mt phn chu k tranzistor s ngt (ng). ch B khi khng c dng tn hiu vo th tranzisto khng tiu th ngun mt chiu. Khi c tn hiu vo tranzistor s thng trong mt na chu k v gc ct = 900 ( hnh 4.8b). Cng sut tiu th ngun mt chiu t l vi tr s trung bnh ca dng ra. Ch B c ic hiu sut ln nn s ic dng vi cc mch khuch i cng sut ln. 2 2 t t Ch AB gc ct 900 < < 1800 ( hnh ic ic 4.8C). Hiu sut lm vic ch AB nh hn ch B v ln 2 2 t hn ch A. Ch t Hnh 4.8 Dng colect ca K trong cc ch A,B,AB,C B v AB tn hiu b mo dng nn ch dng cc b khuch i 2 tranzistor mc y ko. Nu chn ch AB cng
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gn ch B th mo phi tuyn cng gim.V mo phi tuyn ch AB nh nn n c dng nhiu trong cc tng khuch i cng sut ra ngay c khi tn hiu nh. Ch C c gc <900 ,hiu sut cao hn ch B nhng mo phi tuyn ln nn ch dng khi khng cn quan tm n mo phi tuyn. 4.4 Cp ngun v n nh ch lm vic ca tranzisto 4.4.1 Chn im cng tc ca Tranzisto Vic cp ngun hay phn cc cho tranzistor thc hin tu theo cch mc tranzistor v loi tranzistor. Tranzistor c 3 cch mc: Baz chung, Emit chung v Colect chung ( hnh 4.9). D mc theo cch no th mt ghp emit cng phi phn cc thun, mt ghp colect phn cc ngc tranzisto lm vic ch khuch i. Nh vy i vi tranzistor thun p - n - p th cc E phi dng hn cc B, cc B phi ng hn cc C. tranzistor ngc th ngc li.Gi in p cc cc tng ng l UB, UE, UC ( o so vi im chung - im "mt" ca mch), xt cc trng hp mc khc nhau.Mc baz chung ( hnh 4.9a) UEE= UE - UB > 0, IE > 0 (4.22) UCB = UC - UB < 0, IC < 0
UCE = UC UBE = UB UEB=UE UEC = UE
UCB = UC UBE= UB
a) b) a) Hnh4.9.Ba cch mc a)Emit chung b)Baz chung c)Colect chung Dng IC m c ngha l chiu thc ca dng IC ngc vi chiu k hiu trn hnh v. Mc emit chung ( hnh 4.9b) UBE = UB - UE <0 , IB < 0 ( 4.23) UEC = UE - UC <0 , IC < 0 Mc colect chung ( hnh 4.9c) UBC = UB - UC > 0, IB > 0 UEC = UE - UC > 0, IE > 0 (4.24)
Vi tranzistor n - p - n chiu in p v dng in ngc vi trng hp va trnh by cho tranzistor p - n- p.
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Vic cp ngun cho tranzistor nhm xc nh im cng tc tnh trn h c tuen ca n(Xem gio trnh Cu kin in t). im cng tc tnh phi c chn nu khuch i lm vic ch A th min lm vic khng nm trong E U cc min cm. Min I = H n h I c R lm vic gii hn 4 .1 0 bi cc ng phn Chn M i n b o ho i m chia min bo ha c n g t c v min tch cc, 0 ca Ic o ng UCmax, ng IBo tra n z isto cong PCmax, ng tr n h UCmax v ng ca c tn h ra min ct ( IB = 0) U cm a nh hnh 4.10. U co Uc Ecc Trn hnh 4.10 min gch nghing l min khng lm vic hay min cm. im 0 gi l im cng tc tnh hay im lm vic tnh. ng thng i qua im 0 v im ( ECC, 0) l ng ti tnh xc nh bi phng trnh: Ta xt v d c th trn hnh 4.11. im cng tc tnh c xc nh bi in p v dng in tnh ( tc l khi cha c tn hiu vo) cc cc ca tranzistor, l IC0, UC0, IB0 v UB0. Xt tranzistor mc emit chung hnh 4.11a. ng ti tnh xc nh bi
C cc c t
IC (mA) 3,0 B
a)
Rt Rb U Rt
b)
I 2,5 C 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0 3,2 8,8 15,2 E D
=30 A
I IB =20A IB =10 A I B =0 A U CE 21,6 24 V F
Uc Ub
Hnh 4.11 a) mch khuch i EC tnh b) h c tnh ra v ng ti
phng trnh: UC = ECC - IC.Rt ; l ng thng xc nh khi ECC = const v Rt = const, n c dng bng cch ni hai im c to l ( ECC, 0) v ( 0,
E CC ). Rt
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Hnh 4.11b l c tuyn tnh ca tranzisto vi ng ti ng vi ECC = 24v, Rt = 8k. im A ng vi UC = 24v, IC = 0 im B ng vi UC = 0v , IC = 3mA im C ng vi UC = 3,2v, IC = 2,6mA im D ng vi UC = 8,8v , IC = 1,9mA im E ng vi UC = 15,2v, IC = 1,1mA im F ng vi UC = 21,6v , IC = 0,3mA Chn im cng tc l im D ng vi UC = 8,8v , IC = 1,9mA v IBO = 20A. Khi cho dng IB bin thin t 10A n 30A th in p UC s bin thin trong khong 3,2v n 15,2v, dng IC bin thin trong khong 1,1A n 2,6mA. Chn nh trng hp ny th khuch i lm vic ch tuyn tnh, c th b qua mo phi tuyn. 4.4.2. n nh im cng tc ca tranzisto Vic cp ngun cho tranzisto va phi bo m chn c im cng tc tnh, va phi m bo n nh im cng tc . Nguyn nhn lm im cng tc tnh b x dch ch yu l do nhit mi trng thay i. Dng ngc IC 00 ca mt ghp colect ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Khi nhit tng 8 100C th dng ny tng gp i nn im lm vic b x dch. Thng thng ngi ta s dng hi tip m trn cc in tr cp ngun cho tranzisto n nh im cng tc khi nhit thay i, gi tt l n nh nhit.L d nhin khi in p ngun thay i cng s lm thay i im cng tc, tuy nhin s thay i ny t hn nhiu so vi s nh hng ca s thay i nhit . 4.4.3. Cc cch cp ngun cho tranzisto Ngi ta thng dng mt ngun in p mt chiu ECC cp ngun ( phn cc) cho c hai mt ghp emit v colect. Vn t ra l phi chn c dng IBO ( hay in p UBO), v n quyt nh dng ICO v IC0 = .IB0.Nh vy mun c dng tnh IC 0 phi cp cho baz mt in p no , gi l thin p. cp thin p cho baz thng dng s nh dng baz v s nh p baz. a)Cp ngun bng nh dng baz: S hnh 4.12a l mch emit chung dng tranzisto thunin tr Rbc u t cc B n m ngun nn cc B c in th m so vi cc pht E, mt ghp emit phn cc thun to nn dng tnh IBO qua Rb. Ta c: UBE 0 = ECC - IB0Rb V UBE 0 << ECC nn nn
I BO =
E CC U BEO . Rb
I BO
E CC Rb
hayR b
EC I BO
(4.26)
87
Nh vy chn Rb s chn c IBO v tc l chn c IC 0. Mt ghp colect c phn cc ngc vi in p t vi Von n vi chc Von.
_E CC
IE0 RC Rb -Ecc IC0 RC -Ecc
Rb
R2
IE0
R1 Cb
+
RE
a) b) c) Hnh 4.12 Cp ngun bng nh dng baz a) s EC b)s BC c)s CC
s baz chung ( hnh 4.12b) in tr Rb cng c u tng t, cc B c u "mt" qua t Cb, theo xoay chiu im "b" l im "mt". Mch cp ngun bng nh dng baz ( hnh 4.12a) thc t lm vic km n nh v cha c bin php n nh nhit. n nh nhit c th gy hi tip m trn in tr Rb bng cch u Rb vi cc C ca tranzistor ( hnh 4.12a). Khi nhit tng th dng ICO s tng. V UC = ECC - IC.RC nn khi dng IC tng th UC gim, tc l th ca im C s gim nn IB s gim. Dng IB gim s gy gim dng IC, tc l hi tip m kh s tng ca dng IC theo nhit . Nu nhit gim, dng IC gim th qu trnh s ngc li. Nh vy hi tip m trn Rb lm n nh im cng tc tnh ca tranzisto. Hi tip ny li lm gim h s khuch i. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta phn Rb thnh hai in tr R1 v R2 nh
-E
CC
-E CC
RC R1
RC
C
R1 R2
U R2 UBE
R2
Hnh 4.13
+
Hnh 4.14 Cp ngun cho mch emit chung bng nh p baz
88
hnh 4.13. y t Cb ngn mch tn hiu xoay chiu xung "mat" trit b hi tip m theo tn s tn hiu. i vi nhng bin thin chm do nhit gy ln th ti Cb khng ngn mch nn khng nh hng g n Cc mch trn tuy n nh c ch cng tc khi nhit thay i, nhng khng th tng n nh ln cao v im cng tc tnh v n nh nhit ca mch ph thuc ln nhau ( thng qua Rb). chnh l mt nhc im gy kh khn cho vn thit k loi mch ny. b)Cp ngun bng nh p baz S c dng hnh 4.14. Mch ny gm hai phn: -Mch nh p baz ( to in p baz n nh). R1, R2 gi l cp in tr nh thin. -in tr RE lm nhim v n nh nhit. - Ub l st p trn in tr R2, cng chnh l in th ca im B so vi "mat", n l in p xc nh dng IB0. Dng qua R2 l dng
E CC . Qua R1 c R1 + R 2
E CC v dng IB0. R1 + R 2
UB = UR2 = ECC - (IB0 +
ECC )R1. R1 + R2 ECC th UB R1 + R2
Chn R1 v R2 ( hai in tr nh thin) sao cho IB0 <<
E .R CC 2 . Nh vy chn R1 v R2 cng nh th cng tt. Tuy nhin nu chn R1, R1 + R2
R2 nh th cng sut tn hao trn chng li ln, ng thi lm gim tr khng vo ca mch khuch i. dung ha mu thun trn ngi ta chn
Rb = R1.R2 R E . in tr RE lm nhim v n nh nhit. Trn RE tn ti mt R1 + R2
hi tip m dng in nn lm gim h s khuch i. Mun cho hi tip m ch xy ra i vi nhng bin thin chm theo nhit m khng gim h s khuch song song vi in tr RE. i ta mc CE Hi tip m i vi nhng bin thin chm theo nhit trn RE din ra nh sau: Gi s nhit tng lm tng dng IC, dn n tng IE ( v IE = IC + IB), lm tng st p trn RE l URE = RE. IE ; URE tng lm cho UBE = UR2- URE gim nn dng IB gim. IB gim lm IC gim v tr s ban u. Khi dng IC gim th qu trnh xy ra ngc li. S cp ngun hnh 4.14 l s thng dng nht trong k thut in t.
89
c) Cp ngun cho tranzisto trng: Vic cp ngun cho tranzistor trng thng s dng s nh thin t -ECC ng nh trn hnh 4.15. m bo c in p UG0 trn cc ca, trong mch cc ngun ngi ta mc RD in tr RS, cn cc ca G c u "mat" qua in tr RG. Khi c dng mng chy qua RS, trn RS s c in p mt chiu ID0.RS. V dng cc mng ca tranzistor trng chy qua RG rt nh nn st p trn RG . RG l URG c th coi bng 0, nh vy in th cc G RS c th coi l bng in th "mat", ngha l mc IDORS so vi im S ( cc ngun). in p mt chiu + Hnh 4.15 Cp ngun cho t trn R chnh l thin p cc G. D nhin trn R S S tranzisto trng nu khng mc song song CS th s tn ti hi tip m ni tip theo dng in. 4.5 .Khuch i in tr Khuch i in tr l mch khuch i c ti l thun tr (in tr thun Rt). Tuy nhin trong cc mch khuch i ngoi ti l in tr Rt cn c mc thm cc phn t phn khng sa c tnh tn s, cng l cc mch khuch i in tr, mc d lc ti l tr khng phc. Cc mch khuch i thun tr dng khuch i tn hiu yu, mch lm vic ch A. Mch c th mch emit chung, baz chung hoc colet chung. 4.5.1Khuch i in tr Emit chung. Khuch i hnh 4.16 mc emit chung l mch thng dng hn c. Trc ht ta xt tc dng ca linh kin trong mch. in tr R1, R2 v RE c tc dng nh thin v n nh ch cng tc ( n nh nhit) cho tranzistor. T in CE c chn sao cho trong -ECC ton di tn s lm vic ca mch khuch i RC n gn nh ngn mch hon ton cc thnh CL R1 phn tn hiu st trn RE trit b hi tip Cn2 Cn1 m theo tn s tn hiu trn RE. in tr RL v CL to thnh mch lc ngun va ngn cch nh hng ln nhau gia cc tng dng Uv R2 chung ngun ECC, va kh st p xoay chiu RE Rt trn ni tr ngun ECC. Mun vy chn tr s
ca v
CE
ln
1 << RE t CE
CE
1 << RL Trong t = 2ft , ft l tn t CL
s thp nht ca tn hiu cn khuch i.
Hnh4.16 S nguyn l khuch i in tr mc Emit chung
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Ngoi ra mch RE, CE cn dng sa c tnh tn s vng tn s thp. in tr RC xc nh ch mt chiu nh sau: E CC U CE Rc = RE (4.27) IC Phn tch v tnh ton mch khuch i thun tr thng c tin hnh da
O O
trn s tng ng theo tn s tn hiu, tc l coi cc tr khng
1 1 , l C E C e
khng ng k. Lc ny s dng s tng ng ca tranzistor (xem gio trnh Cu kin in t)ta lp c s tng ng ca mch nh hnh 4.17. S tng ng ny ch tnh SU V C n1 C n2 n in cc dung k sinh u ra ca mch khuch i . Rn Cc t Cn1 v Cn2 l cc t ni Rt R b r be Cr C KS tng, thng cc thnh phn tn s tn UV r CE rC U Ra hiu, ngn cch thnh phn mt chiu t tng trc sang tng sau. Ti Hnh 4.17.S tng ng K thun tr l Rt. y Cra - in dung emit chung u ra ca tranzistor ( C ra= CCE),in dung k sinh CKS=CV+CLr1+CLr2;Clr1 v C lr2 - in dung k sinh do lp rp u ra ca tng ang xt v u vo ca tng tip theo(ti),CV in dung ca u vo ca tng tip theo.Trong mch khuch i Cn ln hn nhiu so vi Clr1, Clr2, Cra, CV v nh hng ca chng cc vng tn s l khc nhau. Ngi ta phn thnh ba vng tn s: Vng tn s thp, trung bnh v vng tn s cao. Xt c tnh tn s ca khuch i trong cc vng . 1 vng tn s trung bnh :tr khng ca Cn2 khng ng k( nh) tb C n nn n c thay th gn ng bng dy dn, lc Ct = Cr + CM1 + CM2 + CV
S.U V S.U v g t U ra gt g21U v=S.U v C t U ra gCE C n2 gC
gt
U ra
a)
b) c) Hnh 4.18.S tng ng ca khuch i in tr emit chung a) vng tn s trung bnh b) vng tn s cao c) vng tn s thp
91
1 v Ctch c vi tb C n chc pF )nn s tng ng mch ra hnh 4.17 c dng nh hnh 4.18a. 1 1 Vi gt = gra + gC + gt ; gra = ; gc = ; gt = 1 rCE RC Rt SU V T ta c U Ra = nn: g td . U S S K = Ra = = = S.R td (4.28) (g 2 + g c + g t ) UV g td Nh vy vng tn s trung bnh h s khuch i l mt hng s, khng ph thuc vo tn s. Du tr trong (4.28) cho ta thy in p u ra ngc pha so vi in p u vo. Ta k hiu K vng tn s trung bnh l (4.28) K0 =S.Rt Trong thc t th Rt << RC v rCE nn Rt Rt: K0 S.Rt vng tn s cao :tr khng ca Cn2 cng nh, nhng tr khng ca Cra ,Clr , Cv cng bc vi Rt, rCE , v RC nn khng th b qua. Lc s tng ng mch ra s c dng nh hnh (4.18b). T s ny ta tm c : R td 1 = ; U Ra = SU V .Z td Z td = g td + jC C td 1 + jC C td R td K0 U S.R td (4.29) = K Cao = KC = Ra = SZ td = 1 + j c R td 1 + j c C UV C= Rtd.Ctd - hng s thi gian ca mch vng tn s cao. Nh vy th : 0 (4.30) c = 2 1 + ( c c ) K 1 mc() = C = (4.31) K0 1 + ( )2
Vi tr khng ca in dung tng ng cc ln (
c c
c tnh bin tn s ny trnh by trn hnh 4.19 Tn s gii hn trn ca di thng C c xc nh theo biu thc (4.31)c 1 tr s bng = 0,707. 2
92
mc 0,7=
1 1 + (c c )
2
1 , tc l cc=1. T ta c : 2
1 1 = (4.32) c R td .C td T (4.32) ta thy khi Ctd cng ln th tn s gii hn trn ca di thng cng gim. Khi tng Rtd th tn s gii hn trn cng gim nhng li tng tr s K0 tc l h s khuch i vng tn s trung bnh. Ngi ta a ra khi nim "din tch khuch i" bng tch ca Kov C: S SK= 0 c = (4.33) C td
c=
vng tn s thp K0
K0 2
vngtn s trung bnh
vng tn s cao
t1 t2 t3 Hnh 4.19. TBT ca khuch i in tr.
C1 C2C3
T (4.33) ta thy din tch khuch i c xc nh ch yu bi cc tham s ca tranzisto (h dn S v cc in dung k sinh). vng tn s thp: tr khng ca Cra, Clr1,Clr2 , C rt ln so vi Rt v RC nn s tng ng mch ra vng tn s thp c dng nh hnh 4.18c. T hnh ny ta tm c : 0 t = (4.34) 1 1+ j t t Trong , t - hng s thi gian vng tn s thp r .R t = C n 2 cE c + R t t (4.34) ta c : r +R CE c 0 (4.35) t () = 1 1+ 2 2 t . t
93
(4.36) 1 1+ 2 2 t . t c tnh tn s vng tn s thp (4.36) c dng nh hnh 4.19b. Tn s gii hn di ca di thng c xc nh theo cng thc 1 1 1 = t t = (4.37) t 1 2 1+ () 2 T 4.29 n 4.37 ta c th rt ra c tnh tn s vng tn s bt k xc nh theo biu thc: 0 () = (4.38) 2 1 1 + c t
1 1 + c t Xt c tnh tn s ca mch khuch i nh trn, ta cha xt n qun tnh ca tranzisto, tc l coi h dn S=const. Thc t h dn ca Tranzisto ph thuc vo tn s: S gim khi tn s tng. S0 , - hng s thi gian ca mch vo S= 1 + j r .r = (Cbe+ Cb'e). b ' b b ' e C be . rb (4.40) rb ' b + rb ' e m() = 1
2
hay m t () =
(4.39)
vng tn s thp v vng tn s trung bnh sai s ny c th b qua. vng tn s cao trong cc b khuch i di rng c khi khng th b qua c. Lc theo (4.29)
( ) =
S0 0 (1 + jt )(1 + jc ) 1 + j 'c
(4.41)
1 + Nh vy vng tn s cao trong mch khuch i in tr Tranzisto lng cc h s khuch i b gim do hai nguyn nhn :
' c
Trong 'C = +c v mc() =
(4.42)
94
1. Tn s cng cao th h dn ca Tranzisto cng gim , 2. Do in dung k sinh lp rp, in dung mch ra, in dung ti u song song vi ti mch ra . Tng tr u vo: ta ch xt vng tn s trung bnh. Theo s tng ng hnh (4.17) th vng tn s trung bnh Zv Rn+(Rb // rbe ) (4.43) Trong Rb=R1.R2/(R1+R2) Tng tr u ra vng tn s trung bnh Zz= rCE// RC RC. (4.44) H s khuych i vng tn s trung bnh c th xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau : I R // R t RC (4.45) KI = t = . C = Iv Rt RC + Rt B khuch i Emit chung cho h s khuch i dng in kh ln. Nu RC >> Rt th Ki . Thc t mch khuch i in tr Emit chung cho h s khuch i in p Ko= 20 100, KI = Nh vy mch khuch i in tr Rc +ECC Emit chung khuch a c in p v Cn1 dng in v cho h s khuch i cng sut kh ln (0,2 5)103, c tr khng vo Cn2 tng i ln , tr khng ra xc nh bi RE . in tr colect RC ,in p u ra ngc R1 R2 pha so vi in p u vo. Do cc c Cb Uv . im trn m khuch i emit chung c s dng kh ph bin trong k thut Hnh 4.20.S nguyn l 4.5.2 Khuch i baz chung khuch i in tr Baz chung Mch khuch i baz chung c s nguyn l trn hnh 4.20. Tn hiu vo t gia cc E v cc B, tn hiu ra ly gia cc C v cc B . Cc in tr R1,R2 v RE xc nh im cng tc tnh ca tng. T Cb ni cc B ca Tranzisto xung "mt" kh hi tip m trn R2. Cch xt cc c tnh ca mch cng tng t nh mch emit chung xt. y ta khng xt t m m ch nhn mnh mt s c im chnh ca mch ny nh sau. Tr khng vo ca s nh ( v dng vo l IE ln) (4.46) Zv RE // rb Tr khng ny c ch s ch vi chc m (20 50) , l nhc im ln ca s ny. H s khuch i dng in:
95
I .
RE Rt Rt
(4.47)
H s khuch i in p: R // R t (4.48) K = . C Rn + Rv Trong Rn - ni tr ca ngun tn hiu . Tr khng ra: (4.49) Zr = Rc // rCE Nh vy mch khuch i baz chung ch khuch i in p m khng khuch i dng in, in p u vo v u ra ca mch khuch i ng pha nhau, tr khng vo nh, tr khng ra cng bc vi s emit chung . Mch khuch i baz chung vn c s dng trong k thut do nhng nguyn nhn sau y: - V h c tuyn tnh ca Tranzisto mc baz chung c tuyn tnh cao nn Tranzisto c th dng vi in p colect ln hn s emit chung . Chnh v vy tng baz chung c dng khi c in p u ra ln. - vng tn s cao in dung vo ca tng emit chung kh ln, n l tng in dung Cbe v in dung ghp gia mch ra v mch vo (CbC )phn nh v mch vo CbC = K.CbC, n c 10pF -100pF. Cn tng baz chung in dung vo ch l in dung baz - emit c vi pF. in dung ny cng vi in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu to thnh mch lc thng thp vi tn s gii hn trn ln hn tn s gii hn trn ca s emit chung kh nhiu. Do vy s baz chung thng c dng lm vic vng tn s cao. 4.5.3. Khuch i colect chung. S nguyn l trnh by trn s +Ecc hnh 4.21 Ta cng xt cc tham s ca mch R1 vng tn s trung bnh. Tn hiu vo a vo gia cc B v cc E, tn hiu ra ly trn RE, tc l gia cc E v cc C. Nu xy dng s tng ng ri tm cc quan h ta c: R2 (4.49) ZV = Rb // rV Rt RE rV = rb+ (1+)(rd + RE // Rt) (4.50) Thng Rd << RE // Rt nn ZV = R1// R2 // (1+)(RE // Rt) (4.51) Nh vy ZV ln hn nhiu so vi s Hnh 4.21 Khuch i emit chung. V d vi tranzisto c colect chung(lp emit)
96
=50, chn RE // Rt = 1k th RV = 51k; lc c th chn R1// R2 = Rb kh ln c RV = 51k. (4.52) Zr = RE // rE V RE nh nn tng tr ra nh Zr = 10 50. Tranzistor lun thng nn UBE nh, v vy UV = UBE + UKE nn URE UV. V vy:
K= U mR

(4.53)
U mV S colect chung khng khuch i in p, c in p ra xp x bng in p vo nn ngi ta gi tng colect chung l tng lp emit hay tng lp li in p. H s khuch i dng in RE (4.54) K I = (1 + ) Rt + RE So snh (4.54) v (4.45) ta thy nu chn RE c RC th h s khuch i dng in trong s emit chung v lp emit l gn nh nhau. H s khuch i cng sut KP = K KI = KI. Tr khng ra: Z r R E // rCE (4.55) Tr khng ra theo (4.55) c (10 50). Nh vy tng lp emit khng khuch i in p m ch khuch i dng in, tc l cng khuch i cng sut, c tr khng ra nh, tr khng vo ln nn c dng phi hp gia ngun tn hiu vi ti c tr khng nh ( gi l tng m) hoc dng lm tng ra lm vic ch A. 4.5.4. Khuch i dng tranzistor trng FET. Cc s khuch i dng FET cng c tnh cht ging nh tranzisto lng cc. Nhng v h dn ca FET nh hn ca tranzisto lng cc nn h s khuch i ca n nh hn khuch i dng tranzistor lng cc. FET knh dn n thng dng trong phm vi tn s rt cao. Cc mch khuch i dng FET ch mc ngun chung hoc mng chung. 4.5.4.1. Khuch i FET mc cc ngun chung. Hnh 4.22a l s nguyn l khuch i dng tranzisto trng MOSFET knh dn n t sn, tng t nh s emit chung hnh 4.16. Hnh 4.22a)khuch i in tr cc ngun cung b) ng ti trn h c tuyn . Tn hiu cn khuch i a vo cc ca G v cc ngun S qua Cn1 , tn hiu ra ly gia cc mng D v cc ngun S qua tCn2 , tc l trn Rt. Ch tnh ca tng c xc nh bi RS v R2 ( c th c R1). Hnh 4.22b l h c tnh ra ca tranzisto trng vi cc ng ti. Nguyn tc chn ch tnh ging nh mch emit chung. Chn c:
97
UDS 0> Ura m+UDS (4.56) ng ti tnh mt chiu ab cng dng tng t nh mch emit chung theo phng trnh ti: (4.57) UDS = UD = ED - ID(RD + RS) ED im a ng vi UDS = ED, ID = 0, im b ng vi UDS = 0, I D = . RS + RD im cng tc tnh 0 chn trn ng ti tnh ab ng vi im UGS0 , UDS0 , ID0. ng ti xoay chiu xc nh theo Rt~ = RD // Rt. Nu ti cng l mt tng
a)
+ED R1 RD Cn2 Cn1 R2 RS Rt
b) ID ID max
a c 0
UGSo
UDo
Hnh 4.22a) Khuch i cc ngun chung b)ng ti trn h c tuyn ra

2UDm
b d UDmax
khuch i nh hnh 4.22a th coi Rt v ng ti xoay chiu trng vi ng ti tnh. Khc vi tranzisto lng cc, FET ch tnh c th c UGS0 l m, dng hoc bng 0. - Trng hp UGSO < 0. in tr R2 v RS xc nh UGSO <0 ( xem tit 4.4,3,c). UGS0 = - IDO.RS. in tr RS c xc nh:
RS = UD S O I DO
(4.58)
in tr R2 chn nh hn tr khng vo ca trazisto vi bc gim nh hng ca nhit v tnh tn mn tham s ca FET n tr khng vo ca tng. Chn R2 = 1 5 M. Mun tng n nh cn tng RS, nhng tng RS lm thay i UGSO v vy cn mc R1 b in p cho cc ca.
98
UGS O= US 0- UG 0 = ID 0 RS R1=
ED.R2 - R2 Us 0 U GS 0
ED.R2 R1 + R2
(4.59) (4.60) (4.61) (4.62)
Nh vy phi chn ngun ED = UDS 0+US0 + ID.RD in tr RD chn: RD = (0,05 0,15) Ri Ri - Ni tr ca FET ( c chn) US O chn khong ( 0,1 0,3) ED ED c chn :
ED = U D 0 + I D 0 RD 0,7 0,9
(4.62)
- Trng hp UGS > 0 . Trng hp ny l trng hp in hnh ca MOSFET knh cm ng n, nn ta dng cc cng thc (4.59) v (4.60) i du trc UGS0. Tng t nh Tranzisto lng cc , tranzisto trng cn quan tm n UDS max , ID max , PD max (xem hnh 4.22b). xc nh cc tham s ca tng khuych i cn dng s tng ng hnh 4.23
1 R2 1 CGS SUV 2 C GD Ri CDS RD Clr1 2 Rt
Hnh 4.23 s tng ng ca mch khuch i in trpr cc ngun chung. y ta ch phn tch vng tn s trung bnh, b qua cc in dung k sinh trong mch, ta c: Ura = - SUv. R0. K = - SR0 ( 4.63) R0 = Ri // Rt ~; Rt ~ = RD // Rt. Thng Rt << Ri; Rt << RD nn K - SRt (4.64) in tr vo : R .R (4.65) Z V R1 / /R 2 = 1 2 R1 + R 2
99
in tr ra:
Z r = RD // Ri RD (2.66)
a)
+E D R1 C n1 RS Rt
4.5.4.2 S cc mng chung hay lp cc ngun. S lp cc ngun ging nh s lp emit nhng tr khng vo ca n rt ln ( 107 1012). S hnh 4.24. Hnh 4.24 tng t nh tng lp emit hnh 4.21 H s khuch i in p
K=
R2
U mra
U mV Tr khng vo
Hnh 4.24 khuch i cc mng chung
ZV = rgS + (1 + )RS = rgS [ 1 - SRS ]

Z ra
(4.67) (4.68)
Tr khng ra:
1 // RS S
5. Tng quan v ba loi s dng tranzistor lng cc v tranzistor trng. L thuyt t m nghin cu 3 loi s dng tranzistor lng cc v tranzistor trng kh phc tp. Tuy nhin c th thy c nhng tham s v c tnh quan trng ca cc s thng qua vic nghin cu trn. nh gi so snh cc s ta c th dng bng 4.1 sau: Bng4.1 S Emit Colect Baz Ngun Mng Ca chung Chung chung chung chung chung ( GC) Tham s (SC) (DC) Ln Nh KU Ln T.bnh T. bnh Nh Ki Ln Ln Nh Nh Rt ln Rt ln ZV Trung bnh Ln Nh Nh Rt ln Rt ln Zr Trung bnh Nh Nh Ln Ln T.bnh 0 0 0 0 T bng trn c th thy: Mch khuch i emit chung c h s khuch i cng sut ln nht ( v Ku v Ki u ln ), tr khng vo v tr khng ra ca n c gi tr trung bnh nn ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti kh tt ; v vy s ny c s dng rng ri hn c. Trong khi tng FET mun c Ku ln cn c Rt ln, lm gim tn s gii hn trn ca mch. - Mch lp Emit chung v lp ngun thng dng phi hp tr khng vi ti nh v ngun tn hiu vo c tr khng ln.
100
- Mch Emit chung c hi tip m trn RE thng c dng lm ngun dng, mch lp emit dng lm ngun p. - Mch dng FET c h s khuch i in p nh v h dn nh, mch lp cc ngun c tr khng ra ln hn mch lp emit. - Cc mch dng FET c u im ln l tr khng vo rt ln. - tn s cao mch baz chung c nhiu u im hn so vi mch emit chung v colect chung. 4.6 V d tnh ton mt mch khuch i in tr emit chung. Xt v d tnh ton mt mach khuch i tn hiu m tn sau y. 1.S liu ban u : tnh ton mt mch khuch i in t ta cn c vo s liu ban u sau. - Bin in p ra Umr ,thng nh hn 1v - Bin in p vo Umv ,thng di 1mv - in tr Rt , vi trm n vi k - Di thng ft fC t vi chc hz n vi chc khz Mt, Mc - h s mo bin tn s thp ft v tn s cao fC. ECC - in p ngun, c th cho trc hoc t chn. Trong v d cho trc : Rt = 280 ; Umra = 220mv; Um v = 18mv
ft = 200 hz ; fC = 9khz ; Mt = MC =
m t ,c
= 1,2
ECC = 15v. 2. Chn Tranzisto y l khuch i tuyn tnh lm vic ch A dng tranzisto cng sut nh tn s thp (m tn) m bo khuch i cn thit .
U 220 = mr = =12 U mv 18
i vi tranzisto cng sut di 1w th h11 = 300 3000 . v d th chn h11 e = 1k ; T (4.69) ta c : KSRt =
h21 .Rt h11
.h11e 12.1000 = 42. = Rt 280 Tra s tay ta thy c nhiu tranzisto m tn cng sut nh c 42 . V d chn M - 37 - bng Nga c P = 150mw, fg = 1Mhz , = 50 .
= h21 e =
101
IB,mA 2 0 Ic mA 40 Uc= 5V 30 20 10 7 O IB=1mA 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
0,3 0,2
0 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 Uc 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 U B V V 0,16 0,18 Hnh 4.25 H c tuyn ca Tranzisto M-37
Khi chn tranzisto nn chn loi r tin, sn c. Nu c tuyn ca tranzisto chn khng cho trong cc s tay ta c th ly c tuyn ca n. Tranzisto M - 37 - c c tuyn ra trn hnh 4.25. Nu nh sau khi tnh m K ln, tc l ln th c th chn 2 hoc 3 tng khuch i tho mn . 3. Chn ch tnh ca tranzisto (hnh 4.25) in tr RC chn bng (23)Rt. Chn Rc bng 1k Ti xoay chiu l : 280.1000 Rt~ = RC // Rt = = 210 280 + 100 Bin in p ra l 220mv nn bin d dng in ra l : 220 Imr= 1mA 210 im cng tc O chn phi tho mn IC 0 Imra + Ic min. Theo c tuyn chn ICmin = 1mA nh vy ICo 2mA . c tuyn tnh tt ta chn ICo= 7mA , ng vi IBo = 0,2 mA (xem hnh 4.25b), UCE0=5v. Cng sut tiu tn (to nhit) trn colect l : Po= UCE0. IC0= 7[mA] . 5 [v]= 35mw nh hn 150mw, cho trong s tay ca M - 37 . Nh vy tranzisto khng b nng. Theo c tuyn hnh 4.25 ta xc nh c UBEO=0,16 v 4. Tnh ton cc in tr trong mch. c tuyn ti tnh l ng dng theo phng trnh
102
UCE = ECC - ICO(RC+RE) nn RC + RE =
E cc U CEo 15 5 = = 1,4k I co 7
RE chn sao cho URE =(0,02 0,1) URc.

+ 15V _ 100 F 6K 15 F Uv 56K 100 F 1K 15F 280 Ur 30
Thng theo kinh nghim chn RE c tr s: 20 < RE < 100 Chn RE = 30 th uRE = 30.7.10-3 = 0,21v Do vy UBO = UBEO+ UREO = 0,16 + 0,21 =0,37v. UBO l st p trn R2. UBO n nh R2 =3 h11e hoc IR2 = (0,33) IBO .Chn IR2 = 0,3 IBO = 0,3. 0,2 = 0,06mA.
R2 = UB 0 0,37 = 6 k IR 2 0,06
Hnh 4.26.Khuch i in tr emit chung M vi cc thng s tnh trn tranzisto 37
R1 =
Ecc UB 0 15 0,37 = = 56k 0,06 + 0,2 IR 2 + IB 0
Nh vy theo cch chn v tnh ton trn ta c: R1 =56K; R2 = 6K; RC = 1K; RE = 30. 5. Tnh cc tham s ca mch khuch i tnh khuch i ca tng cn xc nh h11e, h21e. Chng c th o hoc xc nh trn h c tuyn hnh 4.25.
h11e =
U BE I B
Uc=const
ng vi UCo = 5V, Khi UBEo = 0,16V th IB = 0,2mA Khi UBO = 0,18V th IB = 0,3mA.
h11e = h 21e = (0,18 0,16)(V) 200 (0,3 0,2)(mA )
IC IB
U C = const
Khi IC = 7mA th IB = 0,2mA. Khi IC =14mA th IB = 0,4mA.
h 21 =
14 7 = 35 0,4 0,2
Theo cc tham s trn th:
103
K=
h 21e .R = 35 .210 = 36,75. t ~ 200 h 11e
Nh vy s bo m K ln hn 12 theo yu cu. Ngha l cn d h s khuch i nn cng c th to hi tip m tng n nh ca mch. Tr khng vo

R .R .h 1 2 11e R = = 0,19 K = 190 . V R .R + R .h + R h 1 2 1 11e 2 11e
6.
Tnh ton cc t in : Chn t ni tng Cn1 v Cn2 tho mn : 1 (0,1 0,3)Rv t c n

1 = 12,5F 2.200.190.0,3 Chn Cn1=Cn2=15F - 15v. Cn1 = C n 2
Chn CE tho mn:
1 1 (0,1 0,3)R ; C = 80 F E E 2 .200.30.0,3 C t E
Chn CE = 100F - 16v T lc ngun CL chn ro l ni tr ca ngun. Chn CL = 200F
1 t.CE
(0,1 0,3) r0
4.7.Mt s cch mc tranzisto c bit trong khuch i . 4.7. 1 Mc Darlington
Khi yu cu h s khuch i dng in ln hoc tng tr khng vo cc mch lp emit ngi ta mc t hp 2 tranzisto thnh 1 gi l mc Darlington nh hnh 4.27
Xt cch mc th
I C1
B
C IC
I C2 IE1 =I B2
a) E IE B b) E B c) E
IB
Hnh4.27Cc dng mc Darlington
104
nht hnh 4.27a.Ta c Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 m Ic1 1IB1 + Ic10 ; Ic2 2 IB2 + Ic20 ; IE1 = IB2IC1nn:IC22.1IB1+2IC10+IC20 Ic = 1IB1 + IC10 + 1.2.IB1 + 2Ic10 + Ic20. Vi 12 kh ln th Ic 1.2 IB1 Nh vy hai tranzisto mc Darlington hnh 4.27a tng ng vi mt tranzisto c h s khuch i dng tnh = 12. Hnh 4.27b,c dng hai tranzisto khc tnh b nhit. Cc tranzisto mc Darlington c cc c im sau y : - Dng d ca tranzisto mc Darlington ln (Dng ngc ICE0) v dng d ca T1 c T2 khuch i nn kh ln ,v vy khng mc thm tng th ba. - V mt ghp emit - baz ca hai tranzisto, tc hai it , ghp ni tip nn in p mt chiu cng nh mc tri ca in p ny ln gp i so vi trng hp dng mt tranzisto. 4.7.2.Mch Kackot Mch kackot dng hai tranzisto +Ucc lng cc T1 mc emit chung T2 mc R1 R C2 baz chung nh hnh 4.28 kt hp u im ca c hai cch mc. Tng ra T2 lm T2 nhim v ngn cch nh hng gia mch Ur vo v mch ra. Mch Emit chung c tr C B R2 khng vo ln, ti ca n l tng baz chung c tr khng vo nh nn tn s lm U r' vic tng cao(4.4.1).Mt khc in dung T1 vo ca tng baz chung nh nn tng emit chung lm vic tn s cao nh tng baz chung. Mun vy ngi ta thit Hnh4.28 S k tng T1 c h s khuch i in p K1 = - 1 , Tng T2 c h s khuch i in p K2 = SRC2 . Nh vy K = K1.K2 = - SRC 2. 4.8 Khuch i di rng v khuch i xung. Tn hiu xung c c ph rt rng nn khuch i xung cng l khuch i di rng. khuch i tn hiu xung ngi ta dng khuch i in tr xt vi cch chn cc tham s ca mch thch hp v c th mc thm cc mch sa dng xung. 4.8.1 Phn tch mo dng xung phn tch mo dng xung khi dng khuch i in tr xt ngi ta thng khng dng c tnh tn s K() m dng c tnh qu h(t) .Mun vy tin li hn c l dng h s khuch i ton t K(s), chnh l hm K(j) m thay
105
bin j bng bin s, gi l ton t Laplas xt trong ton cao cp. Lc ny in p vo v ra tc thi uv(t) , ur(t) s c nh l Uv(s) v Ur(s) :Ur(s) = K(s). Uv(s) Nu uv(t) l tc ng bc thang n v th nh ca n l Uv(s) = 1/s nn Ura(s) (s ) = .Nu ta chun ho Ur(s) theo K0 th gi l nh ca c tnh qu s h(s): Ur (s ) (s ) m(s ) (4.69) h(s) = = = 0 0s s Hm h(s) tm c ng vi (4.41) l : 1 h (s) = 1 U s (1 + )( 1 + s c ) U s t U 0,9U0 T ta c c tnh qu ca mch khuch i UK in tr emit chung l
0
Hnh 4.29 .Mo dng xung
h(t) (4.70) Theo c tnh qu h(t) c th nh gi mo dng xung u ra ca mch khuch i. Mt xung vung c rng tX (thi gian tn ti xung) sau khi c khuch i s c dng nh hnh 4.29 .Xung u ra c bin U0 = K0.Uv, Uv - bin xung in p u vo. Mo xung nh gi nh lng bng thi gian sn trc tS, lng vn nh xung U, st nh xung U. Thi gian sn trc ts l khong thi gian xung ra t 0,1 n 0,9 tr s bin : tS = t2 t1. st nh xung U = Uo - UK , UK - Gi tr ca xung khi xung u vo kt thc . Lng vn nh xung U = UM - U0. UM - tr s cc i xung ra t c vo thi im ngay sau lc xung vo xut hin. S dng nh l ton hc c th tm hm gc khi bit hm nh: lim f ( t ) = lim f (p).p tm hm qu h(t): t0 p t p0 lim h ( t ) = lim h (p).p (4.71) t0 p t p0 Hay lim h (p) = lim m(p) t0 p t p0 T (4.71) ta thy dng c tnh bin tn s vng tn s cao s quyt nh dng ca c tnh qu on bin thin nhanh ca xung ( sn xung), dng
t1 t2
t e t c e
106
c tnh tn s min tn s thp s quyt nh dng ca c tnh qu min bin thin chm ca xung ( nh xung). Xt tng min ring bit nh gi mo dng xung. Min bin thin nhanh ( t << t) th (4.70) l: t (4.72) h ( t ) 1 e c Xc nh thi gian thit lp xung hay thi gian sn trc xung: t1 t2 0,1 = 1 e c ;0,9 = 1 e c .T xc nh: (4.73) tX=t2-t1=2,2 C=0,35/fC Nh vy hng s thi gian ca mch vng tn s cao C =Rt Ct (xem 4.30)cng nh th bin trn ca di tn s cng cao,tc l mo sn trc cng nh. Min bin thin chm (t >>C) ng vi thi gian nh xung: t t (4.74) h ( t ) e t 1 t U vo thi im kt thc xung l: Lt st nh = Uo t tx = [1 h ( t X )] = x = (4.75) t C n R td Ta c th xc nh tr s Cn theo lng xt nh cho: t (4.76) Cn = n R td . 4.8.2. Sa mo trong khuch i in tr. Qua phn tch trn ta thy mo dng ca xung gn lin vi c tnh bin tn s ca mch khuch i. Trong cc b khuch i di rng phi khuch i tn hiu c di tn s t vi chc Hz ti hng chc MHz. N khng p dng cc bin php sa c tuyn tn s th khng th m bo c khuch i ng u trong mt di rng nh vy. V vy m rng di thng cn p dng cc bin php sau: 1 .Chn phn t khuch i c din tch khuch i ln (h dn ln v cc in dung k sinh nh) 2. Mc thm cc phn t vo mch ti hoc mch hi tip sa c tuyn tn s. +Sa c tnh tn s vng tn s cao. Mch sa n gin nht l mch c mc thm in cm L ni tip vi ti colect hoc ti cc mng. Hnh 4.30a,b l s nguyn l v s tng ng (mch ra) ca mch khuch i dng tranzisto trng c in cm L mc ni tip
107
vi ti RD sa c tnh tn s vng tn s cao.in cm L lm tng tr khng cc mng vng tn s cao nn tng h s khuch a ca tng tn s cao, kh tc hi ca Ct . in cm L c chn sao cho n cng vi Ct v Rt lp thnh mt khung cng hng song song c h s phm cht Q tho mn : Q2 = Lopt/Ct.Rt = 0,414.th vn nh xung =(U/U).100% t 3%. Khi tng Q2 vn nh xung s tng ln. Hnh 3.31l c tnh tn s ca mch khuch i khi c mc in cm sa v khng c sa. M rng ri thng vng tn s cao bng cch mc mch sa ng thi cnglm gim thi gian thit lp xung . Mc in cm L sa tn s cao c hiu
L RD C n1 C n2 CL SU V g ra R D C td Rt Ur RL
L UV RG RS CS Rt Ct Ur a) b) Hnh4.30 a) Khuch i c sa tn s cao bng in cm b) s tng ng mch ra
qu tt i vi khuch i dng FET ; cn cc khuch i dng tranzisto lng cc hiu qu sa cn ph thuc vo tham s ca tranzisto. Trong cc mch khuch i IC hu nh khng sa bng in cm. Trong cc mch khuch i dng tranzisto lng cc sa c tnh tn s vng tn s cao ngi ta thng s dng mch hi tip m theo tn s. vng tn s thp v tn s trung bnh th hi tip m hot ng, h s khuch i gim . vng tn s cao hi tip m gim nn khuch a tng. K 1 0,7 Hnh 4.31 ctnh tn s Ca khuch i c saTTS L>Lotp L=0 L<Lopt Lotp f
+Sa c tnh tn s vng tn s thp: Sa c tnh tn s vng tn s thp thng c thc hin bng cch chn tr s hng s thi gian ca mch lc RL CL (xem hnh 4.16). Khi phn tch c
108
tnh tn s ta coi
1 0 ngha l CL hay Lc =RL CL = . Nu CL th C L phi tnh n nh hng ca n n mch khuch i ; lc ny s tng ng mch ra ca mch khuch i hnh 4.18c c dng nh hnh 4.32a. n gin ta ch xt mo do mch RLCL gy ra ngay ti colect ca mch, v xt trng hp
thng gp
1 = Rra >> Rt v coi CE = ( t CE ngn mch hon ton in tr RE gr

mt(t) Cn
hnh 4.16). Lc
SUV
gr
RD
Rt Ur
1+b 1
Cl=0 Cl tng dn Cl= f
CL RL a) b) Hnh 4,32 a) S tng ng mch ra xt kh nng sa tn s thp ca mch lc ngun b)c tnh tn s c sa.
b ) 1+ j L
= K 0 (1 +
(4.77) y b =
RL RC
. (1 + b) 2 + ( L ) 2 K t () = K 0 () 1 + ( L ) 2
. K t ()
(4.78)
th hm c tnh bin tn s mt () =
K0
trnh by trn hnh 4.32b.
Nh vy khi tr s ca Cl l hu hn (Cl < ) th h s khuch i tng cao vng tn s thp, c bit r khi Rl RC. c tnh qu ca mch tnh n nh hng ca mch RL ClL c dng:
109
h(t) = 1 + b ( 1- e Lng st nh ca xung L:

L =
(4.79) (4.80)
tX CLRL
Nh vy mch RECE lm tng h s khuch i vng tn s thp, b li lng gim h s khuch i do t ni tng Cn gy nn. Nu tnh n c t ni tng v ch lc RE CE th h s khuch i vng tn s thp l: . j t b K t () = K 0 (1 + ) (4.81) 1 + j L 1 + j t Chn gi tr ti u ca CL = C L opt =
th lng st nh s nh nht.
RE
Nu chn CL > C L opt th lng tng in p do mch RLCL ( do tng tr s ti) khng b lng st nh do t ni tng gy nn; cn nu chn CL < C L opt th li c b qu mc lm tng vn nh xung. 4.9 Khuch i in tr c hi tip m. Hi tip m c s dng rng ri trong cc mch khuch i in tr, c bit l hi tip m ni tip theo dng in. Trong cc mch khuch i emit chung hnh 4.16 hoc cc ngun chung hnh 4.22a. Hi tip m ni tip theo dng in tn ti trn mch nh thin RECE hoc RSCS. Cc mch khuch i K v hi tip nh hnh 4.3 th r rng y l hi ti ni tip theo dng in nh hnh 4.4 d. Tht vy vi mch hnh 4.16 in p trn RECE ( hoc RSCS hnh 4.22a), xut hin bi dng emit ( hoc dng cc ngun- Source), p vo cc cc baz - emit ( hoc Gate - source), ngc pha vi in p tn hiu vo nn l hi tip m lm gim h s khuch i. Hi tip m ph thuc vo tn s: in p trn ZE = ( hoc ZS= RS // CS )v ZE ( hoc ZS) ph thuc vo tn s. Tn s RE // CE cng gim th tr khng ca t CE ( hoc CS) cng tng, tc l tr khng phc ZE ( hoc ZS) ca mch emit (Saurce) cng tng. Nu b qua mo do t ni tng Cn gy nn th h s khuch i ca mch khuch i + E CC _ c hi tip m trn ZE theo (4.14) s l:
CL R1 C n1 Uv R2 CE RE Ur RC C n2 Rr
110
Hnh 4.33.Khuch i in tr emit chung
. K t ( ) =
. K = . . 1+ K
. . I E. Z E SZ C 1+ . . I C. Z C
S.Z C
1 + SE Z E
SZ C
(4.82) y S E =
. . I E S v I C I E , ZC l tng tr phc ti. Ly ZC RC // Rt U BE RE Z E = R E // C E = . 1 + jC E R E

. K t ( ) = K 0 (1 + SR E ) 2 + ( E ) 2
1 + ( E ) 2
Vy: (4.83)
y E = RECE. c tnh (4.83) mt() tng ng vi th bin mt() CE = hnh 4.34. 1 Khi CE = 0 s khng c mo nhng CE gim h s khuch i nh: 1 CE=0 SR t / 1 + SRE . K0 = 1 + SR E Khi CE = cng khng c mo v . h s khuch i l K0 = - SRt > . / K t () K 0 . Vi cc gi tr khc ca CE s c mo vng tn s thp, mo Hnh 4,34 TBT m t () = K0 cng ln khi tr s ca CE cng nh. T CE c chn theo tr s mo bin cho php tn s thp:
1 CE = 2f t R E (1 + S 0 R E ) 2 mtE 1 2 1 mtE
(4.84) y mtE l h s mo bin cho php tn s gii hn di ft ca di thng ch do mch RECE gy nn. Mch RECE vi hng s thi gian E = RECE lm xut
111
hin lng st nh xung CE =
S0 E . Nu tnh n c lng st nh do t ni CE
tng Cn th mo bin vng tn s thp( ng vi khong bin thin chm - nh xung) s c quyt nh bi mch ni tng v mch emit. m t = m t C n . m C , lng st nh tng = C + C . n E t E
4.10 Khuch i in tr nhiu tng. Trong mt mch khuch i nu s dng mt tng khng m bo h s khuch i cn thit th ngi ta ghp nhiu tng lin thng nh hnh 4.35 Hnh 4.35
K1
K2
Kn
Lc ny h s khuch i in p tng s l:
n . . . . K = K 1 . K 2 .... K n = . K i i =1
(4.85)
c tnh bin tn s ca ton mch l : m() = .m i ()

i =1 n
(4.86)
Thng thng cc tng khuch i ( tr tng cui cng l tng cng sut) thng nh nhau, nh vy mo cc tng l nh nhau. Biu thc c tnh bin tn s vng tn s cao s l:
m C ( ) = [ 1 1 + ( C )2 ]n
(4.87)
1 l fC = 2
T ta tm c tn s gii hn trn fC ng vi mc 0,7 =
1 . n 2 1 = fC1 n 2 1 , trong fC1 - tn s gii hn trn di thng 2 c
ca mt tng khuch i. T s
f fC v t vi s tng n ly theo bng 4.2 ft1 fC1
Bng 4.2 4
112
fC/fC1 ft/ft1
1 1
0,64 1,56
0,57 1,75
0,44 2,27
0,39 2,61
c tnh bin tn s ca ton mch khuch i vng tn s cao vi s tng khc nhau trnh by trn hnh 4.36a. Khi s tng cng tng th tn s gii hn trn fC ca mch khuch i cng gim, ngha l di thng cng hp li. c tnh bin tn s ca mch n tng vng tn s thp c dng: 1 (4.88) m t () = [ ]n 1 2 ) 1+ ( t 1 , ngha l s tng tng th mo tn s thp cng tng (hnh T f t = f t . 1 n 2 1 4.36b). Xc nh chnh xc c tnh qu h(t) cng nh mo xung ca ton mch khuch i n tng l mt vn phc tp. i vi mch khuch i vi n tng ging nhau vi n 10 c th coi tS = tS1 n . Trng hp tng qut c th tnh thi gian thit lp cho mch vi cc tng khng hon ton ging nhau theo cng thc:
2 2 2 t S = t S1 + t S2 + ...t Sn st nh xung ra bng tng cc st nh ca tng tng: = 1 + 2 + ..... n
( 4.89) (4.90)
mC(t) 1 n=3 n=2 n=1 Hnh 4.36 a)

4.11 Khuch i chn lc.
mt(t) 1 n=1n=2 n=3
b)
113
Khuch i chn lc c ti l mt h cng hng n gin hoc phc tp ( xem 1.6 chng1 ) . Trng hp n gin nht mch ti l mt khung cng hng n LC nh hnh 4.37. c tnh bin tn s ca RL +Ucc mch khuch i c quyt CL LK Ck nh bi c tnh ca khung cng hng. Thng thng di thng F0,7 ca mch nh hn Cn1 Cn2 nhiu so vi tn s cng hng RG Rt Ur UV f0 ca mch cng hng: F0,7 RS CS Ct << f0 ; tn s bin trn fC v bin di ft ca di thng khng cch nhau l my (fC ft). Do vy Hnh4.37.K chn lc n trn tranzisto trng khuch i cng hng lit vo loi khuch i di thng hp, gi tt l khuch i di hp. Mch khuch i khng ch phi m bo khuch i trong di thng F0,7 m cn phi m bo chn lc nht nh. chn lc ny ph thuc vo dng ca h thng cng hng: khung cng hng n, khung cng hng ghp, khung cng hng thch anh, mch lc tp trung v h s phm cht Q ca chng.Khuch i cng hng thng dng khuch i cc tn hiu di sng v tuyn. Mch hnh 4.37 c ti l khung cng hng n vi tranzistor khuch i FET mc cc ngun S chung. Mch cng hng c hiu chnh cng hng tn s tn hiu vo v c di thng ( tnh n cc phn t k sinh) khng nh hn b rng ph ca tn hiu vo. Cc in tr RG v RS t im cng tc tnh v n nh n trong qu trnh lm vic ca mch. T CS kh hi tip m trn RS trong c di thng F0,7. Mch Rl Cl cng l mch lc ngun ngn cch nh hng ln nhau ca cc tng trong my. Cc t Cn1, Cn2 - ni tng. Cc phn t k trn khng nh hng n tn s ca mch nn ta b qua, lc s tng ng ca mch ra theo tn s c dng nh hnh 4.38a. Trong S - h dn ca tranzistor tn s cng hng f0, gra, Cr - in dn v in dung ra ca FET; g - in dn ca khung cng hng ti tn s cng hng:
g=
1 1 r = = 2 , Rt ti u ra, Ct - in dung ti, CKS - in dung k RCh Q.
sinh do lp rp. Cc phn t tng ng l: gt = g2 + gt Ct = C2 + C KS + C + Ct Nh vy mch rt gn c dng hnh 4.38b.
114
T hnh 4.38b d dng tm c:

a)
SUV
gr
C lr Cr CK g L gt
Ct
Ur
K ( ) =
.
U mr
b) SUV
gtd
Ctd Ur .
S U mV = K ( ) Y .U td mv S / Y = SZ td td
U mV
Hnh 4.38b. S tng ng a)v S tng ng rt gn b) .

1 Y = gtd + j (C ) g (1 + j ) td td L td
(4.91)
Trong :
(4.92)
Rt =
g td
- in tr thun ca khung cng hng tnh n tn hao trong
v ngoi khung cng hng: Rt = Qt. ; Q td =

Q L ;Q = ; = g + gl r C 1+ r gK
r - in tr tn hao ca khung cng hng; - lch cng hng tng qut.

o - lch cng hng tng i; o 0 - tn s cng hng. . S Nh vy: K () = g td (1 + j) = Q td . ; =
(4.93)
115
Ti tn s cng hng = 0, = 0, = 0 nn:

. S = SR td = K o (4.94) K o () = g td Khi lch cng hng: . Ko (4.95) K () = 1 + 2 c tnh bin tn s ( 4.95) chnh l c tnh( 4.30 ) xt. Di thng ca mch khuch i quyt nh bi h s phm cht ca mch
ra Qt:
F0,7 =
f0 = f 0 d td Q td
td
F0,1 10 , ngha l mch c C th tm thy h s ch nht K cn = F0,7 chn lc khng cao. Nu ti Rt ( tr khng ca tng sau) kh ln, tr khng ra ca 1 + FET R r = gr R R'1 a CL R1 L cng ln th h T1 s khuch i T2 C n1 Cn2 b v di thng c Um F0,7 s c U m1 b c xc nh bng R2 R'2 RE U m2 chnh tham s a ca mch cng Hnh 4.39.a)Khuch i chn lc n mc emit chung hng g v Q, lc chn b)Cc in p trn khung cng hng lc s cao hn. Trong cc mch khuch i dng tranzistor lng cc, khung cng hng ca tng trc ghp trc tip tng sau nh hnh 4.39. V tr khng ca tng sau Rt - ca tranzistor lng cc nh nhiu so vi tr khng vo ca FET nn h s phm cht gim ng k. gim nh hng tr khhng vo nh ca tng sau n chn lc ca khung cng hng ngi ta ch mc ti vo mt phn ca khung cng hng (khng mc vo im a trn hnh 4.39 m mc vo im b - Mt phn ca cun L - cch mc bin p t ngu).V tr khng ca tranzisto nh nn tranzisto cng ch mc vo mt phn ca khung cng hng.
1 - Tn hao ca mch ra. Qtd
116
Gi m1, m2 l h s ghp tranzisto v mch ra ta c: m1 = U m1 , m2 = U m 2 Um Um . S tng ng ca mch hnh 4.39 c dng nh hnh 4.40a T s tng ng hnh 4.40 a c th a v s tng ng hnh 4.40b vi gr'=m12gr Cr'= m12(cr+C lr1) g'r =m22(g1'+g2'+gV) Cv'=m22(cv+Clr2) S hnh 4.40b li a v s tng ng gn hn hnh 4.40c vi Gt = g+gr'+gv' ; Ct = C+Cr'+Cv' S ny cng tng t nh hnh 4.38b
U m r m1S.U mv = m2 Ytd
. Sm m Umr S. m .m K= ; K() = = = = 2 U mv Ytd g td (1 + j ) gtd 1 +
1 2 1 2
. S m1m 2
. S m1.m 2.Rtd 1+ 2
(4.96)
Ti tn s cng hng bng =0 nn

S m1.m2
Ko=S.m1.m2.Rtd=
g + m1 2 gr + m2 2 gv
(4.97)
ph ti. Thng tn hao trn khung cng hng nh g 0 , g << m12 g r nn ha

F0,7 cho trc cc h s m1 v m2 nh sau:
Nh vy h s khuch i ti tn s cng hng ph thuc vo tham s ca tranzistor ( h dn S), in dn tng ng ca khung cng hng gt v h s ghp m1, m2. H s ny s t cc i khi m12gr + g = m22gv, tc l ghp ho hp
2 hp khi m12 g r = m 2 g v . nhn c h s khuch i ln nht trong di thng
117
g SUmV gr Cr+CLr1 L
C g1 g2 gV CV+CLr2
b)
m1SUmV
gr
Cr
L g
gV
CV Umr
c) Hnh4.40 S tng ca mch 4.39a
m1SUmV
gt
Ct
Umr/m2
m1 =
.Ctd .F 0,7
gr
m 2 = m1
gv gr
(4.98)
Tuy nhin trong thc t h s khuch i khng c chn ln hn gi tr ti hn n nh K ca n:

Y21 Y12 . S
0,45 o .C12
K = 0,5
(4.99)
oC12 - Dung dn ca thnh phn Y12 tn s cng hng 0; tranzistor lng cc C12 l CbC , FET - C12 l CGD. Khi cho K0 > K th c tnh bin tn s s b mo dng ( di thng co hp li, nh cc i dch v pha tri theo trc tn s); K0 >> K mch khuch i bin thnh mch t dao ng, ta ni rng mch khuch i b t kch. tng tnh chn lc ti ca mch khuch i c cu trc phc tp hn, hoc l khung cng hng ghp, hoc l mch lc tp trung, mch lc thch anh.Hnh 4.41 L mch khuch i FET c ti l hai khung cng hng ghp qua in dung Cgh.S dng khung cng hng ghp ch ghp ti hn (xem 1.6 ) s
118
cho h s ch nht tt hn ca khung cng hng n. Biu thc h s khuch i khi ghp ti hn c dng:
S K () = g td 4 + 4
=
.
K0
4 + 4
(4.100)
Nu so snh h Cghep Cn2 s khuch i ti tn s cng hng ca L C C L mch khuch i CL dng khung T cng hng ghp vi Cn1 R RL + khung cng hng dng khung n th R R UmV Umr tr s khuch i khi C dng khung ghp nh hn hai ln nhng di thng li rng hn Hnh 4.41 K chn lc ghp hai khung cng hng 2 ln. 4.12 Khuch i cng sut Khuch i cng sut l khuch i phi m bo a ra ti cng sut danh nh vi ti thng c tr s nh ( vi chc m n vi m). Thng trong khuch i cng sut bin ca dng v p ra thng xp x vi dng v p cho php ca tranzistor, tc l cng sut ra gn mc cng sut cho php ca tranzistor ( cng sut tiu tn t nng tranzistor) v cng xp x vi cng sut tiu th ngun mt chiu. Cc tham s quan trng c trng cho khuch i cng sut %, cng sut (a ra ti), h s mo phi tuyn ca tn hiu ra, mo tuyn tnh. Cng sut xoay chiu a ra ti colect c th tnh qua bin dng in v in p colect: (4.101) P~ = 0,5.UCm. ICm Cng sut cng c th tnh theo cng thc: (4.102) P~ = 0,5. .ICo. . Eo I Trong - h s s dng dng in, = Cm , ICo - thnh phn mt chiu ca I Co dng colect ( khi phn tch dng colect thnh chui Furie), - h s s dng
E 2 E E
119
in p, = . =
U cm
E0 0,5I c0 .E 0 I c0 E 0
, E0 - in p ngun mt chiu. Lc ny hiu sut l
= 0,5 ; % = 0,5.100
T (4.102)ta thy hiu sut ca tng khuch i ph thuc vo h s s dng dng in v in p. C th chng minh rng tn ti mt gi tr ti u ca in tr ti Rt opt ng vi gi tr cc i ca ca tch . . Trong thc t tr ti Rt thng khc vi ti ti u Rt opt nn cng khng thng mc trc tip ti vo colect ca tranzisto m mc qua bin p. Lc h s bin p n ca bin p ra l R t 0 pt n= Rt Cng sut PC l cng sut t nng colect ca tranzisto, l hiu gia cng sut tiu th ngun P0 v cng sut xoay chiu P~. PC= P0 - P~ , =
P~ P ; PC = P0 - P~ = P0(1 - ~ ) = P0(1 - ) P0 P0
= P~(
P0 P (1 ) 1) = P~ hayP~ = C . P~ 1 Nh vy cng sut lun gn lin vi hiu sut , cng nng cao hiu sut th cng sut xoay chiu ra cng ln. 4.12.1. Tng khuch i cng sut n dng bin p lm vic ch A. S nguyn l trnh by trn hnh 4.41
120
Trong s ny thc t ngun ECC = E0 t ton b ln colect ca tranzisto v in tr thun r i vi dng mt chiu IC 0 l kh nh. in tr ti Rt phn nh W Rt sang cun s cp ca bin p ra thnh R , = 2 , n l h s bin p n = 1 ; t n W2 W1, W2 - s vng ca cun s cp v cun th cp. Khi lm vic ch A bin R1 dng ra ImC nh hn dng mt chiu IC0, bin R Ur Cn in p ra UmC nh hn UC0 nn , nh hn 1, CL tc l hiu sut < 50% ( UV +Ecc theo l thuyt). R2 Thc t hiu sut ch t vi phn trm v nu tng RE CE hiu sut th mo s tng. Hiu sut thp l nhc im c bn ca ch A, Hnh 4.41S nguyn ltng khuch i cng sut v vy cc tng cng sut n dng bin p lm vic ch A. ch ny t c s dng. Mo tn s trong tng ngoi nhng l do xt trong khuch i in tr, cn mt nguyn nhn l bin p. tng tn s gii hn trn cn gim in cm tiu tn ca bin p, cn m rng vng tn s thp cn tng in cm cun s cp ca bin p ra. Mo phi tuyn cng gy nn do li t bin p lm vic min bo ho t. Ta xt cc quan h c th trong tng khuch i cng sut n c bin p hnh 4.41 theo th c tuyn ra tng t nh khuch i in tr v cng lm vic ch A. (Hnh 4.42). T th ta thy ng ti mt chiu qua im 0 v im E0 rt dc, hu nh thng ng v ti mt chiu l in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p kh nh. Ti xoay chiu quay v cun s cp ca bin p l: (4.103) rt~ = r1 + n2( Rt + rr ) n2Rt
t
121
Trong r1, r2 - in tr thun ( dy cun) cun s v cun th ca bin p, n
W1 = , h s bin p, W1, W2
W2 - s vng dy cun s v cun th ca bin p. chn to tnh IC0, UC0 phi xc nh c UCm, ICm. Cc tham s xc nh nh sau: cng sut xoay chiu P~ trn cun s cp ca bin p ( trong mch colect ca tranzistor) l:
Ic
Icm
Q o H
Uc0 Ucmax
Icm
Ucm
Ucm
Hnh 4,42 c tuyn ra ca khuch i n bin p
Pt P~ = ba
Tn hiu ra coi l hnh sin th:
P~ = U cm I cm 2 =
( 4.104)
ba = 0,8 0,95 - hiu sut ca bin p.

U2 c Rt ~ =
2 U2 cm = U cm 2R t ~ 2 n 2 R t
2 U cm = = 2P~ R t 2 U cm . ba 2Pt .R t
(4.105)
T :
(4.106)
Chn UCm theo tr s in p d UCE sao cho UCE0 EC, t xc nh ICm = UCm / ( n2Rt). Sau khi tm c im cng tc tnh UCE0 EC, ICm IC 0 th dng ng tI ng vi gc nghing : Rt ~ =
U CE I C
Chn tranzistor phi ch n cc Iu kin sau: IC cho php > IC 0 + ICm UCE cho php > UCE0 + UCm 2EO PC cho php > PC = UC 0. IC 0
( 4.107) ( 4.108) ( 4.109)
122
Theo hnh (4.42) th : P~ =
U Cm I Cm chnh l din tch tam gic OQH. 2
Theo IC 0 tm IB0 ri tnh R1, R2 nh t 4.5. Hiu sut ca tng khuch i = c.ba ;c - hiu sut ca mch colect. ch A khi khng c tn hiu P~ = 0 th PC = P0 nn cn chn ch nhit ca tranzistor theo P0 bo m tranzistor khng b h. 4.12.2. Khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p tng hiu sut ca tng th khng th tranzistor lm vic ch A m lm vic ch B hoc ch AB. Khi lm vic ch B th nu tn hiu u vo bng khng th dng colect s bng khng, nn lc ny cng sut PO tiu hao ngun s bng khng, hiu sut tng. Tuy nhin lm vic ch B hoc AB tn hiu ra ch tn ti trong mt phn ca chu k nn mo phi tuyn ln. gim mo dng hai tranzistor mc y ko.Xt s nguyn l hnh 4.43a. y bin p BA1 l bin p o pha, to hai In p c bin nh nhau nhng pha ngc nhau kch vo baz ca hai tranzistor. BA2 l bin p ra. Hai tranzisto T1 v T2 mc y ko. Mch colect ca mi mch tranzisto mc vi mt na cun s cp ca bin p ra. T s bin p ra l n2 = w1/w2 = w1'/ wt ( w1 = w1'). Nu tng lm vic ch AB th R1, R2 m bo thin p cho ch ny.Nu tng lm vic ch B khng cn nh thin;R1, R2 lc ny c tc dng bo m cng tc cho mch vo ca tranzisto trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng. Xt s lm vic ch B. Khi khng c tn hiu vo th In p trn baz ca c hai tranzisto so vi emit u bng khng. Nu ta b qua dng ngc colect th c th coi dng in trong tng bng khng, In p trn ti cng bng khng. Trn colect ca mi tranzistor c in p xp x bng E0. Khi c tn hiu vo, gi s na chu k u l dng th T1 s thng v khuch i, T2 tip tc ng. Trn cun w1 s to nn In p Uw1 = iC1. Rt~ = iC1.n22.Rt = .iB1.n22.Rt. Trn ti Rt s c in p ra Ur = Uw1/n2. Khi tn hiu chuyn sang na chu k m th T1 ng li, T2 thng v khuch i, iC2 = iB2. in p trn w1' cng tr s vi Uw2 nu hai tranzisto ht nhau, ngc pha nn to nn ti in p bn chu k m. Hnh 4.43b m t mt na chu k ca mt tranzisto. ng ti xoay chiu vi Rt~ = n22.Rt c dng ti im UCE0 = E0 v IC 0 = I0 0. T ta c: P~ = 1/2UCm.ICm ba 2 U mc .I mc
(4.112) Pt = ba 2 P~ = 2 Tr s trung bnh ca dng tiu th ngun IO xc nh theo thnh phn mt chiu ca chui Furie trong mt na chu k:
123
1 I I sin d = 2 0 Cng sut ngun tiu th P0 l: 2I .E Po = I 0 .E 0 = mc 0 (4.114) IC TB = I =

0
Cm
Cm
(4.113)
R1 BA1
T1
W1
-Ecc+
W2
Ur
Hiu sut ca mch colect l :

c = P~ U cm .I cm I cm E o U cm = /2 = . Po 2 4 E (4.115) Hiu sut ca c tng khuch i l: U = c .ba 2 = ba 2 . . cm 4 Eo (4.116).
0
RE
W1'
a)
R2
Ic
T2
BA2
b) UCE d
Nu chn in p d UCE cng nh Hnh 4.43 th hiu sut cng ln. Nu coi ba2 1, UC a) Khuch i cng sut EO th = = 0,785 . Thc t t 0,6 y ko c bin p 4 b) th 1/2chu k in p ra 0,7, ln gp 1,5 ln so vi tng khuch i n. Cng sut tiu tn trn colect ca tranzistor 2I .E 1 1 2E 0 1 2 Pc = Po P~ = Cm o I Cm U Cm = [ U cm U cm ] (1.117) 2 R t~ 2 Theo (4.117) th cng sut tiu tn ph thuc vo UCm. Ly o hm (4.117) theo UCm tm cc ta c PCmax t khi UCm= UCm* = 2EO/ = 0,64EO v: 2 2 Eo Pc max = 2 2 . (4.118) .2 R t Cn ch l khng th ch chn tranzisto theo cng sut m phi chn theo c in p. Bin in p trn cun s cp UCm EO nn in p ngc t ln tranzisto ang kho l EO + UCm 2EO.
Ucm
124
ch B ,theo l thuyt, khng cn t thin p cc B, tc l UBE 0 = 0. Tuy nhin on u ca c tuyn vo ca tranzistor l on khng tuyn tnh ( khi dng baz nh) nn mo phi tuyn tng, gi l mo gc ( Ib T1 ib(t) a) hnh 4.44a). y l c tuyn U BE vo ca hai tranzistor T2 v chung trn mt th. T hnh 4.44a ta thy nu uV l hnh sin th iB khng phi l hnh sin khi iB gn gc Ib T1 to , v vy dng iC ib(t) b) cng s khc dng hnh sin. ch A hin U BE tng ny khng c v T2 dng iB tnh ln Hnh.44 c tuyn ca loi b on gc to khuch i y ko . Mun gim mo a) ch B gc phi chuyn sang b) ch AB lm vic ch AB bng cp in tr nh thin R1R2. c tuyn vo ca hai tranzistor c nh thin UBO v chung th hnh4.44b. y chn UBO, IBO v ICO kh nh nn mi cng thc ch B ng cho ch ch AB. 4.11.3.Khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p.
125
Trong cc s khuch i cng sut xt dng bin p ph hp tr khng ti vi tranzisto c cng sut ra ln,hiu xut cao. Nu tranzisto c h dn S ln th c th mc ti trc tip vo colecto ca tranzisto(tr khng ti c th nh ti mc ch vi m),ngha l khng cn bin p.Mch khuch i khng bin p n thng mc theo s lp emit d phi hp tr khng.Tr khng ra ca mch lp emit c 1/S ;khi S ln c th mc ti kh nh.Tuy nhin nu cng sut ra c vi chc n vi trm mW tr ln th khng nn mc lp emit v mch ny c hiu xut nh.Cc mch khuch i khng bin p thng mc theo s y ko,lm vic ch B hoc AB.Mch c th dng tranzisto khc loi hoc cng loi. Mch in hnh 4.45a l mch y ko vi T1 l tranzisto
T1 E0/1 T3 T2 E0/2
T3 T2 b)
T1
E0 Rt
Ct
a)
T3
E /1 0
T11
T3
T1
Rt
T22
E0
T2 Rt
c) d) Hnh 4.45Cc mch khuch i cng sut y ko
E002
ngc,T2-thun,dng ngun i xng(hai ngun ring bit).Do hai tranzist khc loi nn chng cngc kch thch bi mt in p(baz u vi nhau v ni vi u ra ca tng T3).Cn lu l khi mc nh vy th hai tranzisto phi c tham s v c tuyn c bn ging nhau. Khi lm vic ch B th khi khng c tn hiu vo, c hai tranzisto u ng,in p ca cc colect l E0/ 2 (so vi mt),dng qua ti bng khng,st p trn ti cng bng khng Khi a vo tn hiu hnh sin
126
th hai tranzisto s xen k nhau ng m ,cc dng colect s l cc dng hnh sin vi rng bng na chu k(gc ct ==900) ;dng in trong cc tranzisto c chiu ngc nhau,dng qua ti l tng nn cng c dng hnh sin. Nu mc ti qua t Ct th c th dng mt ngun nui E0 nh hnh 4.45b. trnh phin phc khi la chn hoc thay th cc Tranzitor khc loi nhng li ng nht v tham s, c th s dng hai Tranzitor cng loi nh hnh 4.45c. y mt Tranzitor mc Emit chung(T1), tranzitor kia mc clector chung(T2). S hnh 4.45d dng 2 tranzitor cng loi vi mt ngun E0 tng t nh 4.45b.Trong c hai s ny phi c tn khuch i o pha T3. Trong cc mch khuch i cng sut khng bin p c th n nh nhit bng mch b hoc mch hi tip m nh trong cc mch khuch i xt. Ngi ta dng iot, tranzitor hoc in tr nhit b nhit. V d hnh 4.46 l khuch i y ko vi u vo ca T1 v T2 u vi hai iot D1 v D2 va nh thin to ch AB, va b nhit. hai T1 E 01 diot ny c phn cc thun ,st p trn chng s t im cng tc cho hai Rt D tranzisto.in p phn cc cho T1 v T2 to 1 UB0 l in p thun st trn D1 v D2, UB1,B2 = D2 (1,11,2)V v c h s nhit m(-1mA/ 0C) T2 E 02 b li s tng dng IC 0 theo nhit . Ngoi ra cn c R1,R2 l hai in tr(nh hn Rt) to Hnh 4.46 hi tip m n nh nhit cho T1 v T2.S lm vic ca s ny cng tng t nh hnh 4.45b. Cui cng cn nhn mnh rng,trong cc mch khuch i cng sut ln, tng kh nng chu dng ca cc tranzisto,cc tranzisto cng sut c th c mc song song .
127
Chng5
Khuch i thut ton v ng dng ca chng
Nh ni chng 2, ngy nay IC analog s dng rng ri trong k thut in t. Khi s dng chng cn u thm cc in tr, t in, in cm ty theo tng loi v chc nng ca chng. S u cng nh tr s ca cc linh kin ngoi c cho trong cc s tay IC analog. Cc IC analog c ch to ch yu di dng khuch i thut ton - nh mt mch khuch i l tng - thc hin nhiu chc nng trong cc my in t mt cch gn - nh - hiu sut cao. chng ny ta xt cc khuch i thut ton v mt s ng dng ca chng. 5.1 Khuch i vi sai Khuch i vi sai l khuch i m tn hiu ra khng t l vi tr tuyt i ca tn hiu vo m t l vi hiu ca tn hiu vo. Khuch i vi sai c s dng khuch i tn hiu c tn s gii hn di nh ( ti vi Hz) , gi l tn hiu bin thin chm hay tn hiu mt chiu. Ta c th coi di thng ca n l 0 fC. Nu s dng khuch i RC khuch i loi tn hiu ny th cc t ni tng phi c tr s rt ln nn bt tin. Khuch i vi sai thch hp cho loi tn hiu ny,ngoi ra ncn c nhiu tnh cht qu bu m ta s ni ti sau ny. Khuch i vi sai l c s xy dng khuch i thut ton nn ta xt l thuyt loi khuch i ny. 5.1.1. S nguyn l ca khuch i vi sai. Xt s nguyn l ca khuch i vi sai trn hnh 5.1. y l mt cu cn bng song song: hai nhnh ca cu l RC1 v RC2, hai nhnh kia l hai tranzisto T1 v T2. Nu RC1 = RC2 v hai tranzisto c tham s ht nhau th cu cn bng.Mch c hai u vo V1 v V2, tn hiu ra Ura ly gia hai colecto ca T1 v T2. Nu a vo hai u vo hai tn hiu ging ht nhau c v bin v pha th tn hiu gi l ng pha, cn bin nh nhau nhng ngc pha th gi l tn hiu ngc pha hay tn hiu hiu. Xt phn ng ca mch i vi tn hiu vo ng pha v ngc pha: Nu coi mch hnh 5.1 hon ton i xng ( R1 = R1, R2 = R2, RC1 = RC2, T1 v T2 ging ht nhau) th tn hiu vo ng pha s gy nn phn ng ht nhau c v tr tuyt i v du ca cc dng emit v colect ca T1 v T2. Nh vy in p hai colect s bin thin nh nhau v in p ra s bng khng, ging nh trng thi tnh. Ni cch khc l mch ra ca khuch i vi sai l tng khng phn ng vi tn hiu vo ng pha. Trong khi gia s ca dng emit ca T1, T2 s to nn trn
128
RE mt in p hi tip m lm gim lng bin thin ca colect so vi trng hp RE = 0. Khi tn hiu vo l ngc pha t vo hai baz th cc dng bin thin nh nhau v tr tuyt i nhng ngc chiu ( ngc du), tc l RC' RC in p Ura s xut hin. Lc ny in p hi R1 R 1' tip m trn RE khng xut hin v dng emit ca mt tranzisto tng bao nhiu th dng URa V2 emit ca tranzisto kia gim i by nhiu. Nh V1 vy khuch i vi sai phn ng vi tn hiu vo R2 RE R 2' ngc pha. V khuch i vi sai l tng phn ng vi Hnh5.1.K vi sai trn tn hiu vo ngc pha, khng phn ng vi tn hiu vo ng pha nn tt c nhng bin thin tranzisto lng cc do nhit , lo ho linh kin, tp m, nhiu... c th coi l cc tc ng vo ng pha. Tc l khuch i vi sai s lm vic n nh, t b nhiu tc ng. Trn va phn tch tc dng ca RE ta thy RE cng ln th hi tip m s cng ln, cng c tc dng nn cc tn hiu vo ng pha k sinh. Tuy nhin nu RE chn ln th ngun ECC phi chn ln. Cn chn mt phn t c tr s in tr ln i vi cc bin nhanh ( in tr xoay chiu ln), tr s in tr nh i vi cc bin thin chm ( in tr mt chiu nh) thay vo in tr RE. Phn t nh vy chnh l tranzistor T3 trong s hnh 5.2a. c tnh ra ca tranzistor trnh by trn hnh 5.2b. T hnh ny ta thy in tr
+ _ ECC
mt chiu R =
U CEo U CE nh hn nhiu so vi in tr xoay chiu R ~ = . I Co I C
Tranzistor T3 c mc vo mch emit nh hnh 5.2a lm tng thm kh nng ng dng ca khuch i vi sai . Khuch i vi sai c th c hai ngun c lp ECC v E02 nh hnh 5.2a hoc mt ngun chung. Cc in tr R3, R4, R5 c chc nng nh trong cc mch khuch i xt. iot D mc thun vo phn p baz ca T3 nhm tng kh nng n nh nhit, s ni n cc phn sau. Xt cch a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra mch hnh 5.2a. Tn hiu vo c th a vo cc u vo k hiu V1, V2, V3 v V4 theo cc phng n sau: - Tn hiu vo c th a vo hai cc V1 v V2. Lc ny hai cc ca ngun tn hiu hoc l phi cch in vi "mt", hoc l phi c cc tnh i xng qua "mt". Cch a tn hiu vo nh vy gi l a vo i xng,cc u vo ny ca khuch i vi sai gi l u vo i xng. - Tn hiu vo c th a vo V1 ( hoc V2 ), lc V2( hoc V1) phi u qua
129
mt in tr nh hoc u trc tip xung mt. Khuch i vi sai trong trng hp ny gi l c u vo khng i xng vi tn hiu vo khng i xng. - Tn hiu vo c th a vo cc V3 hoc V4 v im "mt". Nu ngun tn hiu c hai cc cch ly vi "mt" th c th a vo hai im V3 v V4. Tn hiu ra ly hai im ra1 v ra2 - ly ra i xng hoc ly ra gia ra1 hoc
+Ecc R1 V1 R2
V3
T1
Rc1 Rc2 ra1 ra2
Ra2
T2
R1 V2 R2 IC
re1
re2
IC
T3
V4
IC0
R4 D
R5
-E 02 -
UCE
UC0
a) b) Hnh5.2 a)Mch KVS c ngun dng b) c tuyn ra ca tranzisto ra2 so vi "mt". Nu tn hiu vo a vo V1 khng i xng th tn hiu ra ra1 quay pha 1800, lc ny ra1 gi l u ra o, ra2 gi l u ra khng o. 5.1.2. c tnh truyn t ca khuch i vi sai Nu tn hiu vo i xng a vo V1 v V2 k hiu l Uh th c tnh truyn t s l s ph thuc ca cc dng colect vo tn hiu ny. Nu u vo V3 v V4 khng a tn hiu no vo th T3 c th coi l mt ngun dng I0 c ni tr R0 ti im cng tc. in tr ny thc t c tr s kh ln so vi cc in tr trong mch nn c th coi ngun dng IO l l tng. Ta tm c tnh truyn t IC = f(Uh). Dng colect trong tranzistor ch khuch i c biu thc:
U BE
(5.1) Trong IE 0 l dng emit khi UBE = 0 v mt ghp colect phn cc ngc. UT - in p nhit ( 0,25mV), lc ny:
I E = I Eo e
UT
130
U BE1 I0 = I E 01 + I E 02 = I E 01e U (1+ e T
U BE 2 U BE1 UT
(5.2)
in p vo Uh = UV1 - UV2 = UBE1 - UBE2 v IC IE nn

IC1 = I0 1+ e U h / UT
I C2 = Io Uh 1+ e UT
(5.3)
(5.4)
tin c th quy chun IC theo IO v Uh theo UT th th (5.3) v (5.4) c dng nh hnh 5.3
IC/I0 1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
6UC/UT
Hnh 5.3Dc tnh truyn t ca khuch i thut ton.
C th xc nh h dn ( dc) ca c tuyn truyn t hnh 5.3 U h UT dI C1 I o e S1 = = U dU h h UT ) U T (1 + e

S2 = dI C 2 = S1 dU h
(5.5)
V IC1 + IC2 IO = const m theo (5.3) v (5.4) th dIC1 = - dIC2 nn (5.6)
C th d dng xc nh S1 (2) t max ti Uh/UT = 0 v:
131
I0 S1 = (2) max 4U T
(5.7)
5.1.3. Phn tch ph ca tn hiu ra trong khuch i vi sai . Vi c tnh truyn t khng phi l ng thng nh hnh 5.3 th r rng khuch i vi sai s gy mo phi tuyn, c bit khi Uh > UT. Ta xc nh cc thnh phn hi ca dng colect khi tn hiu vo l dng hnh sin UV(t) = U0 + Umcost (5.8) Trong U0 - in p nh thin ( baz) Thay (5.8) vo (5.3) v (5.4) ta c:
i c1 ( t ) = 1+ e
i c2 (t ) =
U 0 + U m cos t UT
U 0 + U m cos t UT
I o
(5.9)
I o
(5.10)
1+ e Cc hm (10.9) v (10.10) l hm chn nn phn tch thnh chui Furrier s c:
ao + a n cos nt ) 2 n =1 b i C 2 (t ) = I 0 ( o + b n cos nt ) 2 n =1 i C1 ( t ) = I 0 (
(5.11) (5.12)
an =
cos nt 1+ e
U 0 + U m cos t UT
dt
(5.13)
bn =
cos nt 1+ e
U 0 + U m cos t UT
dt
(5.14)
sin n nn n = 0 th a0 + b0 = 2, n
T (5.13) v (5.14) c th thy an + bn = 2.
n 0 th a0 + b0 = 0 nn an = bn. Nh vy vi n 0 th cc thnh phn hi dng colect ca T1 v T2 trong khuch i vi sai hnh 5.2a c tr s nh nhau v pha ngc pha nhau .
132
Cn ch mt c im ca khuch i vi sai l nu U0 = 0 th trong cc dng IC1 v IC2 s khng c cc hi bc chn. Mt khc nu thay i cc tnh ca U0 th pha ca cc hi chn s bin i mt lng l 1800 , cn pha cc hi bc l vn gi nguyn. Cc kt lun trn rt ra t vic phn tch cc biu thc (5.11 5.14). Thc t khi Uh = (5 6)UT th cc dng iC c dng u ra(t) U ra.m . nh hnh 5.4, tc l tng khuch i vi sai lm vic nh mt mch khuch i - hn bin. U vm t tng tuyn tnh ca khuch i u v(t) vi sai , tc l m rng di thng ca n ngi ta thng gy hi tip m Hnh5.4 Ch hn bin ca KVS bng cch mc vo mch emit ca T1, T2 cc in tr rE1 v rE2 nh hnh t . 5.2a. 5.1.4. Ngun dng trong khuch i vi sai . Nh ni trn T3 trong khuch i vi sai hnh 5.2a ng vai tr ca ngun dng. C th phn tch mch hnh 5.2a xc nh tr s ca ngun dng I0 ( dng colect ca T3) nh sau: R 4 (E 02 U BE 3 ) + ( U 0 U BE 3 ) R 3 (5.15a) I0 = 3 R 3R 4 [ R 5 + rE 3 + (1 3 )(rB3 + ](R 3 + R 4 ) R3 + R4 Trong 3 - h s truyn t dng emit ca T3, UBE3 - in p emit - baz ca T3, UD - st p thun trn it ,rE3 - in tr phn b min emit T1, rE3 - in tr khi baz T3. Thc t th R5 chn kh ln so vi cc thnh phn trong du mc ca (5.15) v UD chn xp x bng UBE3 b nhit c hiu qu cao nn: .R (E U BE 3 ) (5.15b) IO 3 4 02 R 5 (R 3 + R 4 ) T (5.15b) ta thy ngun dng I0 s n nh khi ngun E02 n nh, ngun E01 khng nh hng n ngun dng I0. 5.1.5. Tnh khuch i ca khuch i vi sai . Xt c tnh khuch i ca khuch i vi sai vi mt s phng n a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra nh sau: a. Vo i xng - Ra khng i xng: U ra1 U U ra 2 U K1 = = ra1 ; K 2 = = ra 2 U v1 U v 2 Uh U v1 U v 2 Uh
133
Trong Ura1 v Ura2 in p ly colect ca T1 v T2 so vi "mt". C th thy ngay rng K1 = + S1R't (5.16a) (5.16b) K2 = - S2R''t S1, S2 - h dn ca c tnh truyn t ti im cng tc , R't, R''t - in tr ti tng qut ca T1 v T2: R c .R v 2 R c .R v1 R't = ; R''t = ; R c + R v1 R c + R v2 Rv1, Rv2 - in tr u vo ca cc tng tip theo mc vo mch colect ca T1 v T2 ( khng c trong hnh (5.2a)). Trng hp khng ti hoc Rv1>>RC , Rv2>>RC th R't = R''t Rc v mch i xng hon ton S1= - S2 th K1 = - K2. Du tr ni ln in p ra hai colect ca T1 v T2 l ngc pha nhau. b - Vo i xng - ra i xng . U U ra 2 U ra1 U ra 2 = = 2S1R t (5.17) K = ra1 U v1 U v 2 Uh R .0,5Rt , Rt in tr ti mc gia hai colect ca T1 vT2 R t = c R c + 0,5Rt Khi Rt = th K = 2K1 = - 2K2. c - Vo khng i xng - ra khng i xng. R R Xt trng hp tn hiu a vo V1, u V2 ni vi Rb~ = 1 2 xung R1 + R 2 mt, tn hiu ra ly Ra1 l colect ca T1 .Vi gi thit l Rt = RV1 = th K11 = vi S11=
U ra1 = - S11RC U v1
(5.18)
I 0 dI c1 = dU BE1 4 U T + I 0 (1 )Rb ~
V |S11| < | S1| nn |K11| < | K1| . Khi Rb~ 0 th |S11| | S1| v |K11| | K1| . Trng hp ny ng vi mc ba z ca T2 qua mt t tr s ln xung mt ,sao cho 1 tn s bin di thp =t th << Rb~ tC Trong khuch i vi sai ngi ta cn a ra h s khuch i ng pha KCm. Tn hiu no ng pha l trung bnh cng i s ca hai tn hiu vo : U + U v2 UCm = v1 2
134
Khi UV1 = UV2, tc l Uh = 0 th c ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha . H s khuch i tn hiu ng pha c nh ngha l U U (5.19) K cm = ra1 hoc = ra 2 U cm U cm Nu RE cng ln th Kcm cng nh. Khi RE th Kcm 0 Trong khuch i vi sai, do tnh i xng l tng khng tuyt i nn xy ra hin tng " tri im khng". Ngha l mc d cc u vo V1 v V2 khng c tn hiu vo (v d u thng V1 v V2) nhng vn tn ti mt in p ra khc khng (o c ) gia hai colect T1 v T2 , l mt hm ngu nhin ca bin thi gian. l mt hin tng to tn hiu gi (nhiu) u ra, c bit c hi trong cc my o lng. C th gim bt tri im khng bng cch chn T1 v T2 c tham s cng ging nhau cng tt, cc in tr trong mch chn loi c sai s nh v cng mt h s nhit . 5.2 .Khuch i thut ton Khuch i thut ton ngy nay c sn xut di dng cc IC tng t(analog). C t "thut ton" v ln u tin ch to ra chng ngi ta s dng chng trong cc my in ton. Do s ra i ca khuch i thut ton m cc mch t hp analog chim mt vai tr quan trng trong k thut mch in t. Trc y cha c khuch i thut ton th tn ti v s cc mch chc nng khc nhau. Ngy nay, nh s ra i ca khuch i thut ton s lng gim xung mt cch ng k v c th dng khuch i thut ton thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh mch hi tip ngoi thch hp. Trong nhiu trng hp dng khuch i thut ton c th to hm n gin hn, chnh xc hn v gi thnh r hn cc mch khuch i ri rc (c lp bng cc linh kin ri ) . _ Ta hiu khuch i thut ton (KTT) nh mt N P b khuch i l tng : c h s khuch i in p + ra v cng ln K , di tn s lm vic t 0 , tr Hnh 5.5 k hiu ca KTT khng vo cc ln Zv , tr khng ra cc nh Zr 0, c hai u vo v mt u ra. Thc t ngi ta ch to ra KTT c cc tham s gn c l tng. Hnh 5.4 l k hiu ca KTT : u vo (+) gi l u vo khng o P(positive), u vo (-) gi l u vo o N (negative) v mt u ra . KTT ngy nay c th c ch to nh mt IC hoc nm trong mt phn ca IC a chc nng . 5.2.1 Cu to ca KTT. t c cc ch tiu k thut gn vi dng l tng cc hng in t trn th gii ch to cc IC KTT kh a dng nhng nhn chung u tun th s khi nh hnh 5.6
135
Hai u vo KVS i xng
u ra
KVS Lp emit Emit Khuch i ra chuyn t v dch chung i xng mc sangkhng Hnh 5.6 s khi bn trong KDTT i xng c u vo i xng tng u tin bao gi cng l tng khuch i vi sai i xng c dng tnh nh, tr khng vo ln, cho php mc thm mch b tri . Tng th hai l tng khuch i vi sai cho php chuyn t u vo i xng sang u ra khng i xng. Cc tng trung gian nhm khuch i tn hiu ln ln c th kch thch cho tng cui. Tng cui tc tng ra phi m bo c dng ra ln, in p ra ln v in tr ra nh. Mch ny thhng l khuch i y ko c b km theo mch chng qua ti. Trong KTT ghhp gia cc tng thc hin trc tip (colect ca tng trc ni
C1 R1 R2 R6 R7 T7 R8 T9 T1 V1 V2 T3 R4 R3 T4 T2 T5 R5 T6 R8 T8 T10 C2 +Ecc
ND
ND -Ecc
Hnh 5.7S nguyn l mt KTT trc tip vi baz ca tng sau) v vy cc tranzisto n-p-n cng v sau cng c im cng tc tnh y dn v pha cc gi tr dng. V vy phi c mt mch dch mc y li im tnh v pha m nm trong mt mch no ca KTT.
136
V d ta xt KTT hhnh 5.7 KTT y c th phn thnh 4 tng nh sau: Tng th nht l tng KVS i xng trn T1 v T2. tng tr khng vo chn dng colect v emit ca chng nh, sao cho h dn truyn t nh. C th thay T1 v T2 bng tranzisto trng tng tr khng vo T3, T4, R3, R4, v R5 to thnh ngun dng tng t nh hnh 5.2a ( y T4 mc thnh it b nhit ) Tng th hai l KVS u vo i xng, u ra khng i xng: emit ca chng cng u vo ngun dng T3. Tng ny c h s khuch i in p ln. Tng th ba l tng ra khuch i y ko T9 T10 mc colect chung, cho h s khuch i cng sut ln, tr khng ra nh. Gia tng th hai v tng ra l tng m T7,T8 nhm phi hp tr khng gia chng v m bo dch mc in p. y T7 l mch lp emit, tn hiu ly ra trn mt phn ca ti l R9 v tr khng vo ca T8 . Tng T8 mc emit chung. Chn R9 thch hp v dng qua n thch hp s to c mt ngun dng a vo baz ca T8 s cho mc in p mt chiu thch hp baz ca T9 v T10 m bo c in p ra bng 0 khi khng c tn hiu vo . Mch ngoi mc thm R10, C1, C2 chng t kch. 5.2.2 Cc tham s ca KTT -H s khuch i hiu Ko c xc nh theo biu thc: Ur U khiU N = 0 Ur Ur (5.20) = = p Ko = U h U p U N U r khiU = 0 p UN Theo l thuyt Ko = , thc t Ko = 103 106 - c tnh bin tn s : Theo l thuyt th c tnh bin tn s s l K0 trong sut di tn s t 0 . Thc t c tnh tn Ura s s gc xung tn s fC do tn ti cc in dung k sinh to thnh nhng khu lc RC thng U cm thp mc gia cc tng. Tu theo tng loi KTT Ucm mim Ucm max m di thng c th t 0 ti vi MHz hoc cao hn. - H s khuch i ng pha KCm Nu t u vo thun P v u o N cc in p bng nhau: Hnh 5.7 UP = UN = UCm 0 th Uh = 0. Theo nh ngha: Ur = K0 (UP - UN) (5.21) Th Ur = 0 . Tuy nhin thc t khng nh vy m quan h gia Kcm v Ucm c dng nh hnh 5.7.
137
H s khuch i ng pha c nh ngha l : KCm =
U r U cm
(5.22)
KCm ni chung ph thuc vo mc in p vo ng pha. Gi tr cc i ca in p vo ng pha cho trong cc s tay ca IC cho bit gii hn ca in p vo ng pha cc i h s khuch i ng pha khng vt qu phm vi cho php. L tng Kcm= 0 ,thc t KCm lun nh hn K0 - in tr vo hiu, in tr vo ng pha: in tr vo hiu rh v in tr vo ng pha rcm c nh ngha theo (5.23) v (5.24): Up khi U N = 0 Ip (5.23) rh = U N khi Up = 0 I N rCm=
U p I p = U N khi UN = Up = UCm I N
(5.24)
in tr ra ca KTT nh gi s bin thin ca in p ra theo ti : U r (5.25) rr = I r - Dng vo tnh, in p vo lch khng : Dng vo tnh trung bnh It l: It =
Ip + I N vi UN = Up = 0 2
(5.27)
Dng vo lch khng l I0: I0 = Ip - IN khi UN = Up = 0 (5.28) Thng thng I0 = 0,1 It . Dng vo lch khng l dng ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit thay i lm tri dng lch khng. Trong KTT thc t th khi UN = Up = 0 vn c Ur 0. Lc ny Ur 0 l do in p lch khng u vo gy nn. V vy ngi ta nh ngha in p lch khng U0 l hiu in p cn phi t gia hai u vo c in p ra bng khng U0 = Up - UN khi Ur = 0 (5.29) 5.2. 3 Cc s mc c bn ca KTT Khi s dng KTT trong cc mch in ngi ta thng s dng hi tip m m khng dng hi tip dng v hi tip dng lm cho khuch i lm vic ch
138
bo ho. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng c hi tip m v hi tip dng vi hi tip dng lun nh hn hi tip m. V u vo c th s dng mt hoc c hai u vo . 5.2.3.1 Cc s khuch i o + S bin i in p - in p Mch mc nh hnh 5.8a .V K0 nn in p u vo N l UN Uh 0 , im N c th coi l im t gi Ur URN ,Uv UR1. nh lut Kic-khp 1 vit cho nt N l : a) U v U ra R1 RN + 0 v dng IN = 0 (do tr khng _ R1 R N U V IN + UR vo rt ln rh) T ta c b) RN RN RN R1 (5.30) Ur=Uv hay K= _ R1 R1 + UV R2 UR T (5.30) ta thy in p Uv c bin i thnh R3 R R Ur =- N Uv ; h s khuch i K = N ; in Hnh 5.8. KTT mc o R1 R1 p ra ngc pha so vi in p vo. in tr RN gy hi tip m song song theo in p lm cho h s khuch i t K0 gim xung cn RN l . R1 Tr khng vo : Uv Uv = =R1 (5.31) Rv= Iv Uv / R 1 U Nhc im ca s hnh 5.8a l c Z V = V = R 1 nh. khc phc IV nhc im ny ta mc mch nh hnh 5.8b UV U = 3 . (5.32) Vi nt N c phng trnh: R1 RN Nu chn RN >> R3 th U3
U r = U V Ur .R 3 R 2 + R3
nn: (5.33) (5.34)
R N R2 + R3 R R . hayU r = U V N (1 + 2 ) R1 R3 R1 R3
Vy
K=
RN R (1 + 2 ) R1 R3
139
Theo (5.38) mun c h s khuch i K ln th phi chn R1 nh. Nu chn R1 = R2 th: R R K=( N + N) ( 5.35) R1 R 3 tng tr khng ZV = R1 c th chn R1 ln tu , khi h s khuch i s R c xc nh bi N . R R3 N P + S bin i dng in - in p hnh 5.9 I U S ny bin i dng in u vo thnh in p u ra t l vi n.Tng t nh trn v K0 = ; UN UP 0, rh nn dng IN = 0 nn Hnh 5.9 S bin i nh lut Kic-khp I vit cho nt N s l:
N V ra
U I V = r hay U r = R N I V RN
dng in -in p
(5.32)
5.2.3.2 Cc s khuch i khng o. + Xt s mch thng dng in p - in p hnh 5.10a. Vi K 0 , rh nn Uh = 0 ngha l UN = UV v dng vo bng khng.
do vy: T c:
UN = K=
Ur . R1 = U V . R1 + R N
(5.33)
U r R1 + R N R = =1+ N UV R1 R1
ZV = Rd = . Cc mch hnh 5.10b ,c l cc mch khuch i lp ( in p): v Ud = 0 nn UN = UP, v IN = 0 , dng qua RN bng 0 v th im ra bng th im N nn: U K = r =1 . R R R N N N UV P P
N N N
Ura
UV
ra Ura
UV
R1
R1
UV
Ura
R1
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 5.10 a)S mc khng o b,c) cc mch lp li
5.2.3.3. Cc mch b tri v c tnh tn s trong KTT.
a. Cc mch b tri. Khi dng KTT khuch i tn hiu mt chiu nh ,cc sai s ch yu s do dng in tnh, in p lch khng v hin tng tri gy ra.
140
Cc dng in u vo IN v IP u vo ca KTT chnh l cc dng R1 RN _ baz tnh ca KVS u vo. Dng tnh IN v IP xp x bng nhau, gy nn U V + st p cc u vo. Ur R2 Do tr khng u vo N v P khng ng nht nn cc st p ny cng khng bng nhau. Hiu in th Hnh 5.11. u N v u P chnh l in p lch khng. cho in p lch khng nh ngi ta khng u u P ( khng o) trc tip xung t m u qua in tr R2 nh hnh 5.11. in tr R2 c tr s bng in tr ca vo o N: R .R (5.36) R2 = 1 N R1 + R N Lc p mt chiu trn u vo N v P l IN .( R1 // RN) v IP .(R1 // RN); IP = IN nn hai in p ny xp x nhau. Tuy nhin do dng IN IP nn I0 = IP - IN s gy nn mt in p lch khng u vo l U0 = ( IP - IN) (R1 // R2). in p ny s gy nn mt in p lch khng u ra: R U o = (1 + N ) U 0 (5.37) R1 trit in p lch khng u ra U02 ngi ta mc ngun c hai cc tnh nh hnh 5.12. hnh 5.12 a,b chnh trit p RP v pha ngun + hoc - tu theo cc tnh ca UO = UP - UN l m hoc dng. Trng hp cn s dng c hai ca vo th mch b c mc ca khc c lin h vi ca vo nh hnh 5.12c. Trong cc s trn phi chn R3>>R2 mch b khng nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca mch. Thc t R2 c vi K, R3 c vi trm b) a) RN + K. Uv Ur b. Mch b c tnh tn Uv Uv _ s R1 R3 + + N Trong KTT cc Ur + R1 R P tng c ghp trc tip R2 P R3 nn cc in tr cng vi R2 cc in dung k sinh s to + c) Uv1 thnh cc t lc thng Ur Hnh 5.12 Uv2 + thp RC. Truyn qua mi P t nh vy th in p tn R3 hiu s b quay pha i
r
R2
141
mt lng nht nh . mt tn s no th lng quay pha t u vo n u ra ca KTT c th l , ngha l vai tr ca cc ca s i ch cho nhau, ca vo o thnh ca v khng o v ngc li. Nh vy hi tip m tn s n y s tr thnh hi tip dng.Nu tho mn c iu kin cn bng bin v iu kin cn bng pha th KTT s b t kch. Mun KTT khng b t kch ngi ta thng ph v iu kin cn bng pha bng cch mc mch RC, gi l mch b pha, vo gia cc tng. Cc mch b pha thng dng c dng nh hnh 5.13. Tr s cc linh kin mch 5.13 v cch mc chng vo chn cc IC KTT cho trong cc s tay ca IC tuyn tnh. hnh 5.12 a,b chnh trit p RP v pha ngun + hoc - tu theo cc tnh ca UO = UP - UN l m hoc dng. Trng hp cn s dng c hai ca vo th mch b c mc ca khc c lin h vi ca vo nh hnh 5.12c. Trong cc s trn phi chn R3>>R2 mch b khng nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca mch. Hnh 5.13 Cc dng mch b thng dng Thc t R2 c vi K, R3 c vi trm K. 5.3 Mt s mch tnh ton v iu khin tuyn tnh trn KTT. KTT c s dng nh mt mch RN Uv1 R1 a chc nng. Thay i cc linh kin trong mch hi tip c th thc hin c R2 Uv2 nhiu php tnh ton v iu khin nh ... KTT. Xt mt s mch n gin. Rn Uvn N 5.3.1. Mch cng v mch tr + Ur a. Mch cng o Mch hnh 5.14 c thc hin cng v o pha cc in p u vo. Hnh 5.14 Mch cng o V K0 nn im N l t o v
IN = UN U U U = ( V1 + V 2 + .... Vn ) RN R1 R2 Rn
T ta c:
U r = ( R N U V1 R N U V 2 R U + + .... N Vn ) R1 R2 Rn
= (1U V1 + 2 U V 2 + .... n U Vn )
142
Hay
U r = i U Vi
i =1
(5.38)
RN . Ri
Trong i =
b. Mch tr Xt mch tr hai in p vo trn hnh 5.15.Cng l lunh gn ng tng t nh trn t th tnh c UN v UP nh sau: Uv 2 Up = .R p ; R 2 + Rp
U N = U R + U ra =
N
R1 U V1 U V2 R2
Uv1 Ur .R N + U ra R1 + R N Nhng Up UN (V Uh= 0) nn : U ra Uv1 U ra Uv 2 Uv1 .R p = .R N + U ra = .R N .R N + U ra R1 + R N R1 + R N R1 + R N R 2 + Rp
U Ra RP Hnh 5.15.Mach tr 2 in p
_ RN +
Uv 2 Uv 2 Uv1 Uv1 .R p .R N .R p .R N R 2 + Rp R1 + R N R 2 + Rp R1 + R N = = Hay U ra = RN R1 1 R1 + R N R1 + R N R R t N = N ; P = P th: R1 R2 U V1 U V2 1 1 1+ 1+ U U P N U ra = = ( V 2 P V1 N )(1 + N ) 1 1 + P 1 + N 1 + N 1 + N Tc U ra = P U V 2 N U V1 (5.39) 1 + p
Chn N=P= th Ur = (Uv2 - Uv1) 5.3. 2. Mch cho php chn in p ra c cc tnh thay i . Xt mch hnh 5.16.Mch chn R1=RN
(5.40)
143
RN
U v
Up =
Uv .R p = U v ; Rp
R1
RP
Rp
N P
Ur
UN = Uv+
Hnh 5.16 Mch cho in p ra c th thay i c cc tnh
Ur U v Ur + U v = 2 2 Ur + U v V Up = UN nn UV = 2
(5.41) Ur = (2 - 1)Uv Theo 5.41 th khi = 0,5 , Ur = 0 ; khi > 0,5 , Ur cng du vi UV ; khi H s : 0 1. < 0,5 , Ur khc du vi UV . 5.3.3. Mch bin i tr khng. a) Mch to in tr m (NIC) Nu dng c hi tip dng v hi tip m nh mch hnh 5.17 s to c in tr vo c tr s m . Tht vy : Theo tnh cht ca KTT th IN v Ip 0 ,UN = Up nn t hnh 5.17 Up Ur Rp ; U P = I1R p + U r I1 = Rp Ip I1
U
UN
P + IN N I2
RN
Hnh Ur 5.17 Mch NIC
I2 =
Ur UN ; U N = U r I2RN RN V Up = UN nn I1RP=-I2RN hay I R I1= - 2 N (5.42) Rp Theo 5.42 th nu UP c cc tnh dng th dng I2 s l dng v dng I1 s l m,
in tr u vo RV = UP/I1 s l m. b) Girato : Girato to ra phn t in cm L t cc phn t tch cc, thng dng ngy nay l KTT. Girato c k hiu nh hhnh 5.18a. H phng trnh truyn t ca gi rato phi tho mn: U I1 = 2 RM (5.43) U1 I2 = RM RM -tham s bin i .
144
T h phng trnh (5.43) c s tng ng ca girato nh hnh 5.18b. Girato c xy dng trn NIC c dng nh hnh 5.19.Lp cc phng trnh cho cc nt P1, N1, P2 v N2 s c : U U2 U2 U U 2 U 2 U1 I2 + 3 =0 ; 3 =0 RM RM RM RM U 2 U1 U 4 U1 U 4 U 2 U1 + I1 = 0 ; =0 RM RM RM RM RM I1 I2 Hnh5.18. a)K hiu girato b)S tng ng girato
U2
a) I2 U2 b) U3 RM RM
+
U1
I1 I1=
I2=
U1 RM
U2 RM
U4 RM
U1
RM N1 U2
Hnh 5.19 Girato trn NIC RM
P1 I2 U2
P2 I1 RM U1
N2 U1
Loi U3, U4 ra khi h trn s nhn c I1 =
U2 RM
I2 =
U1 RM
By gi mc ti cho Girato nh hnh 5.20, tm tr khng vo u kia : U1 I1Rt U 2 Rt U1 = I1Rt; I2 = = = ; R M R M R M2

U 2 R2 = M ZV2 = I2 Rt
(5.44)
145
Nu mc ti vo u 2-2 th U U I Rt U Rt I2 = - 2 ; I1 = 2 = - 2 = 12 v Rt R RM RM
M
2 U1 R M = ZV1 = I1 Rt 2 I2 U2
(5.45) 1 RM I1 U1 1
2 RM
Rt
Hnh5.20. Girato mc ti
2
Nh vy mc vo 1-1 hoc 2-2 th tr khng vo u kia s l Gi s ta mc ti t C vo th tr khng vo u kia l :

2 RM 2 = jCRM ZV = Zt
Rt
Giarato cho mt in cm tng ng L = CR2 M2 v d RM = 100k , C = 1F , th L = (105)2 . 10-6 = 104 H. l mt in cm c tr s ln to t hai KTT, 6 in tr v mt t in (Hnh 5.19) Nu mc song song vi girato mt t in s c mt khung cng hng song song khng c tn hao, tc l c h s phm cht rt ln.
5.3.4. Mch vi phn v mch tch phn. a. Mch tch phn Mch in hnh 5.21 l mt mch tch phn thng thng v:
C R
UV
N P
1 1 Hnh 5.21 U r U C = i C dt U V dt C RC Mch tch phn Chuyn sang tch phn xc nh: 1 t (.46) Ur = U V dt + U r ( 0 ) RC 0 Mch phn tch tng: Mch in hnh 5.22 thc hin phn tch tng:
Ur = Un 1 U1 U 2 ( R + R + ... R )dt C 1 2 n
Ur
( 5.47)
146
+ Mch tch phn hiu: Hnh 5.22b. Phng trnh dng in vit cho im nt N v nt P l: U1 U N d( U r U N ) + CN =0 R1 dt
U v1 U v2
...
R1 R2
C a)
U vn
Rn
Ur
R1 CN UV UP dU P _ U V1 + CP =0 R2 dt + U V2 U Ra R2 Cho UN = UP , CNR1 = CPR2 = RC s CP c: Hnh 5.22 1 a)Mch tch phn tng Ur = (5.48) ( U 2 U1 )dt RC b)Mch tch phn hiu b. Mch vi phn Mch hnh 5.23a l mt mch vi phn thng thng cho: dU V (5.49) U r = U RN = R N I N = R N C dt Nu UV = UVmsint th Ur = - RNC UVm cost Nh vy h s khuch i Ur m K= = R N C ph thuc vo tn s. V RN a) U Vm N vy UV C P + 1 tp m tn s cao ln, tr khng ZV = s CN jC gim i khi tn s tng. RN
R1
b)
Ur
c mch vi phn tt hn dng mch hnh 5.23b. Mc thm t R1C1 th tc dng vi
C1 P b)
1 phn ch thc hin tn s <<0 = , lc R 1C1
c) logK
< 0 0 > 0
ny c th coi CN h mch. ,in p ra dU V l U r = R N C 1 . tn s cao th hi tip dt m trn CN cng ln. Nu chn R1C1 = RNCN th khi < 0 h s khuch i s gim tn s khi tn s tng, > 0 h s khuch i s gim tn
Hnh 5.23 Mch tch phn
147
s khi tn s tng(Hnh 5.23c) 5.4.5. Mch lc tch cc. di tn s cao ngi ta thng s dng cc mch lc th ng LC. tn s thp cc mch lc cn c in cm L ln, lm cho mch lc tr nn nng n, cng knh, cht lng km. V vy tn s thp di vi MHz ngy nay ngi ta thng s dng cc mch lc tch cc xy dng trn khuch i thut ton v cc phn t RC . Khc vi mch lc th ng, mch lc tch cc c c trng bi ba tham s quan trng l tn s gii hn fg, bc n ca b lc v loi b lc. Tn s gii hn fg l tn s m ti c tuyn bin tn s ca hm truyn t gim 3dB (dexibell)so vi h s truyn t tn s trung 10 IKd(dB)I tm. Bc n ca b lc xc 0 nh dc ca c tuyn -10 4 3 2 1 bin tn s ln cn tn -20 s fg. -30 Loi ca b lc xc nh -40 dng ca c tnh bin tn s ln cn tn s gii -50 f 1 3 10 30 f hn v trong min di -60 0,01 0,03 0,1 0,3 Hnh 5.24Cc dng c tnh bin tn s ca thng. Ngi ta s dng mch lc thng thp nhiu loi b lc: Bessell,Butterworth, Tschebyscheff. c tuyn ca tng loi b lc biu din trn hnh 4.24. Cc mch lc u c s nguyn l ca mch in ging nhau, chng ch khc nhau tr s cc linh kin RC trong mch. ng 1 hnh 5.24 ng vi c tuyn tn s ca mch lc thng thp RC th ng; ng 2 l mch lc Besssell. ng 3 c c tuyn phng ko di ri gp khc trc khi t tn s gii hn fg. tin xt cc mch lc, da vo hm truyn ton t quy chun tng qut ca mch lc thng thp dng:
g
s j f = = j = j ;Ci l cc h s g g fg thc v dng; bc ca b lc l bc ca a thc mu s ca(5.50) c th phn tch v dng: 1 K d (s) = (5.51) (1 + a 1 S + b i S 2 )
K do K d (p ) = 1 + C 1 S + C 2 S 2 + ..... C n S n
(5.50)
Trong ton t S l ton t quy chun S=
148
Vi ai, bi l cc h s thc v dng. Khi bc n l l s c mt h s bi = 0. Khi bi 0 th a thc bc hai s c nghim phc lin hp. a).Thc hin mch lc thng thp. Cc mch lc ng vi mu s l a thc bc hai l thng dng hn c. Mch lc c th thc hin hi tip m mt vng hoc hai vng v vng hi tip dng. Hnh 5.25a l mt mch lc thng thp bc hai c mt vng hi tip m. Vit phng trnh in th nt ri tm hm truyn t s c: U (s) 1 (5.52) K d (s) = r = U V (s) 1 + 2S g RC 1 + S 2 2 R 2 C 1 C 2 g So snh (5.52) vi (5.50) s c Kdo = 1, a1 = 2gRC1; b1 = g2R2C1C2. Tu theo loi mch lc m xc nh cc h s a1 v b1 ri xc nh cc linh kin. Thng chon trc mt thnh phn ri xc hai thnh phn cn li.V d nuchn th: trc t C1 2 2 2 b 1 ( 4 ) f g C 1 4 b 1 C 1 a1 b1 R= ; C2 = = = 2 2 4fg C 1 (2 fg ) 2 R 2 C 1 (2 fg ) 2 a 1 C 1 a1 Hnh 5.25b l mch lc thng thp bc hai c hai vng hi tip m. Hm truyn t ca mch l: R2 R1 K ( p) = (5.53) R 2R 3 2 2 1 + Sg C1 (R 2 + R 3 + ) + S g C1C 2 R 1R 2 R1 R R R 2 T K do = 2 ; a1 = g C1 (R 2 + R 3 + 2 3 ; b1 = g C1C 2 R 1R 2 R1 R1 Cho C1, C2 v Kdo s tnh c:
R2 =
R1 =
2 a1C 2 a1 C 2 4C1C 2 b1 (1 + K do ) 2
4 fg C1C 2
R2 b1 ; R3 = 2 K do 4 2 fg C1C 2 R 2
R2 c gi tr thc dng cn chn
C 2 4 b 1 (1 + K do ) 2 C1 a1 Mch lc thng thp hnh 5.25c c mt vng hi tip dng vi hm truyn
149
2 1 + Sg[R 1C1 + R 2 C1 + (1 K )R 1C 2 ] + S2 g C1C 2 R 1R 2 Nu chn K = 1 th :
Kd =
(5.54)
a)
2 1 + SgC1 (R 1 + R 2 ) + S2 g C1C 2 R 1R 2 (5.55) a1 4b C ; C 2 = 12 1 R= 4 fg C 1 a1 cho C1 ,C2 tnh Kdo, R1 v R2
C1
3
Kd =
R UV
R 2 _R C2 +
1
C 2R Ur
b) R2 2 C1 R1 _ 1 UV C2 R3 + c) C2 R1 R 2 2 UV
1
Ur Ur (K-1)R 3
Kdo=1 ; R1,2=
2 a 1 C 2 a 1 C 2 4b 1 C 1 C 2 2
4 f g C 1 C 2
C1
+ _
c 4b R1R2 nhn cc gi tr thc th 2 1 c1 a 1

nu chn R1=R2 =R , C1=C2=C th (5.54) s c dng K Kd = 2 1 + Sg(3 K )RC + S2 g R 2 C 2 a1= pg(3-K)RC; RC =
b1 ; 2fg
Hnh 5.25 R 3 Cc dng lc thng thp
(5.56)
b1= g2R2C2 K = Kdo= 3 a1 a = 3 1 2fgRC b1
Nh vy K ph thuc vo a1 , b1 .Khi K=3 th a1=0 nn (5.56) c dng

Kd = K
2 1 + S 2 g R 2 C 2
K
2 1 2 g R 2 C 2
(5.57)
Khi =1 tc f= fg th Kd = , mch t kch. Nh vy khi K=3 rt kh thc hin loi mch ny. Tuy nhin loi ca mch lc li ph thuc vo K m khng xc nh bi tr s linh kin RC. Do vy c th thay i tn s gii hn fg bng cch thay i RC m khng nh hng n tnh cht ca b lc. b) Mch lc thng cao bc hai:
150
C th to ra mch lc thng cao bng cch i ch cc in tr vi t in trong cc mch lc thng thp xt .V d nh mch hnh 5.26 l mch bin i nh va ni mch 5.25c.C th tm biu thc hm truyn t t (5.54) bng cch 1 thay S bng ,C bng R v R bng C. S
Kd = K 1 R (C + C 2 ) + R 1C 2 (1 K ) 1 1 1+ . 2 1 + 2. 2 S g R 1R 2 C1C 2 S g C1C 2 R 1R 2 Tng t nh lc thng thp ; K=1, C1= C2=C th
(5.58)
C1 1 C2 2 + R2 R1 Uv Ur (K-1)R3 R Hnh5.26 mch lc thng cao 3
Kd =
1 1 1 2 + 2 2 2 1+ . S g R 1C S g C R 1R 2
(5.59) Kd = 1; a1 = b1=
2 1 ; R1= ; 2f g a1C g R 1C
1 a1 ; R2= ; 2 2 2 fg Cb1 g C R 1R 2
1
Nu chn R1=R2=R, C1=C2= C th RC =
2 fg b1
; K = Kd = 3 -
a1 . b1
c) Mch chn lc tn s v mch lc thng di Nu mc xu chui mt khu lc thng cao v mt khu lc thng thp, s c mt mch lc thng di. Nu mch lc thng di c fgt = fgd = f0 th n s l mt mch chn lc nh mt mch cng hng . n gin xt mt khu lc thng thp v thng cao bc nht K d K do .K d .s K do .K d .s K do . Kd = = = (5.60) 2 (1 + a1s ) 1 + a1 (1 + a1s )(s + a1 ) a1 + a1 + 1 s + a1s 2 s t A = Kdo. Kd ; a12+1 = v vi lc bc nht th (5.60) s c dng AS (5.61) Kd = 1 + S + S2 (5.61) l c tnh tn s ca mt mch cng hng. Ti tn s cng hng f0 tc
151
S=
j A = j th Kd/fo = = Kdch 0
(5.62) rng di thng ng vi K A Kd = dch = . 2 2 T

2 + 2 1,2 = + 4 + 2 2 2 (5.63) H s phm cht Q xc nh : f f0 1 = Q = 0 = f 2 f1 2 1 (5.64)
1 2
= 0,707
Hnh 5.27 c tnh tn s ca
Thay(5.63) vo (5.64) s tm c : Q=
(5.65)
K dch S Q vy Kd = (5.66) 1 2 1+ S + S Q T (5.66) c th tm c modun ca c tnh bin tn s : K dch Q Kd = (5.67) 1 1 + 2 2 2 + 4 Q Theo (5.67) c th dng c tnh tn s ca mch nh hnh 5.27 ng vi Q1 < Q2 < Q3 khi h s phm cht Q cng ln th dc ca c tnh tn s ln cn im cng hng cng ln.V nguyn l c th xy dng cc mch lc thng di bng cch mc su chui cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao nh va nu trn .Tuy nhin lc ny mch tr nn phc tp nn ngi ta xy dng cc khu lc thng di bc hai theo cc s hnh 5.28.
152
Vi mch hnh 5.28a th khu aC v R/a to thnh khu lc thng cao, khu bC,
R /b C bC C B 2C R
C
R
a)
aC Uv R /a A
H n h 5 .2 6 8 C c m c h l c th n g d i
Ur
b)
R Uv
R C C
Ur
R/b to thnh khu lc thng thp. Trong mch hi tip mc thm cu T kp R-C ci thin c tnh chn lc ca mch. Hm truyn ca mch ny c dng : 2aS Kd = (5.68) 1 + 2bS + S 2 vi f0 =
1 a 1 ;S=j .So snh (5.68) v (5.69) s c :Q = ; KdCh = 2RC 0 2b b
Nh vy mch ny cho php chn Q, Kdch , f0 tu khng ph thuc ln nhau. Mch hnh 5.28b c mt vng hi tip dng vi hm truyn : KRC0S Kd = (5.69) 2 1 + RC0 (3 K )S + R 2 C 2 0 S 2 So snh (5.69) vi (5.66) rt ra : 3 1 1 ; KdCh = = KQ f0 = . Q= 2RC 3 K 3 K y K v Q ph thuc ln nhau. C th thay i Q bng cch thay i K m khng nh hng n f0 .Chn K 3 v K = 3 th mch t kch.
153
Tham s ca mch lc Butterworth
n 1 2 3 4
i 1 1 1 2 1 2
ai(P) 1,0000 1,4142 1,0000 1,0000 1,8478 0,7654
bi(P) 0,0000 1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000
Bng5.1 fgi/fg 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,2720 0,7190 1,3900
By gi xt mt v d mch lc thng cao Butterworth bc 4 t hai mch bc hai mt vng hi tip dng (hnh 5.26) vi tn s gii hn fg = 100hz Tham s ca mch lc Butterworth cho trong bng 5.1trn. Theo (5.58) hm
truyn ca mt khu lc bc hai hnh 5.26 c dng : U (S) K Kd = r = U v (S) 1 1 1 1 1 K 1+ + + + 2 2 Sg R 1C1 R 1C 2 R 2 C1 S g R 1R 2 C1C 2 Vi mch lc Butterworth bc 4 theo bng trn s c : a1= 0,7654 ; b1 = 1 ; a2 = 1,8478 ; b2 = 1 Nh vy biu thc hm truyn tng qut ca mch lc Butterworth bc 4 s l : K 1K 2 .. Kd= 1 1 1 1 1 + .0,7654 + 2 1 + .1,8478 + 2 S S S S chn R1= R2=R; C1=C2=C ; th khu lc s c hm truyn : K Kd = 1 3 K 1 1+ + 2 2 2 2 Sg RC S g R C T a1=
1 3 K ; b1 = 2 2 2 g RC g R C a1 0,7654 =3= 2,2346 1 b1
Vy K1= 3R1C1=
3 K1 3 2,2346 = g1a1 2.100.1,39.0,7654
0,001145 = R2C2.
0,001145 10 6
Chn C1=C2=C = 1F = 10-6 F th R1=R2 =
=1,145K
154
1,145K 2,2K Chn R3 = 4 K th R4= (K11)R3 = 4,94 K 1F 1F 1F 1F + + Tng t K2= 3- 1,8478 = Uv 1,145 Uv 2,2K 1,1522. K 0,94K = R1'C1' 4K 3 K2 3 1,1522 1 = = g 2 a1 2.100.0,719.1,8478 2.10 2.0,719 Hnh5.28 mch lc thng cao
0,6K 4K
Ur
Burtterworth bc bn
Chn C1' = C2' =C1=C2= C =1F R1' = R2' = 2,2 K. R4' = R3'(K2-1) = 4.(1,1522-1) = 0,6 K S nguyn l ca ton mch lc trnh by trn hnh 5.29 5.5 Mt s mch to hm phi tuyn trn KTT to ra cc mch to hm phi tuyn phi dng cc phn t phi tuyn trong vng hi tip ca KTT . Cc phn t phi tuyn thng s dng l it hoc tranzisto. 5.5.1. Mch khuch i loga Mch khuch i loga cho in p ra t l vi loga ca in p vo. Mch c thc hin nh hnh 5.30.Phn t phi tuyn dng y l it 5.30a v tranzisto hnh 5.30b.Xt mch hnh 5.30a.Dng it c quan h : ID = I0 e (5.70) Id v UD- dng qua it v in p t ln it; I0 dng ban u ng vi in p ngc cho php;UT in p nhit c 26mV. Uv ThayID IR = vo (5.70) s c a) R I D R Hnh U N Uv U 5.30 Uv P + Ur = I0 e R Cc V cc P u t nn mch U I Uv khuch b) R U = I0 e Ur - UD hay : N P + i loga Uv R Ur Uv Ur = - UT.ln (5.71) RI 0 Trong biu thc trn tin nht l chn RI0=1 Trong mch hnh 5.30b th dng in qua trangzisto c quan h vi in p:
D
UD UT
D T
155
IE = IEbh( e Vi
U BE UT
U BE UT
1 ), IE bo hiu-dng IE trong ch bo ho.

U BE UT
>> 1 th IE IEbh e
; IR =
R.I Ebh Mch in hnh 5.30 ch lm vic vi in p vo dng. Khi in p vo m mch hi tip b ngt nn khng c khuch i lga . C th i tranzisto n-p-n thnh p-n-p i du in p ra . 5.5.2. Mch khuch i i loga(nng ln hm m). Mch hnh 5.31 l cc mch khuch i i loga .D dng nhn thy rng mch hnh(5.31a) th
a)
R
N P
Ur - UBE = -UT ln
Uv nn R Uv
(5.72)
b)
UR = - RI0 e (5.73) mch hnh (5.31b) (5.74) K hiu ca mch K loga v i loga tng ng nh hnh 5.32a v 5.32b
UV UT
ID Uv
R
N P
Hnh 5.31 Ur Uv Cc mch khuch i i loga

a) ln
Ur
Ur -RIbh e
UV UT
Ur = lnUV
a) exp
U r = e
UV
Hnh 5.31 Cc mch khuch i i loga
5.5.3. Mch nhn tng t v mch lu tha.

Mch nhn c nh ngha l mch c tn hiu u ra Z ca n t l vi tch ca tn hiu 2 u vo X v Y,tc Z = k . X . Y vi k - h s t l hay h s truyn ca ca mch nhn . B nhn l tng c cc tr khng vo ZVX v ZVY = , tr khng ra ZR = 0 h s truyn t k l mt hng s. Mch U V1 nhn tng t c k hiu nh hnh X ln Z 5.33a . Mch nhn c th thc hin K + ln theo phng php chia thi gian, Y U V2 U ra dng khuch i loga v i loga, a) ln b) hoc thay i h dn ca tranzisto Hnh 2.33.Mch nhn tng t y ta xt hai phng n dng a)K hiu b) Thc hin trn K loga v i loga khuch i loga v i loga:
Hnh 5.33b l mch nhn tng t xy dng trn khuch i lga v i lga. u ra ca hai mch loga l ln1 v ln2 tng ng l 1 ln U V1 , 2 ln U V 2 . u ra ca
156
mch tng l lnUV1+lnUV2=ln(UV1.UV2)(chon 1=2=1); u ra ca khuch i i loga s c php nhn: Ur = Ke ln( U .U ) = KU V1 .U V 2 (5.75) Mch ny c ly loga nn ch nhn vi cc tn hiu dng UV > 0. Vi mch nhn 4200 thc hin theo s d ny. Mch nhn thc hin theo nguyn l bin i h dn ca tranzsto nh sau: Trong Tranzisto lng cc c quan h :
V1 V2
S=
dIc = IC /UT dU BE
(5.76)
Quan h ny l tuyn tnh khi dng colect nh hn 0,1mA . S dng (5.76) thc hin php nhn trn khuch i vi sai nh sau: Khi tn hiu vo X a n u vo ca khuch i vi sai th u ra l Z = K. X ,vi K l h s khuch i ca khuch i vi sai . Tn hiu th hai l Y a n iu khin dng tnh colect ca tranzisto , dng ny thay i lm h s khuch i bin i theo nn : Z = K . X . Y. u hai u ca mch nhn vi nhau th UX = Uy nn c mch lu tha bc hai. (5.77) UZ = KUX2 5.5.4. Mch chia v mch khai cn Mch chia cng c th xy dng theo cc nguyn tc sau: - Chia theo nguyn tc nhn o. - Chia bng cch bin i h dn. - Chia bng mch loga v i loga. Mch chia theo nguyn tc nhn o c s nguyn l trn hnh 5.34. a) Mch hinh 5.34a-mch chia thun: u ra ca b UX nhn tc u vo o ca KTT c UN = K.UX.UZ , K>0 _ ca thun P c UY = UP . Theo tnh cht ca KTT th UY + UN = UP nn KUXUZ = Uy .t ta c: UZ
b) UX K>0 R R_ + UZ UY Hnh 3.34.Cc mch chia lp t mch nhn o
URa = UZ =
Uy KU X
5.78)
Mch hnh 5.34b-mch chia o c quan h :
KU X . U Z Uy ; 2 Uy t ta c: UZ = KU X
UP = 0 = UN =
(5.79)
Trong cc biu thc (5.78) v (5.79) UY c u tu , cn UX lun dng .
157
Nu UX < 0 th hi tip qua u X U V1 ln Z b nhn v l hi tip dng K nhanh chng a KTT vo trng ln thi bo ho s gy mo ln.Nu Y U V2 U ra a) ln b) K < 0 th UX phi m . Hnh 2.35.Mch nhn tng t Hnh 5.35a l k hiu ca mch chia, hnh 5.35b l mch a)K hiu b) Thc hin trn K loga v i loga chia xy dng n gin trn mch loga v i loga. Theo s ny,tng tl nh 5.5.3 s c: Ur = e (LnU
V1
LnU
V 2
)=
Ln e
U V1 U V2
U V1 U V2
Hnh 5.36 l cc mch khai cn. Chng c thc hin bng cch mc vo mch hi tip mch lu tha . a) UX Mch hnh 5.36a l mch khai cn khng o, in K>0 p u ra ca mch nhn l UV = K.Ur2 . in p ny _ UV a ti u khng vo o nn : + Ur U b) UX vi UV >0 (5.80) Ur = K K>0 R R_ Mch 5.36b l mch khai cn khng o
V
Ur =
Uv K
vi UV < 0
(5.81)
+ Ur UV Hnh 3.36.Cc mch khai cn
5.5.5.Mch so snh tng t. Mch so snh c nhim v so snh mt in p vo UV vi mt in p chun UCh.Trong mch so snh,tn hiu vo tng t s c bin thnh tn hiu ra di dng m nh phn,ngha l s c mc ra l thp (L) hoc cao(H).B so snh thc hin trn khuch i thut ton lm vic ch bo ho nn cc ra thp v cao chnh l cc mc dng v m ca ngun.( nhng b so snh chuyn dng th hai mc ny ng vi cc mc logic). a)c tuyn truyn t c b so snh: mt b so sng l tng (hnh 5.37a)th tn hiu vo v ra c quan h :
UP-UN>0Ura =Ura CAO=UrH UP-UN<0Ura =Ura THP=UrT Nu UP=UN th in p ra ca b so snh l tng bng khng.Nu in p vo khc nhau th b so snh s trng thi bo ho v in p ra s mc cao hoc mc thp.Nh vy c tuyn truyn t l tngr s c dng hnh 5.37b. (6.82)
158
Mch so snh thc t c h s truyn t hu hn trong min khuch i v c in p lch khng U0 c mV nn c tuyn trun t thc t c dng nh hnh 6.37c. c chnh xc cao cn c mch b khng. b)B so snh khng c tr. b so snh hnh 5.38a ,in p cn so snh v i p chun a v hai ca khc nhau.C th a hai hai in UV p vo cng mt ca nh UP Uch Ur hnh 5.38b qua hai in tr R1,R2 to cc dng ca vo UCh R2 Ur .in p vo hiu bng khng U0 U0 nu dng vo bng nhau v a) b) ngc du,tc l: Hnh 6.38 B so snh trn KTT khng c tr UV/R1=- UCh/R2 Trong c hai trng hp u c th i ch cho nhau. Nu ch n in p lch khng u vo th in p vo tng ng vi mc chuyn trng thi ca mch so snh s a) l: UV=UCh +U0 v s b l:
UV U 0 UCh U 0 + = IN , do vy R1 R2 R1 R1 UV = UCh + U 0(1 + ) + INR 1 R2 R2
(6.83)
c)B so snh c tr. Thng thng trn u vo ca bb so snh ngoi tn hiu thng c nhiu nn khi in p vo mc gn vi mc chuyn trng thi ca b so snh th inp nhiu c th lm cho b so snh lt trng thi lin tc,do vy mc tn hiu ra khng xc nh. loi tr kh nng ngi ta mc mt mch hi tip dng .Khi hi tip dng ln sao cho h s truyn vng K.>1 th mch so snh lm vic nh mt trig (xem.8.4 chng 8).C hai s so snh loi ny l mc o v mc khng o. Hnh 5.39a l b so snh mc o. y hi tip dng t u ra qua b phn p R1-R2 quay tr li u vo. Khi Uvc gi tr m ln th in p ra Ur = Urmax = UrH, lc ca vo thun c in p:
U p max = U r max .
R1 R1 + R 2
(5.84)
Nu tng Uv th lc u Ur = const, nhng khi Uv = Upmax th b so snh chuyn trng thi t Urmax sang Urmin , ngha l: Ur = Urmin = UrL
159
Lc ny in p hi tip
v ca thun.
a)
UV
U p = U p min = U r min .
R1 R1 + R 2
b)
UrH
l tng
(5.85) Ur Tip tc tng Uv th in p 0 U hiu Ud = Up -Uv cng m, lm U R1 U cho tn hiu ra gi nguyn mc Thc t Urmin (xem hnh 5.38b), trng UrL thi ny in p t vo ca U R2 thun Up c gi tr nh, do nu gim Uv th mch khng Hnh 6.39 B so snh trn KTT c tr chuyn trng thi Upmax m mc o chuyn trng thi Upmin. Do ta c c tuyn truyn t tnh c tr trn hnh 9.38b. in p vo tr Utr c xc nh bi: Utr = Upmax - Upmin (5.86) Thay (5.84) v (5.85) vo (5.86) ta c: R1 U tr = ( U r max U r min ) = K ht ( U r max U r min ) (5.87) R1 + R 2 Cc in p nhiu c bin nh hn in p tr, khng c kh nng lm cho b so snh lt trng thi. in p tr phi chn ln m bo iu kin Kv = Kht.K0>1 mch c th lt trngthi c. Lc ny mch s t dao ng, sau khi lt trng thi n chuyn sang lm a) b) UrH l tng U vic ch bo ho. Ur Vi s so snh 0 thun(h.5.40a), nu Uv>0 th Ur U U U = Urmax = UrH, khi gim Uv in p ra gi nguyn gi tr ny cho Thc t n khi Up = 0(v ca o ni UrL t) tc: R1 Hnh 6.40 B so snh trn KTT c tr mc thun U p = U r max . +
pmin V
Pmax
tr
vmi n
vmax
R1 + R 2
Uv.
R2 =0 R1 + R 2
160
T suy ra in p vo ng vi s lt trng thi t mc cao sang mc thp:
U v1 = U v min = U r max .
R1 R2
(5.88)
Nu tip tc gim Uv th Ur = Urmin = UrL gi nguyn khng i. Ngc li, nu tng Uv th lc u Ur = Urmin = const, lc ny
U
R1 U p = U a min . + R1 + R 2 Uv. R2 R1 + R 2
Upmax Uv Ur
a)
Upmin
(5.89) Nu tng Uv sao cho Up = 0 th mch li chuyn trng thi. Cho (5.89 ) bng khng, suy ra
U v 2 = U v max = R1 U r min R2
Hnh 5.41 a) th thi gian in p vo v in p ra ca b so snh c tr mc o b) . . mc thun

Uv Ur
U
Uvmax
Uvmin
t b)
(5.90) y chnh l in p vo ng vi s chuyn trng thi ca b so snh t mc thp ln mc cao(xem hnh 5.40b). Cc mch so snh c tr trn y thng c dng bin i in p vo hnh sin thnh in p ra dng xung c bin xc nh. Hnh 5.41 minh ho ng dng .
161
Chng 6
To dao ng hnh sin
6.1 Khi nim chung . Cc dao ng hnh sin (hay cn gi l dao ng iu ho) c tn s t vi hz n hng ngn Mhz c s dng rng ri trong cc my thng tin, my o lng, cc thit b y t vv... l cc my pht sng c thit k cc di sng khc nhau vi mc ch s dng tng ng. Cc dao ng hnh sin c th c to ra theo ba phng php sau y: - To dao ng hnh sin bng mt h t dao ng gn vi mt h bo ton tuyn tnh. - Bin i mt tn hiu tun hon t dng khng phi hnh sin v dng hnh sin - Dng cc b bin i tng t - s (AD), s I R Hnh 6.1S tng t (DA) khi Trong chng ny ch xt nguyn l cc mch my pht lm vic theo phng php th nht l cc mch sng a thng dng hn c. Tuy nhin trc tin tm hiu F chc nng qua v nguyn l xy dng cc mch theo phng php th hai v th ba. Phng php th hai thng c s dng trong cc my pht sng a chc nng : to ra dao ng dng xung vung, xung tam gic, dao ng hnh sin, thm ch c tn hiu iu ch. Mt s khi dng ny trnh by hnh 6.1 y mch tch phn I v Rle R to thnh mt h t dao ng cho ra xung vung v xung tam gic. Xung tam gic qua b bin i F c bin thnh dao ng hnh sin. Nhc im ca dao ng hnh sin ny l c mo phi tuyn ln hn so vi trng hp 1. Phng php th ba to ra dao ng hnh sin nh s dng k thut s (Hnh 6.2a) .TX l b to xung nhp , C l b m thun nghch dng m theo thi gian gi tr tc thi ca i s , DFC - b bin i s - hm to cc gi tr ca dao ng hnh sin dng s , DAC - b bin a) i s - tng t bin i tn hiu s u ra ca mch DFC sang dng tng t l Tx C DFC DAC dao ng hnh sin. Hnh 6.2 mo ca dao ng hnh sin y x(t) a)S khi TDD ph thuc vo s mu K c ly trong t hnh sin trong KT s mt chu k. (hnh 6.2b).S lng ly mu b) th xp x b) K cng ln th mo cng nh , chnh dao ng hnh sin xc cng cao. bng cc
162
By gi ta xt phng php th nht l phng php thng dng nht.Mt h dao ng t kch gn vi mt h bo ton nng lng c phn t khuch i n hng K v mch hi tip dng nh hnh 6.3 Mt h nh vy c quan h(xem hi tip rong khuch i -chng 4) :
Hnh 6.3 S khi h dao ng t kch
K (6.1) 1 K. Trong K l h s khuch i ca phn t khuch i (n hng), hm truyn t phc ca mch hi tip , K l h s khuch i ca mch khuch i c hi tip(xem 4.2.2). T (6.1) d dng nhn thy khi :
K =
K = K e
j(
=1
(6.2)
th K = ,mch trng thi t kch ,s l mt mch to dao ng. iu kin (6.2) c thh vit c th hn K = 1 (6.3) (6.4) K + = 2K iu kin (6.3) v (6.4) gi tng ng l iu kin cn bng bin v cn bng pha. V mt vt l h hnh (6.2) l mt h t dao ng khi phn t khuch i K b nng lng tn hao trong vng hi tip (iu kin cn bng bin ) v b ng lc (iu kin cn bng pha). Nu iu kin cn bng pha (6.4) ch ng cho mt tn s th dao ng to ra s l dao ng hnh sin ca tn s . Qu trnh to dao ng hnh sin gm ba giai on nh sau: Khi ta ng ngun mt chiu cho mch th u vo ca mch khuch i s xut hin rt nhiu cc thnh phn hi do t bin ngun. Chng c khuch i v qua mch hi tip dng tr li u vo. Lc ny cc thnh phn c bin rt nh. Thnh phn tn s tho mn iu kin (6.4) s c tng n v bin . Giai on ny gi l giai on t kch hay pht sinh dao ng . Giai on th hai l giai on thit lp dao ng : bin ca dao ng tng dn. Trong giai on ny bin v tn s ca dao ng dn tin v gi tr n nh . y l qu trnh qu din ra trong mch. Giai on th ba l giai on xc lp dao ng , bin v tn s ca dao ng c gi tr n nh. Cc mch to dao ng hnh sin dng ny c th l thun khng LC ghp bin p, ghp phn p in cm (bin p t ngu) , hoc phn p in dung , c th l dao ng RC. Ln lt s xt nguyn l lm vic ca chng. 6.2 To dao ng hnh sin LC ghp h cm. Mch to dao ng loi ny c mt h thng chn lc (h thng cc khung cng
163
hng LC) mc mch ra hoc mch hi tip. Phn t khuch i K c th l n in t, tranzsto, khuch i thut ton. Xt s hnh 6.4 vi phn t khuch i l M R + khuch i thut ton mc khng o ; Mch _ 1 * * hi tip l h cng hng LC , hi tip thc C U 1 U ht (K*-1)R 1 hin qua i lng h cm M(ghp bin p ) . R1 ( M = k L 1 L 2 ,0 k 1,L1v L2 l in cm Hnh 6.2.Mch TD ghp h cm
tng ng ca cun s cp v cun th cp ).
y phn t khuch i l khuch i thut ton mc khng o,h thng cng hng l khung cng hng song song LC,in p hi tip ly trn cun th cp,cc du (*) ch cc cc cng tn m bo hi tip dng.H s khuch i ca mch khuch i l:
K= U ra U ra U ra (K * 1)R1 + R1 (K * 1)R1 = = = =1+ = K* UV UN UP R1 R1
V tr khng ra ca KTT nh nn mc M M thm in tr R gim nh C L U ht hng tr khng ra nh L C ca KTT n tr khng a) C b) R sng ca mch cng -U c c + Hnh 6.5 hng LC. in p hi Cb R C R a)To dao ng ghp bin p mc emit chung M b) To dao ng ghp bin p mc baz chung tip : uht = u1 = u1 L (6.5) M - i lng h cm, L - in cm ca khung dao ng ura = K*uht (6.6) Ti nt 1 phng trnh nh lut kic khp 1 l : u r u1 du 1 C 1 u 1dt = 0 (6.7) R dt L Thay (6.5) v (6.6) vo (6.7) c phng trnh vi phn : d 2u r du 2 + 2 r + 0 u r = 0 (6.8) 2 dt dt
E E
1 K l h s suy gim ; 0 = 2RC ring ca khung dao ng LC.
Trong =
1 LC
Tn s cng hng
164
Dng phng trnh (6.8) l mt phng trnh vi phn c trng cho mt h dao ng t do ni chung . Ring i vi mch hnh 6.3 trong trng hp tng qut n l mt phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn v K* ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca phn t khuch i. Nghim ca 6.8 c dng : ura = U ra 0 e t cos 2 2 t (6.9) 0 Vi ba giai on din ra trong mch to dao ng th : - giai on t kch dao ng phi c bin U ra 0 e t tng dn, ngha l < 0 , K > 1 . Nh vy khi t kch phn t khuch i cn b nng lng ln hn phn nng lng tn hao trong vng hi tip dng. - giai on hai l giai on qu , gim dn tin ti gi tr = 0. - giai on ba = 0, bin v tn s c dao ng c xc lp . Nu > 0 th mch khng th t kch. Tng t nh mch hnh 6.4 l cc mch hnh 6.5a,b dng tranzisto lng cc mc theo s emit chung v baz chung.Hnh 6.5a mc emit chung, tranzisto o pha tn hiu t u vo n u ra nn h s hi tip s c gi tr m, tc l M nhn gi tr m. cn mch hnh 6.5b th tranzisto mc baz chung nn tn hiu khng o pha t u vo n u ra, h s hi tip dng nn M cng dng tng t nh hnh 6.4. 6.3 To dao ng hnh sin kiu ba im. Mch to dao ng LC c th c ba im ni gia h thng chn lc v phn t khuch i. Lc ny phn hi tip dng c thc hin qua b phn p in dung hoc in cm. u tin xt nguyn l chung nh s hnh 6.6 (s rt gn khng biu din mch cp ngun).Trong Z1, Z2, Z3 l cc phn t ca h cng hng ni tip theo mch vng vi Z1 = r1 + jX1 Z2 = r2 + jX2 Z1 Z3 = r3 + jX3 Ura Z3 ri - in tr tn hao ca tng tr Zi, Xi c th m Uht Z2 hocdng tu theo tnh cht ca Zi v lun tho mn: Hnh 6.6 S TD (6.10) ri << Xi ba im tng qut Theo ( 4.28 ) th h s khuch i ca mch s l (6.11) K = - S . Zt Trong Zt l tr khng mch ti ca mch khuch i : Zt Z3 // (Z1+ Z2) = Z3 =
Z 3 ( Z1 + Z 2 ) Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
(6.12)
H s truyn ca mch hi tip:

165
U ht Z2 (6.13) Ura Z 1 + Z 2 iu kin (6.2) s l Z (Z + Z 2 ) Z2 Z2 Z3 K = 3 1 . = =1 Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ( Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) (Z 1 + Z 2 ) Kt hp iu kin (6.10) s c X2X3 K S =1 r1 + r2 + r3 + j(X 1 + X 2 + X 3 ) Nh vy th (6.14) X1+X2+X3 = 0 SX 2 X 3 =1 (6.15) r1 + r2 + r3 (6.14) v (6.15) tng ng l iu kin cn bng pha v cn bng bin . T (6.15) suy ra X2 v X3 phi cng tnh (cng du)cm hoc cng tnh dung. Kt hp vi (6.14) th X1 phi khc du vi X2 v X3 . a) b)
=
Nh vy c hai loi mch ba im tng qu hnh 6.7 l: - Mch ba im in cm(hnh 6.7.a)hay mch Harley X2, X3 > 0 ; X1 < 0 Hnh 6.7.S tng qut mch TD 3 - Mch ba im in dung(hnh im a)in cm b) in dung 6.7.b)hay mch Collpid X2, X3 < 0 ; X1 > 0 Hnh 6.8 lmt mch to dao ng ba im in cm (s Hartley) mc emit chung. y +Ucc X3=XCE= L1 > 0 L1 C Rc R1 E X2 = XBE = L2 > 0 L2 1 B X1 = XCB = <0 C U L H s hi tip = BE = 2 = n R2 CE RE U CE L1 Hnh 6.8Mch ba im (6.16) in cm mc Emit Tn s cng hng bng tn s ca dao ng to h ra tho mn (6.14) l:
166
fd = fCh =
1 2 (L1 + L 2)C
(6.17)
Ti tn s cng hng tr khng ti Zt s l : h Ztc h = p2 Rt // 11e (6.18) n2 H s khuch i: h h (6.19) K = - S . Ztc h = - 21e P 2 Rtd // 11e h11e n2 Trong p l h s ghp tranzisto vo mch cng hng L1 p= (6.20) L1 + L 2
h11e n2
- tr khng vo ca tranzisto phn nh vo khung cng hng .
S=g21h dn ca tranzisto. Thay (6.16) v (6.19) vo iu kin (6.2) s c : (1+n2)h11e + n2Rt - nRth21e 0 (6.21) Trong biu thc du " < " ng vi giai on qu ( khi K > 1 ); du " = " ng vi giai on xc lp dao ng. Thng n << 1 nn (6.21) c dng : R h e n 2 td n 21 R td + 1 0 (6.22) h11e h11e Gii (6.22) vi du "=" tm c hai gi tr ca n l n1 v n2 :
h h h (6.23) n 1,2 = 21e 21e 11 Rtd 2 2 Gi tr ca n nm trong khong: n2 < n < n1 th mch s dao ng . Khi dao ng xc lp th n nhn gi tr n1 hoc n2 . Hnh 6.9a l mch dao ng ba im in dung ( Collpid) mc emit chung. y X1 = XCB = L > 0 1 X2 = XBE = <0 C 2 1 X3 = XCE = <0 C1 Tng t nh s ba im in cm, y
167
2
K = - g21eZtc h = =-
h 21e 2 h11e p Rtd // 2 n h11e
(6.24) (6.25)
C1 =-n C2
iu kin (6.2) s l : h Rtd n2 nRtd. 21e + 1 0 (6.26) h 11e h 11e Biu thc (6.26) cng l (6.22) nn mi kt lun v n tng t nh xt. Tn s ca dao ng to ra s l: 1 fd = fCh = (6.27) C1C 2 2 L C1 + C 2 Mt dng mch Collpid trnh by trn hnh 6.9b gi l mch Clapp. Khc vi mch a) b) hnh 6.8a, mch Clapp +Ucc Rc Cr C +Ucc C hnh 6.8b th C1 1 E C1 XCB = X1= L C2 L R1 C2 E R1 R1 C C L tho mn iu Cn B B kin cn bng pha th ti CV tn s dao ng nhnh R2 2 R LC phi mang tnh cht RE CE CE RE in cm 1 Hnh 6.9 a) mch dao ng 3 im in dung d L > . b) mch dao ng 3 im in dung Clapp dd .C H s ghp gia tranzisto v h thng cng hng ( lp bi L v Ct). U C p = CE = td U td C1 1 1 1 1 Trong = + + C td C1 C 2 C Thng chn C <<C1, C2 nn Ct C . V vy p
C << 1 ; Ngha l C1
Tranzisto c ghp rt lng vo khung cng hng nn in dung k sinh u

168
vo v u ra ca n rt t nh hng n khung cng hng. Tn s ca dao ng to ra l: 1 1 (6.28) fd fc h = 2 LC td 2 LC Phn tch iu kin (6.2) nh lm trn xc nh c
h h h C (6.29) n1,2 = 21e 21e 21e 1 2 2 Rtd C Gi s vi mch 6.6a c cc tham s : L = 25H; C1 = 1nF ; C2 = 100nF ; h21 e = 100 ; h11e = 12,5k. Hy kim tra vi h s phm cht Q =80 xem mch c dao ng c hay
2 2
khng. iu kin cn bng bin nR td .h11e 1 K n 2 R td + h11e(1 + n )2 iu kin ny tng t nh (6.21) C 1 n== 1 = = 0,01 = 10 2 C 2 100 C1C 2 1.100 Ct = = 1nF C1 + C 2 1 + 100 Rt =
2
r = .Q = L .Q = Ctd 25.106 1.10
9
( 6.30)
.80 = 25.103 .80 = 12,65k
Thay vo v phi ca (6.30) 10 2.12,650.10 2 K = 4 1,012 10 .12650 + 12.500 iu kin t kch v bin l tho mn. Cn iu kin cn bng pha tho mn ti tn s: 1 10 6 1 1 fd = fc h = = = = C1C 2 2 LCtd 2 250.10 3.10 9 2 250 2 L C1 + C 2 0,010065.106 Hz = 10,065KHz 10 kHz 6.4To dao ng thch anh
169
Cho n nay cc mch to dao ng thch anh vn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch in t to ra dao ng chun c n nh tn s cao. Trc ht xt xem ti sao cn dng thch anh trong mch to dao ng.Nh trn ni, nu iu kin cn bng pha c thc hin mt tn s d th s to ra c dao ng hnh sin tn s . Trong thc t c nhiu nguyn nhn lm thay i cc thng s quyt nh tn s ca mch ( nht l thng s in cm). Cc thng s c th lit k nh : nhit , m, bin dng c hc, thay i ngun mt chiu , lo ho thng s cc linh kin.vv...Ta gi chng l cc tc nhn gy mt n nh.Nh vy iu kin cn bng pha s l : k (m,) + (n,) = 0 (6.32) Argument (pha) ca h s khuch i in p k v hm truyn t phc ca mch hi tip dng l hm ca bin tn s v ca cc tc nhn gy mt n nh tn s, c trng bi tham s m trong mch khuch i v n trong mch hi tip. Vi phn ton phn biu thc (6.32) ri tm ra s bin thin ca tn s d s nhn c k dm + dn m n d = (6.33) k + d d T (6.33) ta thy c th dng mt s nhm bin php gim d , tc l tng n nh tn s ca cc mch to dao ng. Nhm th nht nhm gim chnh cc nguyn nhn gy mt n nh bng cch - Dng ngun n p - Dng cc linh kin c n nh nhit cao - Dng cc linh kin vi dung sai nh - Dng cc phn t n nh nhit - Mc tng m u ra ca mch to dao ng gim nh hng ca ti ti mch to dao ng. Nhm th hai gim s bin thin ca gc pha khi cc tham s ca mch thay i, k v gim bng cch chn cc s nguyn l thch hp. tc l gim m n Nhm cc bin php th ba nhm tng mu s ca (6.33) tc l tng tc bin d thin ca gc pha theo tn s-gi tr ca cng ln cng tt. d
170
D dng nhn thy c rng, vi mt h thng cng hng c h s phm cht d 2Q Q th ti tn s cng hng . Nh vy cn tng h s phm cht Q = 0 d tng n nh tn s ca mch to dao ng .Nh xt chng 1 (1.6) thch anh tng ng vi mt khung cng hng c h s phm cht Q cc ln. V vy
0
n nh tn s tng i
f ca mch to dao ng thch anh t 10-6 10-8 f0
,trong khi cc dng dao ng xt khng vt qu 10-3 10-4 . Ngi ta ch to cc loi thch anh c tn s t 1Khz n 100MHz.Hnh 6.10 l mt s dng mch to dao ng hnh sin dng thch anh.Mch hnh 6.10a l mch to dao ng ba im in dung Clapp xt. Nhnh c mc thch anh lm vic tng ng vi mt in cm, ngha l dao ng to ra c tn s fd tho mn iu kin Fq < fd < fP. 1 < dd L td . (6.34) dd C s Trong Lt - in cm tng ng ca thch anh . Ngoi ra cn phi c (6.35) Cs <<C1, C2 Thc t tn s dao ng to ra gn bng tn s cnh hng song song fd fP. Hnh 6.10b l mch ba im in cm khi tn s dao ng fd tho mn iu kin fq < fd < fP 1 lc : Z1 = ZBC = - j <0 dd C Z2 = ZBE = jLt > 0 (6.36)
171
Z3 = ZCE = LK //CS = Zt > 0

a)
+Uc Rc C1 C2
b)
s C
c) X
Ck R1
Lk RE +Ucc CE R2
+
RB
.
RE CE
C
CE
R1
R2
E R
Ucc
Hnh 6.10Cc mch TD dng thch anh a) mch kiu Clappb) Mch ba im in cm c) Mch h cm dng thch anh cng hng ni tip.
tho mn iu kin tr khng ca khung cng hng Zt > 0 th tn s dao ng phi chn 1 fd < (6.37) 2 L K C K Mch in hnh 6.10c tng t nh mch ghp h cm hhnh 6.4a xt. Tuy nhin y thch anh mc nhm chn lc tn s hi tip. Ti tn s fq tr khng ca thhch anhh Zq 0 nn tn s to ra fd fq 6.5.To dao ng RC Cc mch to dao ng LC tn s thp lm vic km n nh v c kch thc ln do tr s in cm cn ln.V vu vng tn s thp thng s dng cc mch to dao ng RC ; tuy nhin cng c th s dng cc mch to dao ng RC vi tn s ti vi MHz. cc mch to dao ng RC khu hi tip s dng cc phn t in tr v in dung. 6.5.1. Mch to dao ng kiu cu Xiphorop . Mch to dao ng loi ny khi s dng phn t khuch i K l mch Emit chung hoc khuch i thut ton mc o th in p ra s ngc pha vi in p vo, tc l K = . Nh vy mch hi tip cng phi quay pha ( di pha ) tn hiu mt gc = tho mn iu kin (6.4).Mch R R R C C C RC quay pha(mch hi tip) thng dng l R R R mch lc thng cao hnh 6.11a hoc thng C C C thp 6.11b . b) Hnh611 a)
172
)Mch quay pha dng lcRC thng cao Mch quay pha dng lcRC thng thp
Vi lc thng cao, mch to dao ng dng Tranzisto mc emit chung c dng hnh 6.11 . Lp phng trnh dng in mch vng hoc in th im nt cho mch hnh v UC = 6.11a , gii tm quan h gia UB = Uht +E CC Ura s tm c: RC R1 C C C U 1 = ht = Cn R R R Ur 1 1 1 6 j 1 5 U ra U ht (RC)2 RC (RC )2 R2 RE (6.38) CE K c = tc l mt s thc m th : Hnh.6.12.TD cu Vin 1 trn tranzisto mcEC 6 =0 2 (RC) T xc nh tn s ca dao ng : 1 1 (6.39) dd = ; fdd = 6 RC 2 6 RC Thay d vo biu thc(6.38) tm c:
1 nh vy th K = -29 29
Vi mch quay pha l b lc thng thp hnh 6.10b s tm c 1 1 (6.40) dd = ; = 18,4 10 RC 7 S TD trn hnh 6.13.l mch cu Xiphorop xy dng trn khuch i RN _ C C C thut ton tng t nh mch hnh 6.12. R1 + y c hai mch hi tip: mch l R R R K U ra U ht mch hi tip dng bo m cn bbfd pha,mach hi tip m R1RN m bo h Hnh.6.13TD trn KTT mc o s khuch i k= R N = 29 .
R1
6.5.1. Mch to dao ng kiu cu Vin. Nu phn t khuch i K c tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, tc K = 0 th mch hi tip s l mt mch cu Vin khng quay pha dng hnh 6.14 . l mt mch lc thng di . D dng xc nh c hm truyn ca n ,coi Z1l R1 mc ni tip C1, coi Z1l R2 mc song song C2:
173
R1 C 2 1 + + j R 1 C 2 U ra C 2 U ht 2 C1 R 2 C 1 R2 (6.41) = 0 th l mt s thc dng nn R1C2 Hnh 6.14. 1 Mch hi tip cu Vin = 0 t s c tn s ca dao ng R 2 C1 1 1 f dd = dd = ; (6.42) R1 R 2 C 1C 2 2 R1 R 2 C 1C 2 1+
R1
C1
Uv Z2 = = U r Z1 + Z 2
Nu chn R1 = R2 = R , C1 = C2 = C th fd =
1 1 ; = v K = 3 2RC 3
(6.43)
Hnh 6.14a l mch to dao ng RC cu Vin vi mch khuch i l gm 2 tng trn 2 tranzisto mc emit chung ghp qua Cn c K=0.Hai tng T1 v T2 c nh thin tng ng bng Rb1-Rb2 v R'b1-R'b2. Mch hnh 6.14b s dng khuch i thut ton g vi mch hi tip m R0RN v hi tip dng R1C1R2C2 to thnh mch cu Vin c 4 nh l u vo o N, u ra ; u vo khng o P v mat. Cc thng s xc nh theo (6.43) Nhnh hi b) a) tip m R0RNxc R ht_ R1 nh h s khuch C1 T2 Cn T1 + i R C2 R 0 R1 R2 R C1 C1 C2 R K=1+ N =3 R'b1 U ra R0 C 2 U ht R b1 + R2 do vy RN = 2R0 R b2 R'b2 E _ CC K (6.44) Hnh 6.14. Thc ra TD cu Vin a) Trn 2 tranzisto mc EC (6.44) cng l b) Trn KTT mc khng o iu kin bng ca cu. Khi cu cn bng th mch khng th dao ng nn cn chn RN ln hn 2R0 mt cht .
174
Chng 7
NGUYN L BIN I PHI TUYN
7.1.Khi nim chung v mch phi tuyn. Cc linh kin in t c c trng bi cc thng s in ca chng nh in tr- R,in cm -L,in dung- C. Nu cc thng s ca chng ph thuc vo in p, dng in th chng l nhng thng s phi tuyn;nu khng ph th chng l nhng thng s tuyn tnh.Mt mch in c tt c cc thng s l tuyn tnh th c gi l mch in tuyn tnh.Mt mch in c t mt thng s phi tuyn tnh tr ln n c gi l mch phi tuyn. 7.1.1.Mt s phn t phi tuyn thng dng. a).in tr phi tuyn. Cc linh kin in t xt nh diot,tranzisto lng cc,tranzisto trng,thyristo... u thuc loi in tr phi tuyn. l nhng phn t c c tuyn VON-AMPE l cc h ng cong(m khng phi l ng thng bi din bng cc hm bc nht).V d ta xt mt ng c tuyn ca diot bn dn nh trn hnh 7.1a .Ti im M in tr tnh (mt chiu)l: RoM= UM/IM =cotg (7.1) in tr xoay chiu ti im M l: dU R~M= = cotg (7.2) dI Nh vy ti cc im lm vic khc nhau trn ng c tnh th gi tr in tr ca diot s khc nhau. b)in dung phi tuyn: Mt in dung phi tuyn in hnh l diot bin dung varicap - l mt mt ghp bn dn n-p thng c phn cc ngc .in dung ca n ph thuc vo in p nh sau: C M I C= .
k
(U + ) (7.3)
d

a) b)
Trong = ,k
1 3
1 2
l h s t l; -hiu in th tip xc,vi diot silic l 0,7V; Ud -in p t ln varicap.Quan h (7.3) trnh by trn th hnh 7.1b.R rng tr s ca in dung C ph thuc vo in p t ln varicap.
175
c) U Hnh7.1.a-c tuyn diot,b-c tuyn ca varicap,c-c c tuyn ca cun dy li st.
c)in cm phi tuyn:Mt in cm phi tuyn in hnh l cun dy c li st t.T thng ph thuc vo dng in I theo ng cong hnh 7.1c.in cm xc nh theo biu thc: d LM= = tg (7.4) dI M 7.1.2.Cc tnh cht c trng ca mch in phi tuyn: Mch in phi tuyn c nhng tnh cht c trng ring ca n.Nu xt mt mch phi tuyn trn quan im ch quan tm n quan h (ton hc)gia tc ng u vo v phn ng u ra th quan h khng phi l mt quan h bc nht nh trong mch in tuyn tnh,m l mt hm phi tuyn(khng ng thng).Mch phi tuyn c trng bi cc tnh cht sau y: -Khng th p dng nguyn l xp chng cho mch phi tuyn. -H phng trnh c trng cho mch in phi tuyn l mt h phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn,tc l h c h s ph thuc vo bin s . -Mch in phi tuyn c kh nng lm giu ph ca tn hiu. 7.1.3.Tnh cht lm giu ph tn hiu ca mch phi tuyn. Trong cc tnh cht trn ca mch phi tuyn th tinh cht lm giu ph tn hiu c s dng to ra cc ph mi trong cc mch iu ch,tch sng,bin tn...Xt tnh cht ny nh nguyn l bin i ph ca tn hiu . Trong thc t c tuyn l nhng ng cong c dng bng thc nghim. n gin, ly phn t phi tuyn l diot vi c tuyn nh hnh 7.1a. c tuyn ny c th ly gn ng(tim cn ho) bng mt hm gii tch l mt a thc lu tha: i = A i u i =A0+A1u +A2 u2 +A3 u3+ ...
i=0 n
(7.5)
Trong Ai l cc hng s lm gn ng (cc hng s tim cn),n l bc ca a thc.
a) Trng hp tc ng u vo l mt dao ng iu ho:

Nu in p t ln diot l mt hm sin u = U0m cos (t+ 0) th khi thay biu thc ca u vo (7.5) v bin i s a c v dng: i = I0 +I1m cos(t+0) +I2mcos2(t+0)+I3mcos3(t+0)+ I4mcos4(t+0)+ ... (7.6). Trong I0l thnh phn mt chiu,c xc nh : I0 = A0 +
1 3 (2 n)! A2 U2om + A4 U4om+ .... A 2iU 2nom 2 2n 2 8 2 ( n! )
(7.7)
I1m-Bin ca tn s c bn ,c xc nh :
176
I1m=A1U0m +
3 5 (2n + 1)! A3 U30m + A5U5om+...+ 2 n A2n +1U2n+1om 4 8 2 n!(n + 1)!

(2n + 1)!
2 n +1
(7.8)
1 1 I2m= A2 + A4U4om + ... + 2 2
I2m-Bin hi bc hai (tn s 2):
n !(n + 2)!
A2n+2 U2n+20m
(7.9)
...................................................
Inm=
i =o
(2n + i )!
Nh vy ,vi in p t ln diot ch c mt tn s th dng in qua diot ngoi tn s cn c thnh phn mt chiu v cc tn s 2,3,...n-gi tng ng l cc sng hi bc hai,ba,..n ca dng in.Trong n l bc ca a thc (7.5). b)Trng hp tc ng u vo l hai dao ng iu ho: Nu t ln diot ng thi hai in p iu ho c tn s khc nhau u1=U1m cos(1t+1) ; u2= U2mcos(2t+2) th khi thay u =u1+u2 vo (7.5) v bin i s nhn c dng din qua diot gm thnh phn mt chiu v cc tn s: 1,21,31,41..., 2,,2,3,2,4,2..., 1 2, , 21 2,1 22,31 2.... ,n1 m 2 (xem 7.13). Trng hp ny ngoi cc thnh phn hi ca cc tn s 1,2 v cc hi ca chng cn to ra cc tn s t hp 1 2,2 1 2, 1 22... k1 l2. cc a tn s t hp ny c bc l k+lvi k,l=1,2,3,...n Trng hp tng qut,khi a ti u vo ca mt phn t phi tuyn nhiu tn s 1,2,...S th u ra s c cc tn s , cc hi ca chng v tn s t hp k1 l2 ...hS... (k,l,h=1,2,3...n). Kh nng ny ca mch phi tuyn c ng dng trong cc mch bin i ph nh bin tn ,iu ch,tch sng,t hp tn s... 7.2. iu bin. Tn hiu iu bin xt trong chng1. y ta xt nguyn l xy dng cc mch in to ra tn hiu iu bin. 7.2.1.Nguyn l iu bin. Mch iu bin nhm to ra tn hiu iu bin dng (xem 1.4 chng 1): ub=U0m[ 1+mbcos(t +)]cos(0t+0). =Uomcos(0t+0) +
1 mbU0mcos[(0+)t+0+] 2
( 2 n + i 1)
n!(n + i )!
A2n+iU2n+iom
(7.10)
1 mbU0m cos[(0-)t+0-] 2
(7.11)
T biu thc ny c th suy ra hai nguyn l to tn hiu i binsau: a)iu bin dng mch nhn analog: t vo mt u vo ca mch nhn hnh 7.2 a tn hiu m tn u(t)=Umcos(t +) cng vi thnh phn mt chiu E0. u vo
177
th hai t dao ng sng mang u0(t)= U0m cos(0t+0).u ra s nhn c tch ca chng l tn hiu iu bin: ura(t)=ub(t)=(E0+ Umcos(t +) U0m cos(0t+0) = E0U0m cos(0t+0)+
1 1 E0U0m cos[(0+)t+0+]+ E0U0m cos[(0-)t+0-] 2 2
(7.12) b)iu bin dng mch phi u(t)+E0 K tuyn: ub(t) u0(t) Theo nguyn l hnh 7.2.b) nu u vo ca phn t phi tuyn l hai PTFT Lc ub(t) tn s v 0 th u ra c th ly u0(t) u(t) c cc tn s 0,0+,0-. Hnh7.2a)iu bin dng b nhn analog, chnh l ph ca tn hiu iu bin b)iu bin dng phn t phi tuyn c tch ra nh mch lc theo s . 7.2.2.Cc mch iu bin dng diot. a)iu bin thng thng mt diot: Xt s hnh 7.3a in p t ln diot gm in p mt chiu E0 t im lm vic cho diot,in p m tn u(t)=Um cos(t+1) v ti tin u0(t)= U0mcos(0t+2).T Cb dn tn s cao 0. Thay u =E0+ u(t) + u0(t) vo biu thc (7.5) vi n=3 v bin i s nhn c dng in qua diot nh sau: i=I0 +I01cos t +I10cos 0t +I02 cos 2t +I20 cos 22t+I03 cos 3t +I30 cos 30t + I11cos(0 +)t +I11cos(0-)t+I12 cos(0+2)t+I12cos(0-2)t + I21cos(20+)t +I21cos(20-)t (7.13) Trong : I0=A0+A1E0 +A2E20+A3E30+
3 (A2+3A3E0)(U20m+U2m) 4 3 3 I10= A1E0 +3A2E0+3A3E30 + A1U0m+ A3U20m. Um +A3U30m 4 2 3 3 I01= A1E0 +3A2E0+3A3E30 +A1Um+ A3U0m. U2 m + A3U3m 4 2 3 I11=(A2+2A3E0)U0m.Um ; I12= A3U0mU2 m; ; 4 3 1 I21= A3U2 0m Um; I2o= (A2+3A 3E0) U2 m; 2 4 1 3 Io2= (A2+3A 3E0) U2 0m; I30= A3U30m 2 4 3 Io3= A3U3m 4
(7.13)
178
Nh vy dng in D1 qua diot ch c cc tn s 0 Rt Cb ,0+ v 0 - (cc thnh u 0(t) u bcb (t) u (t) phn ch in nghing)l ca tn hiu iu bin,cn cctn D2 E0 s khc l mo phi u(t) tuyn.Mch cng hng Hnh 7.3 song song RLC lc ly cc a)iu bin thng thng dng 1 iot u 0 (t) tn s ny,loi b cc mo b)iu bin cn bng dng iot phi tuyn. Trong thc t mch cng hng cn c thit k cng hng tn s sng mang 0 v c di thng 2fdi 0,7= 2Fmax, trong Fmax l tn s cao nht ca tn hiu s cp.in p iu bin st trn khung cng hng l: ub(t) Rch[I10 cos 0t +I11cos (0+)t +I11cos (0-)t ] (7.14) b)iu bin cn bng. Hnh 7.3b) l iu bin cn bng dng hai diot.C th coi y l hai s hnh 7.3a) ghp chung trn mt ti.in p sng mang t ln hai diot l ng pha, in p tn hiu s cp t ln chng l ngc pha nn ta c: uD1(t)=u0(t)+u(t) =U0mcos 0t +Umcos t (7.15) uD2(t)=u0(t) -u(t)= Uomcost - Umcost Thay cc gi tr ca in p trn hai diot vo biu thc (7.5) ,bin i tng t nh trn ri tm dng din qua cun s cp ca bin p s c : i=iD1-id2=I01cost +I03cos3t +I11[cos(0+)t+cos(0-)t]+ I21 [cos(20+)t+cos(20-)t] (7.16) Trong : I01=U0m(2A1+3A3U20m + A3U2m ) I03=
1 A3U3 m 2 3 2 1 2
(7.17)
I11=2A2U0m.Um I21= A3 U2 0m.Um Tn hiu iu bin cn bng chnh l thnh phn th ba trong (7.16)vi bin I11.Sovi thnh phn I11 trong biu thc (7.14) th bin trong trng hp ny tng gn nh gp i.
179
c)iu bin vng:s iu bin vng vi bn diot trnh by trn hnh 7.4. S ny chnh l hai s iu bin cn bng hnh 7.3b ghp li .T y d dng nhn thy u ( t ) u b (t) in p tn hiu s cp u(t) t ln cc diot D1 v D2 , D3 v D4 l ng pha tng cp mt;ti tin u0(t)th l cc cp D1v D2 ,D3 v D4.Tc l: u 0 (t) uD1(t)=u0(t)+u(t) =U0mcos 0t 7.4. iu bin vng +Umcos t uD2(t)=u0(t) -u(t) =Uomcost (7.17) Umcost uD3(t)=-u0(t)-u(t) =-U0mcos 0t -Umcos t uD4(t)=-u0(t) +u(t)=-Uomcost +Umcost Cng thay cc biu thc (4.17) vo (7.5) tm cc dng in diot,sau tm dng ra: ira=(iD1-iD2)+(iD3-iD4)=2I11[cos(0+)t+cos(0-)t] = (7.18) 4A2U0m.Um[cos(0+)t+cos(0-)t] Nh vy mch iu bin vng cho bin tng ln gp i so vi mch iu bin cn bng ,kh c cc hi bc l ca v cc bin tn ca 20.Trong thc t u ra ca mch iu bin vng c th khng cn dng mch lc. 7.2.3.Nguyn l iu ch n bin. C ba phng php iu ch n bin l: phng php lc,phng php quay pha v phng php lc-quay pha kt hp.Ta xt s lc chng. a)phng php lc. T tn hiu iu bin cn bng ta loi b i mt bin (trn hoc di) ta s c tn hiu n bin. Thc t cch lm ch dng mt mch lc th khng t hiu qu tt v hai di bin trn 01 (01 + ) 01 01 + v di nm kh st nhau. V vy ngi ta Lc Lc BCB1 BCB1 iu ch hai ln u ( t ) 1 2 01 + (01 + ) tng khong cch gia 01 02 hai di bin. Hnh 7.5 u 02 ( t ) u 01 ( t ) l s khi ca mch TD TD iu ch n bin dng SM1 SM2 mch lc.Mch iu Hnh 7.5S khi mch iu bin cn bng bin cn bng th dng phng php lc nht(BCB1)iu bin vi song mang01,ly t mch to dao ng sng mang th nht (TD SM1).u ra
180
ca n l tn hiu iu bin cn bng 01.Mch th nht lc ly mt bin ,gi s bin trn 01+( ln lc ny cha trit m cn ln bin di 01-).Mch iu bin cn bng ln th hai (BCB 2)vi sng mang 0 2 ly t mch to dao ng sng mang th hai(TD SM2) to ra hai bin mi l 0 2 (01+).Mch lc th hai lc ly mt bin thun khit,v d l bin trn 02 + (01+) b)iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha Phng php ny dng u(t)=Umcost hai mch iu bin cn bng v BCB1 hai mch quay pha nh trn 0 90 U sint hnh 7.6. Gi s mch iu bin m Tn hiu +hoccn bng th nht iu bin tn n bin hiu s cp v ti tin cha quay 0 pha (hm cosin).Mch iubin 90 BCB2 th hai iu bin tn hiu s cp u0(t)=U0mcost U0msin0t v ti tin quay pha( hm Hnh 9.6iu ch n bin sin).u ra ca chng s c theo phng php quay pha nhng tn hiu tng ng l:
1 u CB1 = U CBm cos t cos 0 t = 2 U CBm [cos( 0 + )t + cos( 0 ) t ] (7.19) 1 u CB1 = U CBm sin t sin 0 t = 2 U CBm [ cos( 0 + )t + cos( 0 )t ] Hai tn hi ny c th gp li thnh hiu hoc tng .Nu ly tngth: (7.20) un bin(t)=uCB1(t)+uCB2(t)=UCBmcos (0-)t Nu ly hiu : un bin(t)=uCB1(t)-uCB2(t)=UCBmcos (0+)t (7.21) c)iu bin theo phng php kt hp lc v quay pha. Kt hp hai phng php trn s cho kt qu tt hn to ra tn hiu n bin.S khi ca phng php ny trnh by trn hnh 7.7.Tn hiu s cp qua b lc hn ch bt di tn ca n ri a vo iu bin cn bng bc 1trn (BCB1)bng sng mang 01.Sng mang ny c quay pha i 900 iu bin cn bng bc 1 di(BCB1).u ra hai mch iu bin cn bng s c tn hiu 1 u CB1 = U CBm cos t cos 0 t = U CBm [cos(0 + )t + cos( 0 )t ] 2 (7.22) 1 u ' = U CBm cos t sin 0 t = U CBm [ sin( 0 + ) t + sin( 0 ) t ] CB1 2 Hai mach lc tng ng lc ly mt bin ca tn hiu,gi s bin trn(01+). Chng c mang iu ch ln hai vi sng mang 02. u ra ca hai mch iu
181
bin cn bng ln hai c: uCB2(t)=UCB1mU02m cos(01 +)t cos 02t= uCB2(t)=UCB1mU02m sin (01+)t sin 02t= Qua mch hiu s c:
1 UCBm U02m[cos(02+01+)t +cos(02-01-)t] 2
(7.23)
1 UCB1m U02m[-cos(02+01+)t +cos(02-01-)t] 2
un bin =uBCB2-uBCB2= UCB1m U02mcos(02+01+)t

BCB 1 Lc BCB 2
1 2
(7.24)
u(t) Lc
900
u01(t) u02(t)
Lc
900
uB
BCB 1
BCB 2
Hnh 7.7 S khi iu bin n binkt hp lc v quay pha 7.3 iu tn v iu pha. Nh xt trong chng 1, quan h gia tn s v pha ca dao ng nh sau: =d/dt v = dt T ta thy c th to tn hiu iu pha t tn hiu iu tn v ngc TH li.Tht vy nu a tn hiu s cp i u(t) iu pha iu tn dt qua mch tch phn ri thc hin iu pha th tn hiu ra s l tn hiu iu tn nh hnh 7.8a.Cn nu a tn hiu s cp i qua mch vi phn ri a u(t) TH iu tn d/dt vo mch iu tn nh hnh 7.8b th iu pha s c tn hiu iu pha .Nh vy c Hnh 7.8 iu tn v iu pha dn tip th thc hin iu tn v iu pha trc tip hoc dn tip.Ta xt mt s cch iu tn trc tip.
182
Trong k thut in t hin i ngi ta thc hin iu tn trc tip bng cch to ra cc mch to dao ng c tn s c iu khin bi in p VCO(voltage controlled oscillator) hoc dng in CCO(Current controlled oscillator),hoc cc mch to dao ng theo nguyn l theo nguyn l bin i in p tn s.Thng ngi ta s dng cc mch to dao ng LC( xt trong chng 6) c tn s bin i theo in p ca tn hiu s cp v mch dao ng loi ny c di tn s bin i rng v lm vic n nh di tn s cao. 7.3.1.iu tn dng VARICAP. Varicap l loi diot bin dung c cu to t mt mt ghp n-p.Nu cho diot phn cc ngc th n s tng ng mt t in c in dung C xc nh theo cng thc: k C = Co h (7.23) k + U Trong h=23-hng s thc nghim ;K -mc hng ro th nngca vt liu bn dn, U-in p t ln diot.C0-in dung ca varicap khi U=0. (suy t 7.3) c tnh ca varicap c dng hnh 7.9a .Nu in p t ln varicap c dng hn sin nh th hnh 7.9b th in dung ca varicap cng c dng hnh sin 7.9C. Ngi ta s dng varicap nh mt in dung trong thnh phn ca khung cng hng ca mch to dao ng hnh sin to tn hiu iu tn . Mt s nh vy c dng nh hnh 7.10. y l mt mch dao ng hnh sin ghp bin p.Cc in tr R1,R2,R3 nh thin cho tranzisto,LCh l cun chn tn s cao khng lt vo ngun,Cn1v Cn2 l cc t ni tng.iot CD c cp ngun mt chiu E0 qua cun th cp ca bin p. in p m tn u(t) ghp qua bin p vo iot varicap.in dung CD s bin thin theo in p m tn u(t) .Nh vy C1 ghp song song vi C C(t) c) nhnh c CD v Cn2 mc ni tip. Tr s ca in a) dung tng ng l: C .C C td = C1 + D n 2 U t C D + C n1 u(t) . (7.25) Hnh7.9chn ch cng tc Nu chn Cn2 >>CD b) ca varicap th CtC1+C2.Tn s c t dao ng to ra s l: 1 (7.26) f dt = 2 L(C + C ) Trong cng thc (7.26) CDbin thin theo quy lut ca hm s cp u(t) nn
1 D
183
dao ng to ra s l dao ng iu tn. 7.3.2.iu tn dng tranzisro in khng Ngi ta mc tranzisto so R2 R1 L C1 D u (t) . E0 cho n tng ng vi mt R3 Cn3 Cn2 in dung hoc mt in cm.Xt cch mc nh hnh 7.11.Mc ch ca cch mc l to ra tng tr Z=U/I mang tnh dung(-jX) Hnh 7.10 iu tn dng VARICAP hoc tnh cm(jX). Vi mch ny nu chn Z1 v Z 2 thch hp th s c IIC v nh vy th ZU / IC.Nhng trong tranzisto ta c quan h sau: h ICIB h21 IB= h .IB =g21.UBE=S.UBE (7.27) h y g21=S- l h dn ca tranzisto. V vy nn: U Z +Z Z=U / IC = = (7.28) Z1 S. U S.Z to thnh dung khng hoc cm khng theo Z2 (7.28) s c cc phng n sau: Z2 -Phng n 1:Chn Z1 l in tr R,Z2 l in
+Ucc Lch C n1
21 11 11
1 2 BE 2
Hnh7.11.Tranzisto mc . in khng
dung C sao cho R>>
1 th : C
R .C R R .C = j =jLt; Lt= 1 S S S jC
(7.29)
-Phng n 2: Chn Z1 l in dung C,Z2 l in tr R sao cho R<< Z
1 1 = ; Ct=S.C.R (7.30) j SCR j C -Phng n 3: Chn Z1 l in cm L,Z2 l in tr R sao cho R<< L th L L =j Lt ; Lt= (7.31) Z j S. R S. R -Phng n 4: Chn Z1 l in tr R in ,Z2 l cm L sao cho R>> L th
td
1 th C
184
1 R C n1 = R j S L j C T1 T2 LK S.L Ct = (7.32) Ck R L gh C C th s dng Uu(t) mt trong cc phng n L1 xt trn to mch C n2 iu tn.Hnh 7.12 l mt . R2 mch iu tn vi T1 l c n4 R1 R 3 +Ucc tranzisto in khng mc theo phng n 1,tng ng vi mt in cm . Hnh 7.12iu tn dng (cng thc 7.29).in . tranzisto in khng cm Lt do T1 to ra c c ghp vo khung cng hng ca mch to dao ng mc trn T2.in p m tn u(t) iu khin h dn S (trong cng thc 7.29) ca tranzisto T1 ,to nn tn hu iu tn ,ly ra trn khung cng hng LKCK. 7.4 Tch sng bin . Cc mch tch sng tn hiu iu bin,hay gi tt l tch sng bin ,c nhim v tch tn hiu s cp ra khi sng mang.Tin tc (tn hiu s cp ) nm ng bao ca tn hiu iu bin nn tch sng bin nhm tch ly ng bao ca ca tn hiu( xem hnh 1.7C-chng 1). C nhiu s tch sng bin . y ta ch xt nguyn l lm vic ca s tch sngbin dng it mctheo s ni tip. l s tiu biu nht. S ny
td
Tn hiu t K trung tn cui
D ub Ct
t1 t2 t 3 Ti K m Rt tn t0
a)
b)
Hnh 7.13.a)Tch sng bin ni tip b) th gii thch nguyn l tch sng bin
n gin nhng li c hiu qu tch sng cao. S c dng nh biu din trn hnh 7.13a. Trong s ny it mc ni tip vi ti nn gi l s ni tip. Nguyn l
185
lm vic ca s c th c gii thch theo th hnh 7.13b .Trong khong na chu k dng th nht ca tn hiu, bt u t thi im t0 th it thng, t Ct np in nhanh qua in tr thun (nh ) ca it ( khong thi gian t t0 t1 ) nn dng ca in p uc(t) gn nh lp li dng tng ca tn hiu. n thi im t1 th in p trn t t cc i, in p tn hiu iu bin bt u gim, in th ant ca it tt xung di mc ca katt (mc ca katt l mc c np bi t Ct). V vy t thi im t1 it dng, in tr ngc ca n ln, t Ct bt u phng in theo quy lut hm m qua in tr Rt trong khong thi gian t1t2 . T thi im t2n t3 it li thng, t Ct li np in....vv.. Qu trnh c nh vy tip din. Kt qu in p trn t Ct c dng gn ging vi ng bao ca tn hiu iu bin, chnh l tn hiu U (t) cn tch. sai lch ca in p tch sng U (t) so vi ng bao c quyt nh bi cch chn = RtCt. Mun in p ny c dng ging ng bao cn chn :
T0 = 1 1 << Rt.Ct << = T f0 F
(7.27)
(7.27) gi l iu kin tch sng. Trong T0 l chu k ca sng mang

1 2 ) = f0 0 1 2 T l chu k ca tn hiu s cp (m tn ) (T = = ) F
( T0 =
Thc t ngi ta chn RtCt tho mn :

10 1 < RtCt < 2 f0 2 .F max
(7.28)
7.5.Tch sng Pha. cc mch tch sng pha tn hiu u ra t l vi hiu s pha ca hai dao ng u vo c cng tn s. Hnh 7.14a l mt mch tch sng pha n gin dng mt it. Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau: Mch c b dao ng chun to ra dao ng c cng tn s vi tn hiu v c pha u khng i. Nh vy trn it s c hai in p uch(t) v uf(t) vi : uch(t) = Uchm cos(0t + ch) uf(t) = Ufm cos(0t + (t)) (7.29) th vc t ca chng trnh by trn hnh 7.14b. vi pha u ca dao ng chun ch =0 Theo th vc t hnh 7.14b th vc t tng U t ln it s l (7.30) U =UD = U df + U ch + 2 U df .U ch cos
2 2
Vi = (t) -ch
186
in p u ra ca b tch sng c bin tr s t l vi hiu pha nh sau UTS = KTS .Uch D Udf u(t)
tC. t t Rt
uf(t) C
(t) Uch
Hnh 4.14 a)Mch tch sng pha n gin b) gin vc t in p trong TS pha n gin
Udf Udf 1+ cos +2 Uch Uch (7.31) Trong KTS l h s truyn ca mch tch sng. Theo (7.31) th quan hUTS v l mt hm phi tuyn, nn mch lm vic km hiu qu, mo phi tuyn ln. mch lm vic tt hn ngi ta rp hai s hnh 7.14 thnh mt nh hnh 7.15a.
Theo s hnh 7.15a th UD1 = U1+ Uch UD2 = -U1+Uch Nh vy th tng t nh trng hp trn s c bin cc in p t ln it l: UD1 = Uch
U 1+ 1 U ch U 1+ 1 U ch U + 2 1 cos U ch U 2 1 cos U ch
2 2
UD2 = Uch
(7.32)
U1 uf(t)
D1 Ct1 Rt1
U01 U0 U02 U1
UD1
UCh
UD2
C t2 Rt2 U1 D2 UCh a)
U1=-U1 b)
Hnh 7.15a)Tch sng pha n phc tp b) gin vc t cc in p

187
Nn UTS = KTS(UD2-UD1)=KTSUch
U1 U1 Trong = 1 + cos +2 Uch Uch
2 2
(7.33)
U1 U1 - 1+ cos 2 Uch Uch (7.34)
Xt ba trng hp c trng: - Khi = / 2 th cos =0 nn =0, in p u ra ca b tch sng =0 - Khi < / 2 th 0< cos<1 nn >0,in p u ra cu b tch sng s dng - Khi > / 2 th ngc li-1< cos<0, <0 , in p u ra ca b tch sng s l m 7.6 Tch sng tn s Tch sng tn s thng c thc hin bng cch bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu va iu bin va iu tn ri thc hin tch sng bin hoc bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu c pha bin bin thin theo pha tch sng 7.6.1. Tch tn s n gin . Hnh 7.16 l mch tch sng tn s n gin dng mt it vi mt khung cng hng L2C2 ca mch tch sng , cng hng tn s f02 cn khung cng hng L1C1 l ti ca khuch i trung tn cui, cng hng tn s trung tn f01 . Nguyn l bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu tn - iu bin gii thch trn th hh 7.16b nh sau: ng a) 1 hnh 7.16b l c tnh chn lc ca khung cng hng n (xem hnh 1.16 chng 1). Ta L2 C2 chn tn s trung tm ca tn C1 L1 Mch Ct hiu trung tn (tn hiu iu tn Bin i . Rt cn tch sng ) f0 nh hn hoc Tch sngbin ln hn tn s f01ca khung cng b) hng L2C2 . Chn sao cho f0 1 nm gia on dc nht ca c ub-t tuyn 1 chn lc. Gi s tn s trung tn bin thin theo quy f f lut hnh sin nh ng cong 2 f(t) 0 01 3 t th in p trn khung L2C2 s 2 c dng nh ng cong 3. Tn hiu ny a vo tch sng Hnh 7.16a) b tch sng tn s n gin bin tch ly tn hiu m t b) th bin i tn hiu iu tn tn. . thnh tn hiu iu bin-iu tn. 7.6.2 Tch sng tn s dng hai khung lch cng hng lch cng hng.
188
S tch sng dng mt khung cng hng hnh 7.16a cho hiu qu tch sng km, mo phi tuyn ln. Mun khc phc cc nhc im trn cn gip hai mch 7.16a thnh mt mch hnh 7.17a. y cn chn hai khung L2C2 v L2C2 vi mt khung c tn s cng hng f02 ln hn tn s trung tn f0 ,khung kia c tn s f01 nh hn f0 nh hnh 7.17b. Vi in p u ra ca b tch sng UTS bng hiu ca hai in p tch sng : 1
R t2 U 02
. L'2 C'2
D2 C t2
2 f01 f0 f02 f
. L2 C 2 C t1 D2 R t1
U0 U 01
Hnh 7.17 a) Mch tch sng tn s dng hai khung lch cng hng b)c tuyn truyn t ca mch. UTS = UTS1 - UTS2 nn c tuyn bin i (truyn t) ca mch s c dng l hiu ca hai ng cong 1 v 2. Cho ng cong 3 trn hnh 7.17 b ng cong ny c tuyn tnh v dc tt hn trng hp dng mt khung cng hng. C th tm c in p u ra ca b tch sng theo biu thc sau: UTS = UTS1 - UTS2 = KTS.UB-T max. (7.35) Trong =
1 1 + (
2 TS )
1 1 + ( +
2 TS )
(7.36)
2(f f0 )2 2 f = vi = f0 d td f0 d td =
- lch tn s tng qut (xem 1.6 Chng 1);
dtd - h s suy gim tng ng ca mt khung cng hng ; dtd = 1/Q;

TS
2(f02 f01 ) 2 f0 = 2f0 d td 2f0 d td
7.6.3 Tch sng tn s dng mt khung cng hng trng thi cng hng. Xt mch tch sng hai it nhng ch c mt khung cng hng th cp L2C2 cng cng hng tn s trung tn f0 nh hnh 7.18a 1 1 f0 = f trung tn = = 2 L 1C 1 2 L 2 C 2 y hai khung cng hng c ghp qua i lng h cm M. Khung cng hng L1C1 c ghp vo im gia ca cun L2 qua t Cn; Cun chn Lch c tc dng chn tn s cao (trung tn) v thng tn s thp (m tn) . Nguyn l tch sng
189
c th gii thch nh sau: T Cn u thng khung cng hng L1C1 vo im gia ca cun L2 nn s
D2 Cn
U 02
M
Rt Ct C2 D1 U 01 Ct Rt U0
U 2 /2
C1
C1 U1
C2
U 2 /2
a)
b)
Hnh 7.18 a)Tch sng dng mt khung cng hng trung tn b) s rt gn rt gn c dng nh hnh 7.18b. T hnh ny ta thy: in p U1 t ln hai it l ng pha, in p vo U2 chia thnh hai na t ln hai it l ngc pha. Do vy c th xy dng th vc t cho cc trng hp khc nhau nh trn hnh 7.19 Trng hp th nht tn s tn hiu trung tn khng bin thin m bng ng tn s trung tm f0 trng vi tn s cng hng ca c hai khung L1C1v L2C2. in p U1 gy nn dng I1 qua U2 U2 U 2 U2 U2 L1 chm pha mt gc nh 2 U2 2 hn 90o so vi U1 (v mch 2 2 2 U1 U1 2 U1 c in tr tn hao). Dng I1 gy nn sut in ng U2 cm ng trn cun L2 l EM I1 I1 I1 = jMI1, gi s ta ly U2 du - , tc EM = - jMI1, I2 I2 EM U2 EM I2 nh vy l EM chm pha so EM b) c) vi I1 mt gc 90o . V a) Hnh 9.19. th vecto gii thch nguyn l mch th cp L2C2 cng tch song tn s cng hng nn dng I2 do sut in ng EM sinh ra cng trng pha vi n (cng hng ni tip ). Dng ny sinh ra in p U2 vt pha so vi n mt gc nh hn 90o (do trong mch c tn hao) .Do vy th vc t hnh 7.19a th U1 vung gc vi U2 nn in p t ln hai it c bin nh nhau, in p u ra ca hai b tch sng nh nhau nn : UTS = UTS2 - UTS1 = KTS(UD1-UD2) = 0 Trng hp th hai ta xt l trng hp tn s ca tn hiu trung tn ln hn tn s cng hng f0 . Lc ny mch th cp lch cng hng (ni tip) nn mang tnh cht cm, dng in I2 chm pha so vi EM mt gc nh hn 90o ,I2 sinh ra U2 vt
U D1 U D2 U D1 U D2
190
U D1
U D2
pha so vi n mt gc nh hn 90o . Do vy theo th vc t hnh 7.19b th UD1 > UD2 nn in p ra s khc 0. Tng t gii thch trng hp th 3 khi tn s ca tn hiu nh hn tn s trung tm f0 vi th hnh 7.19c C th tm c biu thc nh lng ca in p u ra b tch sng UTS = KTS(UD2 - UD1) = KTSU1 (7.38)
A A 1 + + 1 + 2 2
2 2
Trong A=
M r
(1 + A
2 2
+ 4
-nhn t ghp
r -in tr tn hao ca khung cng hng

= 2Q 0 0 r
- lch tn s tng qut =K.Q
A=
K L 1L 2
Thng chn A=0,855 c hiu qu tch sng tt nht. 7.6.4.Tch sng tn s t l.Trong cc mch tch sng tn s xt ,trc khi i ti b tch sng tn hiu phi i qua mch hn ch bin (tng khuch i trung tn cui lm vic ch hn ch bin ). S d nh vy v tn hiu trn ng truyn b nhiu tc ng to thnh iu bink sinh.Mch hn bin hai pha s loi b nhng iu bin k sinh . Ring tch sng tn s t l s xt sau y khng cn c hn ch bin .S nguyn l trnh by trn hnh 7.20. Hai D1 diot D1 v D2 mc ni tip.T hnh 7.20 xc nh c : R Ura1 C in p st trn mi in tr R cng l in p trn mi t C U1 C1 U0 l: . Ura2 R 1 C uR = u0 /2 = (ura1+ura2); 2 D2 Cn in p ra ca b tch sng l : Ura LCh ura= ura1- uR Hnh 7.20 tch sng tn s t l 1 1 = (ura1-ura2)= U0
2 2
191
Ura1 Ura 2 Uo Ura1 / U.ra 2 1 = Ura1 + Ura 2 2 Ura1 / Ura 2 1
(7.28 )
Biu thc cui cho thy trong qu trnh tch sng nu in p u0 khng i do chn t Co kh ln ,in p ra ch ph thuc vo t s ura1/ura2 ,t s ny ph thuc vo s bin thin tn s u vo m khng phn ng vi cc nhiu bin nh trong b tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp.V vy khng cn hn ch bin trc khi tch sng. 7.7.Bin tn. 7.7.1.Nguyn l bin tn. Bin tn(cn gi l trn tn hoc i tn)ng dng trong cc my thu nhm a di tn s thu c v mt di c nh,gi l di trung tn hoc trung gian,nhm to ra cc tng khuch i trung tn c chnh cng hng ti mt tn s c nh .Nh vy nhim v ca bin tn l chuyn i di tn s (thng l t min cao hn v min thp hn) m khng lm thay i dng bin v pha ca tn hiu . Thc cht y l qu trnh chuyn i tn s sng mang. thc hin chc nng trn mt mch i tn cn c hai thnh phn l mch trn v mch dao ng ngoi sai.Nu a ti u vo ca phn t phi tuyn mt tn s n (c mt vch ph) ly t mch dao ng ngoi sai fngs v tn s tn hiu c ch fth (hoc l c nh hoc l bin thin trong mt di hp no ) th theo nguyn l bin i phi tuyn 1.1.3 b s nhn c u ra qua mch lc tn s trung tn: tt = | m th nngs| ;trong m,n l nhng s nguyn dng. Nu ly tn s tt = | th ngs| th bin tn c gi l n gin vi m=n=1.Trng hp ly m,n >1 gi l bin tn t hp. 7.7.2.Mch bin tn dng diot . Cc mch bin tn dng diot cng c s tng t nh cc mch iu bin.Cc s bin tn D D1 u th trnh by trn hnh7.21 u th u tt u tt Mch bin tn n gin hnh 7.21a dng D2 mt diot trn tn hiu tn s fth ngoi sai u ng .S fngs.Mch lc u ra lc D1 u ng .S ly tn hiu trung tn fthD4 fngs.S bin tn cn H nh 7.21 u th u tt a)bin tn n gin bng hnh 7.21b tng D3 dng in tn s trung b)bin tn cn bng tn ln gp i v mo c)bin tn vng D2 phi tuyn gim so vi s n gin.Mch
u ng .S
192
bin tn vng hnh 7.21c c dng intn s trung tn tng gp i so vi bin tn cn bng v sn phm ph gn nh b trit tiu nn c th khng cn dng mch lc (xem cc mch iu bin). 7.7.3.Bin tn dng tranzisto Bin tn dng tranzisto cng ftt thng gp trong cc my thu.Cc s c th s dng cch mc emit chung hoc baz chung.Cch mc baz chung c dng vng tn s cao tng n nh,tuy nhin h s . L1 CE truyn t thp hn s emit chung ftt RE L2 .Cch ghp tn hiu v ngoi sai c R L3 cc phng n trn hnh 7.22. C2 Hnh 7.23a l mt v d v mch bin tn dng mt tanzisto thc hin c hai C 1 chc nng trn v dao ng ngoi sai Hnh7.23Bin tn dng mt tranzisto .Dao ng ngoi sai y l mt mch to dao ng hnh sin ghp h cm qua bin p .n p goi sai c to ra nh hi tip dng ghp vo emit ca tranzisto qua L2,L3. in p tn hiu ghp vo baz qua bin p u vo.Mch L1C1 cng hng ni tip tn s trung tn nn tn s trung tn b ngn mch u vo trnh hin tng bin tn ngc. gim s nh hng ln nhau gia mch ngoi sai v mch tn hiu ngi ta hnh thnh mt mch cu to bi L2,L3,R-C2,Re-Ce.(hnh 7.23b).Re,Ce l cc gi tr k sinh ca tranzisto v ca mch.Khi cu cn bng th nh hng gia hai mch tn hiu v ngoi sai s b trit tiu. 7.9 Vng gi pha PLL(phase loocked loop). 7.9.1.Nguyn l PLL Vng gi pha (cn gi l vng kho pha hay vng cht pha)c ng dng rng ri trong k thut in tU d' vtuyn in t t ng iu chnh tn s ,tng hp tn s,iu ch ,gii m ting ni Uv VCO So ... Xt nguyn l lm vic trn Lc thng thp pha OS C s khi hnh 7.24. r V Nhim v ca vng gi -r v pha hnh 7.24 l pht hin s chnh lch v tn s gia tn Chia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra iu chnh tn s ca dao ng ti Hnh 7.24 S khi vng kho pha.PLL ch bm theo tn s ca tn
193
hiu vo. Mch dao ng ti ch l mch VCO-mch dao ng c khng ch bng in p (voltage controlled oscillator) hoc CCO-Mch dao ng khng ch bng dngin (currunt controlled oscillator).Mch PLL hnh 7.24 c cc khi VCO, khi chia tn s,khi so snh (so pha-tch sng pha), khi khuch i v lc thng thp. Nguyn l lm vic ca khi ny nh sau: Khi khng c tn hiu vo th VCO dao ng t do vi tn s ring ca n l 0 , in p iu khin VCO l Ud=0 v u ra ca b tch sng pha (tc l u vo ca khi khuch i-lc thng thp) khng c in p Ud= Kd.Uv.Ur=0. Khi c tn hiu vo mch so pha s so snh pha ca tn hiu vo (tn s v)v pha ca tn hiu ti ch (tn s r ly t VCO qua b chia tn r=r/N).Mch so pha c th s dng mch nhn analog tch sng pha (nu tn hiu l tng t).u ra ca b so pha nhn c mt tn hiu Ud t l vi hiu s pha =v-r.. V Ud =Kd.Uv.Ur nn trong c cc tn s tng v hiu v-r,v+r. Mch lc thng thp lai b tn s tng,lc ly tn s hiu v-r ri khuch i ln iu khin VCO .VCO s phi thay i tn s cho n khi hiu v-r khng,ngha l =0 .Nh vy VCO lun thay i tn s bm theo tn s u vo. Nu tn s ca tn hiu vo lch qu xa tn s catn so snh lm cho tn s tng v tn s hiu lch ra ngoi vng thng ca b lc th s khng c tn hiu iu khin .VCO s dao ng t do vi tn s 0.PLL khng hot ng.Khi cho v v r xch li gn nhau sao cho hiu ca chng lt vo trong di thng ca b lc thng thp th PLL bt u hot ng ,PLL lm vic trong di bt. Di bt qut nh bi di thng ca lc thng thp , l di tn s thit lp c ch ng b . Di gi l di tn s tn s m PLL gi c ch ng b khi thay i tn s ca tn hu vo.Di gi khng ph thuc vo lc thng thp m ph thuc vo bin ca in p iu khin v kh nng thay i tn s ca VCO. 7.9.2.Mt s ng dng ca PLL. PLL c ng dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t hin i nhm bin i tn s ,iu chnh tn s.Xt mt s ng dng . +Tch sng tn hiu iu tn. Mun dng PLL tch sng tn s th phi chn tn s dao ng t do 0 ca VCO trng vi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn (tn hiu trung tn). Nh vykhi tn s ca VCO bm theo tn s ca tn hiu iu tn u vo th u ra ca mch lc thng thp -khuch i nhn c tn hiu Ud t l vi =v-0, chnh l tn hiu m tn c tch ra. +iu ch tn s. truyn cc cc tn hiu s trn cc ng in thoi (trong cc modem) hoc ct gi cc tn hiu s,thng dng cc tn hiu logic nh phn 1 v 0 m ho theo hai tn s hkc nhau (v d 0 ng vi950 hz, 1 ng vi1050 hz ).Phng php ny gi l o tn s (FSK-frequency shift keying). PLL c kt cu sao cho tn s 0 nm gia hai tn s , n bm theo mt trong hai
194
tn s .in p ra Ud s c hai mc biu th tn hiu nh phn c tch sng.Tn hiu ny s c truyn i hoc c ct gi di dng s. +T hp tn s. T hp tn s nhm to ra mt h cc tn s ri rc t mt tn s chun (ch sng) c n nh rt cao. Tn s chun PLL Ngi ta ng fc TSP LTT&K VCO Tn s ra dng PLL thc fra=Nfc hin t hp tn s. V PLL thc CHIA tn hin ch bm N:1 fra/N pha nn cc tn s c t hp ra Hnh 7.25.Mch nhn tn s vi h s nhn N nguyn vn c n nh cao nh tn s chun. a)Nhn vi s nguyn (hnh 7.25). Ch ng b ,tn s VCO em chia cho N ng b vi dao ng chun fC.. Tn s ny bm theo fC c Ud=0. u ra nhn c fra=NfC. b) Ly ra tn s khng phi l bi ca tn s chun. ly ra tn s khng phi l bi ca tn s chun fc s dng s hnh 7.26. Tn s chun fc c a qua b chia tn chia thnh fc/M. Tn s ca dao ng ra f0 qua mch chia tn chia fc / M VCO fc thnh f0/N.Khi ng Lc thng thp Tch OSC Chia tn v khuch i b th fC/M=f0/N sng pha fo N fr = fC nn tn s ly ra l:
M f0 / N Chia tn :N
fra=f0=
N f M C
(7.29)
Hnh7.26Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng l bi ca tn s vo
Bng cch thay i N,M (chng trnh ho )c th to ra mt mng tn s ri rc c chnh xc v n nh nh dao ng chun. Vi nguyn l lm vic nh trn phn tch c th thy m PLL hnh 7.27 l mch ng b tn s fC v tn s ca dao ng VCO.
fc
tch sng pha
Lc thng thp v khuch i
VCO OSC fo
fr = fC
Hnh 7.27 Mch PLL b tn s

195
Chng 8
K thut xung- s
K thut xung- s bao hm mt lnh vc rt rng v quan trng ca k thut in t- tin hc .Tn hiu xung c s thay th dn tn hiu ri rc ,v ngy nay cc thit b s c thay th dn k thut tng t trong k thut in t vin thng ,tin hc.. .Chng ny cp n nhng kin thc c s ca k thut xung -s. 8.1. Khi nim chung v tn hiu xung. Cc mch xung c nhim v to v x l tn hiu dng xung .Cc dng xung thng gp trnh by trn hnh 8.1 u,i u,i u,i u,i
0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t Hnh 8.1 a)xung vung, b)xung hnh thang,c)xung rng ca,d)xung nhn u Mt xung in p (hnh 8.2a) c c trng bi cc tham s sau y: -Um-Bin ca xung ,c n v thng l V hoc mV [1mV=10-3 V]. -tx - Thi gian tn ti xung hay rng xung,n v mS hoc S. -tt - Thi gian sn trc. -ts - Thi gian sn sau. -t - Thi gian nh xung. -U- st nh xung. - T -chu k lp li ca xung. Xung l tng c tt,ts, U bng khng. Do qu trnh qu xy ra trong mch nn xung c dng thc t nh hnh 8.2b,lc s dng cc tham s quy c (tng i chnh xc).Thi gian tn ti xung tnh t lc xung t 10% n lc t 90% gi tr bin .(ng vi aUm(1-a)Um vi a=0,1).i lc s dng gi tr a=0,05 hoc a=0,01. Trong k thut khi tnh ton cn dng n cc tham s sau: rng( tha) ca xung: =T/tx ( 8.1) Tn s lp li ca xung: f=2 /T=2/.tx (8.2) Trong k thut truyn s liu cc tn hiu lin tc c ri rc ho bin thnh tn hiu xung . Qu trnh ri rc ho c m t trn hnh 8.3. y hm lin tc
196
(analog) f(t) c thay th bng cc gi tr ca chng ti cc thi im ti (i=1,2,3...) Vic ri rc ho phi tun theo nh lut Kochenhicop u thu khi phc li tn u Um E0 tt a) t tx b) Hnh 8.2 a)xung l tng.b)Xung thc t ts aUm t tt tx ts t U u (1-a)Um U
hiu lin tc khng b mo.Mun vy phi chn khong thi gian t sao cho t=ti+1ti 1/ 2F ; trong F l tn s cao nht ca tn hiu f(t).Mi gi tr ca hm f(t) sau khi ri rc ho s nhn gi tr ki.h.Tt nhin gi tr ny sai lch so vitr s thc ca f(ti).Mun tng chnh xc cn gim h(gi l bc lng t ) . Sau bc lng t ho cc gi tr ki.h c m ho bng cc s trong hm nhi phn . H m nh phn c hai tr s :ng vi mc in p thp l 0,ng vi mc in p cao l 1.Mi gi tr f(ti) =ki.h c m ho bng mt t m c th 5,8 hoc 16 ... xung tu theo tng loi m.Kt qu trn ng truyn s truyn i nhng tn hiu c s ho (tn hiu digital).Mi mt xung trong mt t m gi l mt bit thng tin . Cc mch xung-s c xy dng t f(t) nhng phn t logic c bn thuc h tuyn tnh f hoc h phi tuyn.Trong chng ta s ln lt xt chng ,trn c s s xt cc phn t t logic thng dng t
8.2.Cc phn t tuyn tnh dng trong k thut xung-s.
Hnh 8.3.
Cc phn t tuyn tnh rt thng dng ca mch in l cc mch RC,RL,RLC ,khuch i trn tranzisto lng cc , tranzisto trng ,khuch i thut ton,mch lc ,ng dy gi chm .Chng c s dng trong k thut xy dng cc mch xung - s . Xt truyn tn hiu xung qua cc mch n gin. Vic phn tch cc mch tuyn tnh hc vin c th tham kho trong cc gio trnh l thuyt mch -tn hiu , k thut mch int t, K thut in c xut bn ti HVKTQS hoc ca nh xut bn gio dc . y ch nhn mnh mt s
197
c im phn tch mch ch xung v mt s ng dng ca n trong cc mch xung. Trong mch in mt t bin ca dng in hoc in p ko theo mt qu trnh qu ,ngha l s lm cho mch chuyn trng thi t ch xc lp ny sang ch xc lp khc.(Ch xc lp ca mch in c nh ngha l ch m cc dng in v in p trong mch hoc l cc i lng khng i hoc l bin thin theo mt quy lut tun hon).Thi im c t bin gi l thi im ng-m mch .c im ca qu trnh ng m mch l in p trn in dung uC(t) v dng in qua in cm iL(t) khng th bin thin nhy vt m phi bin thin lin tc t gi tr sn c ca n trc khi ng m(c gi tr ny c gi l cc iu kin ban u).V vy cc thng s in dung v in cm c gi l cc thng s qun tnh..S d nh vy v cc i lng uC(t) v iL(t) lin quan cht ch n cc qu trnh nng lng ca in trng trong in dung C v ca t trng trong in cm L. Tuy nhin trong k thut xung th uC(t) v iL(t) c th bin thin cc nhanh,nhanh n mc c th b qua thi gian sn trc v thi gian sn sau. Tt nhin trong trng hp phi coi tc ng ln mch l cc ngun n p hoc ngun dng in l tng, cung cp mt cng sut v cng ln cho mch ti thi im ng m. Vic phn tch mch trong ch qu cn gii trc tip h phng trnh vi phn c trng mch, hoc i s ho bng phng php ton t Laplas,hoc s dng mt trong cc phng php tch phn xp chng.(Tham kho trong gio trnh L thuyt mch). 8.2.1.Truyn xung vung qua mch n gin. Trong cc cc trng hp phn tch mch ch qu dng n gin nht gm mt thng s qun tnh ,thng phi gii phng trnh vi phn dng : dx(t) 1 + x(t) = z(t) (8.1) dt Trong l hng s thi gian ca mch,z(t) ngun tc ng hoc iu kin ban u.Mt mch in nh vy gi l mch bc nht. Mch bc nht thng gm mt phn t qun tnh(L hoc C)v mt s in tr.Nghim ca phng trnh ny c dng: (8.2) Trng hp thng dng nht th x(t) l in p hoc dng in mt chiu tc ng ti thi im t 0, c gi l tc ng bc thang. t<0 0 khi Z( t ) = khi t 0 Z 0 Theo (8.2) khi t th x()= x1 ;cn khi t=0 th x(0)=x1 +A. Nh vy :
x(t) = x() + A e
t
x(t) = x 1 +
t Ae
198
Trong A=x(o)-x()hay
x(t) = x() + [x(0) x()] e (8.3) Theo (8.3) vi mch bc nht ta c th tm ngay c biu thc u(t) hoc i(t) ch qu di tc ng ca ngun bc thang tc ng ti thi im t=0. p dng cch phn tch ny cho mch hnh 8.4 a. l mch n gin gm mt in tr R mc ni tip vi mt in dung C. in p u vo e(t) l tc ng bc thang c dng :
t
e(t) =
0 khi
t<0 khi t 0
K e(t) a) R E u R (t) C u 2 (t) b) u C (t) u R (t) e(t)
Trc khi e(t) tc ng in dung C cha c np in . C th xc nh c ngay uC() v uC(0) nh sau: Khi t th in dung C c np n gi tr E nn uC()=E; khi t=0 th t C cha c np uC(0)=0 .Vy theo (
u (t) =
C
H nh 8.4 a)m ch R C ni tip,b) th cc in
tX L
8.3):
t E .e
t ) E(1 e
u V (t) E a) b) E t -E u C (t) c) E u R (t) E d) 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 t t
; u (t) = E uC(t) =
R
=RC l hng s thi gian ca mch. th ca cc in p trnh by trn hnh 8.4b. Thc t qu trnh qu ch ko di trong khong thi gian 3 ,nn ngi ta coi thi gian thit lp ttL=3.V d mch c tham s R=3k, C = 1000 pF th = 3 -12 -5 3.10 .10000.10 =3.10 S=30 S ;nh vy sau 90 S th mch xc lp (chuyn sang ch mt chiu) . Xt trng hp tc ng l mt xung vung nh hnh 8.5a. s dng kt qu phn tch trn ta coi xung vung ny l tng i s ca hai tc ng bc thang hnh 8.5b: tc ng dng E tc ng vo thi im t1,xung m -E tc ng vo thi im t2. Hnh 8.5c,d biu din in p uC(t) v uR(t) trong cc nh trng hp khc nhau ca t s /tx. th c,d: ng 1 ng vi =0,1tX,ng 2 ng vi =tX,ng 3 ng vi =5tX ..T th hnh 8.5c ta
2 3
tt
Hnh8.5. th cc in p xung trn mch RC
199
nhn thy xung in p trn C cng gn ging dng ca xung vung tc ng khi t s / tx cng nh.Thc t khi /tx<0,03 th 3 nh hn mt phn mi tx ,dng ca xung trn in dung C c coi l xung vung (ng 1 hnh8.5c). Cn khi /tx ln (thc t ln hn 0,3) th in p ny cha kp tng n gi tr xc lp, xung vo kt thc.Lc ny xung c dng hnh rng ca. T hnh 8.4d ta thy dng in p trn in tr R cng ging dng xung vung khi /tx cng ln. y c s st nh xung v s i chiu ca in p sau khi xung tc ng kt thc v in dung C phng in theo chiu ngc li . Khi t s /tx nh(nh hn 0,1) th in p trn in tr l cc xung nhn u. Ngi ta ng dng s hnh thnh xung qua mch RC to cc mch vi phn v mch tch phn. 8.2.2.Mch vi phn v mch tch phn. a)Mch vi phn. T phn tch trn ta thy xung ly trn in tr R c dng xung nhn u khi t s /tx kh nh. chnh l php ly vi phn ca in p vo.Xt mch hnh 8.5a xem vi iu kin no th n l mch vi phn . T hnh 8.5a ta c: u2=R.i(t)=RC
d(u 1 u 2) duC = RC dt dt
(8.4)
du 1 . Nu mch in dt
Nu chn cc tham s ca mch sao cho u2<<u1 th u2 RC
ch hnh sin th iu kin c vi phn l: R<<1/C hay RC<<1/ =1/2f =T/2 (8.5) iu kin (8.5) c th hn l <<T,tc l mt mch RC ni tip ,vi i C i R in p ra ly trn in tr s l mch u1 R u2 u1 L u2 vi phn khi hng s thi gian ca mch nh hn nhiu so vi chu k ca a) b) tn hiu tc ng.Nu tn hiu tc Hnh 8.5 cc dng mch vi phn ng gm nhiu thnh phn tn s th iu kin (8.5) phi c tho mn cho tn s cao nht fmax. Cng phn tch tng t nh vy i vi mch RL hnh 8.5b s nhn c iu kin mch vi phn l: =L/R <<1/ hay <<T. a)Mch tch phn. Xt mch hnh 8.6a. in p ly ra trn in dung C l: 1 u c = i(t) dt c Nu chn uC<<uR th i u1/R nn
200
1 (8.6) u 1 (t)dt RC iu kin c tch phn l uC<<uR.Khi tn hiu l hnh sin c tn i R i L s gc th iu kin c tch phn l 1 u C u2 u1 R u2 1/C <<R hay =RC >>T b) (8.7) a) Nh vy khi hng s thi gian ca Hnh 8.6 cc dng mch tch phn mch chn ln so vi chu k tn hiu vo th mch RC ni tip vi in p ra ly trn in dung s l mch tch phn. Trng hp in p u1(t) l tc bc thang E th u2(t) s l: u2 = uC =
u2(t)= u 2 =
1 Et I = t Edt = RC RC C
(8.8)
Khi ng mch tronh mch s xut hin dng khng i i=E/R=I (hnh 8.7) Tng t nh trn,mch hnh 8.6b s l mch tch phn vi iu kin =L/R >> T. 8.3 Mch kho.
I i(t) uC(t)
t
Hnh 8.7.dng in v in p trong mch tch phn.
Trong k thut xung mch kho l mt trong nhng mch c bn,t c th xy dng nn cc phn t logic khc nhau. Mch kho in t thc hin chc nng nh mt kho c(cng tc) ng ngt mch hoc cc phn t ca mch. Mt mch kho hnh 8.8a c hai trng thi: Trng thi ngt -tip im 1-2 h mch , trng thi thng-tip im 1-2 ni thng . Khi ngt in p ra bng UCC,khi thng in p ra bng 0. Trong k thut ngi ta dng cc kho in t c iu khin bng cc xung c cc tnh thch hp.Kho in t c th c nhiu u vo v nhiu u ra nh k hiu hnh 8.8b.Cc bin u vo Xi v cc bin u ra Yk c th nhn mt trong hai gi tr logc 0 hoc 1.Trong phn ny ta xt kho in t dng tranzisto v khuch i thut ton. +Ucc 8.3.1.Mch kho Tranzisto lng cc. Kho in t tranzisto lng cc c tc chuyn mch cao(10-6 10 -9 S),do vy c nhiu c im khc vi ch khuch i xt chng 4. Trc tin ta quy c cc trng thi
2 1 K Ur
Xn X1 X2 Y1 Y2
K
Ym
Hnh 8.8.a)Kho c b)K hiu kho nhiu u ra-vo
201
ca kho nh sau: -Trng thi c xung (trong khong tx) vi bin ln hn mc ngng quy nh UH (H- Hight)gi l mc cao hay mc 1thng chn nh hn 1/ 2 mc ngun mt cht. -Trng thi khng c xung (khong rng) ng vi mc bin nh hn UL (LLow)gi l mc thp hay mc 0,chn tu theo lai tranzisto ,v d vi tranzisto silic chn UL=0,4 V. -Cc mc in p nm gia di UL v UH l mc cm. ch tnh , kho in t nm trong mt trong hai trng thi m(thng) hoc ng (ngt). trng thi thng tranzisto c th trong ch khuch i hoc ch bo ho. tng tnh chng nhiu kho tranzisto thng lm vic ch bo ho.Ch bo ho l ch c hai mt ghp E-B v E-C u thng(phn cc thun) Xt mch kho hnh 8.9.Yu cu c bn i vi tranzisto lm vic ch kho l Khi ngt Ura UH khi UV UL Khi thng (8.9) Ura UL khi UV UH Kho tranzisto ny c iu khin bi chui xung cc tnh dng(tranzisto np-n): Khi Uv<UL (hay ta tm quy c UV=0;UL hiu l mc in p u vo ln nht m tranzisto vn trng thi ngt.) tranzisto trng thi ngt,in p ra mc cao.Nu khng mc ti th Ura =ECC..Nu mc ti +Ecc Rt=RCth Ura = E cc l mc nh nht ca in p
RC
Rb UV UBE UCE Rt UR
ra trng thi H. phn bit chc chn ngi ta chn UH nh hn

E cc mt cht.V d vi Ecc=5 2
V,c th chn UH =1,52 V. Khi c xung iu khin cc tnh dng a ti u vo UV UH tranzisto chuyn sang trng thi Hnh 8.9 kho tranzisto thng v bo ho,in p ra Ura<UL.Lc ny dng IC =IC bh=Ecc/Rc. in tr Rc c chn sao cho dng Ic khng qu ln,thi gian qu nh.Mun bo m chc chn ch bo ho ngi ta chn dng IB >Icbh/ vi ln. V d Ecc=5 V,chn Rc=5 k th Ic= 1 mA;Chn UH=1,5 V,UL=0,4 V; khi UV=1,5v s c Ura0,4 V vi tranzisto c =100 phi chn IB bh>1 mA: 100=10
202
A; ly IB bh=100 A th in tr Rb phi c chn Rb=(UV-UBE)/Ibbh=(1,5 0,6)[V]/100 [A] =9 k (0, 6 V l mc thng ca mt ghp BE ). Yu cu i vi kho l phi lm vic tin cy ,t b chuyn trng thi khi c nhiu tcng. nh gi lm vic tin cy ca kho ngi ta xydng c tnh truyn t ca n Ura =f(Uv) nh hnh 8.10. Trn c tun truyn t ny ta xc nh: d tr chng nhiu mc cao SH v mc thp SL: (8.10) SH=URA ngt-UH URA vng SL=UL- URAthng 2,5 V cm URA ngt v URA thng l cc in p thc t SH 2 vng kha ti li ra ca tranzisto lc ngt hoc lc Vng bo ho (ct dng) UH thng. Trong v d trn hnh 8.10 mc ra thng 1 SL l 2,5 V; mc UH=1,5 V nn SH =2,5 -1,5=1 0,4 0,2 UV V (lc Uv UL) ; UL=0,4 V , URA thng(bo (lc ho)=0,2 V nn SL=0,4-0,2= 0,2 V Hnh 8.10.c tuyn truyn UVUH). Nh vy : t ca kho tranzisto -C th to ra d tr chng nhiu mc cao SH ln bng cch chn cc gi tr Ecc,Rc,Rb thch hp. -Cn c bit lu ti cch chn tr s SL v tr s ny thng nh.Thct tr s URA=UCE bh nh v khng th gim c nn mun tng SL cn tng mc UL. Mun vy cn a vo mch baz mt vi diot +Ecc +Ecc hoc mch phn p in tr nh hnh b) R R a) 8.11. Hnh8.11a a diot vo baz,mch kho ch lm vic vi xung cc tnh R R dng ,intr R2 ni mch dng U U U U ngc tip gip BC,xung dng phi R ln m diot trc khi m tranzisto. R -E mch hnh 8.11b mc thm ngun ph cc tnh m kho tranzisto chc chn Hnh 8.11 hn khi cha c xung iu khin ti. c bit i vi tranzisto Gecmani c mc in p m nh nn nht thit phi mc phn t nng cao SL.. Cui cng cn lu nhng vn sau y kh dng kho tranzisto: -Mun tng tc chuyn mch cn chn tranzisto cao tn. -Kho tranzisto mc emit chung c mc UH thp hn nhiu so vi Ecc nn thng thng ngi ta mc n vi mt kho lp emit khc phc nhc im na. -Hon ton tng t c th s dng tranzisto trng lm mch kho. 8.3.2.Mch kho dng khuch i thut ton.
C C 1 1 R R V V 2 2
203
c tuyn truyn t ca khuch i thut ton cho ta thy nu U0=0. (U0=U+V-U-V-in p vi phn) th URA =0,cn nu UV t mc ngng Ung th in p ra s bng U+RA max hoc U-RA max ;(Umax=E). U V U n 0 U Ra = U + max Nh vy c th thy cc mch so a) +E +E b) snh hnh 8.12a,b chnh l cc _ __ + mch kho trn khuch i thut Uo Uo + + +_ ++ U U ton vi cc c tnh tng ng -E -E U + U + hnh 8.12 c,d nh va xt trn. U U Trong cc trng hp nu in p vo UV hoc n p ngng vt U c) d) U +E +E qu mc ti a th cn mc thm U+ U+ U U in tr hn ch bin u vo _ _ U U U U ca khuch i thut ton .Mt -E -E khc khi s dng khuch i thut Hnh 8.12 Cc mch kho trn KTT v c tnh ton lm mch kho cn lu rng truyn t ca chng chng c tc chuyn mch khng cao. Mun tng tc chuyn mch cn s dng cc khuch i thut ton chuyn dng. Cc mch kho dng tranzisto hoc khuch i thut ton kt hp vi hi tip dng c th to thnh cc mch hai trng thi nh trig,a hi,dao ng nght.Ta xt cc loi mch . 8.4 .Mch trig. Mch trig l mch c hai trang thi n nh hay gi l hai trng thi cn bng bn.Mun chuyn t trng thi ny sang trang thi kia cn c kch thch t bn ngoi.Trig c th xy dng trn tranzisto lng cc,trtanzis to trng hoc khuch i thut ton ,hoc cc mch cng. 8.4.1Trig i xng. Trig i xng hay trig RS( set v reset)c k hiu nh hnh 8.13a,hnh 8.13 b l s nguyn l ,cn hnh 8.13c l mt cch v khc ca s hnh 8.134b. l hai mch kha tranzisro c hi tip trn R1 v R2.Mch c hai trng thi cn bng bn vng : T1 m(thng) v bo ho th T2 ng(ngt),T1 ngt th T2 thng v bo ho.Khi T1 thng Q1 mc thp Q1= Q =0,T2 ngt Q2 mc cao Q2=Q =1.Khi T1 ngt Q1 mc cao Q1= Q =1,T2 l mt cch v khc ca hnh8.13b. l hai kho tranzisto c hi tip dng qua hai in tr R1 v R2.thng Q2 mc thp Q2=Q=0. Cc trng thi nh T1 v T2 cng thng hoc cng ngt l khng
R R V V ngng ngng R R
ngng
Rmax
ngng
Rmax
Rmax
Rmax
204
th xy ra do tnh cht khng i xng tuyt i ca s trong thc t v hi tip dng trong mch.Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau: V mt nguyn tc c th xy ra iu va nu trn ,lc IC1 v IC2 bng nhau,in p cc cc tng ng ca hai tranzisto ging nhau.Tuy nhin do tnh
+Ec
S
SET
Rc R1 R2 Q1 T1 R3 R4 S
Rc Q2
T2
Rc Rc +Ecc Q2 Q1 T2 R2 R3
T1
CLR
b)R c) Hnh 8.13.a) K hiu trig i xng,c,b) hai dng v . trig i xng. cht khng tuyt i ca cc linh kin nn s khng i xng hon ton.Mt s chnh lch nh ca dng baz hoc colect(IB1IB2,IC1IC2) ,hi tip dng s mau chng lm tng chnh lch v chuyn mch v mt trong hai trng thi cn bng bn.Gi s trig trong trng thi T1 thng (m),T2 ngt (ng). Nu khng c xung kch thch th trig s nm cht trng thi ny.Qu trnh chuyn trng thi s din ra khi c mt xung tc ng lm mt trong hai tranzisto chyn trng thi.V d ti thi im t=0 ta cho mt xung ln c cc tnh m tc ng vo u S, qua R3 vo baz ca T1 ang thng v bo ho.Xung m lm T1 ng li, in p cc C ca n tng ln ko theo in p baz ca T2 cng dng ln ,lm cho T2 mau chng chuyn sang trng thi m.T2 m th in p cc C ca n gim v 0,ko theo s gim in p baz cu T1,lm cho T1 cng ng nhanh hn.Nh vy trong mch c mt vng hi tip dng lm T1 ng v T2 m gn nh tc thi,trng thi cn bng bn th hai c thit lp:T2 m v bo ho,T1 ng.(Vng hi tip dng :T1 ng liUC1UB2T2 mUC2UB1T1 ng....T2 Bng 8.1 m).By gi mun chuyn trig v trng thi T1 m bo u vo u ra ho,T2 ng, cn tc ng xung cc tnh dng vo S hoc xung cc tnh m vo R.Tuy nhin xt mt trig khng th S n R n Q n+1 Q n+1 ni chc chnn ang trong trng no trong hai trng thi 0 0 Qn Q n thi cn bng bn . u ra n tr th trng thi S=R=1(hai 0 1 1 0 u vo cng c xung) l trng thi cm.Bng trng thi 8.1 1 0 0 1 cho php xc nh trng thi ca n. Ta quy c trng thi n 1 1 x x l trng thi hin ti,trn thi n+1 l trng thi tng lai,du x l trng thi cm. Trong trig cn rt ngn qu trnh qu cc xung vung c dng gn nh l tng.
a)
R1 R4 R
205
t mc ch cn s dng cc bin php sau: s dng tranzisto c di tn s lm vic cao,mc hai t in song song vi hai in tr hi tip dng R1 v R2, cho tranzisto lm vic ch khng bo ho . 8.4.2.Trig Smit. Khi xt trig i xng trn ta thy mun cho trig chuyn trng thi cn tc ng mt xung c cc tnh dng +Ecc bin ln vo baz ca Urmax Ura Rc Rc tranzisto ang ng hoc xung c Ura cc tnh m ca tranzisto ang R1 T1 m.C th tc ng mt xung Urmin dng c bin ln vo baz Uv ngt m Uv Uv T2 R2 ca tranzisto ang kho hoc xung U m vo baz ca tranzisto ang m Rc RE b) a) (tranzisto n-p-n) trig chuyn trng thi. Loa trig Smit m ta xt Hnh 8.14 a)Trig Smit mc emit b)c tuyn truyn sau y c th dng mt loi xung in p cc tnh bt k iu khin n chuyn trng thi.Ta ch xt trig Smit trn tranzisto v khuch i thut ton . a)Trig Smit dng tranzisto. S nguyn l v c tnh truyn t trnh by trn hnh 8.14. Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau:Trng thi ban u l T2 thng ,T1 ng v rng in th baz ca T2 dng hn in th baz ca T1 nn vng hi tip dng duy tr trng thi ny nh trnh by trn,Ura=Ura min=UCE bh. Khi in p vo UV tng n gi tr ngng m Uv m ca tranzisto th T1 m ra,vng hi tip dng lm T1 m tc thi ,T2 ng tc thi ,Ura=U ra max =+ECC. Nu xung vo tip tc tng hoc gi nguyn gi tr ,hoc gim n trn gi tr UV ngt th mch vn gi nguyn trng thi.Ch khi xung vo gim n gi tr UV ngt th mch chuyn sang trng thi ngc li ,Ura =Ura min =UCE2 bh.. Nh vy: Khi UV tng :
U V U Vm , Ura = U ra max (8.13)
Khi UV gim: U V > U Vngt , U ra = U ra max (8.14) U V < U V ngt , U ra = U ra min Cc biu thc (8.13)v (8.14) c th hin c tnh truyn t hnh 8.14b.Gi tr ca UV m v UV ngt c quyt nh bi cc gi tr ca RC,R1 v R2. T phn tch trn ta thy c th dng trig Smit th to ra xung vung t in
206
p vo bin thin t t.V d c th to xung vung t in p hnh sin nh hnh 8.15. Hiu UV m-UV ngt gi l tr chuyn mch ; hiu ny cng nh (cng tt) nu hiu Ura max - Ura min cng nh.Mun vy phi tng tn hao trn R1,,R2,tc l lm gim hi tip dng. iu dn n xu dng xung vung ca tn hiu ra. kkc phc nhcim ny ngi ta to trig Smit mc emit t chung nh hnh8.16a.y chnh l mt tng vi sai c hi tip m trn in tr RE.Bng cch chn cc tham s ca mch thch hp c th lm cho dng IC ca tranzisto khi chuyn t trng thi m sang trng thi kho hon ton chuyn ti tranzisto kia,tc l khi thng tranzisto khng trng thi bo ho nn mc Ura min c nng cao hn(>UCE bh),lm tn s chuyn mch tng ln. Ura b)Trig Smit dng khuch i thut Ura min Ura max ton. Loi mch ny thc cht l s dng cc mch so snh hnh 8.12a,c xy dng UVm nn mch hnh 8.16a,b.Mch hnh 8.16a l t Trig Smit o,hnh 8.16c l c tnh truyn t ca n.Khi in p vo bng khng th Uvo mch s mt trong hai trng thi cn bng UV ngt + Hnh8.15 bn vi mc in p ra l Ura = U ra max=E -. hoc Ura =Ura min=E in p u vo o khng o l U+V=
R1 Ura = U ra R1+ R 2
(8.15)
Mc ngng ca mch ng vi in p u vo o : + U+ ngng = E = U Vngt U ngng = E = EU = Vm -h s hi tip dng. c) Gi s lc u vo UV c N _ gi tr m ln nn u ra tn U Vm UV P + K hiu b o pha c Ura=E+, R2 UR a) u vo khng o l UV R1 ngt=E.Khi UV tng cha ti gi tr U+ngng=UV ngt th R1 N R2 mch vn gi nguyn trng U Vngt + UV P _K thi ny.Khi UVUV ngt =E b) UR th U0=U+V-U+V i du,dn ti Ura=Uramin=-E ;qua mch d) hi tip dng u vo Hnh 8.16
(8.16)
U Rmax U Vngt UV U Rmin UR U Rmax U Vm UV U Rmin
207
khng o c U+ V=-E=UV m v trng thi ny c gi nguyn khi UV tng . Khi UV gim t gi tr dng ln cho ti gi tr UV=U V m=-E th mch mi chuyn v trng thi ban u,Uranhn gi tr Ura max=E+. Mch lm vic n nh khi tho mn iu kin: K 1 (8.17) K-h s khuch i ca IC ch khng ti. Mch hnh 8.16b,d l s nguyn l v c tnh truyn t ca trig Smit khng U ra R 2 o. y c cc quan h sau: v = nn: U V R1 R1 R1 E = E. (8.18) UV m= U ra max = R2 R2 UVngt= Ura min = E Vic phn tch xt tng t nh trng hp trn nhng ch din ra theo du ngc. 8.5 Mch a hi i. Khc vi mch trig,a hi i c mt trng thi cn bng bn v mt trng thi cn bng khng bn.Khi mch nm trng thi cn bng bn th n i khi no c xung tc ng ti n chuyn sang trng thi cn bng khng bn ,ri li t chuyn v trng thi cn bng bn. Mch c s nguyn l trn hnh 8.17a.Thc cht y k mt trig RS m trong mt in tr hi tip dng c thay th bng mt t in . trng thi 8.5.1.a hi i trn tranzisto. Khikhng c xung tc ng th T2 m v bo ho,T1 kho.T2bo ho nn Ura =UCE bh0.y l trng thi cn bng bn hay cn gi l trng thi i.Lc ny UC1E, UB2=UB2o0,6 V( in p thng ca tranzisto silic).T C np n gi tr xp x bng E c chiu nh trn hnh 8.17a.Ti thi im t1 c xung tc ng xut hin u vo ca T1 nn T1 m ;in th cc C ca T1 gim t gi tr +ECC +E a) U V xung n gi tr gn bng t 1 t2 t3 t4 t RC R R C b) UB1 khng.Bc nhy in p ny t +Cton b din p -ECC vo cc B R t U c) U B2 ca T2(lc ny cc C ca T1 coi T1 T2 t nh u t v UCE1bh0 nn m R2 tri ca t C a -ECC vo cc B d) Ura . U ca T2),lm cho T2 ng tc th..Mch hi tip dng R1R2 t duy tr trng thi ng ca T1 v Hnh8.17a)S nguyn l mch a hi i
CC 1 ra V
b) th in p trn cc cc
208
m ca T2 ngay c khi xung tc ng kt thc( tt2).T C phng in lm cho in p cc B ca T2 dng ln v c xu hng tin ti gi tr +E.Khi UB2 t ti gi gi tr m UB2o th T2 m ,thng qua mch hi tip dng (nh xt trong mch trig) T1s kho li tc thi v T2thng tc thi( thi im t3), a mch v trng thi ch nh ban u. rng ca xung ra c quyt nh bi thi gian phng ca t C qua in tr R;C th xc nh c : tX ra=0,7.RC (8.19) iu kin c cc quan h trn l T >tXra >tX v(T-chu k ca dy xung vo,tXv- rng ca xung vo,tX ra- rng ca xung ra).Lc chu k ca xung vo v ca xung ra l nh nhau. 8.5.2a hi i trn khuch thut ton..Mch a hi i c s nguyn l v th cc din p trnh by trn hnh 8.18. in p ra ca mch c th nhn mt trong hai gi tr :Ura=Ura max=+E hoc Ura=Uramin=-E.Lc u UV=0 (t<t1 ), Ura=-E l trng thi cn bng bn( trng thi i),diot D thng ni u vo N xung t,UN=UC=0.Qua mch hi tip dng in p u vo khng o P l : R1 R a) UP=Ura=-E (8.20) R1 + R 2 D C Ti thi im t=t1 (hnh8.18b)c xung vo tc + R2 UR ng qua t vi phn C1 vi bin vt qu mc UV C1 R1 -E th in p u vo Uo i du,mch chuyn b) sang trng thi cn bng khng bn, UV Ura=Uramax=+E,diot ng;qua mch hi tip in p t u vo P l UP=Ura max .Lc ny t C np in T t1 c) UC ,in p UNln dn cho ti khi t gi tr Ura max th Uo=UN-UP=0,in p ra li i du ln hai(khi t t1 t2 t3 t=t2) ,Ura=Ura min=-E;t C1bt u phng in cho UR ti khi phng ht(t=t3) th diot thngv ghim mc d) UN=0,mch tr li trng thi ban u. t rng tX ca xung c xc nh bi thi Hnh8.18.a hi i trn gian np ca t C1 t 0 cho ti mc E theo quy KTT v cc in p lut:
UC1=E(1- e ) (8.21) Ti t=t1th UC1=0,t=t2 th UC=E nn c th xc nh c: (8.22) tX=t2-t1=RC ln(1+R1/R2) Thi gian t2t3 l thi gian mch phc hi trng thi ban u, c xc nh : (8.23) t .PH =t3-t2 =RC ln(1+)
t RC
209
iu kin mch lm vic tin cy l tX+tPH < TV = T 8.6.Mch a hi t dao ng. Mch a hi t dao ng dng to ra cc xung vung . 8.6.1.a hi t dao ng trn tranzisto . S nguyn l v cc th thi gian gii thch nguyn l lm vic trnh by trn hnh 8.19a,b. S ny khc vi mch a hi i l in tr R1 c thay th bng t C1.Mch c hai trng thi cn bng u khng bn: T1 thng bo ho th T2 ng v ngc li T1 ng th T2 thng v bo ho.Mch t ng lun chyn hai trng thi nh hi tip b) +Ec U ra1 dng.Nguyn l lm vic a) +E ca s nh sau: t1 t2 t3 t4 t R C R2 R1 RC Khi ta ng ngun th U B1 mch s mt trong hai +C2U . C U t trng thi ,v d trng -Ec T1 T2 thi T1 thng ,T2 ngt;in U ra2 t p UB1 nm ngng m l dng (0,6 V),Ura 10, U B2 Ura 2ECC np in cho t t C1 ;in p UB2 c gi Hnh8.19a)S nguyn l mch a hi i bi t C2 di mc thng b) th in trn cc cc tranzisto .T C2 phng in lm cho in th baz ca T2 dng ln.Khi UB2 t mc ngng m ti thi im t1 th T2 thng ,Ura20 .t bin cc colect ca T2lm cho t C1 a m m ca in p c np vo baz ca T1,lm cho T1 ng li.Vng hi tip dng lm cho T1ng tc thi Ura 1ECC , T2 m v bo ho tc thi Ura2=0.T C2 np in trong khi t C1 phngin lm cho in th baz ca T1 dng dn ln,cho ti khi n t mc m ti thi im t2 th li din ra qu trnh chuyn mch.C nh vy mch t dao ng to ra cc xung vung hai li ra. rng ca cc xung li ra nh sau: t X1 = R 1C1 ln2 0,7R 1C1 (8.24) t X2 = R 2 C 2 ln2 0,7R 2 C 2 Nu chn R1=R2=R,C1=C2=C hai tranzisto ging ht nhau th tX1=tX2=tX, chu k ca xung ra T=2tX., l mch a hi i xng. 8.6.2Mch a hi dng khuch i thut ton. Hnh 8.20a l s nguyn l ca a hi trn khuch i thut ton.Mch c hai trng thi cn bng khng bn:trng thi th nht Ura=Ura max=E th UP=E,trng thi th hai Ura=Ura min=-E th UP=-E. Nh vy E l hai mc ngng chuyn trng thi u vo N. Cng nh mch trig hoc a hi i ,hi tip dng thc hin trn b phn p R1R2 u vo khng o.Khi ng ngun, mch mt trong hai trng thi cn
CC ra1 1 ra2
210
bng khng bn,v d trng thi Ura= Ura max=E R a) th UP=E.in p u vo N l in p t C np C theo quy lut hm m(0t1) tin n mc Ura max + R2 UR , vi hng s np np=RC.Khi in p trn t C t mc E (t=t1)th th din p U0 =UN-UP0,in p UC R1 ra i du,mch chuyn sang trng thi cn bng th hai,Ura=Ura min =-E,UP=-E.Lc ny t C b) phng in cho n ht ri np theo chiu t t2 t1 ngcli (t1t2) tin n gi tr -E. t3 Khi in p trn t C t gi tr -E th U0=UC-UP Tx t1 li i du,mch chuyn v trng thi ban u v t3 U Ra E dao ng c nh vy tip din.(hnh 8.20b) c) C th xac nh cc tham s nh sau: t tX=RC ln(1+2R1/R2). Chu k T=2tX .Nu T -E chn R1=R2 th T2,2 RC. Hnh8.20.a hi t dao ng S va xt trn to xung ra i xng,chu trn KTT v cc in p k ca xung ra quyt D' U Ra nh bi cc thng s a) R' R'' UC D'' R1,R2,R v C. Mun E C c xung ra khng i b) + R1 UR xng ngi ta dng t2 t1 t3 t s hnh8.21a. Tx2 R2 Tx1 rng tX1 ng vi thi T xung ra khng Hnh8.21.a hi t dao ng trn KTT x1 gian np ca t C khi i xng Ura =Ura max,lc ny t C np qua R v diot D1 thng. rng xung t2 ng vi thi thi cn gian phng ca t C qua R khi diot D2 thng v in p ra l -E(hnh 8.21b). 8.7.Mch dao ng blocking. Mch dao ng blocking hay cn gi l dao ng nght dng to ra cc xung c bin ln, rng xung nh,c s dng trong cc mch to xung iu khin ,trong cc mch s cng nh mch tng t .V cng sut ly ra thng kh ln nn trong mch dao ng nght tranzisto lm vic ch khuch i cng sut n hoc y ko. Xt mch dao ng nght trn hnh 8.22a vi mt tranzisro thun T .Bin p xung Tr. C cc cun WB l cun baz-cun hi tip dng,cun Wt-cun ti ly xung ra ti Rt,cun WC-cun colect.nguyn l lm vic c gii thch trn th hnh 8.21b nh sau. Ti thi im t=0 ta ng ngun th trong mch xut hin dng bazo IB qua in tr Rb.Dng ny lm xut hin dng IC bin thin qua trong cun WC ,tranzisto thng.S bin thin ca dng IC gy nn mt sut in ng cm ng
211
trn cun WB,qua t C, a cc m ti baz ,lm cho tranzisto cng m nhanh hn

UC
0
t1
t2
t3 t4
t5
t6
+E cc Rb R1 D1
-
E cc UB
0
Wc - + R WB C
Ut
E c c /n B
Wt D2
E c c /n t
0
Uc
H n h 8 .2 2 a) s n g u y n l to d ao n g b lo ck in g trn tran zisto b ) th cc in p .
C np C phng
IB
IB bh
.Lc ny t C np qua tranzisto ang thng v bo ho su(thi imt t1),in p trn cun WC gn bng EC, l giai on nh xung (t1t2).Tc bin thin ca dng IC gim nh,gim mc cm ng sang cun WB ,lm gim dng IB ,gim mc bo ho ca tranzisto .Khi IB gim n gi tr bo ho IB bh=IC bh/ (t thi im t2)th sut hin qu trnh hi tip dng theo chiu ngc li ( qu trnh blocking ngc): tranzisto ra khi trng thi bo ho ,IC gim,IB gim ...a tranzisto v trng thi ng,IC=0. Tuy nhin do qun tnh ca cun dy nn trn cc colect xut hin sut in ng cm ng chng li s gim t ngt ca dng in , to thnh mt in p m c bin ln (c th ln hn c ECC).Mch D1 R1 nhm trit tiu nng lng ny.Lc ny t C phng in qua Rbv WB,duy tr tranzisto trng thi kho.Khi t C phng ht th li xut hin dng IB v li bt u mt chu k mi.Tm li: - Trong khong 0t1 tranzisto trng thi kho do UC c tch in,C phng in qua W B ,,R, Rb ;lc t=t1 th C phng ht. - Trong khong t2t3 tranzisto bo ho su,UW cECC,nng lng t trng c tch trong cc cun dy bin p,in p hi tip dng l UW B
E CC.W B (WB,WC WC
212
s vng dy ca cun baz v cun colect); in p a ra cun ti l UW

t
E CC.W t WC
-Sau t3 mch phc hi trang thi ban u. rng xung ra : tX t3 -t1=(R+rV)C ln
R WB WC ( R ' t + r v )
(8.25)
rV-tr khng vo ca tranzisto khi thng,Rt= (
Wc 2 ) Rt-in tr ti phn nh Wt
vo cun colect, h s khuch i dng tnh ca tranzis to. Thi gian hi phc xung : tHP=Rb C ln(1+WB/Wt) Chu k ca xung: (8.27) TtX +tHP 8.8 Mch to in p rng ca. 8.8.1.Nguyn tc to xung tam gic. Cc xung rng ca (hay cc xung tam gic)c s dng trong k thut o lng ,iu khin t ng ,thng tin vv...Xung tam gic c trng bi cc thng s sau (hnh 8.23a): Gi tr ban u U0 khi t=0 U Thi gian qut thun tq Thi gian qut ngc tng Chu k lpT Umax dc qut thun ( nghing vi phn) t du(t) U0 tq tng K= (8.28)
dt
(8.26)
T Hnh 8.23 xung rng ca
H s mo phi tuyn:
,
du(t) du(t) /t = o /t = tq U(o) U(tq) dt dt 100 % (8.29) du(t) U(o) /t = o di
Tc qut trung bnh: KTB=Umax/tq H s s dng in p ngun: (8.30)
213
=Umax/E (8.31) Nguyn l chung to xung in p rng ca l s dng s phng,np ca mt t in qua mt mch no . C hai dng xung tam gic c bn: mt dng s dng s np in ca t ,dng kia s dng s phng in ca t . dng th nht in p cn tng tuyn tnh trong thi gian qut thun,cn dng th hai in p cn gim tuyn tnh trong thi gian qut ngc .Mun cho in p tng hoc gim tuyn tnh th cn m bo cho dng np hoc phng ca t khng i(i=C
du =const).Nh dt
vy phi s dng mt ngun dng in n nh.C ba phng php to xung tam gic nh sau: -Dng mt khu tch phn n gin. -Dng ngun dng n nh. -Phng php b gim mc mo phi tuyn. 8.8.2.Mch to xung tam gic trn tranzisto. Hnh 8.24a l s nguyn l mch to xung tam gic n gin s dng kho tranzisto c iu khin bi xung vung cc tnh m.Nguyn l lm vic ca s
+ E C Ca ) RB +E RC K Ur R ng UV
.
b)
iC
C
UV t1 t2 t
Rt
c ) U ra
U max U0
H n h 2 .2 4 a )m c h t o x u n g ta m g i c + tq tng b )s t n g n g c) th c c i n p . nh sau:Khi khng c xung tc ng th tranzisto trng thi thng v bo ho,in p ra Ura=UCE bh=U0 (0). Khi c xung c xung m bin ln tc ng th tranzisto chuyn sang trng thi ng -tng ng nh hnh 8.24b,t C np in theo quy lut hm m : UC =ECC(1-e-t/) (8.32) iu kin c in p ra tuyn tnh l tq << hay Um<<ECC (xem hnh 8.24c). Mo phi tuyn c xc nh: = U(o) U( tq) = I(o) I( tq ) = U max
U (o ) I(o ) ECC
214
(8.33) -chnh l h s s dng ngun;nh vy mun gim mo phi tuyn th hiu sut s dng ngun cng gim. Ti thi im t2 xung tc ng chm dt,lc UC t gi tr Umax<<ECC.Tuy nhin do mt l do ngu nhin no xung tc ng c th ko di ,lm cho in p UC c th vt qu gi tr cho php ca in p colect, nh thng tranzisto. bo v tranzisto ngi ta mc thm diot D1 v ngun ph E1. Khi in p UC vt qu mc E1 th diot thng ,ghim mc in p UC mc E1.Khi xung kt thc th tranzisto s thng,t C phng in qua tranzisto,mch tr v trng thi ban u. tng tuyn tnh ngi ta s dng thm mt tranzisto lm ngun dng nh hai s hnh 8.25. Mch hnh 8.25a cng tng t nh mch xt nhng c thm tranzisto T2 lm ngun dng.T2 mc baz chung ,vi diot n p mc baz to ra ngun dng IE2 khng i np cho t C2 trong thi gian c xung tc ng. Nu coi ICIE khng i th trong thi gian kho ngt ( c xung tc ng),in p trn t C s tng theo quy lut:
R R
V I(o)= ECC ; I(o) = ECC U max
nn = 1 e
tq
tq
I uC(t)=U0+ 1 I C2 dt = Uo + C2 t khi t<tq C C

+ ECC T2 D R1 C1 Uv T 1 C2 Rt Ur Uv C1 T 1 C3 R1 D C2 R2 T 2 R3
(8.34)
a)
R2
R3
b)
- ECC
Ur
Hnh 8.25.Mch to in p rng ca a)Mc ngun dng b)Mc mch b
Nh vy in p trn t s tng tuyn tnh cho n khi t gi tr ECC. tuyn tnh ca in p ra ph thuc vo ngun dng IC2 v gi tr ca in tr Rt . Rt chn cng ln th n cng t nh hng n tuyn tnh ca in p ra. Mch hnh 8.25b c t C2 b mo,T1 l kho in t,T2 l tng m.Nguyn l b nh sau: Bnh thng khng c xung dng tc ng th T1 thng v bo ho,in p colect ca n nh lm T2 ngt,in p ra bng khng.T in C2 np in ( t +ECCR3C2D-ECC.) n gi tr ECC -(UR3+UD) ECC. Khi c xung
215
tc ng th kho T1 ngt,t C3 np in v T2 m lm tng dng IR3 nn UC3IR3UR3, dn n in p UR3 s b lng gim ca in p UC2, gi cho dng np ca t C qua R2 khng i. Khi dng qua R2 bng ECC/R2 th diot D s ngt ngun ra khi mch,t C3 c np bng in p c np trn t C2.S ny cho php t Umax ECC trong khi gim (1-k) ln, (k- h s truyn ca T2 mc emit chung), hn na T2 ng vai tr tng m nn Rt t nh hng n s phng np ca t C3. 8.8.3.Mch to xung tam gic trn khuch i thut ton . Xt mch tch phn n gin hnh 8.26a. Theo (5.46) th Ura=1 U V dt + U r (0) RC
Nh vy bnh thng UV=0 th din p ra cng bng 0;trong khong thi gian xung tc ng Ura s tng theo quy lut trn. Nu UV=const th Ura = Eo t + Ura (o)
RC
(.8.34)
chnh xc ca a) (8.34) ph thuc vogi R1 R 2+Ecc R C thit U0 =UN-UP=0 v _ . _ N N +E 0 K. Hnh 8.26b cho Uv + . + P Ur Ur _ Ecc php to xung tam gic P +E R3 R4 c cc tnh bt k.Khi c xung dng tc ng th Hnh 8.26 a) mch tch phn T b) kho T thng v bo ho, n gin trn KTT Uv t C phng din , l b) mch to xung tam gic c thi gian tng.Khi xung tt cc tnh bt k. th khuch i thut ton lm vic ch khuch i .Nu coi UN=UP=UC th ti nt s N c: Eo UN UN Ura ; Ura =U R1 + R 2 R2 (8.35) = C E0 R1 R1 R2 R1 Ti nt P:
E UC d U C U C U ra = C + R3 dt R4
(8.36)
T (8.35) v (8.36) s nhn c phng trnh vi phn :

duc + 2 uc + = 0 dt Trong = 1 ( 1 R 2 ) ; = 1 ( Eo R 2 E ) 2C R 3 R1R 2 C R1R 4 R 3
(8.37)
216
Gii phng trnh trn tm c uC(t).Dng ng cong uC(t) ph thuc vo h s ca phng trnh. Nu .>0 th nhn c ng cong lm,<0-ng cong R1 R 2 . Chn R1=R3,R2=R4 th nghim li.Ta quan tm n trng hp =0 hay = R3 R4 phng trnh c dng :
u C (t ) = 1 (E E 0 )t + U C (0) R 3C
(8.38)
Vi (8.38) th khi chn E>E0 in p ra s tng tuyn tnh,ngc li E<E0 -gim tuyn tnh.Thc t thng chn E chnh l ngun ECC ,E0 ly t ECC qua b phn p. Lc bin bin cc i in p trn t l:
U max= c
1 (E Eo)q+ U (0) t C R3C

( 8.39)
R1
R2
R3
+ p rng ca v xung + . Ura2 vung nh hnh 8.28 . IC2 k b tch phn,IC1 l Hnh 8.28.Mch to dao ng xung vung mch ttrig khng o. v xung tam gic Khi ng mch th Ura 1=E s a ti u vo ca mch tch phn mc o,in p u ra ca IC2 np cho t C to thnh in p tng tuyn tnh;khi t mc -E th IC1 Chuyn trng thi ,Ura 1 i du, Ura 2 np cho theo chiu ngc li.Khi Ura 2 t gi tr ngng th IC1 li chuyn trng thi. Chu k ca dao ng c xc nh theo biu thc:
T = 4R 3C R1 R2
Da vo mch tch phn hnh 8.26a v mch trig hnh 8.16a c th lp ra mt mch dao ng to in
IC1
Ur1
-I IC2
(8.40)
8.9.Khi nim v thut ton logic,phn t logic v i s logic. 8.9.1.Khi nim v thut ton logic v phn t logic. Cc mch logic l cc mch in m t li trnh t gii bi ton logic.Nh vy ng vi mt hm logic c s l mt l mt mch logic c s,sao cho quan h gia u vo v u ra ca mch th hin mi quan h gia bin v hm logic tng ng. xy dng c cc mch logic ngi ta ch yu da vo mt cng c ton l mn i s logic. i s logic l mt ngnh ton nghin cu mi lin h v quy lut gia nhng mnh n gin. Nhng mnh n gin kiu nh ti i hc, mi ln hn
217
mt, ti thi thi song mn ton gii tch ...thng cha mt lng thng tin no ;tuy nhin i s logic khng h n cc thng tin cha trong .Trn quan im ca i s logic th mt mnh n gin ch c th nhn mt trong hai trng thi l ng-(True)hoc sai(fault).Mnh phc tp s c cu thnh t t hp nhng mnh n gin. Ngi ta thng dng ch thng k hiu cc mnh n gin,ch in hoa k hiu cc mnh phc tp. V d vit: A=f1(a,b,c,...) ;B=f2(a,v,c,..) ;C=f3(a,v,c,..) v.v... Trong cch vit trn cc bin logic a,b,c,..cng nh cc hm logic A,B,C... ch c nhn mt trong hai gi tr ng hoc sai. Nn quy c ng l 1, sai l 0 th a,b,c,.. cng nh A,B,C,... ch nhn gi tr 0 hoc 1. i s logic c xy dng trn ba php tnh c s l php ph nh-NO(thut ton o ), php cngOR(thut ton hoc hay cn gi l php hp) , php nhn-AND(thut tonv hay cn gi l php giao). Ngi ta thng dng bng trng thi n gin nht biu din mi lin h logic gia cc mnh n gin nht,tc l mi lin h gia cc bin a,b,c,.. v cc hm A,B,C,...Ngoi cch dng bng ngi ta cn dng li hoc phng trnh logic biu din.Cht ch nht l dng phng trnh logic biu din quan h hm v bin logic. Vic phn tch v xy dng(tng hp ) cc mch logic phi da trn i s logic,v vy cn nm vng nhng khi nim v nh lut c bn ca mn ton ny.Trc ht ta bt u t ba thut ton c bn l o,hoc ,v. Thut ton ph nh( o)-NO.N c k hiu bng du gch ngang trn bin s : _ 1 nu a = 0 (8.41) FNO = a 0 nu a = 1 Thut ton hoc-OR,tc l php cng logic c k hiu bng du + hoc ch V(ch Latinh Vel ngha l hoc). Php ny c nh ngha: 1 nu t nht c mt bin a i bng1 FOR = a 1 Va 2 V.....Va n = a 1 + a 2 + ..... + a n = 0 nu tt c cc bin a i bng0 (8.42) Thut ton v-AND hay cn gi l php nhn logic.Trong biu thc logic k hiu du . hoc hoc vit lin cc bin .Ngi ta nh ngha php nhn logic nh sau: 1 nu tt c cc bin a i bng1 F=a1 a2 a3..= FAND = a1a 2 ....a n = 0 nu t nht c mt bin a i bng0 (8.43) T cc thut ton c bn trn ngi ta xy dng cc mch logic c bn(s xt sau)
218
8.9.2.Nhng nh lut c bn ca i s logic . Trc khi xy dng ,lp rp mt s logic thc hin mt hm logic no ,phi bin i hm v dng ti gin sao cho s thit k c s phn t ti thiu.Vic gi l ti thiu ha hm logic.Vic xy dng v ti thiu ho hn logic da trn cc quy tc v nh kut sau y: A.Nhng quy tc i vi mt bin s: 1.x+1=1; 4. x + x =1 ; 7. x. x=x ; 2.x+0=x; 5. x.0 = 0; 8. x. x =0; 3. x+x =x; 6. x.1 =x ; 9. x =x ; B.Nhng quy tc i vi hai hoc nhiu bin. 10.nh lut giao hon: a) i vi php cng: x1+x2=x2+x1; b) i vi php nhn: x1.x2=x2.x1; 11.nh lut kt hp: a) i vi php cng: x1+x2+x3=(x1+x2)+x3=x1+(x2+x3); ; b) i vi php nhn: x1.x2.x=(x1.x2).x3=x1.(x2.x3) 12.nh lut phn phi: a)x1(x2+x3)=x1.x2+x1.x3; b) x1+x2.x3= (x1+x2)(x1+x3); Biu thc 12a) ging nh i s thng thng,biu thc 12b hi khc cht . t.Ta c th chng minh iu ny: x1+x2.x3=x1.1+x2.x3. Theo quy tc 1)ta c x1.1=x1(1+x2+x3).Do : x1+x2.x3=x1(1+x2+x3)+x2.x3=x1+ x1.x2+x1.x3+x2.x3; p dng 12a) v 3) s c: x1+x2.x3=x1(x1+x3) +x2(x1+x3)=(x1+x2)(x1+x3); 13.nh l Demorgan: a) x1+
x 2= x1.x 2
b) x1.x 2 = x1+ x 2 ; Quy tc ny c th kim chng bng bng trng thi 8.2 . Vi nhiu bin: Bng 8.2 c) x1 + x 2 + ... xn = x1x 2 ... xn X1 X2 X 1 +X 2 X 1 +X 2 X1 X2 X 1 .X 2 d) x1. x 2... xn = x1 + x 2.+...+ xn 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 14.nh lut hp th: 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 a) x1+x1x2=x1; 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Chng.minh: x1+x1x2=x1(1+x2) m 1+x2=1 (theo 1) nn a) c chng minh. b) x1(x1+x2)=x1;Chng minh: x1(x1+x2)=x1x1+x1x2=x1+x1x2=x1.
219
15.nh lut gn a)x1x2 + x1 x2=x2; chng minh:x1x2+ x1 x2=x2(x1+ x1 )=x2 ; b)(x1+x2)( x1 +x2)=x2;chng minh:x1 x1 + x1 x2+x1x2+x2x2=x2(x1+ x1 )+x2=x2; 16. a)(x1+ x 2 )x2=x1x2; chng minh (x1+ x 2 )x2=x1x2+ x 2 x2=x1x2; b)x1 x 2 +x2=x1+x2; chng minhx1 x 2 +x2=x1 x 2 + x1x2 + x1 x2=x1+ x1 x2 =x1+x1x2 .. .+ x1 x2 = x1+x2; 8.9.3.Cc h m s dung trong k thut s. +H m thp phn :hay h m c s mi l h m thng dng m ta quen dng hn c,gm mi ch s t 0 n 9.Trong h ny mt s hu t A c th biu din di dng s thp phn nh sau: (A)10(c s mi)=an.10n+an-1.10n-1+...a0.100,b1.10-1+...+b-m=(anan-1...a0,b1...bm)10 +H m nh phn hay h m c s hai: ch s dng hai s l 0 v 1.Mt s c biu din di dng s nh phn nh sau: (A)2=(CkCk-1...C0,d1d2...dm)2=(Ck.2k+...C0.20+d1.2-1+ ...dm.2-m)10. V d (A)2=1101(13),1011=1.23+1.22+0.21+1.20+1.2-1+0.2-2+1.2-3+1.2-4=(13.6875)10 +Cc h m dng trong k thut s cho trong bng 8.3 8.10. Cc phn t logic . H H H 8.10.1.Cc phn t logic c H 10 2 8 16 bn. 0 0000 00 00 Cc thut ton logic c bn 1 0001 01 01 va nu phn trn c th c 2 0010 01 01 thc hin bng cc mch kho 3 0011 02 02 xt 8.3.Cc mch ny c 4 0100 04 04 th thc hin trn cc linh kin 5 0101 05 05 6 0110 06 06 ri hoc IC. Ngi ta quy c 7 0111 07 07 logic dng hoc m tu theo s tng ng hai mc ca kho vi a hai mc logic 0 hoc 1. logic dng th mc cao UH ca kho ng vi mc logic 1,mc thp UL ng vi mc logic 0. logic m th quy c ngc li. Hnh 8.29.Cc a)Phn t o(ph nh) No. dng k hiu Phn t ph nh c xy dng tho ca phn t NO mn hm(8.41):
B n g 8 .3 H H H 2 8 16
1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 06 07
H 10
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1
1 0
0 1
1 0 1
t t
Hnh 8.30. th in p ca phn t NO
220
_ 1 Nu a = 0 FNO = a (8.41) 0 Nu a = 1 N thng c ba dng k hiu nh hnh 8.29. N thc hin php o FNO= a . T c bng trng thi 8.4 v gin in p hnh 8.30. S nguyn l ca phn t o trnh by trn hnh 8.31a,b. Mch in hnh 8.31a l mt phn t o n gin dng mt kho tranzisto. Nu u vo c Bnh 8.4 xung dng ,tc l mc 1 th tranzisto s thng v bo ho,in _ a F NO =a p ra colect mc thp (0).Nu u vo khng c xung-mc 0 0 1 th tranzisto trng thi ngt,in p ra colect mc cao 1 0 1(ECC). Hnh 8.31b l mt mch o hon chnh trong IC tch hp TTL(cng ngh tranzisto-tranzisto-logic)*.
+ECC R1 UV R2 _ + RC FNO T1 UV T2 1k 4 k 1,6k
+ECC 130 T4 T3 _ FNO
a) b) Hnh8.31 a) mch NO n gin b) mch NO trong IC tch hp TTL. Mch c T1 mc baz chung,T2 l tng o pha phn ti,T3-T4 lm vic ngc pha nhau ch kho.Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau: Lc u vo b).Phn t "hoc"-OR. Phn t ny thc hin php cng logic (8.42) 1 khi c t nht mt bin a i bng 1 (8.42) FOR = a 1 + a 2 + ...a n = 0 khi tt c cc bin a i bng 0 Phn t OR c k hiu hai dng nh hnh 8.32a v s nguyn l nh hnh 8.32b.Bng 8.5 l bng trng thi ca mch.
____________________________________ *Cc IC s (logic)c ch to theo cc cng ngh bn dn nh:TTL:tranzisrotranzisrologic, RTL:in tr-tranzisto-logic,DTL:diot-tranzisto-logic,CMOS. l 0 th cc E th cc E ca T1 c u t qua ngun tn hiu ,T1thng ,UC1=UB2 mc thp lm T2 b kho,khng c dng qua in tr RE ca T2 nn T3 kho;trong khi UC2ECC nn T4 thng,in p u ra mc cao(+ECC),FNO=1.Khi c xung tc ng th mch lm vic hon ton ngc li,FNO=0.Vic dng hai tranzisto cho php nng cao hn mc in p u ra so vi s dng in tr RC vo ch ca T4 v tng kh nng chu ti .
221
Xt s nguyn l hnh 8.32bta d nhn ra:khi a=b=0 Bng 8.5 F OR th khng c dng qua in a b F OR tr R, Ura=0 nn FOR=0.Khi 0 0 0 b) c xung mt hoc c hai 0 1 1 u vo,tc a=1,b=0 hoc 1 0 1 a=0,b=1 hoc a=b=1 th diot Hnh 8.32K hiu v s 1 1 1 D1 hoc D2 hoc c hai diot nguyn l ca phn t OR thng,c dng qua R,in p ra mc cao FOR=1. Khi c nhiu u vo m khng dng n th chng cn c u t chng nhiu. c).Phn t "v" tcAND. Phn t ny thc hin php R1 +E CC nhn logic (8.43) Mch AND a) a Bng 8.6 thng gp nht l mch c F AND b a b F OR hai bin u vo a,b ,k hiu 0 0 0 b) nh trn hnh 8.33a ,ng R2 0 1 0 vi bng trng thi 8.6.Hnh & 1 0 0 8.33b l mt s nguyn l Hnh 8.33K hiu v s 1 1 1 ca mch AND n gin nguyn l ca phn t AND dng kha diot .Khi tn hiu u vo mc 0 th c hai diot u thng u u ra xung t,FAND=0.Khi a=0,b=1th D1 thng hoc a=1,b=0 th D2 thng nn FAND=0. Ch khi a=b=1 th c hai diot u ngt nn in p ra mc 1: E.R2 FAND = R1 + R 2 Vi mch hnh 8.33b c th s dng nhiu u vo.Nu u vo no khng dng n cn ni vi dng ngun diot lun ngt. 8.10.2.Cc phn t logic phc hp. l cc mch thc hin t hai php tnh logic tr ln. Trong thc t ngi ta kt hp cc mch dao o,v, hoc thnh cc mch logic v-o,hoc-o.
a)
a)Mch v-o- NAND. Mch NAND hai bin c bng trng thi 8.7 v cc dng k hiu cng gin thi gian hnh 8.34a,b. . Mch NAND nhiu u vo thc hin hm logic sau: 0 khi tt c cc bin vo a,b,c... bng 1 (8.44) FNAND= a b c... = 1 khi c t nht mt bin bng 0
222
y l hm ngc li ca hm(8.43). Mch hnh 8.35a l mt mch nng ch to theo cng ngh TTL.Tranzisto TM mc baz chung ,c ba cc emit to thnh ba u vo a,b,c. Khi a=b=c=1 th li vo c mc dng cao,TM trng thi ngt,in th colecto ca n mc cao nn T2 thng v bo ho, mc ra nhn gi tr 0.Nu c t nht mt li vo c gi tr th li vo s u cc emit ca TM xung t,TM thnglm ngt T2 nn li ra mc cao FNAND=1. Mch hnh 8.35b cng pht trin t mch va xt vi vic thay th T2 bng mt
a
a)
b
t a 0 1 0 1
b)
& F NAND
t t
Bng 8.7 b F NAND 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Hnh 8.34K hiu v gin in p ca phn t AND
mch ra y ko T3-T4 v tng o pha phn ti T2. Nh T3-T4 mc y ko m tang c kh nng chu ti.Khi T2 m T3 m T4 ngt th D2 ngt tch T4 khi mch ra(FNAND0,c +0,1V) . iu khin tng ra c th dng thm Uk.Khi Uk=0 th TM thngT2 khoT3 kha v T4 cng kho v D1 thng. Khi Uk=1 th s lm vic bnh thng vi hai u vo a v b. Nh vy Uk l tn hiu cho php (Uk=1) hay khng cho php(Uk=0) mch NAND lm vic. Mch NAND l +E +E a) b) phn t c s ca h IC 130 TTL v t s c s R1 4K 1,6K ny ngi ta xy dng T4 F NAND R2 nn cc s thc hin D' nhng hm phc tp hn T2 FD NAND (s na tng,cc U kabc abc trig...) bng cch thm 1K T3 vo mt vi mch ph nh tng m ,mch m Hnh8.34a)MchNAND n gin rng li vo v.v... b)Mch NAND c mch ra y ko b)Mchhoc-oNOR. Mch NOR thc hin hm logic: 1 khi tt c cc bin vo l 0. FNOR= a + b + c+... = (8.46) 0 trong cc trng hp cn li.
223
Mch NOR hai bin u vo c bng trng thi 8.7 v c cc k hiu nh hnh 8.36 a. Hnh8.36b l gin thi gian ca cc tn hiu.
+Ucc
a) a b a b
0
>=1
0
b)
T1
cc li vo
c)
T2 T4
li ra
FNOR FNOR
FNOR
T'1
T'2
Hnh 8.36 a)cc k hiu ca NOR b)gin thi gian tn hiu ca NORc)s nguyn l NOR trong IC TTL
T3
Hnh 8.36 c trnh by s nguyn l ca mt mch NOR trong IC TTL. Mch ny l bin tng ca mch hnh8.35b.Tht vy,T1-T2-T3-T4 v T1-T2-T3-T4 lp thnh hai mch NO . in p ra l UCE ca T4 ch mc Bng 8.8 cao,FNOR=1 khi T3thng,T4 ngt. l trng hp u vo a a b F NOR v b mc thp a=b=0 , emit ca T1 v T1 u t qua 0 0 1 ngun tn hiu nn chng u thng,dn n T2v T2 u 0 1 0 ngt.T2ngt nn T3 thng,T2 ngt nn T4 ngt. Cc trng 1 0 0 hp khc in p ra u mc thp hn mc UH , FNOR=0. 1 1 0 8.10.3Cc thng s c bn ca IC logic. Ngy nay tuyt i a s cc mch logic s dng trong thc t l cc IC logic.Chng c c trng bi cc thng s sau. a)Mc logic: Mc cao 1 u ra +E Ura1 2,4 V Mc thp 0 u ra 0,4VUra00 V Mc cao 1 u vo +EUV1 2 V Mc thp 0 u vo 0,8 VUV0 0 V b)Ngun nui: Cc IC s thng c nui bng ngun 5 V5%.Trong mt khong thi gian ngn ngun c th tng ln ti 7 V,v vy u vo ca cc cng b trng cn c u vi t hoc dng ngun mt cch thch hp. c) tc ng nhanh:Tc chuyn mch hay tc ng nhanh ca ca phn t logic c tnh bng thi gian tr trung bnh TB khi tn hiu chuyn qua phn t .Nguyn nhn gy ra s chm tr l do khng th loi b cc in dung k sinh ca IC khi ch to cng vi tc hu hn ca cc ht dn trong cc cht bn dn.
TB =
1 + (t +t ) 2
(8.47)
t+-thi gian tr sn trc khi chuyn t 0 sang 1. t- thi gian tr sn sau khi chuyn t mc 1 v mc 0.
224
Theo TB ngi ta chia ra cc loi sau: Tc ng cc nhanh: TB < 10-8 s. Tc ng nhanh: 3. 10-8 s>TB >10-8 s. Tc ng trung bnh : 3.10-7 s> TB>3. 10-8s Tc ng chm: TB >3.10-7s d)Cng sut tiu th. Mc tiu th nng lng ca mt IC c nh gi bng cng sut trung bnh PTB: PTB=
1 + (P +P ) 2
(8.48)
P+ - cng sut tiu th trng thi thng. P - -cng sut tiu th trng thi cm. e)Kh nng s dng : kh nng ny th hin s u vo v s u ra .Cc IC s thng c 26 u vo,410 du ra.Nu c cc b khuch i m u ra th s u ra c th ln ti 2050. 8.11.Cc phn t logic thng dng. 8.11.1.Phn t trng du(phn t tng Bng 8.9 ng). a b ab X 1 X 2 F T Phn t trng du so snh hai tn hiu c 0 0 0 1 1 trng nhau hay khng.N cho mc ra 1 nu cc 0 1 0 0 0 tn hiu vo ging nhau,bng 0 nu cc tn hiu 1 0 0 0 0 vo khc nhau,thc hin hm logic:
__
(8.49) FTD= a b +ab C th xy dng hm tng ng theo cch bin i hm sau :

FTD = ab+ ab = FTD = ab + ab = ab.a.b = (a + b) + ( a + b) (8.50) Biu thc (8.50) ng vi bng bng 8.9.Hnh 8.37a l cc k hiu ca phn t trng du . Theo (8.49) c th d dng xy dng phn t trng du trn NAND hoc trn NOR nh hnh 8.37 b,c.
F t
b b) b c)
F t
a)
Hnh 8.37.a)K hiu b,c) PTT xy dng trn NAND vad NOR
8.11.2.Phn t khc du (cng modun 2). Phn t cng modun 2 thc hin hm logic:
225
1 khi a b FKD=a b + a b = ab = (8.51) 0 khi a = b Biu thc (8.51)ng vi bng trng thi 8.10.Phn t khc du c k hiu hnh 8.38. D dng thy rng Bng 8.10 F = F = a b ,t a b FKD c th to ra mch Hnh 8.38 k 0 0 0 khc du t mch hiu phn t 0 1 1 ng du(t s khc du 1 0 1 hnh 8.37b,c). 1 1 0 V d t mch hnh8.37b thm mt cng o vo sau cng G3 hoc thay cng G3 bng mt cng AND s c mch khc du. 8.11.3.Phn t na tng. Phn t na tng thc Bng 8.11 hin php tnh logic vi hai a b S P Hnh 8.39 bin vo a v b v hai u ra 0 0 0 0 phn t na S,P: 0 1 1 0 tng S = a b 1 0 1 0 (8.52) 1 1 0 1 P = a.b Phn t na tng c bng trng thi 8.11 v Cu trc-hnh 8.39 8.11.4Phn t tng ton phn ba u vo Phn t ny hai u vo bin a,b, mt u nh nhp trc tiv hai u ra thc hin cng modun 2 v c nh cho nhp sau. H phng trnh hm ra rt gn c dng:
TD KD
Phn t na tng 1
Phn t na tng 2
SK
P K-1
PK
Hnh 8.40.Phn ft tng ton phn 3 u vo 2 u ra
ak 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
bk 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Bng 8.12 Pk-1 Pk 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Sk 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
226
( 8.53) PK = a K b K + [a k + b K ]PK 1 Bng 8.17 tho mn h phng trnh (8.52), t xy dng mch na tng ton phn S K = [a k b k ] PK 1 ( 8 .53 ) P K = a K b K + [ a k + b K ]P K 1 Bng 8.12 tho mn h phng trnh (8.52), t xy dng mch na tng ton phn hnh 8.40. 8.11.5Phn t so snh hai s nh phn. . Thc hin so snh hai s nh phn: SN=(sn .....s3s2s1s0) v ZN a1 =(zn...z3z2z1z0) Kt qu php so snh cho ra l hoc SN=ZN hoc Z 1 SN>ZN hoc SN<ZN. a2 a)php so snh bng nhau: Hai s SN v ZN Z 2 F SS bng nhau khi cc bit tng ng ca chng bng an nhau si=zi. so snh tng bit vi nhau phi dng mt mch nh hnh 8.41. y phi tin hnh so Z n snh cc bit bng cc mch NAND,kt qu so snh Hnh 8.41.Mch so snh a ti mch AND. FSS=1 khi SN=ZN,FSS=0 khi 2 s bng nhau SNZN. F 2 (a>b) b)Php so snh vn nng hai s mt bit a Bng8.13 b Phn t thc F2 F1 F3 hin php so snh a b F 1 (a=b) a> b a=b a<b (hnh8.42)gm 0 1 0 mt mch ng 0 0 0 0 1 du cho ra F1=1 0 1 F 3 (a<b) 1 0 1 0 0 khi a v b ging 0 1 0 nhau, F1=0 khi 1 1
S K = [a k b k ] PK 1
ab; u ra F2 l php AND ca a v b , khi 2 s mt bit a=b hoc ab (a=1,b=0) th F1=1; u ra F3= a b=1 khi a>b,F3=0 khi a=b hoc a>b.(xem bng 8.18) c)So snh hai s nh phn nhiu bit SN v ZN. Vic so snh c th thc hin theo cc cch sau: -So snh ln lt cc cp bit t sn-zn n s0-z0 ,gi l so snh ni tip.Bt u vi hai bt nh phn cp cao nht sn v zn,.Nu cho kt qu F2(n) =1 (tc sn=zn) th tip tc so snh hai bit k l sn-1 v zn-1...Nu kt qu so snh sn v zn cho ra F1(n) hoc
Hnh 8.42.Mch so snh
227
F3(n) bng 1th l kt qu chung ca php so snh SN v ZN. Nhc im ca phng php ny l tc so snh chm. -Phng php th hai thc hin so snh ng thi tng nhm 4 bit ,gi l so snh song song -ni tip.
S15 S14 Z14 S13 Z13 S12 Z12 S11 S10 Z10 S9 Z9 S8 Z8 S7 Z7 S6 Z6 S5 Z5 S4 Z4 S3 Z3 S2 Z2 S1 Z1 S0 Z0 Z15 Z11
S3 Z3 S2 Z2 S1 Z1 S0 Z0
AB
AB
AB
AB
S3 Z3 S2 Z2 S1 Z1 S0 Z0
AB F 1 (S N > Z N )
F 3 (S N < Z N ) F 2 (S N = Z N )
H n h 4 .4 3 M ch so s n h 2 s n h p h n 1 6 b it
Phng php th hai c tc cao nn c dng nhiu hn trong thc t.Ngi ta ch to cc IC s thc hin php so snh tng nhm 4 bit nh SN7485, MC14585... Hnh8.43 l mt mch so snh hai s nh phn 16 bit theo phng php th hai. 16 bit c chia thnh 4 nhm 4 bt so snh ng thi trong cc b k1k4.Kt qu cc php so snh ny c a ti b so snh k5..u ra ca k5 cho ra kt qu cui cng ca php so snh. Trn y ta xt cc phn t logic c bn v thng dng .T nhng phn t ngi ta lp nn cc s chc nng to nn cc mch s phc tp.Ta xt cc s chc nng . 8.12.Trig s. Trc khi phn tch cc loi trig s ta xt qua nguyn l hot ng ca trig c cu trc bng cc phn t logic.Trig xy dng t cc phn t logic ,cng c hai trng hi cn bng S s bn;ti mt thiim nh iu u u 1 2 nht nh trig nhn s vo t.t. khin ra mt trong hai trng thi .B NO cng c a) b) hai trng thi : tu Hnh 8.44 a) s cu trc trig b) s hai trng thi n thuc vo mc tn hiu nh mc hai phn t NO vo l 0 hay 1 m li ra ca NO c th l 1 hay 0. Tuy nhin NO khng phi l trig v n lun cn duy tr tn hiu u vo gi nguyn trng thi. trig ,vi mt t hp tn hiu no t trig vo mt trng thi xc nh th ngay c khi khng duy tr t hp tn hiu
228
,trig vn gi nguyn trng thi .Mun chuyn trig sang trng thi mi cn c mt t hp tn hiu mi tip theo.Nh vy l trig c kh nng nh trng thi ca n. l ci khc ca trig so vi NO .T phn tch trn ta thy cu to ca trig phi gm hai phn :phn nh trng thi v phn iu khin(hnh 8.44a).Phn iu khin dng xc nh v iu khin trng thi ca trig. Xt hot ng ca mch gm hai phn t NO(o)u tro u ui nh hnh 8.44.bKhi mc ngun cho s th ngu nhin s s nhn mt trong hai trng thi c th.Gi s trng thi l ra ca NO1l mc 0,ra ca NO2 l mc 1.Trng thi ny s duy tr cho ti khi ngt ngun.Sau khi ngt ngun ta li ni ngun tr li ,s c th trong trng thi c hoc trong trng thi ngc li.Nu s i xng mt cch l tng th xc sut xut hin mt trng thi xc nh l 0,5.S va xt trn l s khng iu khin,n nh trng thi mt cch ngu nhin. Mun thay i trng thi ca mch theo mun cn a thm vo s mch iu khin phn bit tn hiu t ln li vo v chuyn(thng gi l lt) trng thi ca trig theo mun. Trig c hai li ra c bn Q v Q (ng vi hai v ca s hai trng thi n nh) v mt s li vo no .Trg s c xy dng kh nhiu loi,ta bt u xt t Trig RS khng ng b l loi c bn nht to nn cc trig s phc tp khc. 8.12.1.Trig RS. a)Trig RS khng ng b: b) R a) Trig RS khng ng b c k hiu nh _ Q S G trn hnnh 8.45a.N c th c cu to t Q hai cng NAND hoc hai cng NOR. Hnh 8.45b l hai trig RS to trn Q Q R S G haicng NAND, ng vi h logic: c) Q = R .Q H nh 8.45 R Q (8.54) a)K hiu trig R S G b)TrigR S trn hai Q = R .Q _ Mch c u vo S u vo xc lp(set- m chN A N D hai Q c)TrigR S trn S G xc lp 1),R u vo xo(reset -xc lp 0); m ch N O R hi tip t u ra ca cng ny n u vo ca cng kia.Mch c bng trng thi 8.14.Gi s xut pht th R=1,S=0 (Hnh 8.46)nn Q=1 v Q =0.Ti thi im t2 xung R li vo ca G1 kt thc , li vo
SE T 1 C LR 2 1 2
ni b l Q=1 nn n chuyn trng thi Q =1,Q=0..Khi t=t3 th R li tr v mc 1, nhng Q=0 nn n gi nguyn trng thi. Thi im t4 th S nhy xung mc 0 nn
Bng 8.14
S Sn 0 0 1 1 Qn+1 Qn 0 1 Cm
t1 t4 t5 t6 t7 t
Rn 0 1 0 1
229
t2 t3 t
Q
t t
Hnh 8.46. th tn hiu gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca trig hnh 8.45b
Q
li ra ca G2 l Q=1,mch chuyn trng thi :Q=1, Q =0.Nh vy mch chuyn trng thi ng vi cc sn sau ca xung tc ng ngoi. Mch trig hnh 8.45c xy dng trn hai cng NOR c bng trng thi 8.15. v th tn hiu hnh 8.47.Xt tng t nh trn nhng ch rng u ra ca NOR
Bng 8.15
Rn 0 1 0 1
Sn 0 0 1 1
Qn+1 Cm 0 1 Qn
S
t
R
t
Q
t t
Hnh 8.47. th tn hiu gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca trig hnh 8.45c
ch bng 1 khi c hai vo u bng 0 ,s thy trig ch chuyn trng thi ng vi sn trc ca cc xung tc ng. b)Trig RS ng b:Cc trig RS dng nh thng tin nh phn.Ta mun rng trig phi phn ng vi nhng tn hiu tc ng ti nhng thi im xc nh.Nhng thi im ny c xc nh bi R tn hiu ng b C.Hnh 8.48 l trig ng b _ _ G3 R tnh xy dng trn bn cng NAND : hai cng Q G1 G1-G2 lp thnh trig khng ng b nh va C xt trn ,hai cng G3-G4 lp thm mt li vo ph C cng vi hai li vo R-S.Khi C=0 Q G2 th R = S =1,theo bng 8.14 trig nh trng thi S G4 _ S trc .Cn khi C=1 th n hot ng bnh Hnh 8.48.Trig ng b thng nh mt trig khng ng b nh xt trn.Nh vy C nh l mt tn hiu ng b hay xung nhp. 8.12.2.Trig gi chm(delay)-hay trig D. Trig loi ny c mt u vo tn hiu D, mt u vo ng b C .Tn hiu u ra Q b tr(gi chm li) mt nhp ca tn hiu ng b C.Hnh 9.49 l hai s trig D xy dng trn NAND v NOR.Xt guyn l lm vic s hnh 8.49a.Trng thi khi u v C=D=0 nn R = S =1,gi s trig trng thi Q=0, Q =1.Ti thi im t1(hnh 8.49c) c xng nhp C=1 th c hai u vo G3 u l 11 nn R =0 mch gi nguyn trng thi.Khi xung ny kt thc(t=t2) th R li l 1,mch nh lc xut pht.Khi t=t3 c xung tn hiu vo D nhng khng c xung nhp nn mch vn trng thi trn.khi t=t4 c c xung nhp v xung tn hiu th mch chuyn
230
C G3
a)
R
G1
C
t1 t2 t4 t5 t7 t
D t3 t6 t
t
S
Q
S
D C G3 G4
G2
b) G1
t t
S
G2 D G4
Hnh 8.49a)Trig D trn NAND b) rig D trn NOR c) th tn hiu trig D trn NAND
rnch thi : u ra ca G4 l S =0,ra ca G4 vn l R =1, nn Q =0,Q=1.Kt thc xung nhp khi t=t5 th S tr li gi tr 1,nhng Q =0 nn mch gi nguyn trng thi .Khi xut hin xung nhp C=1(t=t=) th u ra ca G2 l Q=0,mch chuyn trng thi .Nh vy t xung u v D c rng t6-t3 ta nhn c xung tr u ra Q c rng t7-t4,bng chu k T ca xung nhp. Phn tch tng t cho mch hnh 8.49b ch ti tnh cht ca NOR s nhn c cng kt qu. 8.12.3.Trig chnh-ph M-S(main-sub). ghi -c tn hiu c an ton trig ngi ta tin hnh kho u vo ca n khi c tn hiu u ra v kho u ra khi ghi tn hiu vo u vo( chnh tc ng ca xung nhiu).Mun vy lp mt trig chnh M t G1 n G4 v mt trig ph S t G5 n G8 nh hnh 8.50. Chng c iu khin bi cng mt ngun xung nhp nhng ngc pha nhau nh cng G9.Nh vy m khi xung C c sn trc > mc a th xung cc tnh m kho chc chn trig ph,xung ln hn mc b ( hnh 8.50b) tn hiu c ghi vo trig chnh. sn sau ca xung khi C gim xung qu
R
a)
G1
R1
Q1
G2
G6
R2
C
S1
G6
1 b c d t
G4
G3
Q1
G8
G7
a b)
_ 9 S2 G Hnh8.50.Cu truc caTrig MS
Hnh 8.50.Cu trc ca trig MS
231
mc c th trig chnh b kho,cch ly n vi li vo;khi C gim xung di mc d th trig ph m,tn hiu c chuyn sang trig ph. 8.12.4.Cc trig m. T trig MS cch lp thm hai vng hi tip Q=R,S= Q s c trig m T nh hnh 8.51( trig chia tn.). Khi lp thm hai ca ph cc cngG1,G2 s c trig JK vn nng. Trig s c nm li vo:C(hoc T)-xung nhp,hai li vo iu khin J,K ,hai li vo R,S xc lp 0 v 1.Nh vng hi tip S= Q ,R=Q Tn hhiu ra b o qua mi sn m ca xung nhp(hnh 8.52),ng vi bng trng thi 8.16.Ti li ra s xut hin dy xung c tn s bng mt na tn s ca xung nhip C. Phng trnh c trng ca trig m c dng: Qn+1=[T Q + T Q]n (8.55) Phng trnh c trng ca trig JK: Qn+1=[J Q + K Q]n (8.56) Cc phng trnh trn cho pht xc nh trng thi nhp n+1 ca trig khi bit cc bin u vo v trng thi hin ti ca trig . Hon ton tng b) t nh trig RS nu a) R coi u J nh u _ _ K Q xc lp R,u K nh J Q Q1 G1 G5 G4 G7 u xo S ,s c C(T C(T) ) bng trng thi 8.17 K S Q .T bng ny ta thy G4 Q G8 G2 Hnh8.51.a)Cu truc ,nu J=K=0 th tn G6 Q J caTrig mT v h1u ra g nguyn S G9 trig vn nng JK trng thi c b)K hiu ca trig Qn.Khi JK th tn vn nng JK hiu ra ph thuc Bng 8.16 Hnh C 8.52 T t Cn Qn+1 th gii Q1 0 Qn thch t Q1 nguyn 1 Qn t l lm Q vic ca t trig Q m
R
theo J.
Khi J=K=1 th tn hiu ra thay i theo mi nhp m ,tc l thay i theo
232
mi sn m ca xung nhp. Trig JK c gi l vn nng v t n d dng to ra trig m T,delay D, RS xt.V d hnh 8.53a c trig s dng trig JK nh mt trig RS ng b vi R=J,S=K.Hnh 8.53b to trig D t trig JK vi vic mc . thm mt cng o. mch hnh 8.53c nu duy tr mc 1 JK s c mt trig m. Bng 8.17 Jn Kn Qn+1 J Q J Q J Q 0 0 Qn 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 K Q K Q K Q 1 1 a) Q b) c) Hnh 8.53 Trong cc trig JK nu s dng hai cng vo G1,G2 l loi nhiu u vo th s c trig JK nhiu u vo.Khi dng nu u vo no khng n th chng c u vi mc 1 chng nhiu 8.13 Mch n hi . Mch n hi l mch to ra cc xung vung c di xc nh t cc xung vung u vo ,tc l lm co hoc dn xung u vo. Hnh 8.54a l mt mch n hi cu to t cc cng TTL. di ca xung ra c xc nh bi thi gian tr ca
SET SET SET CLR CLR CLR
+Ucc
G1 Va G2 G3 a) G4 RA
c)
Va
G1 G2
R1 R2 C R3 RA G3 RA G1
C Va G1 R G2
RA
b)
Va C
d)
Hnh8.54 Cc dng mch n hi.
G3
G2
cc cng 1,2,3 v l mt i ln khng i. tr ca tn hiu c xc nh bi tr ca cng 4.Mch ny khng kinh t.Mch hnh 8.54b c th gin hoc co xung tu vi rng ca xung ra xp x bng tXraRC,khng ph thuc vo rng xung vo.Hi tip c thc hin t u ra ca cng 2 n u vo ca cng 1;cng 1 ch thay i trng thi khi cng 2 chuyn trng thi . Trong hnh 8.53c.ba cng lin kt qua mt tranzisto, rng xung ra tXra0,8R2C.Gi tr ca in tr R2 c xc nh t tham s h21e ca tranzisto,c vi chc K.
233
Mch hnh 8.54b c th gin hoc co xung tu vi rng ca xung ra xp x bng tXraRC,khng ph thuc vo rng xung vo.Hi tip c thc hin t u ra ca cng 2 n u vo ca cng 1;cng 1 ch thay i trng thi khi cng 2 chuyn trng thi .Trong hnh 8.53c.ba cng lin kt qua mt tranzisto, rng xung ra tXra0,8R2C.Gi tr ca in tr R2 c xc nh t tham s h21e ca S ny c tnh chng nhiu cao. S n hi hnh 8.54d s dng trig RS,n cho dng xung ra kh p. trng thi u u vo ca cng 1 l mc 1,u ra l mc khng,do vy c hai li vo ca cng 3 v li vo ni b ca cng 1 u l mc 0,li ra ca cng 2 l mc 1,t ln li vo ni b ca cng 1. 8.14.Mch a hi t dao ng s. C th dng cc mch cng xy Vo dng cc mch a hi t dao ng vi cdu C a) iu khin C trc kh n gin.Hnh8.55a l mt mch G1 G2 ao hi c mt u vo iu khin.Xung u ra i xng c rng tX=RC v c R R rng 1:1.Nu li vo l 1 th s c xung li max=2K max=2K ra ra ,nu li vo l 0 th s khng c dao b) ng.Vic iu khin nh vy ch thch hp trong mt khong no ca R, ra khi C R khong s s mt n nh . G3 G4 G5 Trong s a hi hnh 8.55b th C quyt nh rng ca xung,R quyt nh rng ca xng. Mch a hi n gin hnh 8.55c n gin vi hai mch cng, c th c th to tn s t vi Hz n vi Mhz.Tn s c xc nh:
1 f = 3 RC
c)
G1
C
R
G2
ra
Hnh8.55.2,a,b
470
470
(8.57)
0.02
Trong R bin i trong khong hp,cn C bin i trong khang rng. Mch hnh 8.56d c mc thm thch anh 100 Khz tang thm n nh. y tn s ca dao ng quyt nh bi tn s ca thch anh,t C2 kh cc dao ng k sinh tn s cao.
G1
0.01
C1
G2
Ra
3k
1K
Hnh 8.55d 8.15.B m. Ngi ta to ra cc b m thun( m cng xung hay m tin),m nghch ( m tr xung hay m li) hoc m thun nghch bng cch ghp thch hp cc trig m .
234
Mt b m tng qut c th m c (n-1) xung,cn xung th n a n v trng thi ban u;ta ni dung lng ca b m l (n-1 ) hay b m modun n.Trig chnh l b m modun2,l b m c s to ra b m modun bt k v s lng xung m c trong b m tnh trong h nh phn. Bng 8.18 8.15.1.Cc b m nh phn. Nu ghp N trig m lin tip nhau ta Trng thi trig m s to c mt b m modun 2N hay dung S (02) (20) lng m ti a l 2N-1.Tuy nhin v nhiu xung (23) (22) l do cng ngh v k thut khc nhau ngi vo F3 F2 F1 F0 ta ghp lin tip ti 4 trig,N=4.c bit nu 0 0 0 0 0 biu din s di dng m nh thp phn 1 0 0 0 1 BCD th phng php ghp ny s to nn 0 1 0 0 2 mt decac m c s,cho php to ra cc b 1 1 0 0 3 m dung lng bt k bng cch ghp ni 4 0 0 1 0 4 thch hp.Vi N=4 (modun 2 =16) th dung 1 0 1 0 5 lng b m l 15 xung,ng vi bng trng 0 1 1 0 6 thi 8.18 v th thi gian hnh8.56. 1 1 1 0 7 T bng trng thi 8.18 ta c mt s nhn 0 0 0 1 8 xt quan trng sau y i vi cc b m 1 0 0 1 9 cng xung: 0 1 0 1 10 1. t trig bt k ch chuyn 1 1 0 1 11 trng thi khi trig cp thp hn k n 0 0 1 1 12 chuyn t 1 v 0. 1 0 1 1 13 2. Mt trig bt k ch chuyn 0 1 1 1 14 trng thi khi ty c cc trig cp thp 1 1 1 1 15 hn n trng thi 1. 0 0 0 0 16 Nhn xt th nht cho php cho php ta xy dng cc b m khng ng b (kiu ni tip),nhn xt sau cho php xy dng cc b m ng b ( kiu song song) vi cc c im v tnh cht khc nhau.Vi cc b m li( m tr xung) th cc nhn xt trn l ngc li.Ta xt mt s b m thng dng. a)B m nh phn kiu ni tip (khng ng b). Hnh 8.57 l b m ni tip modun 16 cu trc t bn trig JK dng MS( trn cc phn t NAND) F0F3ng vi bng 8.17.c im ca b m ny l: 1.Xung cn m a vo tun t ti li vo ng b C ca trig u tin F0. Cc trig cp cao hn c mc vi u ra Q ca trig cp thp hn k vi n. 2. Trc khi m th xung xo R phi xut hin trc dy xung m thit lp trng thi ban u F0=F1=F2=F3=0.
235
3.Cc trig F0F3 s chuyn trng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 thi ca n khi cc xung a vo ca ng b C ca n chuyn t 1 v t 0;mund vy tt c cc ca JK u ph Q 0 mc 1. 01 01 01 0 1 01 01 01 0 1 0 4.Nu dng trig cc F0F3 l t Q1 loi trig cu to t NOR chuyn trng thi theo sn dng ca xung( t 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 sang 1) th b m cu trc nh hnh 8.57s l b m li( tr xung).Mun chuyn sang m tin ( cng xung) cn Q2 0 1 0 1 ni cc u ra Q i ti u vo ci+1 cat trig tip theo. t 5.Mi trig Fi thc hin chia i Q3 tn s ca dy xung vo. 0 1 0 t 6.Mun tng dung lng m cn Hnh 8.56. th ti gian ca tng s trig,khi dng n trig s m tn hiu trong b m c s dc 2n-1 xung;tuy nhin s c s tch
0 1 2 3
1
Xung m
J C K
SET
1 1
2 J C K
SET
1 1
J C K
SET
1 1
2 J C K
SET
1
Xung xo
R CLR
R CLR
R CLR
CLR
F0
F1
F2
F3
Hnh8.57.B m ni tip
lu tr gia dy xung vo v dy xung ra lm gim tc m. b) B m nh phn song song(ng b ) Hnh 8.58 l cu trc ca mt b m nh phn ng b bn bit dng trig JK kiu MS (F0F3 ).Mch ny c mt s c im sau: 1.Trong cc b m ni tip xung m ch a ti vo nhp ca F0 nn c hin tr tch lu vi cc trig pha sau v yu cu chu k ca xung m phi ln hn thi gian tr ca cc trig T > ttr ,nn tc lm vic b hn ch.Trong b m song song cc xung m ng thi c a vo cc ca vo nhp ca cc trig ,cc li
236
vo JK c dng iu khin qu trnh lt ca cc trig tng t nh bng 8.18 nu trn nn thi gian tr ch bng thi gian tr ca mt trig . 2.Theo bng 8.18 th F0 lt ng vi mi xung nhp(nhp m )t ti,mun vy vi F0 th J=K=1. F1 ch lt khi c xung m v Q0=1 . Tng t F2 ch lt khi c xung nhp v Q0=1,Q1=1;F3 ch lt khi c xung nhp v Q0=1, Q1=1,Q2=1.Cc ca JK c ni vi Q0,Q1 ,Q2 thcc hn cc iu kin trn. 3.Khi cn m vi dung lng ln hn ngi ta ghp thm cc trig vo sau F3 v ghp thnh tng nhm 4bit mt (v s lng u JK c hn)
0 1 2 3
2 1
J C K Xung m Xung xo
SET
2
J C K
SET
2
J2 C J1 C K1 K2
2
J3 J2 J1 C K1 K2 K3
Q0
Q2
C
R R
Q3
CLRR
CLR R
F0
F1
F2
F3
Hnh 8.58.B m song song

2. 2 . a)
E C
4 0 3
. 2 2 .
E C CE
. 2 2 .
E C CE
11
2. 2 .
12
15
CE
E C R
2
CE
R
4
0
R
4
1
R
4
2 CE
G4
Jo Qo C Ko R
C Xung m R Xung xo
G1
J1 Q1 C K1 R
G2
J2 Q2 C K2 R
G3
J3 Q3 C K3 R
F3
F0
F1
F2
b)
Hnh 8.59.
237
Hnh 8.59a l cch ghp 4 b m 4 bit song song to b m song song 16 bt m 216-1 xung.Cn hnh 8.59b c ghp thm cc logic to nh l cc mch AND G1G4 to tn hiu nh trong tng b m nh 4 bit ng thi to tn hiu iu khin cc ca JK. iu kin to cc tn hiu iu khin J,K v to tn hiu nh CE l cn c u vo E khng ch c nhm: CE=Q0.Q1.Q2.Q3.E J3=K3= Q0.Q1.Q2.E (8.58) J2=K2= Q0.Q1.E J1=K1= Q0.E J0=K0= E iu kin (8.58) kt hp vi C=1 chnh l iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca b m song song 4 bit hnh 8.58;ch khc l khi b y ( Q0=Q1=Q2=Q3=1) s to ra tn hiu CE a ti decac m 16 cao hn. 8.16.B ghi dch. Cc thng tin nh phn c th tn tr nh cc trig c vai tr nh mt nh nh phn.u nhiu trig D nh hnh 8.60a s c mt b ghi dch: mi khi c xung nhp t vo ca nhp th thng tin vo ca D s c dch t mt sang
a)
C xung nhp D s liu cn ghi R xung xo Nhp Q0 J C K R F0 Bng 8.19 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q0 . J C K R Q1 . J C K R Q2 . J C K F3 R Q3 .
F1
F2
Vo1 b) 2 3
Thit lp 0 T1 G1 G2 G3 R T2 R T3 R T4 R G5 G6
Q0 Q1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q2 G7 Q3 Lnh c G5
4 G4 Lnh ghi
Hnh 8.60. a)B 238 ghi dch ni tip b) b ghi dch song song
tip theo.y l phng php ghi ni tip thng tin vo cc nh.Trong s ghi dch 4 bt ny vi kh nng ghi v nh 4 bit nh phn cho php ly thng tin ra ng thi ti Q0Q3 theo kiu song song sau 4 nhp ghi ni tip hoc ly ra ln lt ti Q3 cc thng tin ghi vo trc 4 nhp.(Bng 8.19) Ngoi ra c th lp mch ghi dch ghi song song ( ng thi) vo cc nh nh hnh 8.60b.Cc cng G1G4 iu khin vic ghi thng tin vo khi clnh(xung ) ghi.Cc cng G5G8 c thng tin ra khi c lnh(xung) c.Cc thao tc ghi-c u thc hin ng thi vi 4 bit thng tin.S ny khng cho php dch thng tin gia cc nh trn c thanh ghi 4 bit. C th kt hp cc u im ca c hai cch ghi dch ni tip v song song s dng linh hot cc u im ca mi cch,ng thi c th chuyn cc bit thng tin ni tip thnh song song v ngc li .Hnh 8.61 l mt b ghi dch nh vy vi 4 trig D v cc cng logic ph. S liu c th a vo ni tip li vo D hay song song P0P3 tu theo xung iu khin L v xung nhp C.Khi L=0 th vi xung nhp C tn hiu s c dch phi 1 bit hng F0F3.Khi L=1 th nh xung nhp C thng tin P0P3 s c a ng thi v F0F3 nh nhm cc mch logic ph G0,G,G2 v G3. Vic ly ra cng c th song song F0F3 hay tun t theo tng nhp u ra D. Hnh 8.61 l mch ghi dch kt hp ,cho php pht huy ht u im c mi loi s trn.
Qo R xung xo
C xung ng b R R R R
Q1
Q2
Q3
C D
C Q1 D
F1
G11 G21
C D
C D
Q3 0
Hnh 8.61
G01
Fo F3
F2
G31
G02
G03
G12
G13
G22
G23
G32
G33
D S liu vo Xung iu khin thao . tc L

G4
Po
P1
P2
P3
8.17.B bin i m v gii m. Cc b bin i m thc hin vic chuyn i cch biu din ca mt s nh phn dng ny sang dng khc, nh qu trnh gia cng x l, ghi nh hay hin th kt
239
qu thng tin c thun li hn. Trong phn ny s cp ti mt s dng bin i v gii m in hnh nht. 8.17.1B bin i m nh phn - m nh thp phn (8421 - BCD) Cc s nh phn ln hn 24 c di (s bit) ln hn 4 thng kh c. Theo thi quen thp phn thng thng, ngi ta dng m nh - thp phn (BCD) trong mi s thp phn ring r c biu din nh phn bng mt s t c di 4 bit gi l 1 decac. Nh vy mt s thp phn hng chc bao gm 1 decac c di tng cng 8 bit, hng trm gm 3 decac c di 12 bit... V d cc s thp phn: (45)10 gm 2 decac; (218)10 gm 3 decac c th biu din bng m BCD l: 0100 0101; 0010 0001 1000 4.101 5.100 2.102 1.101 8.100 Biu din nh phn thun tu ca s (45)10 l (101101)2. B i m nh phn sang m nh thp phn c nhim v thc hin chuyn k hiu v d: t s 101101 biu din nh phn ca 45 sang 10000101 l biu din ca 45 h nh thp phn c th dng cc b ghi dch xt 3.93 thc hin vic bin i m ny vi cc nhn xt sau i vi cc cp biu din ca cc s thp phn v nh phn:
101 Trng thi0 10 1 1 0 1 1101 101 Lnh cng thm 3 4 Lnh ghi ,dich tri 1 bit 100 101101
1
Lnh ghi ,dich tri 1 bit
1 1
+ 1 1
0 0 1
1
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1
01
101
1 1
7
0 0
0 0 0
01 1
240
Hnh 8.62.Trng tha ca cc trig ca b ghi dch qua 7 nhp xung iu khin bin i m (101101)2(0100 0101)BCD
- Dch 1 bit t phi sang tri trong 1 decac tng ng vi php nhn vi 21 trong h nh thp phn. - Dch 1 bit t phi sang tri gia 2 decac (2 nhm) tng ng vi mt php cng thm 2 trong h thp phn (8 10). c im ny trong h nh thp phn tng ng vi thm 6 vo s nh phn sau khi dch hay thm 3 vo n trc khi dch. - loi tr kh nng xut hin trong 1 decac s ln hn 9, vic cng thm 3 trc khi chuyn 1 s qua decac cao c tin hnh sm hn khi s trong decac thp khng qu (5)10 hay (0101)BCD. Ta lm r cc thao tc trn qua v d sau vi (N)10 = (45)10 N = (45)10 = 1.25 + 0.24 + 1.23 + 1.22 + 0.21 + 1.20 = (101101)2 Kt qu sau 7 nhp iu khin th hin qua bng hnh 6.62 i vi trng thi ca cc trig trong b ghi dch s (45)10 = (101101)2 c ghi vo thanh ghi dch 8 bit vi 4 bit gi th hin decac hng chc v 4 bit tr th hin decac trong hng n v (45)10 = (0100 0101)BCD l biu din ca n trong h nh thp phn. 8.17.2B bin i m nh phn sang m "1 t n". - M 1 t n cho tng ng n tr mi s thp phn M t 0 ti (n - 1) vi 1 hm logic dng mt mintec l biu din ca M trong h m nh phn. Cc trng thi ra ca b bin i m nh phn 8421 sang m 1 t 16 c cho trn bng hnh 8.63 T bng hnh 8.63 c th vit h cc hm ra y0 y15 dng
Hnh 8.63 bng ch trng thi ca b gii m 8421 - "1 t 16"
M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 0
x3 x2 x x0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
y 0 y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y 6 y 7 y 8 y 9 y 10 y 11 y 12 y 13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
y 14 y 15
1 1
241
(8.59) y15 = x 3 x 2 x1x 0 y1 = x 3 x 2 x1x 0 ........... - C th thc hin cc hm (8.59) bng mt ma trn cc it in tr cu trc kiu ch nht, hnh thang hay hnh thp . tin s dng cc ma trn gii m c ch to di dng IC (v d SN7442/SN7445). Hnh 8.64 l mt mch gii ,m gin n xy dng trn diot.ng vi mt t hp xc nh ca cc bin x2,x1,x0,ch c mt u ra yJ tng ng c mc1(nh s iu khin cac oit thch hp c anot ni vi hng J chuyn sang trng thi ngt).Tnh n tr ca y c m bo v lc cc hangd j i u c t nht l 1 doit thng lm cho u ra i mc thp (yi=0) khi i j.Ch s j chnh l biu din thp phn ca ca t hp ca t hp li vo x3x2x1(biu din nh phn ca j).V d trn hnh 8.64
+E
y 0 = x 3 x 2 x1 x 0
y14 = x 3 x 2 x1 x 0
Hnh 8.64.Mch gii m "1 t 8"

y7 y6 y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0 _ X0
Da Db Dc
_ X2
_ X1
X2 X0 X1 th khi x2=1,x1=0,x0=1 th cc diot Da,Db,Dc ng vi hng y5 nht v y5=1,cc hng cn li c t nht 1 diot thng nn yi=0 vi i5=j. - Trong trng hp ch s dng 10 t hp u tin trong bng (3.12) ta nhn c bng trng thi ca b gii m BCD, m 1 t 10. Lc h cc hm ra c dng:
Y 0 = x 3 x 2 x1 x 0 Y1 = x 3 x 2 x1 x 0 ............. Y g = x 3 x 2 x1 x 0
(8-60)
thc hin cc hm (8-60), c th dng mt b m nh phn BCD vi 4 bit
242
(xem.8.15) kt hp vi cc ca AND, nh th hin trn hnh 8.65. y cn lu h hm (3-60) c a v dng ti thiu bng phng php Cacno c s dng 6 t hp tha cui trong bng (H.63): Y0 = x 3 x 2 x1 x 0 ; Y1 = x 3 x 2 x1 x0 ; Y2 = x 2 x1 x 0 Y3 = x 2 x1x0 Y4 = x2 x1 x 0 ; ; Y5 = x2 x1 x0 Y6 = x2 x1 x 0 Y7 = x2 x1 x0 ; Y8 = x3 x 0 Y9 = x3 x0
y3 y6 y7 y8 y4 y5 Y9 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9
(8-61)
Dy xung m F1
x0
_
y0 y1 y2 G0 G1 G2
x0
F1
x1
_
x1
F1
x2
_
x2
F1
x3
_
x3
Hnh 8.65.B gii m BCD-"1t10"
- B gii m 1 t n c dng c bit thun li trong vic iu khin cc thao tc trnh t khi c ghp ni tip sau b m nh phn (xem h.6.66). Tt c cc t hp ca bin vo c to ra mt cch tun t trong b m nh phn. Ti u ra ca b gii m 1 t n, mi thi im ch c 1 u ra c gi tr 1. Do vy s kin cn iu khin xy ra vo lc tj no c th to bi yj tng ng, cn nu cng 1 s kin cn xy ra nhiu thi im khc nhau th ch cn hp cc hm ra yj nh mt phn t OR. 8.17.3 B gii m nh phn BCD - m thp phn 7 thanh. B ch th 7 thanh k hiu c dng ph bin biu th kt qu thng tin bng s thp phn nh c im c cu to cc it pht quang(LED) hay tinh th lng b tr nh th hin trn hnh 8.67,c th hin th t 1 n 9.
243
SN74159
+E Y0 F0
a)
2 C xung m
0
0
X 1 2 X1 B gii m nh 2 m 2 X2 1 t 16 phn 3 X3 2
y4 F1 y8 F2 y12 F3
0 1
3 4
6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
b)
F0 F1 F2 F3
Hnh 8.66 a)B tao xung iu khin 4 pha lin tip cch u nhau b) th gii thich hot ng s a)
Bng 8.19
Bin vo M A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 a 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Hm ra c 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 e 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 f 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 g 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
a b g
Hinhg 8.67 LED 7 thanh(on)
244
Bng chuyn i ca b gii m BCD m 7 du cho trn bng 8.19; y cc bin logic u vo k hiu l D,C,B,A v cc hm ra l a, b, c, d, e, f v g.Vi mch iu khin bng mc logic 0 th bnh thng, cc it pht quang a, b, .. f, g khng pht sng khi mc logic ra l "1".ng vi mi t hp nh phn u vo, mt vi trong s 7 thanh u ra nhn c tn hiu 0 (thp) kch thch chng pht sng v hin thnh hnh s thp phn tng ng. Cu trc t hp ca b gii m ny c xy dng xut pht t h cc hm a g sau khi c ti thiu ho ( y khng nu ra). Thng chng c kt cu dng mt vi mch c sn (SN7446,SN7447, D147...). Bng 8.20 8.17.4. B bin i m nh phn 8421- m vng 3 2 6 4 44x7 x4 4 48 y GREY. 00 01 11 10 M Grey l mt dng m nh phn c tnh ng 00 0 7 8 15 u khong cch (chuyn t 1 s ny n mt s tip theo lun ch cn thay i 1 bit) c s dng thun li 6 9 14 cho vic lu gi thng tin trong cc phn t nh mt x 1 01 1 x0 cch tit kim nht (lu m Grey khng cho php 5 10 13 11 2 thc hin cc php tnh s hc vi n). Bng 8.20 l bng chuyn i ca b bin i m 4 11 12 10 3 8421 Grey v trng tha ca n bng 8.21 ( vit cc t m Grey, cn dng bng chuyn ging ba Cacno 4 bin bng , mi nh s thp phn theo trt t cc k nhau sau ln lt vit
Bng 8.21
s thp phn
x3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
x1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
x0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
y3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
y1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
y0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
s thp phn
x3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
x1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
x0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
y3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
y2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
y1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
y0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
cc t m vi tr x0 x3 ghi ngoi mp cc hng v ct, kt qu thao tc ny cho cc hm ra y3 y0 tng ng). Vic xy dng cu logic b chuyn m xut pht t vit ba cacno cho cc hm
245
3
00
00
01
x3 x2
11
10
3
00
00
01
x3 x2
11
10
3
00
00
Bng 8.22 x3 x2 Y
01 11 10
3
00
00
01
x3 x2
11
10
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
x 1 01 x0
11 10
x 1 01 x0
11 10
x 101 x0
11 10
x 1 01 1 x0
11 10
ra x0 x3, ti thiu ho chng c kt qu th hin trn bng 8.22. y 3 = x3 = 0 x3 y 2 = x 3 x 2 + x 3 x 2 = x 3 x2 y1 = x 2 x1 + x2 x1 = x2 x1 y0 = x1 x0 + x1 x0 = x1 x0 T h thc (8.62) thy r b chuyn m c cu trc gm 3 b cng modun hai nh hnh 8.68. Lu h thc (862) v tnh cht vng ca php cng modun nh phn, d dng suy ra cu trc b bin i m ngc li: t m Grey thnh m 8421. (ng t nt hnh 3.74) 8.18.B dn knh v tch knh.
x3 Y3 x3
(8-62)
x2
Y2
x2
x1
Y1
x1
x0
Y0
x0
Hnh 8.68a)Cu trc mch chuyn m8421Grey thun v ngc
8.18.1 B dn knh B dn knh dng hp lin tip cc trng thi logic ca nhiu bin v truyn chng trn mt li ra duy nht, thc hin hm ra (v d vi 6 u vo, 1 u ra) y = a1 a 0 .x0 + a1 a0 x1 + a1 a 0 x2 + a1 a0 x3 Trong a1, a0 l hai li vo ca bin a ch.x0, x1, x2, x3 l cc li vo bin trng thi. Tu theo trng tha ca li vo a ch m li ra y s c ni vi mt trong cc li vo thng tin x0, x1, x2 hocx3.
246
Tng qut vi n li vo a ch a0 an-1, li ra y s c ni vi 1 trong 2n tn hiu thng tin li ra. Hnh 8.69 cho cu trc ca mt b dn knh 4 li vo thng tin.
a0 a1 x0
V c s x1 tng ng n Y tr gia mt a ch (mt t hp x2 cc ai) vi mt li vo thng x3 tin (c ch s Hnh 8.69 B dn knh 4 l vo(SN 4153) thp phn ca bin vo tng ng vi gi tr nh phn ca t hp ai) c th dng b dn knh thc hin 1 hm logic bt k ca cc tn hiu a ch a a) bng cch trn cc li vo xj ngi ta t cc tn hiu c nh tng ng vi x0 gi tr yu cu ca hm logic. Dng c bit ca b dn knh l s c hai li vo c vai tr ca mt chuyn mch in t (Hnh 8.70b)c iu khin (h.8.70a). Dng hnh 8.70a c th thu gn hn nh vic s dng cc phn t logic NAND c tng ra 3 trng thi, khi nh tn hiu vo c bit iu khin m cc tng ra y ko tr nn khng phn bit (trng thi tr khng cao) hnh 8.70c. 8.18.2 B tch knh. B tch knh thc hin nhim v phn phi 1 tn hiu li vo cho nhiu a ch khc nhau (cn gi l b chn knh). ra.
y x1 a x0 b) y x1 a G1 x0 y G2 x1 G3 c)
Hnh 8.70
Hnh 8.71 a ra mt cu trc ca b chn knh dng cc phn t AND c 4 li
247
Tn hiu li vo a ti c 4 ca logic G1 G4. Tu t hp tn hiu a ch a0 v a1 m mt trong cc ca m logic G1, G2, G3 hoc G4 m cho ni thng tin t li vo ti li ra c ch s tng ng(y3 = x khi a1a0 = 11 ). Trng hp c bit a0 khi x = 1 = hng s, b a1 Y0 tch knh lm vic nh G1 mt b gii m 1 t n. 8.19. Cc b nh y1 G2 bn dn. 8.19.1 B nh RAM x B nh RAM l loi y2 G3 b nh, trong nu c a ch ca mt t no th c th nh vo n y3 G4 hoc c t n c Hnh 8.71 B tch knh (SN74155) thng tin theo a ch ny (bng cch tip cn bt k). Cu trc bn trong ca mt b nh RAM dung lng 16 bit (vi mch16 x 4 bit trong SN 74LS 189;26 x 4 bit trong SN 74LS 201;2024 x 1 bit trong SN 93425 )trnh by trn hnh 8.72a v s logic 1 mt nh ca n hnh 8.72b. y l 1 cu trc ma trn vung (v l do cng ngh). Khi mun tip cn vo mt mt nh no , ngi ta cn t tn hiu 1 logic ln hng v ct tng ng. Mun vy, vect a ch A = (a0 ...an) s c gii m tng ng nh b gii m hng v ct (kiu 1 t n). Ngoi cc u vo a ch k trn, RAM cn c mt u vo thng tin dvo, mt u ra thng tin dra, mt u ghi E, mt u vo tip cn (chn v) t chc lm vic ghp gia mt vi RAM khi chng dng chung mt ng s liu: lc CS = 0 ng vi mt RAM no , li ra thng tin dr ca n c chuyn n trng thi tr khng cao v khng nh hng g ti vic ang truyn s liu khc trn knh thng tin chung ang lm vic vi mt RAM khc c CS = 1. Lc cn ghi (E = 1), nh lin h logic ph hp, li ra dra cng c trng thi tr khng cao. Kh nng ni cc u vo, ra (dvo, dra) nh vy cho php truyn thng tin trn c hai hng (ghi v c) trn cng mt knh s liu chung (BUS s liu hai hng). Nh phn t logic Gg m vic chuyn b nh vo trng thi ghi s b cm lc CS = 0 (do phng nga vic ghi sai thng tin vo RAM khi n cha c chn nhn thng tin). T hnh 8.72b vic ghi thng tin ch xy ra khi G5 v G7 m (xi = yj = WE = 1). Cn vic c ch xy ra khi G6 v G7 m, ng thi G8 m nh CS = 1. Cc li ra ca tt c cc mt nh u u vi nhau theo cch u tng ra - cc colect ng (xem 8.10).
248
Y3 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14
a)
ao
Gii m i ch hng
Y2 S 21 Y1 S 31 Y0 S 41 x3 x2 S 42 x1 S 34 x0 S 44 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 22 S 23 S 24
a1
a2 a3
Gii m i ch ct d ra d v
CS WE b) yi xj G7 G5 G3 G4 G 2 S ij G1 d ra G6
o
+E E G8 Dra
G9
Hnh 8.72
d vo
Mt c im chung l khi mt ngun nui, thng tin trong RAM b xo nn chng cn c gi l b nh ph thuc ngun. - Cc tnh cht ng: m bo cho RAM lm vic bnh thng cn phi m bo mt quan h thi gian no gia cc tn hiu li vo. Hnh 8.73a v b l gin thi gian ca qu trnh ghi v c thng tin. Xung cho php ghi WE t vo sau khi gii m a ch xong (sau 1 khong thi gian tA) ghi tin cy di xung WE khng c nh hn gi tr ti thiu TW. V s mt nh trong RAM nhiu, thng tin trn li vo cn lu gi mt thi gian TH sau khi ht xung ghi.
249
CS
CS
a ch yu cu
A
Thng tin yu cu
a ch yu cu
Thng tin yu cu
D vo
D ra
tR
WE tA tW tH
W E=0
Hnh 8.73. th thi gian ca qu trnh a) Ghi thng tin v b) c thng tin tA-thi gian gii m a ch,tR-thi gian tip cn b nh tW-thi gian ti thiu ghi trc khi c,tH-thi gian tr thng tin
Sau khi xc lp a ch, thng tin v vic tm ng a ch yu cu s xut hin sau mt khong thi gian tR gi l thi gian tip cn b nh khi c (10 30 ns).
x1 d a0 x2 B gii m hng x 3 d d d
a1
d a) x4 Y1 d
a2 a3
Y2
d Y3
d Y4
B gi m ct
+
Hnh 8.74.S nguyn l ROM 6 bit

d b)
D CS
250
8.19.2 B nh ROM B nh ROM l loi b nh chng trnh c ghi vo ngay t khi ch to (b nh c nh -Read Only Memory). S nguyn l ROM (v d vi mch PROM SN74LS288, 32 x 8 bit) c v trn hnh 3.80a (loi 6 bit) cc b gii m a ch hng ct ging trong b nh RAM. Vic ghi mi bt thng tin c thc hin bng cch gi nguyn hay ph hu cn ch tip im gi li ra ca phn t NAND tng ng v u chung d (1 ng vi gi nguyn, 0 ph hu). Cc phn t NAND y l loi colect c cc ng. Ch tranzito ng vi mt nh c s dng mi m d = 1 cn ngc li d = 0 (hnh 3.80b). Thng tin cha trong ROM khng b mt khi mt ngun nui. ROM c ch to thc hin cc cng vic c th, c chun ho trong k thut s v d nh b bin i m... Ngoi ra cn c th ghi lp trnh sau khi ch to (PROM) cng vic ghi chng trnh vo PROM do ngi s dng thc hin (nh cc my lp trnh c bit). Nu PROM c ch to theo cng ngh MOS th vic lp trnh thc hin bng cch phng cc in tch (l qu trnh thun nghch) c th xo thng tin vo PROM bng tia cc tm, ta c b nh xo c (EPROM). Trn mt a ch ca PROM ca ROM thng ghi mt t di 4 hay 8 bit (ch khng phi mt bit nh trong RAM), v th chng c vi li ra thng tin.
251
Chng9
Ngun nui
9.1 Khi nim chung. Ngun nui trong cc thit b in t khng ngng c ci tin theo hng tng n nh,cng sut , bn,gim kch thc -trng lng-gi thnh ... Ngun nui c nhim v cung cp nng lng cho cc my in t lm vic , thng phi cp in mt chiu vi dng n nh. Thit b ngun c chia thnh hai lp: lp thit b ngun nui s cp v lp thit b ngun nui th cp.Lp thit b ngun s cp l cc thit b bin i cc dng nng lng khng in (ho nng,c nng,nhit nng,quang nng v.v...)v dng nng lng in.Vic nghin cu chng khng thuc phm vi ca gio trnh ny. Lp cc thit b ngun th cp c nhim v bin i nng lng in t dng ny sang dng khc cho ph hp vi cc mch tiu th ngun. l cc mch chnh lu,n p,n dng,cc mch bin i dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu,bin i dng mt chiu mc in p ny sang dng mt chiu mc in p khc. y cn lu rng bin p hoc cc b phn p khng phi l thit b ngun th cp v ch c s thay i t l xch ca in p v dng in.Cc thit b ngun th cp thng ly nng lng t in li 220 V/50 hz . Trong my bay,tu thu i(t) ngi ta c th thit k mng in xoay chiu c tn s 400 hz. Yu cu k thut i vi cc thit b a) ngun rt a dng.V d,in p ra ca cc thit b ngun khc nhau c di t bin i rt rng: t vi phn von ti hng ngn von; dng in: t vi miliampe ti hng trm Ampe.Cch kt I0 cu ca cc thit b ngun cng rt khc nhau: Mch ngun c th c b b) tr l mt phn mch lin khi hoc 0 t tch ri thnh khi ring trong my ,hoc cng c th l mt hp ngun c ng ring hc l mt t ngun c I max I min c) nh trong phng my. I0 t Trc khi i vo nghin cu cc 0 mch ngun th cp c th chng ta Hnh 9.1Cc dng dng in ngun
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 252
xt qua cc dng in p v dng in thng gp trong cc mch ngun v cc i lng c trng ca chng. Hnh 9.1a l dng in xoay chiu, lun bin thin theo thi gian v c tr s v du.Nu dng in bin thin theo quy lut hnh sin th n c c trng bi cc i lng: -Gi tr trung bnh trong mt chu k 2 T/2 2 I = (9.1) I m sin t dt = 0,637 I T 0 T -Gi tr hiu dng: 1T I 2 2 = 0,707.Im (9.2) I= (I sin t ) dt = T0 T 2 Dng mt chiu I0 hnh 9.1b khng bin i theo thi gian m lun gi nguyn gi tr ca n. Mt dng dng in (hoc in p) thng gp u ra ca cc mch chnh lun p l dng p mch hnh 9.1c.N c c trng bi h s p mch K: I I K = max min .100 % (9.3) 2I o H s p mch cng nh th dng p mch cng tin ti dng mt chiu I0=.Trong thc t cc dng p mch bao gi cng cha cc thnh phn hi,trong ng k nht l hi bc mt v n c bin ln.Do vy ngi ta nh gi mo qua h s sng hi bc mt KH1(hi ny gi l tn s p mch): I K H1 = 1m (9.4) I0 Yu cu i vi h s p mch c xc nh bi chc nng ca chnh mch m n cp ngun.V d vi cc mch khuch i micro trong cc thit b m thanh cht lng cao th K=0,010,0001%; vi cc b khuch i cng sut th K=0.10,05%. S khi ca mt mch ngun thng thng c dng nh hnh 9.2.
TB m
m m D
BIN P
Chnh Lu
Lc san bng
n p
Ti
Hnh 9.2 S khi ca cc mch ngun. Bin p c nhim v phi hp in p ,tc l to ra in p cn thit a vo b chnh lu ; mt khc n cn c tc dng ngn in p li vi my.Cc bin p thng c ch to cng nghip theo n p v cng sut tiu chun .Tuy nhin c
th tnh tan ,la chn to ra mt bin p cho mch ngun thch hp khng my kh khn. Tip theo bin p l mch chnh lu hay nn in bin dng xoay chiu thnh dng mt chiu. n p u ra ca mch chnh lu thng c dng p mch ,v vy cn qua b lc san bng gim lng p mch. Tip sau l mch n p mt chiu ri a ra ti. Mt mch ngun thng c nh gi bng cc ch tiu k thut sau y: 1-in p mt chiu u ra ca mch ngun U0( in p ra ti). 2-Thnh phn mt chiu I0 ca dng ra . 3-H s p mch K. 4-Tr khng ra Rra. Trong chng ny ta xt cc mch chnh lu,lc san bng,n p,n dng 9.2. Cc mch chnh lu mt pha. 9.2.1.Chnh lu mt na chu k Hnh 9.3a L mch chnh lu mt pha n D gin(dng mt diot). phn tch ta coi bin a) p l l tng( khng tn hao),v diot cng l l tng (in tr thun bng khng ,in tr u2(t) Rt ngc v cng ln).Nu in p a vo c dng hnh sin nh hnh 9.3b th d dng u2(t) nhn thy in p ra s l nhng xung hnh b) sin. Thnh phn I0 c xc nh theo biu t thc: uRt(t) c) U0 Hnh 9.3. Chnh lu na chu k v . gin in p
Im 1 = 0,318 I m 0,45 I I0 = I m sin td( t) = 2 0
(9.5) in p U0 ra ti c tr s: U0=I0.Rt=0,318 Um= 0,45U2
(9.6) Trong in Um v U2 l gi tr bin v hiu dng ca in p cun th cp ca bin p. chn diot cn bit dng I0 v in p ngc t ln diot.Trong s trn th:
Im = Um U 0 = = 3,14 I 0 Rt Rt
U ng = U m = 3,14 U 0
(9.11)
S trn c h s p mch rt ln (K=157% !),v vy khng th s dng n cp ngun cho cc mch in t. V mt l thuyt, ta xt xem nu tng s pha ca cun th cp ca bin p th dng ca in p chnh lu s thay i nh th no.Hnh 9.4 l mch chnh lu nhiu pha n gin v gin in p tng ng. a) b) uRt(t) m=6 m=3 t Rt Hnh 9.4a)chnh lu mt pha b) gin in p p mch
9.2.2.Chnh lu c chu k. Vi th hnh 9.4b ta thy khi tng s pha th lng p mch gim,in p chnh lu U0 cng tin ti gi tr Um,h s p mch gim,tn s p mch tng.Tuy nhin gii quyt theo cch ny th bin p s c cu trc rt phc tp .Trong thc t ngi ta dng cc s chnh lu c chu k theo mch cn bng hoc mch cu. Hnh 9.5a l mch chnh lu cn bng .c im ca s ny l cun th cp ca bin p phi c hai cun c thng s ging nhau.Chng to thnh hai in p c bin nh nhau a vo hai diot. na chu k dng (a l +,b l -) th D1 thng ,D2 ngt;dng in c chiu a+ D1Rtc. na chu k m th D2thng,D1 ngt,dng in c chiu b+D2Rtc.Nh vy dng in qua ti l dng mt chiu.Gin in p trnh by trn hnh 9..5b. Hnh 9.5c l mch chnh lu cu dng bn diot.Trong mch ny nu cc diot D1 v D3 thng th D2 v D4 ngt v ngc li.Gin in p cng c dng nh hnh 9.5b.Nh vy in p ngc s t ln hai diot ngt mc ni tip nn mi diot ch chu mt na in p ngc.Trong khi th in p nguc t ln mi diot trong cc mch hnh 9.3a,9.4a ln gp i( 2U2m). Khi xt cc mch va ri ta gi thit diot v bin p l l tng. Trong thc t cn xt n tn hao ca chng.Tn hao c nh gi bng in tr tn hao r nh trong mch hnh 9.6.Mt khc trong thc t ti thng khng phi l in tr thun Rt m l dung khng.Khi ta mc mch vo ngun in p xoay chiu th trong khong thi gian ant ca diot c in th dng hn catt ,diot s thng.T in Ct np in qua in tr r vi hng s np np=r.Ct v c chiu nh trn hnh 9.6a.Ti thi im m gi tr tc thi ca in p th cp u2 bng in p trn t Ct(in p ra)th diot ngt,t phng in qua in trt ti Rt vi hng s
phng phng=Rt.Ct.V Rt>>r nn phng>>np.v dng phng nh hn nhiu so vi dng np.in p trn t Ct ( tc in p ra ) c dng nh trn hnh 9.6b. C th chng minh rng trong trng hp C v Rt th in p ra tin ti U2m.Nh vy mc thm t in Ct c tc dng tng tr s ca in p ra ( vi ngng trn l U2m) v lm gim h s p mch.Nhng trong thc t th Rt khng th bng v cng , nn tng gi tr U0 v gim h s p mch th tr s ca t Ct phi chn c hng chc,hng trm,thm tr l hng ngn F ( trong cc mch chnh lu a
+
D1
u2(t)
+
b)
a)
_
c b
u2
D2 Rt
t
_
D4
D1
c)
u2
D3 D2
uRt(t) t
Hnh 9..5a)chnh lu cn bng b) gin in p c) chnh lu cu in p thp).Thng thng cho trc yu cu h s p mch,t xc nh gi tr t Ct .. u2 uCt t a)
r u2
D Rt
t +Cb) _
Hnh 9.6 a)Mch chnh lu mt na chu k tnh n tn hao v mc t lc san bng. b) th in p trn t Ct 9.2.3.Chnh lu bi p. Trong tt c cc s xt trn in p ra trong mi trng hp khng th vt qu mc bin ca in p vo U2m.Trong thc t nhiu lc i hi in p ra ln gp q ln in p ca s chnh lu mt na chu k.Lc s dng cc s chnh lu bi (nhn) p .Xt s nhn i hnh 9.7.Thc cht s ny l hai s
chnh lu mt na chu k mc ni tip ,in p ra ca chng c cng li trn ti. bn chu k dng diot D1 thng ,t C1 np in .Na chu k tip theo t C2 np qua diot D2 thng. Chiu ca cc in p np c dng nh trn hnh v.T trn hnh ny ta thy in p trn ti bng tng in p trn hai t in(2E0).Tn s p mch bng hai ln tn s in p ngun. Hnh 9.8a li c cch mc nhn i in p, khng phi bng hai t mc ni tip nh xt ,m thc hin nh sau .Gi s trong thi gian na chu k th nht in p trn cun th cp ca bin p c cc tnh sao cho diot D1 thng,t C1 np in n gi tr E0 vi cc tnh nh trn hnh v; na chu k tip theo diot D2 thng,in p trn t C2 bng in p cun th cp cng vi in p c np trn t C1 nn c
D1 +
+
D2 C2
C1
u2
E0 +C1 - . E0 + _ C2 .
2E0
D1
Rt
Rt
Rt
b)
_
D2
Hnh 9.7chnh lu nhn i in p Hnh 9.8aChnh lu nhn p: a)nhn i b)nhn ba tr s xp x 2E0.Tn s p mch bng tn s ngun xoay chiu.Tng t nh vy c th xy dng s nhn ba(hnh 9.8b),nhn bn,nhn nm. 9.2.4.Lc san bng. Trng hp n gin nht lc san bng l dng chnh t Ct tho mn h s p mch K.Lc cn chn t tho mn: (9.12) K=2/(2fmCt) Tr s t Ct thng l t ho t vi chc F n vi ngn F. fm-tn s p mch. Trong trng hp mc t lc c tr s kh ln (t cng ln th kch thc v gi thnh cng tng)m h s p mch vn cha t yu cu th phi mc b lc san bng gia ti v mch chnh lu.Mch lc san bng n gin nht l mch lc RC nh hnh 9.9a.Cn chn hng s thi gian =RC tho mn yu cu h s p mch i vi tn s p mch c bn .Hiu qu san bng cng ln nu nh ta chn mc tho mn ca bt ng thc (9.12)cng cao. R>>1/(2fmC) (9.13) trong fm-tn s p mchca in p ra .
V vy thng y ngi ta tng gi tr ca t C.Nu tng gi tr ca C n mc kh ln m cha san bng th cn thay in a) tr R bng cun cm L nh hnh 9.9b.Mch ny lc san bng tt nhng cun cm c trng lng ,kch thc ng k nn t c s dng trong thc t. 9.3.Chnh lu ba pha.
R C R C Rt
Cc mch chnh lu xt trn l cc C C Rt mch chnh lu cng sut nh,vi dng ra c b) vi trm miliAmpe n vi Ampe ,s dng trong cc thit b in t. cc trm hoc cc Hnh 9.9 Cc mch lc san bng tng trm thng tin ngi ta s dng cc a)lc RC b)lc LC mch chnh lu ba pha cng sut ln t trong cc t cp ngun.Cc mch chnh lu ba pha khng nhng cho cng sut ln m cn cho h s p mch nh,hiu sut cao. 9.3.1.Chnh lu ba pha n gin vi ti thun tr . Hnh 9.10a l mch chnh lu ba pha vi cun s cp u hnh tam gic ,cun th cp u sao c im trung tnh l im 0.Cc diot c catot u chung,anot u vo cc cun dy pha.Diot no c u vi cun c in p dng hn so vi hai cun kia th diot s thng,hai diot cn li s ngt.V d trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2 th diot D1 thng,in p dng u2a a ti catot ca D2 v D3 nn hai diot ny ngt,dng in dua D1,qua ti Rt v m ngun u2a .Trong khong thi gian t2t3 th D2 thng,D1v D3 ngt ... T hnh 9.10b) ta thy cha cn mc t san bng m in p ra c p mch nh,tn s p mch bng ba ln tn s ca ngun in xoay chiu(chu k p mch bng 1/3 chu k ngun xoay chiu).Nu in p pha ca cun th cp l u2=U2m cost= 2 U2 cos t th tr s trung bnh U0 ca in p ra trn ti l:
3 1 U0= 2 u co s t d( t) = 1,17 u 2 3 3
2
(9.14)
Tr s trung bnh ca dng mt chiu i qua ti l: u U I = = 1,17 Rt Rt

0 2 0
(9.15)
Dng in trung bnh qua mi diot l IDTB=I0/3.Dng incc i qua mi diot l: (9.16) IDmax=ITi max=1,21 I0 in p ngc t ln mt diot khi n trng thi ngt bng hiu s gia i p ca pha c diot ang thng v in p ca pha c diot .in p ngc cc i ca
u 1a u 2a ia u 1b u 2b ib ic + Rt
a)
u 1c
u 2c
u(t) u2a u2b u2c t1 ut t2 t3 t4 t5
Hnh 9.10 a)Mch chnh lu ba pha 1/2chu k b)Gin thi gian cc in p.
b) mi diot l :
(9.17) UD ng= 3 2 U = 2,5 U Nu b qua thnh phn mt chiu ca dng th cp th dng in pha trong mt cun s c xc nh gn ng: i1a=n( i2a-I0/3) (9.18) n-h s bin p. Cng sut tnh ton cho bin p c xc nh theo cng thc:
2 2
PBA = 3 U 1 I1+3 U 2 I 2 = 1,34 P 0 2
(9.19)
Trong P0 l cng sut ti P0=I0U0 3.9.2.Chnh lu ba pha cu c ti thun tr. Mch in hnh 9.11a) l mch chnh lu cu ba pha c cc cun s cp u hnh tam gic (hoc c th u sao),cc cun th cp u u sao, gi l s
Larionop.Su diot c chia lm hai nhm:ba diot thuc nhm chn c anot u chung,ba diot thuc nhm l c catot u chung.Trong mt thi im lun c hai diot thng,cc diot cn li u ngt.Diot thuc nhm chn thng nu anot ca n c ni vi pha c in p dng hn hai pha cn li;cn diot thuc nhm l thng n catot ca n c ni vi pha m hn hai pha cn li.Vd trong khong thi gian t t1n t2 pha u2a dng hn c ,pha u2b m hn c nn cc diot D2 v D3 thng,cc Diot khc u ngt.Trong khong t2t3 th pha u2a vn dng hn c ,nhng pha u2C li m hn c nn D2 v D5 thng,cc diot khc ngt. C th xc nh c cc i lng sau: Tr s trung bnh ca in p mt chiu U 0 trn ti : 2 U 2si n ( / 6) u = = 2,34 U ( 9.20) 6 Dng in trung bnh qua ti:
0 2
I0=U0/Rt=2,34U2/Rt a)
u1a u1b u1c 0 u2a u2b
B D1 A.......... D2 D3 -
(9.21)
Rt
D4 C D5 + D6
u2c
u2(t) u2a u2b u2c
t.
Hnh 9.11
a)Cu chnh lu ba pha Lariono b)Gin thi gian cc in p
ut t1 t2 t3 t4 Dng in trung bnh qua mi diot: t
ID=I0/3=0,78U2/Rt Dng in cc i qua diot v qua ti : ID max=It max=1,045I0 in p ngc cc i trn mi diot(khi ngt): UDng= 3. 2 U =1,045U0 Cng sut bin p ba pha:
2
(9.22)
(9.23)
(9.24) (9.25)
PBA=3U1I1=3U2I2=1,045P0 =1,045U0I0
S cu Larionop lm vic tt hn chnh lu ba pha 1/2 chu k(Hnh 9.10a): -So snh(9.20) v (9.14) th s ny cho in p trung bnh ra ti ln gp i. -Tn s p mch bng su ln tn s in p u vo. -Diot chu in p ngc gim i mt na gi tr. -Cng sut bn p gim i mt na. 9.4.n p mt chiu. Mt mch in t bt k s lm vic khng tt khi ngun mt chiu cung cp cho n khng gi ng gi tr danh nh .Nguyn nhn ca s thay i c kh nhiu,nhng ng quan tm nht l s thay i ca in li xoay chiu v s thay i ca ti. Mt trong nhng cch khc phc s thay i in p ngun in li l s dng cc my n p xoay chiu c sn xut cng nghip .Tuy nhin nh vy cha my in t lm vic bnh thng.V vy cn to ra cc mch in gi cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh lu c gi tr n nh trong mt phm vi no .Ta gi cc mch l cc mch n p mt chiu hay thng gi tt l n p. 9.4.1.Cc tham s ca n p mt chiu. Mt mch n p m hnh nh mt mng bn cc hnh 9.12 c c trng + + bi cc tham s sau y: UV URA Mch -H s n p , l t s gia lng bin Rt thin in p tng i u vo v u _ n p _ ra: K =
Uv Uv Ur Ur
Rt=const
(9.26)
Hnh 9.12 .M hnh n p nh Mng bn cc
-H s n p ng dy: K.dy= URA1/URA .100 % (khi UV bin thin 10%) (9.27)
(9.28) K.ti=URA2/URA .100 % (khi It=It max) -in tr ng u ra c trng cho s bin thin ca in p ra khi dng ra(dng ti)thay i(ly theo tr tuyt i): RRA=URA/It (khiUV=const.) (9.29) -Hiu sut ,l t s gia cng sut ra ti v cng sut danh nh u vo: =
URA . It UV . IV
-H s n p ti:
(9.30)
9.4.2.n p mt chiu tham s. Ngi ta ch to cc diot Zener-(diot n p) lm vic vi on c tuyn ngc ca diot(xem hnh 3.6b-on c tnh AB) do hiu ng nh thng ca mt ghp n-p.Trong diot thng thng hin tng nh thng s lm hng diot;trong cc diot zener ,do c ch to c bit nn khi lm vic nu khng ch dng khng vt qu mc cho php th n s khng b hng. Cc tham s: -Trong s lm vic diot lun trng IR1 thi phn cc ngc (hnh 9.13a) + + Vi in p n nh l UZ. -in tr ng: R1 RZ=dUZ/dI (9.31) UV URA in tr ng cng nh th tnh n nh cng cao. _ _ -in tr mt chiu (tnh) U RZ0=UZ/IZ ti mt im trn c tuyn. UZ (9.32) Nguyn l n p s dng n p tham s nh sau: I Khi in p u vo thay i mt Hnh 9.13.n p tham s lng UV th diot n p s thay i dng in ca n kh ln v gn nh gi nguyn in p st trn n,v vy dng qua in tr R1s gy nn s bin thin kh ln ca st p trn R1 ,tc l UR1UV,in p ra ti hu nh khng i. Trng hp in p vo khng i m tr s ti gim nhiu (dng qua ti thay tng ln),th s c s phn phi li li dng in :dng qua diot gim lm cho dng qua in tr hu nh khng i nn in p ra s n nh. 9.4.3.n p mt chiu b tuyn tnh. Mch n p tham s tuy n gin tit kim nhng c nhc im l c n nh khng cao,tr s ca in p ra khng thay i dc tuy . khc phc cc
nhc im trn ngi ta xy dng cc mch n p b tuyn tnh.n p b tuyn tnh c th xy dng theo s song song hoc ni tip nh s khi hnh 9.15. l mt mch t hiu chnh c hi tip.C hai cch xy dng s khi:hnh 9.14a-s song song ,hnh 9.14b- s ni tip. Trong cc s trn th 1-phn t hiu chnh ,2- phn t so snh v khuch i, 3-phn t ly mu, 4- ngun chun . Trong s song song phn t hiu chnh mc song song vi ti.S ny hot ng nh sau:Phn t ly mu 3 em so snh in p u ra vi ngun chun 4 phn t so snh-khuch i 2,sai lch v in p s c khuch i ri a n phn t hiu chnh 1.Phn t ny t hiu chnh dng ca n tng t nh diot tham s iu chnh st p trn in tr R1 ,gi cho in p ra khng i.Trong s ni tip hnh 9.15b th phn t hiu chnh 1 mc ni tip vi ti.Phn t ny t iu chnh st p trn n theo tn hiu t u ra ca phn t so snh-khuch i 2 gi cho in p ra n nh. Trong hai cch xy dng n p R1 trn th s n p song song c dng a) ti i qua in tr R1 ,dn n tn hao 1 2 3 nhit ln,v vy s ny c hiu sut UV URA thp hn .Tuy nhin s ny li c Rt u im l khng gp nguy him khi 4 qu ti.S ni tip cho hiu sut cao hn nhng khi dng ti tng qu mc (v d nh chp ti) th phn t hiu chnh d b ng thng.Trong 1 thc t thng dng s ni tip c b) mch bo v qu ti.Cc mch n p b c hiu sut khng vt qu 60%. UV Rt URA 3 2 Hnh 9.16 l mt mch n p b mc ni tip c cc tnh m.Khi in p ra 4 thay i,cc in tr R1 , R2 v trit p P lp thnh b phn p ,ly mu in p ra.in p ny(UB2) em so snh Hnh9.15S khi ca n p b tuyn tnh vi in p chun UZ ta bi diot n p DZ v in tr R3.Hiu s ca chng chnh l in p baz-emit ca Q2 ( phn t so snh-khuch i): UBE2=UB2-UZ. in p ny iu khin mch khuch i so snh Q2 ly ra in p colct iu khin Q1.. Tranzzisto Q1 iu chnh mc m thay i i in p iu chnh UC b lng bin thin ca in p ra l U2=U1-UC.. C th s n p ny lm vic nh sau.Gi s in p vo tng ,lm in p ra tng tc thi nn in p UBE2 tng ( tr tuyt i),tc l in th baz ca Q2 m
hn.in p iu khin baz ca Q2 l UBE2 cng m hn nn Q2 thng nhiu hn,dng colect ca Q2 tng ,in p UCE2 gim.V vy st p UC trn R4 tng ln,lm cho in th _ _ baz ca Q1 dng ln,Q1 ng Q1 R3 R1 R4 bt li ;tc l in p UC=UCE1 C3 C2 tng ln ,in p u ra U2 gim UV C1 Q2 P URA v gi tr ban u. Tng t nh Rt vy,nu dng ti tng lm cho DZ R2 in p ra gim th qu trnh cng din ra nh trn .Trng + + hp in p vo gim th qu trnh din ra hon ton ngc li Hnh 9.16.n p ni tip n gin . C th xc nh c h s n nh ca mch hnh 9.16 theo cng thc sau: . K=
R4 [R 1 + (1 ) P](R 2 + P) ] Rv . + R 4 rb [1 + re rb .(R 1 + P + R 2)
Rc T1 R3 T1 T2 P DZ R2 + + C R1 -
(9.33)
+ Up -
a) b) Hnh 7.17 a) n p dng khuch i thut ton b) n p c ngun ph n nh Trong = 1 +

rd [r 1 + (1 ) P](r 2 + p) ] -gi l h s iu chnh,thng + rv rb . 1(R 1 + p+ r 2)
=1,52;RV,rb,re ,rd-tng ng l cc in tr u vo,in tr khi baz,in tr emit ca Q1,rd in tr ng ca DZ;cn 1 l h s khuch i dng in ca Q1. H s n nh c th t ti vi trm.
Trong mch va xt t in C1,C2 tng lc san bng v kh cc dao ng k sinh,C3 tng n nh cho cc i lng bin i chm theo thi gian. Trn c s mch n p hnh 9.16 c th xy dng cc mch phc tp hn tng ca mch bng cc bin php sau y: -Tng nhy ca mch hi tip bng cch dng hai hay ba tng khuch i thay cho mt tranzisto T2,hoc thay n bng cc tranzisto mc Darlington tng h s ti 103104. -Thay cho T2 khuch i bnh thng c th dng khuch i vi sai nh hnh 9.17a. Tng khuch i vi sai T1-T2 c tri nh nn n nh ca mch tng . in p u ra ca mch khuch i vi sai ly khng i xng a ti phn t hiu chnh. -C th tng n nh bng cch dng ngun ph n nh cp cho mch khuch i-so snh nh hnh 7.17b -Dng khuch i thut ton trong khu khuch i.V khuch i thut ton c h s khuch i ln v n nh cao nn cht lng ca n o tng.Mch in hnh 7.18 a s dng khuch i thut ton A741 trong khu khuch i . -Trng hp cn ngun i xng th xy dng mch nh hnh 7.18b
UV
R1 -Ur
C2 1 C3
+UV R1 C1
T1 T2 R2 R2'
A2 + A1 +
R3 R3' R4 DZ R5 R6 C2' R8 C2
+U r
R1 C5
R7
D1 +
6 7 5 C1
4
D2
+ 3 _2 C4
R2 R3
R1' -UV
C1'
T2' T1'
-Ur
Hnh 9.18 a)n p dng IC tuyn tnh b)n p to ngun i xng 9.4.4.Cc IC n p tuyn tnh. Ngi ta ch to ra cc vi mch n p tuyn tnh vi gi thnh h v s dng rt tin li.Xt mt s vi mch thng dng. Vi mch MAA723(A723) cho cng sut ra ti 400mW vi dng ti 150 mA.S nguyn l trnh by trn hnh 9.19. Vi mch ny c cc cch mc trnh by trn hnh 9.20 .Vi mt s linh kin mc ngoi s to cc mc in p khc nhau nh cc hnh a,b,c,d,e :
D1 62V
500 25K T2 T3 T4
1K T7
R5 . R14
8 +Ucc
T11
T12
T14 R13 T15
7 Uc
C1
R7
R15 R6
T10 R9
T9
T13
. .
T1 T6 R8
R12 6 9 10 1
Uch
R10 R11 5+ T16 Ucc 2 4 3 u vo thun u vo o

.
u ra B tn s Hn dng u o
Hnh 9.19 S nguyn l bn trong ca IC n p MAA723(A723) a) cho Ur=27V b) Ur=737V c) Ur=-(615)V d) Ur=-(9,537)V e) Ur<250V Cc in tr R1,R2,R3 chn theo ch dn ca hng sn xut,RS l in tr hn dng.Dng v IC trnh by trn hnh 9.20f. Vi mch ba chn 78XX v 79XX. H 78XX cho in p ra cc tnh dng,79XX-cc tnh m(Hai s cui ch tr s ca in p n nh u ra): 7805,7806,7808,7812,7815,7818,7824 c in p ra tng ng l 5v,6v,8v,12v,15v,18v v 24v 7905,7906,7908,7912,7915,7918,7924 c in p ra tng ng l -5v, -6v,-8v,12v,-15v,-18v v -24v. Dng v cch mc mch trnh by trn hnh9.21 Cc IC ny cho dng ti cc i khong 1 A.Mun tng dng ta mc thm mt tranzisto cng sut nh hnh 9.22a,lc ny c th cho dng ti 5A. Mun thay i in p ra ta mc thm diot zener nh hnh 9.22b,lc ny Ur=xx+UDZ. Vi mch LM317.y cngl mt loi vi mch thng dng ba chn vi in p ra c th iu chnh c trong khong 1,25 v25v.S mc mch c dng hnh 9.23. in p chun l 1,25 v.in p ra tnh theo cng thc 9(34).
+Ur
-Ur
2,2K 8 7 6 10 1 5 9 2
+Ur 8 7 6 4 10 R1 3 1 5 9 2
U B>3 V RS
+Ur' 8 4 3 5 7U Z 10 1 9 2 -Ur' R1 3,3K 100
RS R3
+Ur'
4 R3 3
R1
3,3K
R2
100
100
R2
a)
2,2K 8 4 3 3,3K R1 3,3K 5 7U Z 10 1 9 2
-Ur
b)
c)
2,2K
12V:36V
-Ur
-Ur' 470
3,3K
8 7 U Z 4 10 R 3 1 1 5 9 2
Rs
-Ur'
R2 3,3K
470
d)
9 8 1 6 UZ 3 2 4 1 5 10 6 9 8 7 5 10 1 2 3 4
e)
Hnh9.20 Cc cch mc ca IC MAA723
7805 7806 7808 7812 7815 7818 7824 1 3 2
312 a) Hnh 9.21 a)v IC 78XX,79XX b)Cch mc mch
7905 7906 7908 7912 7915 7918 7924
1 735V
78XX
2 0,1F
b)
U = 1,25(1 +
R ) V R
2 1
(9.34)
Uv Uv 6O Uv 1
78xx 3
Ur
LM317
240 R1
2 78xx 3 DZ R
Ur
Ur
5K R2
1 F
Hnh.9.22.S mc 78xx,89xx a)S mc tng dng b)S mc tng p
Hnh.9.23.S mc LM317
9.4.5.Nguyn l n p xung. Trong cc thit b in t cht lng cao ngi ta s dng n p xung.Trong n p xung phn t hiu chnh khng phi lm vic lin tc m ch thng trong khong thi gian tn ti ca xung nn tn hao nhit trn n gim,hiu sut cng nh bn ca mch tng. Xt nguyn l trn mt kho c iu khin ng ngt ngun lin tc nh hnh 9.24a. Gi tr trung bnh ca xung c xc nh bng din tch xung h.tx trn di 1 chu k xung: Uv . t (9.35) Utb= T Trong n p xung ngi ta gi cho gi tr trung bnh Utb ca xung khng i.T biu thc (9.35) ta thy mun gi cho gi tr trung bnh ca xung khng u(t) K i cn cho t s tX/T U bin thin theo chiu Rt U ngc li vi chiu bin thin ca UV.Nh vy c h t th thay a) b) T t Hnh 9.24 a) kho c kh to xung i chu k hoc rng b) xung in p trn ti Rt hay rng ca xung t mc ch trn. Trong thc t ngi ta s dng kho in t trn tranzisro cng sut thay cho kho c kh K.
X
X
Ta xt nguyn l xy dng mt mch n p xung theo s khi hnh 9.36. Khi thng, kho K dn nng lng t ngun mt chiu n phn t tch lu nng lng (l cun cm v t in ).Khi kho tranzisto ngt th phn t tch lu cung cp nng cho mch ti.Tn s ng m ca kho thng chn trong khong 1650 Khz chnh nhiu m thanh.Trong di tn s ny ti l cun cm c li l pherit l thch hp nht.Trong hnh 9.24 kho K mc ni tip vi ti.Mch so snh thc hin trn khuch i thut ton l mch so snh c tr.Khi in p ra gim n mc U2 th kho K thng,ngun mt chiu cp nng lng cho mch,cun cm np in,in p trn cun cm tng,in p ra tng theo.Khi in p ra t gi tr Ur=U1 th kho Ur
L K R2 C R1
c tnh thc
U1 U2
Y
Ur R3 Uch
Ur' Rt
a) b) Hnh 9.24 a)Mt phng n xy dng n p xung b) th thi gian in p ra Urv in p b so snh ngt,cun cm phng in cng chiu vi ti.Qu trnh lp li c chu k. gn sng bng hiu hai in p u2 U=U1-U2 ( U= Nghch luChnh lu1 Chnh lu2 khong vi chc n p u1 mV). Khuch i Cc mch Ly mu mt chiu n p xung trong Hnh 8.25.S in p thc t thng khi mch n p c xy dng xung So snh To in p theo s khi VR chun hnh 9.25 . -Mch chnh lu 1 chnh lu in p xoay chiu ca li in thnh in p mt chiu cp cho mch nghch lu v n p -Mch nghch lu bin i dng mt chiu thnh xung ngt m vi tn s nh trn,c th coi l dng xoay chiu hnh sin.Nng lng dng xoay chiu ny s qua bin p xung chuyn sang mch th cp.
-Mch chnh lu th hai nn dng xoay chiu tn s cao,cho tn s p mch ln,ly ra c in p mt chiu cp cho cc mch trong my. -Mch n p : in p mt chiu trn c so snh in p ra vi mt mc in p chun;Sai s thng qua mch d sai c dng iu khin kho ngt m nhanh hay chm,tc l diu ch rng ca xung tu theo mc in p ra:Mc cao th thi gian thng ca kho ngn v ngc li;tc l gi cho gi tr trung bnh theo (9.35) l khng i. Ta xt mch ngun n p xung trong my thu hnh mu JVC-210 HM trn hnh 8.26 lm v d.
N ghch lu-n p Chnh lu m c m t
D5
(5)
C4 R2 C2 R3 C3
Chnh lu m c hai D6 +115V

(6) (3)
C5
D4 80-260 V. D1 D3 D2
(4) (1)
D7 C6 +15V
3 C1 1 R1 2
4
(2)
C7 D8 -30V
D sai Hnh 9.26.Ngun n p xung .
VR Chnh m c in p ra
Mch nghch lu:iien p mt chiu c cu D1-D4 chnh lu thanh mt chiu ,qua t lc C1 dn n cun (1)-(2) ri n chn 3 ca IC d sai nm ch .Nu kho K 5 thng th mi c dng qua n v in tr R1.Chnh dng in qua np cho t C2 (dng:+R2Bazo kho K (3)Emit(4)R1 -) m thng kho K ln u tin,lm cho dg colet qua cun (1dng +)-(2m - ) cm ng sang (3dng+)(4m -).m (4) qua C3-R3 quay v baz ng tranzisto li.Kho tt th dng qua (1)-(2) gim t ngt v 0,to nn in p cm ng sang (3)-(4) ngc du khi trc.Xung dng (4) li thng kho K v qu trnh nghch lu tip tc.Nng lng xoay chiu qua bin p xung qua cun th cp v cc diot chnh lu thnh cc in p mt chiu tng ng cp cho cc mch trong my.
Xung tn s qut dng
Xung nghch lu khi mc in pcaoU=260V
Xung nghch lu khi mc in p vaU=180V
Xung nghch lu khi mc in p thpU=80V
Hnh9.27.
Mch n p:Khi ngun vo mc cao th h p trn cun (1)-(2) cao nn ghp sang cun (5)-(6) cng cao.Diot D5 chnh lu,a lng mt chiu ln v chn 1 IC d sai.Mc ny c so snh vi ngng ly ra t trit p VR.Kt qu so sng em iu khin tranzisto kho K thng trong thi gian rt ngn.V vy nng lng chuyn sang th cp vn n nh.Khi ngun thp th qa trnh din ra ngc l. Trong mach ny ,khi ngun n ng th ngi ta a xung quet dng v cng ch mch nghch lu thng -tt heo nhp tn s dng .Nh vy dng dao ng xung bin p xung c dng nh hnh 9.27.
9.5.n p xoay chiu. Cc thit b n nh in p xoay chiu,gi tt l n p xoay chiu c thit k c cng sut t vi trm woat n hng ch Kwoat c bn rng rng trn th trng.N c s dng cp in p xaoy chiu n nh(thng l 220V) cho cc thit v dn dng hay cng nghip. 9.5.1.Nguyn l n p xoay chiu n gin a) n p theo nguyn l bo ho t. n p theo nguyn l bo ho t c xy dng theo s hnh 9.28a. y hai cun dy li t L1 v L2 mc ni tip vi cun L1 l cun khng bo ho t,cun L2 l cun bo ho t.Xt nguyn l hot ng trn hnh 9.28b.Ti Rt mc song song vi cun L2,tc in p ly ra ti ly trn cun bi ho t.c tuyn Von-Ampe ca hai cun trnh by trn hnh 9.29.Cun L1 khng bo ho t nn c tuyn U1(I)l ng thng(ng 1), cun L2 l cun bo ho t nn c tuyn U2(I)l ng cong(ng2) vi on ab c dng tng nhng in p hu nh khng tng. V mc ni tip nn UV=U1+Ura.Khi in p vo bin ng vi khang UV th dng in s bin thin I,in p trn hai cun bin thin tng ng l U1 v U2=Ura.V cun L2 bo
a) L1 U1 L1 UV L2 Rt U2 L2 Rt
b)
Hnh 9.28 n p xoay chiu c cun dy vi li bo ho t
U
3 2 1
UV
a
UV
U2
U ra
U1
I
U1
Hnh 9.29 c tuynn V-A n p xoay chiu c cun dy vi li bo ho t
ho nn UL2<<U1,,nn UV
U1,tc in p ra hu nh khng i(nu chn ch l vic trong on ab ca c tuyn cun L2) b) n p theo nguyn l cng hng dng in. Trong s hnh 9.30a c hai cun U1 UK L1 v LK l hai cun khng bo ho t,cng cun trn mt li t;cun L2 l a) L1 cun bo ho t ,cng vi C to thnh UV U2 U ra mt mch cng hng song song (cng hng dng in ) tn s ca in p L2 ngun UV.Khi cng hng nh vy th dng qua L2 ln hn nhiu so vi dng U 4 trong mch chnh.c tuyn Von-Ampe U V ca cun L1 v cun LK l ng 1v 2 c b) dng nh nhau-cng tuyn tnh , ca cun Ut 3 bo ho L2 l ng 3.T mch ta c 5 UV= U1+U2 (9.36) 2 U K 1 (9.37) Ur=Ut= U2+Uk I Theo (9.36) s cng hai th 1v 3 Hnh 9.30 n p xoay chiu c theo trc tung s c ng 4. Theo cng hng dng in (9.37) s tr th 3 v th 2 theo trc tung s c ng 5. T th ta thy UK in p u re bin thin mt lng UC Ut<<UK, ngha l in p ra ti s c a) n nh. C b) n p theo nguyn l cng U ra UV L hng in p. Mch hnh 9.31a lm vic ch cng hng in p ti tn s ca ngun tc U ng UV.Khi cng hng in p trn L b) 1 U C ln hn nhiu ln in p tc ng .Cun L cng l vic ch bo ho t. c tuyn Von -Ampe ca t in C l qua h 2 Ut tuyn tnh theo ng 1,c tuyn ca 3 U V 3 cun bo ho tng t L l ng hai. V in p tr C v L l ngc pha nn ly I Hnh 9.31 n p xoay chiu c thi 1 tr i th 2 theo trc tung s c cng hng dng in th 3 l s ph thuc ca in p tc ng vo dng in trng mch.Vi cch l vich nh vy s cho in p ra ti n nh vi Ut<<UV.
9.5.1.Nguyn l n p xoay chiu c ng c t hiu chnh. Cc mch n p xaoy chiu htrnh by trn thng c hiu qu n p thp,khng cp c cng sut ln. khc phc nhc m ny ngi ta thit k cc my n p c ng c t ng hiu chnh in p. a)Nguyn l chung. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch c trnh by trn s khi hnh 9.32. bao gm cc khi M ach iu khin 1.My bin p ng c 2.B bin i 3.Mch so snh 1 2 3 4 4. Mch to tn hiu chun in p 5.Mch khuch i sai lch 6 5 vo 6.ng c chp hnh. Nguyn l hot ng ca s nh Hnh 9.33 S khi n p c ng sau: Khi in p vo thay i th in p c t ng hiu chnh in p. u ra ca bin p 1 s thay i.Lng thay i ny c chuyn thnh i lng UX mch 2 so snh vi tn hiu chun UCHto ra t mch 4 so snh mch3 . u ra ca mch so snh l lng sai lch U=UCH-UX.Nu lng sai lch U bng 0 th ton mch ang trng thi chun ,cho in p ra l gi tr danh nh.Khi U0 th lng sai lch ny s c khuch i ln 5 lm tng nhy ca s ,ri lng ny cn c vo tr s v du ca n tc ng ln mch iu khin ng c 6 ng c iu khin cc chu ca bn p(thanh qut) ,cho in p ra v gi tr danh nh. b)S nguyn l. 220V S nguyn l trnh by trn mch hnh 9.34 l ca n p Lioa Mch iu V ng 1000 BW,c cc khi v hot ng khin ng c c theo nguyn l trn.Bin p cu to 110 li hnh xuyn chu mc in p vo n 250V.Bin p to cc mc 100 in p ra 100V,110V,220V; von k V o in p ra ,ampe k A 0 ong dng ra ti.Mch iu khin A mot iu khin chi than qut trn (150-250) cc vng dy ca bin p dng v tr thch hp,nh vy bin p t Hnh 9.34 S n p c ng c ngu s cho in p ra danh nh. t ng hiu chnh in p. Mot dng loi 12 V DC quay theo hai chiu tu theo du ca
in p iu khin. Nh vy ch cn xt mch iu khin ng c trn hnh 9.35.c th thy r nguyn l lm vic ca n p .

R3 22K
A N 78 12
R2 4K R4 100K R1 1K
Mot
D2 D1 C2 + C1 + _ 470 F _ 470 F D3
10
_ +
B A 6209
9 8 1 7 6 5 4 2
_
D5
3 4 5 6
_
R8 27K
D4
+ +
HA17324
+ +
_
R5 470
8
R9 27K
14
_ 13
+ C3 _ 50 F D6
12
11
10
_ 22V
3 2 1
Mot
R7 200K
R6 62K
Hnh 9.35 Mch iu khin Mot ca n p Lioa 1000BW
Ngun mt chiu cp cho khi iu khin trch t mt cun ca bin p mc 22V,qua cu nn D1-D4 ,qua R1 cp ngun cho IC HA17324 v to ngun chun trn cp diot n p D5-D6.Mc in p chun 6 V DC c a vo cc chn 2,6,9 v 12 lm cc mc ngng cho cc khuch i thut ton tng ng.Mt khc ngun c cp cho IC n p AN7812 ,li ra IC ny cho 12 VDC n nh cp cho IC khuch i cng sut BA6209.in p ly mu cng l cc thnh phn mt chiu qua phn p R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7 a vo cc chn 3,5,10,13 l cc u vo o ca khuch i thut ton thc hin so snh.Kt qu so snh a ra cc chn 1 v 14 ti IC khuch i cng sut ri a ra cc chn 2 v 10 ca IC ny iu khin Mot.Mot quay s t chi than vo v tr tng ng ca bin p t ngu,cho in p ra danh nh.

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Hc vin k thut qun s

B mn L thuyt mach -o lng khoa v tuyn in t

5 5 6 9 13 16 19 32 32 35 37 40 43 46 46 48 49 51 59 63 65 67 68 74 74 78 83 84 89 100 103 104 109 110 112

ti liu tham kho

s(t) = A 0 + (a k cos k1t + b k sin k1 t ) =

hay s(t ) = C K e jk1t

1 T 2T s(t ) dt; a k = s(t ) cos k1dt T 0 T0 T 2 b k = s(t ) sin k1dt T0 b AK = a 2 + b 2 ; k = arc tg k k k ak

2 2 = = 1,25664.10 6 rad / s = 1256 640 rad / s; f1 = 1 = 200 000 Hz 6 T 5.10 2

. U e jk1t t X U 0 e jk1t X 1 1T 1 tX C k = u ( t )e jk1t dt = U 0 e jk1t dt = 0 = = T0 T 0 T jk 1 0 T jk 1 U 0 1 e jk1t X U 0 e = T jk 1 T 2U 0 ( e Tk 1

Ta nhn c cng thc chung cho ph c vit dng tng (1.12).

Theo cng thc va nhn c ta c ph bin l C k = pha l K = k1

tX .Ta quan tm n ph bin : 2

Theo cng thc(1.13) th :

Khi k0 biu thc trn c tnh :

U 2U 0 2U 0 t t 2 t X ) = 0 sin( k X ) sin( k sin( k1 X ) = 2 T 2 k Tk1 T 2 Tk T

Trong hm S (j) c xc nh: .

(1.10) (1.11): (1.11)

iu ch Dao ng sng mang

Dao ng ngoi sai Nhn tin

Kh.i trung tn Kh.i cao tn

Hnh 1.5.S khi ca h thng thng tin qung b

Khuch i sai lch

Thay u(t) = Umcos (t + ) vo biu thc trn ta c :

s(t) a) u0(t) b) ub(t) c) t Hnh 1.8 th m t nguyn l iu bin

Bng phn loi sng v tuyn in

Sng siu 10010Km di 10 1km Sng di Sng trung 1km100m

3 30 Khz 30 300Khz 300khz3 Mhz 3 30 Mhz

Hnh 1.11 m t s lc cc phng php truyn sng c bn.

Com m . Tower Satellite dish Com m . Tower

Hnh1.11.Cc dng ng truyn sng

trung rt mnh, bc sng cng di th s hp th sng cng tng. Ban m

S bin thin ca cc tr khng XL= Lv XC = XP k = XL -

c dng nh hnh 1.14 .

1 l thnh phn phn khng ca khung cng hng. Khi tn s nh C

r r2 r r = = r 1 = r 1 LC = r 1 2 L 2L 2L 4 C Tuy nhin c th ly gn ng r r. Nu tr s ca r kh ln th trong khung s khng pht sinh dao ng tt dn 'r 2 r

m dao ng s tt ngm ngay lp tc. Trng hp ny ng vi r

C iL(t) t Hnh 1.15 dng in iL(t) tt dn

Hnh 1.16Khung cng hng ni tip (1.29). .

; bin in p trn in cm v in dung l:

UmL(r) = Im(r).r L = Ungm.Q; UmC(r) = Im .

0,7 r Hnh 1.17 c tnh chn lc ca khung cng hng

C1= C2 = C ; L1 = L2 = L ; r1 = r2 = r ; lc M = k.L k = X1 = X2 = X ; r <<X; X = Xgh

ng thc cui cng c dng T y ta c :

1 ; Hnh 1.20 Hai khung cng hng ghp h cm LC

Ta cng chun ha dng I2m() theo I2m(r) ta c :

gh= kQ gi l nhn t ghp. - lch tn s tng qut : =

kQ=1 kQ<1 kQ<1

Thay vo biu thc (1.37), b qua rq nh trong Zq s c Z j

T (6.36) xc nh hai tn s cng hng ni tip fq v song song fP:

Hnh1.25 a)t lc thng thp RC; b)c tnh bin tn s ca mch

Hnh1.26 Mch lc di thng a)s nguyn l b)c tnh bin tn s

Hnh1.27 Mch lc di chn: a)s nguyn l b)c tnh bin tn s

R C 1 th tn hiu b suy gim ln nht. y n = 2 = 1 . R1 C2 2nR1C1 2n 1 K(o) = (1.52) 1 2n + 1 + n

Theo ngha ca s cc lng t trn th 3 s lng t u n, , mZ xc nh v tr ca in t trong nguyn t : cn s mS ch r chiu quay ca in t

Hnh 2.3 K hiu in tr a) in tr khng i b) n tr phi tuyn c)trit p

Hnh2.7 Cu to ca in tr mng than 1.mng than 2.rnh xon 3. Li s

UM U Hnh3.7 Xc inh tham s ca diot trn c tuyn Von-Ampe

=1/h22 - in tr vi phn u ra ca tranzisto.

-H s khuch i dng in vi phn

U2=const = 1/r12 = S - h dn thun (truyn t ca tranzisto )

I A 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hnh3.13 a) c tuyn vo b)c tuyn truyn t v c tuyn ra .

p, thng rt nh (10 - 4 10 - 6 ) nn c th b qua.

h21e = h22e = rCE = IB