1

SECTION

10
10.1
()
f [y(n)(x), y(n1)(x), ... , y''(x), y'(x), y(x), x] = 0
y'(x), y''(x), ..., y(n1)(x), y(n)(x) y(x) x.
n
.
y(x),
x. x y .
y = y(x, c1, c2, . . ., cn),
x n c1, c2, ..., cn.
, .

( ) .
n
y(x0) = y0, y'(x0) = y'0, ..., y(n1)(x0) = y0(n1)
x = x0,
c1, c2, ..., cn . ,
,
x.

y1(x), y2(x), ... x. ,
. ,


.

,
. ,
,
.
,
. .

SECTION

10.2

.

:

f1(x)g1(y)dx + f2(x)g2(y)dy = 0

f ( x) dx + g ( y) dy = 0

f1 ( x)

g2 ( y)

M = N
x
y

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0

M x + N y M x dy = c

x y .
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 ,
(x),
.

:

dy
= F
dx

ln x =

y
x
dy

F (y) y + c

y =

y
.
x

dy
+ p( x) y = q( x)
dx

y = e R qe R dx + c R = p dx .

Bernoulli
:

dy
+ p( x) y = q( x) y n ,
dx

n 1

SECTION

y1 n = (1 n)e R qe R dx R = (1 n) p dx .

d2y
dy
+ a + by = 0 (a, b )
2
dx
dx
: 1, 2 2 + a + b = 0.

1, 2
y = c1e r1x + c2e r 2 x
1, 2
y = c1e r1x + c2 xe r1x
1, 2 ( 1 = 2* = + i)
y = ex(c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

:

d2y
dy
+ a + by = r ( x) (a, b )
2
dx
dx

: 1, 2 2 + a + b = 0.
1, 2
r1 x
r2 x
y = c1e r1x + c2 e r 2 x + e
e r1x r ( x) dx + e
e r 2 x r ( x) dx
r 1 r 2
r 2 r1

1, 2

y = c1e r1x + c2 xe r1x + xe r1x e r1x r ( x) dx e r1x xe r1x r ( x) dx

1, 2 ( 1 = 2* = + i)
kx
y = e kx (c1 cos lx + c2 sin lx) + e sin lx e kx r ( x) cos lx dx
l

kx
e cos lx e kx r ( x)sin lx dx
l

SECTION

Euler Cauchy
d2y
dy
+ ax + by = r ( x)
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
t
+ (a 1) + by = r (et ) .
: x = e
2
dt
dx
.
:

x2

Bessel
:
:

d2y
dy
+ x + ( l2 x2 n2 ) y = 0
2
dx
dx
y = c1Jn(x) + c2Yn(x)
x2

Jn(x) Yn(x) Bessel

.
Bessel
d2y
dy
+ (2 p + 1) x + (a 2 x 2 + b 2 ) y = 0
dx
dx 2

x2

y = x p c1 J q / r a x r + c2Yq / r a x r ,

r
r

( )

( )

q=

p2 b 2

Legendre
:
:

d2y
dy
2 x + n(n + 1) y = r ( x)
2
dx
dx
y = c1Pn(x) + c2Qn(x)
(1 x 2 )

Pn(x) Qn(x) Legendre Legendre

.
n
n
an(x)y(n) + an1(x)y(n1) + ... + a2(x)y'' + a1(x)y' + a0(x)y = g(x)
g(x) = 0, , .
, y1(x) y2(x)
, c1 y1(x) + c2 y2(x) .

SECTION

n n y1, y2,
..., yn. yh = c1 y1 + c2 y2 + ... +cn yn.
y = yh + yp, yp
.

yp(x)
g(x) eaxpn(x)sinbx +
eaxqn(x)cosbx pn(x) qn(x) n.
eaxPn(x)sinbx + eaxQn(x)cosbx,
Pn(x) Qn(x) n
.
,
xm, .

.
ci (i = 1, ..., n) yh i(x),
yh = 1 y1 + 2 y2 + ... + n yn. 'i n
[ yi( j)(x)
n]
' y ( j) + ' y ( j) + ... + ' ( j)y = 0, j = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n 2
1 1

2 2

'1 y1 + '2 y2 + ... + 'n yn = g(x)/an(x)

(n)

(n)

(n)

, x 'i i (x).
n
n
a y(n) + a y(n1) + ... + a y'' + a y' + a (x)y = 0
n

n1

a0, a1, ..., an .

a n + a n1 + ... + a 2 + a + a = 0
n

n1

1, 2, ..., n ,
y = c1e l1x + c2e l2 x + " + cn e ln x
( ) ,
,

SECTION

. m,

e x, xe x, x 2e x, ..., x m1e x.