h-lm-_n-{]m-\w

aX]-cn-jvI-c-m.
hnizmk `qan-I-bn Iem]w krjvSnv Ckvem-an-\-Iv Fm-ehpw tNmZy-Nn--ambn amdnb-h-cmWv Alvep-kp--bpsS Ahm-c hn`m-K-. aX-ns ksb Nqgvv s]m-bmb
Ckvem-ans\ temIv \p-]n-Sn-n-m ]mSvs]-Sp-Ibpw Ckvem-an-\-Iv ]pXnb ka-hm-Iy-
Is-p-I-bp-am-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS {ia-I-c-amb {]h-\--f-{Xbpw. Cym D]-`q-J--n
apJy[mcm thcq-nb aX]cn-jvI-cW {]m-\--fn {][m-\amWv hlm-_n-kw Cu aX-]-cnjvI-cW hmZn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-nse t\c-dn-hp-I-fn-te-smcp {lkz At\z-j-W-am-Wn-hn-sS.
kaqlw hn`-Pnpw dkq.
{]hm-NI A[ym-]-\-nse hn`-P\ kqN-\.
kap-Zmbw 73 hn`m-K-am-hp-sav dkq (kz) {]h-Nn-p-p.
_\q C{km-Cuen kaqlw 73 hn-`m-K-fmbn hn`-Pn-p-sh-n Fs kap-Zmbw 73 hn`mK-fmbn hn`-Pnpw. Ah-bn Rm\pw Fs A\p-N-ccpw Ah-ew-`n amKs ]n]-nb
Hcp hn`mK-a-m apgp-h hn`m-Khpw \c-I-n-em-Wv. (Pm-an-Av Xpap-Zn/C-JvXn-em-^p- D.
2:89)
Cu 73 hn`m-K-fpw 10 ASn-m-\-hn`mK-fn thcq-n-b-hcm-sWv ssiJv aplvbpo A_vZp JmZn Poem\n (d) hy-am-p-p.
hn`m-K-
1.-A-lvep-p 2.-J-hm-cnPv 3.-ioA 4.-ap-AvXkne 5.-apPnA 6.-ap-iv_nl
7.-P-lvanb 8.-f-dm-cnb
9.-Xn-Pm-cnb 10.-In-em-_nb
Ch-bn Alvep-psb Hcp hn`m-Khpw Jhm-cn-Pnse 15 Dw apAvXkn-en-bm--fnse 6
Dw apPn-A-Xnse 12 Dw ioA-bnse 32 Dw Plvan-b, XnPm-cn-b, fndm-dn-b, Inem-_nb FXnse
Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw (BsI 4) apiv_n-l-Xnse 3 hn`m-Khpw IqSn-bmWv 73 hn`m-Kamhp--Xv.
aX ]cn-jvI-c-m Jhm-cn-Pp-Itfm.?
am Ip^v^m-dp-I-fpsS ta Cd-nb Bb-p-Isf hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ta sIn-sh- Jhmcn-Pn-bm--fpsS X{-am-bn-cp-p. aX-]-cn-jvI-c-mcpw CXv ]np-Sp.AXn-\m Ah-cpsS
]nXrXzw sNs-p-Xv Jhm-cn-Pn-bm--fn-em-Wv. hlm-_n-I Jhm-cn-Pn-bm--fpsS sNbvXn-Isf
\n_m[w XpSXmbn Ncn{Xw tcJ-s-Sppp.Cu _s Jp-B-\nse kqd-Xp
^mXzn 8mw BbXv hni-Zo-I-cnv sImv AssJv AlvaZv _v\p apl-Zp zmhn Xs
{]kn Jp-Bhym-Jym\w X^vko kzmhn-bn 3308 kmy-s-Sp-p-pv.
\PvZn cq]-s-Sp-Ibpw hnizm-kn-Isf \njvI-cpWw sIme-sNbvXv, Ckvem-anI aqe-{]-amW-sf Ah-cpsS CwKn-X-n-s\mv hymJym-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvX hlm-_n-I Jhm-cn-Pp-IfpsS ]np-d-m-cm-sWv CXn-\m kphy--am-Ip-p.

BcmWv Jhm-cn-Po-?
lnPvd-bpsS {]Ya \qm-n Ckvem-anI Jnem-^-ns\ XIm\pw apkvenw-Isf `nnn-m\pw cwKv h aX-\-ho-I-cW {]m-\-amWv Jhm-cn-Pn-kw. \PvZv Bm-\-amnbmbncpp Ah-cpsS {]h-\w. Jhm-cn-Pn-k-ns t{]X- Ay-\m hsc Ah-X-cn-psapw Ah-cnse Ah-km-\s hn`mKw Zm-en-t\mSv IqsS-bm-bn-cn-p-sapw ke^v (BZy
Ime ]n-X) {]h-Nn-n-p-v.
{]kvXpX hN-\-ns ]pe-bmWv hlm-_n-kw. a-bnse apivcn-Ip-Is-Xnsc
Amlp Ah-X-cn-n Jp-B-\nI hN-\- apkvenw-I-fpsS ta sIn-shv Ahsc apivcnp-I-fmn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p Jhm-cn-Pn-b X{-sf ]bmbn ]g-p-h-cm-Wv hlm-_n-I.
Dkvam-\n Jnem-^-ns\ XIm {_n-\p-ambn Iqv IqSnb hlm-_n-b Icp-\o--fn \nv Jhm-cn-Pp-am-bp hlm-_n-k-ns ]nXrXzw hmbn-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. `cWw
Im-fm thn A\-h[n apkvenw-Isf h[nv Jhm-cn-Pp-I-tfmSv Iqdv ]pen-bXv hlm-_n-kns Jhm-cnPv _s icn-sh-p--pv.
-\PvZv {]tZ-is {]h-Nn-p-p.
hlm-_n-k-ns in tI{-amb \PvZv ^nXv\-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-am-bn-cn-p-sav {]hm-NI(kz) {]h-Nn-n-p-v.(-kz-lo-lp _pJm-cn,2-105, anivImv 572). hlm-_n-k-ns m]I C_v\p A_vZp hlm-_ns P--e-amb \PvZm-bn-cpp Jhm-cn-Pp-I-fp-sSbpw hlm-_nk-n-sbpw Bm-\w.
FmWv hlm-_n-kw.?
18-mw \qm-n kuZn Atd-_y-bnse \PvZn cq]w sIm aX -]-cn-jvI-cW {]m-\-amWn-Xv. Ckvem-anse s{]m--\nkw Fpw CXns\ hnti-jn-n-s-n-p-v. (tXm-akv ]m{SnIv
UnvWdn Hm^v Ckvemw-1998, Un. 661)
t]cv: {]m\ m]-I apl-Zv C_v\p Ap hlm_v {]m-\-n\v \Inb t]cv
aph-lvln-Zq (G-I-Xm-hm-Zn-I). 1747 m]n Cu {]m-\-n\v hlm-_ns (1703-1792)
A\p-bm-bn-I F A-n {]mm-\nI A\p-`m-hn-Isf hlm-_n-I Fpw {]m\s hlm-_nkw Fpw hnfn--s-p. {]m-\-ns ASn-thcv sNv app--Xv (B-ib
kmay-X) C_v\p Xoan--bn-em-Wv.
BcmWv C_v\p Xoan-.?
apkvenw temIv Bib]c-ambn \ho\ Nn-Iv cq]w \Inb ]n-X. ]mc-cy
Ckvem-anI kc-Wnsb Xnc-kvI-cn-p. Ct-l-ns ]cn-jvI-cW Bi-b--fmWv C_v\p
A_vZp hlm_ns\ {]tNm-Zn-n--Xv. len aZvl_v m]-I AlvaZv _v\p l(d) (780855) s \ne-]m-Sp-Isf hymJym-\npw hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-amWv Atlw ]pXnb Nn-I cq]-s-Sp-

n-b-Xv. Ckvemw aX-nse A\m-Nm-c-sf Zqco-I-cnv aX-ns ipcq]w ]p\:m]n-pI

F hmZ-m-c-\m-bn-cp-p. XuloZv hmZ-ns m]-I-s\v kzbw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
P\\w: ln:661 d_o-D A 12 \v kndn-b-bnse Ua-kvI-kn-ep ldm F {]tZ-i-mWv
ssiJp Ckvemw AlvaZv C_v\p ssXan-(1263-1328) ]ndhnsIm-Xv.
PohnXw ]T\w: ln:667 (1628) Xmm-cn-I-fpsS ]S-tbmw ImcWw 6mw hb-kn ]nXm-hn-t\mSv
IqsS Ua-kvI-kn-tev t]mbn. ]nX IpSpw_n hnm-\-tmSv CS-]-g-In-bmWv PohnXw. ]nXmhv lZo-kn \n]p-W-\m-b-Xn-\m lZokv ]T-\-n {i-bq-n. hnm-\-ns
apgp-h taJ-e-Ifnepw Kth-jWw \S-nb Atlw 20mw hb-kn Xs ^Xvh \I
Bcw-`n-n-cp-p.
Pbn hmkw: Xs ]p hmZ--fn \npw ]nn-cn-bm Ctlw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IfpsSbpw ]mc--cy-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw tIm]-n\v Cc-bmbn Pbn-en-e-Ss-p. At-l-ns
kaqlyPoW-X-s-Xn-sc-bp(?) t]mcmw lnPvd 720 Ua-kvI-kn Pbn-ente---mWv \bn-Xv.
ln:728 apX At-l-ns acWw hsc hopw Pbn-en-e-S--s-p. aqv XzemJv Hnv
sNmn-bm Ht t]mIq Fv ^Xvh \In-b-Xn\v 6 amk-mew Pbnin A\p-`-hn-tn-h-p.
hnIe Bi-b-:


CkvXn-Km-k, Xh-p, alm-m-cpsS J_ knbm-d-v apX-em-bhsb FXnp.


Am-lp-hns ]cn-ip kmXn\v Pnkvap-sv hmZn-p(-e--Im-e-tmSv _ap ]Zmw).


aqv XzmemJv Hnv sNmn-bm Ht t]mhq F hmZ-n Ddp\np.

Hcn- Ua-kv-knse Hcp ]n-bn an-dn \nv Cd-p-Ibpw Ib-dp-Ibpw
sNbvXv, CXvt]mse Amlphpw `qan-bn-tev Cd-p-Ibpw Ib-dp-Ibpw sNp-p-shv
]d-bp-I-bp-m-bn.


sNdp-p-tXm]n--h:
ka-Im-en-I-cn {]ap-J- ]nXcmb Camw XJvbp-o kp_vIn (d), C_v\p lP-dp
sslXz-an(d), Camw XJvbp-o AJv\mCu (d) Fn-h At-l-ns ]ng hmZ-sf
keyw FXnv kaq-ls cn-p. fmv (]n-g--h), apfnv (]n-g-n-p--h) \psav
C_v\p lP-dp sslXzan Xs ^Xm-h Ip_vdbn C_v\p Xoan-sb hnti-jn-n-n-p-v.
kzw injy-K-W--fn Xs A[n-I-t]cpw Ct-l-ns Bi-b--tfmSv s]mcp--sn-cp-n.{]-apJ injy-\mb Camw C_v\p Iko (d) AXn {][m-\n-bm-bncp-p.
C_v\p Jn-w (ln:691) s\ t]mtem Nne injyKW- hgnbpw kmZp aB-Zv,
Adqlv t]mtem Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-fmepw C_v\p Xoan--bpsS {K-- hgn-bp-amWv Cu
hnIe Bi-b- temIv \ne-\n-Xv.

cN-\-I:
{KcN-\-bn \n]p-W-\m-bn-cp Atlw H-\-h[n {K- cNn-p. ^Xm-h
Ip_vd, aPvaq-D ^Xm-h, ZJm-CJp X^-ko, Adp Ae _Ivd, JmC-Z-Xp ^n al-_,
CJvXn-fmD zndm-Xv, _bm\p X_o-kp Plvan-, A AJzo-Z-Xp la-hn Fnh Ahbn s]-Xm-Wv.
]qW-\maw: ssiJp Ckvemw AlvaZv _v\p A_vZn leo-ap ldm.
AJo-Z-bn H-\-h[n ]p hmZ--fp Atlw XJo t]mep Imcy--fn ke^p-zm-en-lo--tfmSv tbmPn-p-p.
C_v\p Jqw: (ln:691)
C_v\p-Xo-an--bpsS Nn-Iv XpS \Inb injy-K-W--fn {][m\n. Ct-l-ns
{K--fneqsS-bmWv C_v\p Xoan--bpsS Nn-I Pohn--Xv. Adq-lv, kmZp aB-Zv, in^mD Aeo, Awdm-fp Jpeq_v, aZm-cnPp men-Io, \JvZp aJq, CAvemap aph-JznCu, Az-hm-C-Jp apk-e, lmin-bXp C_v\p Jnw, Xzco-Jp lnPvd-ssX, lnZm-bXp lnbmdn XpS--b-h-bmWv Ct-l-ns {][m\ IrXn-I.

apl-Zv _v\p Ap hlm_v (1155-1206)

P\\w:
lnPvd 1115 (1703) kDuZn Atd-_y-bnse \PvZnb ]-W-amb Dssb\bn {]ikvX
]n-X\pw Jmfn-bp-am-bn-cp ssiJv A_vZp hlm-_ns aI-\mbn apl-Zv P\n-p.
]c--c-bnse ]m]-cXzw:
Zp Jpssh-kn-d-ns ]c--c-bn s]Sp hyn-bmWv C_v\p A_vZp hlm-_v.
Zp Jpssh-kn-d-ns ]c--c-bn Ckvem-an\v shp-hnfn Dbp--h ISvhcp-sav
dkq apt {]h-Nn-n-p-v. Hcp lZokv ImWpI:
\_n (kz) X Hcp bpw Ignv Xncnv h-tijw aZo\ ]n-bn shv K\o-ap
kzp- kzlm-_n-In-S-bn hnlnXw shp-tm Zp Jpssh-kn-dv \_n(kz) bpsS
apJv t\mn apl-tZ, \o \oXn ]men-p-I.! Fv ]d-bp-Ibpw kzlm-_n-I At-ls
h[n-m Xp\n--tm \_n(-kz) A\p-h-Zn-msX C{]-Imcw ]d-p. Abmv Nne A\pbm-bn-I-fp-mhpw Ah Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sNp-Ibpw \nkv-cn-p-Ibpw t\m-\p-jvTn-pIbpw sNpsanepw th arK-n \nv Av sX-dnpw {]Imcw Ah Ckvem-an \nv
]pdv t]mhpw. (_p-Jm-cn)
]nXr-]-c-c:

Zp Jpssh-kn-d-ns 16mw ]u{X-\m-bn-mWv apl-Zv _v\p A_vZp ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-p-Xv. ]c-c Cs\-hmbn-mw. Zp Jpssh-kn-d-v, Jpssl-_v, Aen, apl--Zv, jmn,
dCu-kv, ss_fm-Av, Da, apivcn-^v, _pssd-Zv, dmjn-Zv, Alva-Zv, apl--Zv, Aen, kpsse-am,
A_vZp hlm-_v, apl--Zv. Ch-cn ]ecpw {]apJ ]n-X-m-cm-bn-cp-p-shmWv Ncn-{Xn \npw a\-kn-em-hp--Xv.
]T-\-Imew:
sNdp-{]m-b-nte hgn-]n-g km-c-am-bn-cp-p. apl--Zns sNdp-{]mb-nse
{]h\w Iv At-l-ns ]nXm-hmb ssiJv A_vZp hlm_pw ktlm-Z-c-\mb
kpsse-am\pw ap-]-ecpw Abmsf i]n-p-Ibpw A][ km-cs Ipdnv Abmpw kaql-n\pw XmoXv \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp.
]nXm-hn \np {]mY-anI ]T-\-n-\p-tijw aZo\m ]n-bnse Zkn apl-Zv
A]-Imew ]Tn-n-p-v. 32 hbv hsc C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v hnZymn PohnXw \bnp. aZo\m ]n-bn Zkv hnZymn-bm-bn-cn-p-tm-gmWv ]p aX]cn-jvI-cW
Nnm[mcI Abm-fn Dd-hsbSpp-Xv. C_v\p Xoan--bpsS Bi-b--fn BIr-jvS-\mb
apl-Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_,v ]c hmb-\-bn-eqsS C_v\p Jn-ans ]pkvXIw
hgnbmWv Xs {]m-\-n\v ASn--d-]m-InbXv.
]nXm-hns ]mn-Xy-tbpw P\ kzm[o-\-sbpw apX-se-Spv Xs {]m\ {]N-cW-n\v mv t^mw Is-nb apl-Zv _v\p A_vZphlm-_n\v eyw ]qo-I-cn-m-\mbn-. Fnepw Cu IpdpphgntXS-en-eqsS henb Hcp A\p-{K-l-amWv apkvenw D-n\v e`n-Xv. {]m\w kzw t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp-I-bm-sW-n apl--Zn {]m-\sam--hp-am-bn-cpp. CXv henb sXn-mcW hfm CS-bmhpw.
1143 emWv hlm-_n-b Bi-b-v {]mm-\nI cq]w {]m]n-p--Xv. 1150 kPo-h-amhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kDuZn ]nSn-s-Sp-p-p:
Bib {]N-c-Wmw \PvZnse Z-C--bn-se-nb apl-Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v
Ahn-Sps `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Bep-k-Du-Zp-ambn _-s-p. FXnpI Imc-W-ambn `c-W-n
]nSnv \nm {]bm-k-s-Sp L-n-emWv {]Xn-tcm[ \nc-\In klm-bn-m-sa-p
hmKvZm-\-hp-ambn C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v C_v\p kDu-Zp-ambn (1229) Iqp-Iq-Sp--Xv. Xs
Ckvem-anI \thm-m\ {]h-\-pw inv \namP-\-n\pw FXn\nn-sv
C_v\pkDuZnt\mSv AwKo-I-cnnv Icm-dn Hp-sh-np.
I {]hm-N-I-\mb apssk-en-a-p Im-_ns \mSmb Z-C--bn shmWv (h-lm_ns Pew) hlm_pw C_v\p kDu-Zp-am-bp Icm Dm-n-b-Xv. Xulo-Zns {]N-c-Wn Xs klm-bn-m km{am--Py-hn-I-k-\-n C_v\p kDu-Zns\ klm-bn-m-sav
hlm_v Ddv \Inb Icm-dm-Wn-Xv. cmjv{S-ns aX-Imcyw hlm-_n\pw `c-W-t\-XrXzw
C_v\p kDu-Zn\pw \Im Icm hy-am-p-pv.

apssk-en-a-p Im-_ns IpSpw-_-amb _\q-l-\o^ tKm{X-m-c\pw Am-ev Ing Atd-_y cmPy--fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw Bbn-cpp apl-Zv kDu-Zv.
hlm-_ns aIsf cmPmhv apl-Zv _v\p kDuZv (a.1765) hnhmlw Ign--tXmsS B
_w kpZr-V-am-bn.Atd-_y-bpsS Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cn {]ap-J-\mb ^nenv sI. lnan CXns\
aXhpw hmfpw Xn-ep hnhmlw Fv hnti-jn-n-p-p-v.(-ln-dn Hm^v Ad_v 2001. t]Pv740)
hlm_n B{I-aW `oI-c-X:
{]YaL-n Z-C--bnse Pmln-en-I-fmb _psf Hcp-anv Iqn Hcp ka-c-ap--Wnbp-m-p-Ibpw Xulo-Zns ]p\:m]-\-sa t]cn apkvenw-I-tfmSv bpw sNp-Ihgn
Ahsc sIme-sN-p-Ibpw sIm-b-Sn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. K\o-av apX B{I-a-Wmyw kpe-`ambn e`nXn\m _p- k--cm-hp-Ibpw hlm-_n-k-n-tev P\w tNt-dp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i- Iog-S-nb tijw e`n kv apgp-h sNe-h-gn--Xv C_v\p
A_vZn hlm-_ns \nti {]Im-c-am-bn-cp-p.
Ah bpw sNbvXv Iog-S-n-bn-cp {]tZ-i--fnse apkvenw ]n-X-msc sImsm-Spp-Ibpw alm-m-cpsS aJv_-d-I CSnp \nc-n. IpXv_vJm\-I CSnv \nc-n. Ckvem-anI
Nn-fpw inB-dp-Ifpw \mam-h-ti-j-am-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apkvenw-Isf \njvI-cpWw h[np Xs A\p-bm-bn-Iv CjvSwt]mse kpw kzKhpw Atlw hmKvZm\w
sNbvXp. (Xm-co-Jp awe-I-Xp Ad-_n A--Du-Zn-)
asb B{I-an--h:
ln:1205 am-K-hW-dm-bn-cp ico^v Kmen-_p-ambn hlm-_n-I bpw sNp-Ibpw
bp-n At\Iw t] sIm-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ln:1217- a-bpsS ]cn-k-c-]--W-amb XzmC^v Iog-S-p-hm hlm-_n-I Xm-dm-bn. B
hj-nse lmPn-am-cpsS _mlpeyw \nanw Ah bpw sNmsX XzmC-^n Ign-vIq-n.
lmPn-am Xncnv t]mb-tm Ah XzmC^v Iog-S-n. hopw asb ey-amn hlm_n
ssk\yw aptmv \on. hlm-_n-I a-bn ISbpS am KhW ico^v Kmen_v Pnbntev Xs Bm\w amn.
1218 apldw amk-n-emWv hlm-_n-I a-bn {]th-in--Xv. 14 Znhkw Ah ]cn{`mn ]cn BZis ASn-t]n-p. \nc-kn--hsc h[n-p-I-f-p. tijw Pn-bntev
amv sNbvXp. ]s, ico^v Kmen-_ns\ Iogvs]-Sp-m km[n-n-. H-\-h[n \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf
h[n tijw 7 Znhkw Pn-bn Xma-knv Ah dnbm-Zn-tev Xncn-p.
aZo-\-sbbpw shdptX hnn:
cv amk tijw d_o-D A-en ico^vKmen_pw Pnm KhWdmbncp ico^v
_mjbpw ssk\y-k-taXw a-bn {]th-in-p. hlm-_n-Isf ]pd-mn `cWw Xncnv ]nSn-p.

KXn-sI hlm-_n-I a Hgn-hmn aZo\ ]nSn--S-m {iaw XpS-n. ]e aZo\m tKm{X-sfbpw Ah In-em-n. aZo\ hgn hlm-_n-I a-bn-tev `Ww sImv t]mIp-Xns\ Ah D]-tcm-[n-p. Cm-c-W-m ico^v Kmen-_n\v hlm-_n-I-fp-ambn DS--Sn-bn
Gs-tSnhp. XXv^-e-ambn a-bn {]th-in-m\pw Bi-b-{]-N-cWw \S-m\pw hlm-_nIm-bn.
aZo-\bpw abpw hlm-_n-I-fpsS hnlm-c-tI-{-am-b-tm At\Iw aJv_-d-Ifpw JpIfpw Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-fpw Ah CSn-p-\n-c-n. 7 hj-tmfw a-bnepw aZo-\-bnepw Cu
IncmX Xmhw Xnam-Sn.
asb tamNn-n-p-p:
ln:1226 da-fm-\n CuPn]vXv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn apl--Zen _mj hlm-_n-I-tfmSv bp-n\v
Xm-dm-bn. ]s, hlm-_n-I-fpsS sNdpv \n]v ImcWw At-l-n\v ]nm-tdnhp.
1227 hopw km-l--fp-amsbn. lnPmkv tI{-amn X{-]qw hlm-_n-Isf
Iog-S-n. hlm-_n-I-fpsS taen henb \nIpXn Npa-n. XpSv abpw aZo-\bpw Pn-bpsamw apkvenw-I Xncn-p-]n-Sn-p.
kDuZv hnS-hm-pp:
Z-C--ns `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw C_v\p A_vZp hlm-_ns kl-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-cp
apl-Zv kDuZv 1229 Pam-Zp A-en ac-W-s-p. tijw Z-C--bnse hlm_n `cWw GsSpv \S-n-bXv kDu-Zns aI A_vZp--bm-bn-cp-p.
apl--Zen _mj CuPn-]vXn h tijw Z-C--bnse hlm_n t\Xr-Xzhpw `c-Whpw
XIp--Xn\v thn Xs aI C{_mlow _mj-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n ssk\ys Ab-pIbpw ln:1232 kDu-Zns aI\pw C{_mlow _mjbpw Xn i-amb bpw \S-p-Ibpw
C{_mlow _mj hnPbw hcn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1235 A_vZp-m-ln_v\p kDu-Zn\v h[in \In. tijw hlm-_n-I Z-C--bn
\npw `cWtI{w dnbm-Zn-tev amn.
[a-bnse ap^vXn-bm-bn-cp A-nZv AlvaZv _v\p sskXn ZPvem\n (d) Fgp-Xnb ^nXv\Xp hlm-_n bn \nv kw{Klw]
1818 Bhp-tm-tgv Cu `c-W-ns {]Xm]w Ah-km-\n-p. ]e {]tZ-i-fpw A\ym-[o\-s-p. C_v\p kDuZv hwi-n ]nd A_vZp Akokv (1880-1953) Ipssh-n
{]hmknbmbn-cnt Atd-_y-bpsS `cWw Xncn-v]n-Sn-m-\p ]cn-{i-a- Bcw-`n-p. a-bn
ico^v lpssk-t\bpw lmbn-en C_v\p djo-Zn-t\bpw tXm]nv apt-dn. Atmgpw
ssk\nI \o-v XpW-bm-bXv hlm-_n-b Bi-b--fm {]tNm-Zn-X-cmb ktlm-Z-c-m
(C-Jvhm) Xs.

Cpw Atd-_y-bn A[n-Im-c-n-en-cn-p kDuZn cmP-hw-i-n\v hlm-_n-k-ns

]np-W-tbm-sS-bmWv ASn-dbn-Xv. 1932, Atd-_y-bn F J\\w Bcw-`n-p--Xns Hcp
hjw apm-bn-cpp Cu `c-W-n\v \mn Ipdn--Xv.
XzmC-^nepw Xm-h-am-Spp:
Ckvem-ans kncm-tI-{-amb abpw aZo-\bpw hnizmkn c--fm sNm-b-a-Wn-bn-h XzmC-^nepw apkvenw I_--sf sImv \r-am-Sn. ln:1217 emWv hlm_n tk\ XzmC^n-se-n-b-Xv. XzmC-^nse Xmh `oI-c-Xsb Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Ipdn-p-p.
They killed women, men and child saw, they even cut the babies in cradles... the streets turned into floods of
blood.(advice for the wahabi)

In I kvXoI-sfbpw ]pcp-j-m-scbpw Ipn-I-sfbpw Ah Iim-vsN-bvXp. sXmnen InS-p ]ntm-a\Itfbpw Ah Adp-p. XzmC^v \K-c-ho-Yn-I c-{]-fbw
Xop.
they put sword three hundred and sixty seven men together with women and children on the hill., they made
animals trample on the bodies of martyrs and left them unburied to be eaten by teasts birds of prey for sixty days
(ibid)

]pcp-j-mcpw kv{XoIfpw Ipn-I-fp-amb 367 t]sc Hnv Ah hmfn\p \In. B c

kmn-I-fpsS tZl-n\p ]pd--h arK--fpsS Be Xop. ]noSv arK-pw ]nIpw Cc-bmbn 60 Znh-k-mew Ahsc AhnsS Dt]-n-p. sIm-b-Sn apkvenw-I-fpsS
kzv K\o-a-mbn Hml-cn-sh-s-Sp-p.
hnip {K-sf Ah Nhn-n-b-c-p.
Leaves of those valuable book thrown around were so made that three was no space to step in the streats of taif

Xqs-dn-b-s hnip {K--fpsS Xmfp-I \K-c-n Fpw ImWm-am-bn-cp-p.

Hcp ew t]mepw Hgn-hm-bn-.
XzmC-^n hlm-_n-I Xo c Nmep-Isf Ipdnv ld-ans HutZym-KnI Ncn-{X-Imc AlvaZv ssk\n A-lvem\n Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v.
I_e A{I-an-pp:
1802 ln: 1216 Hcp hn hlm_n ssk\yw I_e A{I-an-p. Cu B{I-a-Ws Ipdnv
C.-sI. auehn FUn--dmb A Cn-lmZv ]p.2,-e-w.7 1956 sk]vXw-_ 1 Fgp-Xp-p.
1801 G{]n 30mw XoXn ]Xn-\m-bncw hcp hlm-_n-I I_e A{I-anp ]W
hmkn-Ifn Hcp hn`mKs Ah sImsm-Sp-n. lpssk (d) hns aJmw sIm-b-Sn-p.
Ahn-tSv A\-d_nIfmb ki-I hgn-]mSv sImSp-n-cp Fm hne-]n-Sn cXv\-fpw
Ah tiJ-cn-p.
alm-m-cpsS aJv_-d-I-sfmw \new]cn-im-pp:
{In: 1807 hlm-_n-I Cdm-Jn Aen(-d) hns Pmd-n-te-mWv Xncn--Xv.\_n(-kz)
bpsS hoSv hsc Ah s]mfn-p-am-n.(cn-km-e-Xp HudmJn _mKvZm-Zn-, t]Pv.15)

Ncn{X kvamc-I--fmb akvPnZv A_q Jpss_kv Zmdp ssJk-dm lndm-Kpl Fnh

t]mepw Ah XIp.(-in-lm-_p-o Alva-Zp PmC)
\_n (kz), A_q-_- (d), Aen (d), JZoP (d) XpS-n-b-h-cpsS P e `h-\- \in-np. (Jp-em-k-Xp Iemw knZv AlvaZv ssk\n A-lvem-\n)
akvPn-Zp-Ifpw k-\--tfmSv _-s Xncp-ti-jn-p-Ifpw hlm-_n-I XIp.
\_n(-kz) A_q-_-(d), Aen(-d), JZoP(d) XpS-nbhcpsS P-m\ `h-\- \new-]-cn-imn. Hcp Iq Itkh \n-ln-p-tm, alm-m-sf ]cn-l-knv Bt-]-Km\w ]mSn
Xmf-ta-f--tfmsS \rw shp-Ibmhpw asmcp Iq..

hlm-_nkw km{am-PyXz krjvSn:

{InkvXob KqVm-tem-N\bpsS k-Xn-bmWv hlm-_n-kw. apl-Zv _v\p A_vZp
hlm_v _kz-d-bn-se-nb 1724 emWv {_nojv Nmc-\mbncp lw^ _kz-d-bn-se-p--Xv.
Ch ]c-kv]cw Ivapn kplr-p--fm-bn.
{_nojv Nmc-\m-bn-cp lw^ bphm-hmb \PvZnv Nmc-h\
- n-X-Isf XmIm-enI CW-Ifmbn ibn-m \Ip-Inbn-cp-p-h-s{X. XpSv lw^-dns {]tem-`-\-n hoW C_v\p
A_vZn hlm_v {_ns ]tcm klm-b-tmsS Xs Bi-b-v {]Nmcw \In.

Cy hlm-_nkw:
knZv Alva-ZmWv hlm-_n-k-ns hnv Cy-bn ]mIn-b-Xv. 1822 lv sNm\mbn a-bn-se-n-b-tXmSv IqsS-bmWv hlm_n Nn Ct-l-n apf-s]m-n-b-Xv.
Ctlw k-am-nb ssk\y-ns apJ-n-a-Xp ssPiv (ap--Wn--S) Iam--dm-bncpp imlv Ckvam-Cu ilo-Zv. {_no-jp-Ims-Xn-sc-bmWv knZv Alva-Zns hn-h-samWv ]d-bm-dp--Xv. ]s, BZy-L---fn knJp-Ims-Xn-scbpw ]noSv apkvenw-Is-Xnsc-bp-am-bn-cpp At-l-ns Pnlm-Zv. sh-msc At-l-ns PnlmZv _m[n-n-cp-tbn-. apK cmP-hm-gvNsb A\p-Iq-en-p-sh A]-cm-[-n-\mWp apkvenw-Isf sImsm-Sp-nb-Xv. Ckvam-Cu kmln_v t]jy `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb akzn_v Cam-av Blzm\w sNbvXXn--s\.
Ahsc Dq-e\w sNbvXv Fdn-bp--XmWv icn-bmb `cWw Ahsc ]msS \in-n-p-XmWv icn-bmb Ckvemw. A[n-Imcw ssIb-S-nb Fm-hpw Iogvs]-Sm-sap ico-Av
hn[n-p-n-. a-\hpw `oj-Wnbpw D]-tbm-Knv `cWw\S-p--h-cpsS apn Xe-Ip-\n-p-Xns\ Zo A\p-h-Zn-p-n-.
CXns t]cn apkvenw-Isf [mcmfw At-lhpw Iqcpw h[n-p-Ibpw ]cn-t]n-pIbpw sNbvXp. knZv Alva-Zn-sbpw imlv apl-Zv Ckvam-Cu-en-sbpw eyw Ckvem-anI
cmjv{S-am-bn-cp-p-h-s{X. \PvZnse hlm-_n-I-fpsS AtX Xm]cyw Xs.
knZv AlvaZv Fgp-p-Im-ct\m {]kw-Kn-It\m Am--Xn-\m injys\ Atlw
Is-n. Ct-l-ns cN-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cy hlm-_nkw hfXpw \ne-\n--Xpw.

Kpcphpw injy\pw 1813 ]Tm-Wn-I-fpambp-mb bp-n sIm-s-p. An-s\-bmWv

iloZv F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. ]noSv {K--fn-emWv hlm-_nkw Pohn--Xv.
1857 se in]mbn el-fv tijw {_no-jp-Im 1863 hlm-_n-Isf \ntjw ]cm-P-b-sSp-n. knZv Alva-Zns (1786-1831) ]npdmcm-Wv D-tc-y-bnse Alvte lZo-kv.

{Xnaqn-I:
]cn-ip Ckvem-ans\ XIm thn PqXkb-Wnv tem]n-I-fpsS Nmc-m-cmbn
Ckvem-anI kaq-l-n \pgv Ib-dn-b-h-cmWv hn\m-i-ns {Xnaqn-I-fmb Pam-ep-o
A^vKm-\n-bpw(1838-98) apl-Zv A_vZp-hpw(1849-1905) dioZv cnf-bpw(1865-1935) Ckvem-anI
kwkvIm-cs XIp-Ibpw ]mm-Xy kwkvIm-cs Ckvem-an-tev dn{Iqv sNbvX-h-cpamWv Ch. amtkm-Wn-k-ns i-amb {]Nm-c-I-cmb Ch apkvenw temIv `n-X-bpsSbpw \io-I-c-W-n-sbpw shSn-s-p-Iv Xncn-sIm-fp-n-b-Xv. km{am-Py-Xz-ns krjvSnI-fm-bn-cpp Ch.

FmWo amtkm-Wnkw:
1717- ktbm-Wnv \ma-n apkvenw-Isf kzm[o-\n-m km[y-a-sv Xncn--dn-tm Ahsc PqX-h-XvI-cn-m\pw Ckvem-ans\ \in-nv blqZ ta[m-hnXzw krjvSn-m\pw
thn cq]o-I-cn--s {]m-\-amWv amtkm-Wn-kw. PqX-\mb {KmUv am-dmWv CXns
t\Xm-hmbn Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv.
1945-1953 {_nojv km{am-Py-ns apt--tm-sS-bmWv amtkm-Wnkw BtKmf hym]-Iam-hp--Xv. Ata-cn- {]kn-U-m-bn-cp lmcn F {Sqam-\pw(1884-1953) {_nojv {][m-\a{nbmbn-cp hn Nn-ep-sams CXns {]N-c-W-n ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. ^ekvXo-\n PqX-cmjv{Sw m]n-m-\p APbpsS B[mcw ]Wn-XXv Cu {]m-\-am-bn-cpp.

Pam-ep-o A^vKm\n (1838-98)

A^vKm-\n P\n-p. sNdp-{]m-b-nte XXz-imkv{Xw, djy `mj Fo hnm\ taJe-I hi-am-n.
aX-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Imc-W- sImv inYn-e-amb Ckvem-anI kaq-ls GIoI-cn-m-\p {ia-^-e-ambn ]m Ckvem-an-k-n\v Atlw cq]w\In. Jn-em-^v Imev
\ne-\n-n-cp hnZym-`ymk ]T\ k{-Zm-b-sf ASn-apSn ]cn-jvI-cn-m Atlw Xm-dm-bn.
]mco-kn \npw A^vKm\n {]kn-o-I-cn ]{X-amWv AD-p hpkvJm. CkvemanI sFIyw eyw shv 1884-1894 hsc-bp hj--fn Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-v ]pdta
Cy-bnepw Cw-nepw ap-cm-Py--fnepw \nc-c bm{X-I \S-n-bn-p-v.

hnIe hmZ-.
\p_p--ns B[m-c-in-e-bmb hlvbv a\p-jys bpn \nm-cWw t]mse \nkm-cam-sWv hmZn-p.
Ct-ls Ipdnv Fw.F kpan K^v ke-^n-khpw apPm-lnZv {]m-\hpw F
{K-n tcJ-s-Sp-p-Xv ImWpI:Pam-ep-o A^vKm-\nsb hmgvp Hcp ke-^nsb
K^v cmjv{S-fn Is-m {]bm-k-amWv.A-hn-Ss ke-^n-Ifpw CJvhm-\n-Ifpw Ctls ]mm-Xy GPm-bmWv KWn-pXv. ]mm-Xy kwkvIm-cs apkvenw temIsv Cd-p-aXn sNbvXXv Ct-l-am-sWv Ah ]d-bp-p.(t]Pv \:25)
amtkm-Wn-k-ns {]Nm-c-I
1960 {^mkn Cd-nb
F ]pkvX-I-ns 127-mw t]Pn Ct-ls
Ipdnv ]d-bp-px ssItdm-hnse amtkm-Wnv I-nn-bpsS t\Xm-hmbn A^vKm-\nsb \ntbm-Kn-s-p. ]ns apl-Zv A_vZphpw Aa-c-Xz-n-sen Ah apkvenn-S-bn amtkmWnkw hfp--Xn apJy]v hln-p,
amtkm-Wnv hnm-\-tImiw ]d-bp-px CuPn]vXnse amtkm-Wnv t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-p
Pmam-ep-o A^vKm-\n. AXnse AwK--sfmw ]n-X-mcpw `cW cwKs {]Khyn-Ifp-am-bn-cp-p. Ah GXmv 300 hcpw ]noSv AXns t\Xmhv DkvXmZv apl-Zv A_vZphmbn Atlw Db amtkm-Wnmbn-cp-p.
Fm \thm-m\ \mb-I-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-m-\mWv tIcf Pam-ap-Pm-ln-Zp-I ZrXn-Iqn-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS XJveoZv Hcp ]T\w F IrXn-bn Hcp \{Xw DZnp. F Xe-s-tm-sSbm-Wv. A^vKm-\nsb ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--p-Xv. 1996 sk]vX-_ 27 i_m-_n Fgp-Xp-p.
Xpnbnse apkvX^ I-am-ens\tmse Ckvem-anI hncp skIyq-e P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bm-bncpp A^vK-\n.
\n`mKy him At-l-ns Bi-b--fn NneXv AXyw Xo{h-am-bn-cp-p. IqSmsX
a[y-]q tZi--fn amtkm-Wnv {]m-hp-ambn Atlw m]n _w At-l-ns
Dtiipn-bmepw kwibw P\n-n-p. (^n-Jvlns ]cn-Wmaw hnh:Fw sF X t]: 114 tIcf-\Zvhp apPm-ln-Zo {]kno-I-cWw)
1838 A^m-Km-\n P\n Pam-ep-o 1898 Xpn-bn acWw.
apl-Zv A_-Zp(1849-1905)
Pmam-ep-o A^vKm-\n-bpsS {][m\ injy-\mWv apl-Zv A_-Zp. At-l-ns hmZsf ASn ]np-S apl-Zv A_Zp XJveo-Zn-t\bpw AXns hmm--sfbpw B{I-anp.1885 A_Zp cNn cnkm-ep XuloZmWv aXw ]Tn-n-m Cpw apPm-ln-Z-pI Ad_n-tm-tf-Pp-Ifn ]Tn-n-p--Xv. Cu cnkm-e-bn-emWv {]hm-N-I-Xz-ns B[m-c-in-e-bmb
hlvbns\ a\p-jy-bp-n-sImv Is-m-hp \nkmc hkvXp-hmn Nn{Xo-I-cn--Xv.
hnfnp Iqhnb A_--

knlvds\ \ntj-[n-p. AXv tIhew Xn-m-sWv hmZn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn\v apv

apAv--knen am{X-amWv Cs\ hmZn--Xv. e_o-Zp_v\p AAv-k-ans\ t]mep--h {]hm-b-I\v
knlvdv sNbvXXmbn- -h lZo-kp-I \ntj[n-p. Ct-ls ]npSmWv tIc-fm-ap-Pm-lnZp-Ifpw knlvdns\ \ntj[n--Xv.
sI.-F.Fw {]kn-o-I-c-W-amb ^nJvlns ]cn-Wmaw t]: 115 ]d-bp-px Xo{hhpw
B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-p Nmbvhpw ImcWw ]e-tmgpw At-l-n\v hyXn-N-e\ kw`-hn-p.
At-l-ns Jp-B hymJym-\-n apAv-PnkpIsf(Zo-hymp-Xw) Atlw hymJym\n coXn CXn\v DZm-l-cW-amWv.
IAv_sb A{I-an A{_-l-n-s\bpw ssk\y-sbpw Atlw hymJym-\n--Xv \inn Infn-I-tfbpw Ip-I-tfbpw tcmKw ]c-p _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fm-sWpw ]I hym[n-bm-bncpp XIv Imc-W-am-b-sX-p-amWv At-l-ns aXw.
_mv ]eni D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav ^Xvh \In. CXn \npw {]tNm-Zn-X-\m-bn-mWv
sI.Fw auehn loe-p-cn_ cNn--sXv \nK-an--s-Sp-p.
Jp-B-\ns\ kzw C--\p-k-cnv hymJym-\np. BZ-ans\ \n {]W-an-p-I(-hn.-Jp.
2:34) F-Xns Aw {]IrXn a\p-jy\v Iog-S--en-\mWv kpPqZv Fv ]d-bp--Xv. aev
Bm-hns {]tXyI Ah--bmWv(A--^vkodp h ap^-n-dq tUm: apl-Zv lpssk
Zl_n hmfyw 2, t]: 569-71)
amtkm-Wn-k-ns i-\mb hm-hm-bn-cp-p-shv knZv JpXp_v icn-sh-p-p.
A_-Zp-hns injy-m ]eXpw Xo{h-tam-tU-Wnv {]m-\-ns tI{-_n-p--fm-bn-o-cpIbpw Kpcp-hns\ hyXn-N-\-ns Imcy-n IS-n-sh-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v. (Ckvemw khnti-j-X-I)
_lp-`m-cy-Xzsbpw FXnp-p.
k`w Xm]-cy-s-Sp-p-sh-n _lp-`m-cyXzw t]mep--Im-cy- \nbm-am-\p-krXw
\ntcm-[nmw F ]-m-c-\m-bn-cpp Atlw. Ct-l-ns Nne Nn-Isf djoZv cnfXs FXnn-p-v.
A Ak-l kh-I-em-im-e-bnse `cW kwhn-[m-\hpw ]mTy-]--Xnbpw kaq-e-ambn
]cn-jv-cn-m At-l-n\v km[n-p. (CkvemanI hnm-\-tImiw hmfyw 5, t]:644)
djoZv cnf (1865-1935)
]mmXy \nnX Ckvemw {]N-cn-n apl-Zv A_vZp-hns injymcn {][m-\n-bmWv
djoZp cnf. kntbm-Wn-v,-am-tkm-Wnv {]m-\--epsS i\mb hm-hm-bn-cp-p.
apl--Zv A_vZp-hns Ghpw ASp--in-jy-\mb knZv djoZv cnf-bmWv 20-mw Zi-In Ckvemln Bibw {]N-cn-n Ghpw {]K-.(Ckvemln {]m\w Ncn-{X-n-s\m-cmapJw t]: 17)
bpn hmZhpw ]mmXy kwkvm-chpw kap-Zm-b-n {]N-cn-n djoZv cnf {_nojv
`-\m-bn-cp-p.

km{a-mPy-Xz-ns GPv
Cy P\m-[n-]-Xy-s {_ojv A\p-Iqe at\m-`mhw sImv FXn djoZv cnf
auem\m apl--Z-en-sbbpw shdptX hnn-.
1926 C_v\p kDuZv a-bn hnfnptN temI-apkvenw tIm{^kn cnf-bpsS
{]h-\s ssiJv apl-Zv Imc-pv 1993 sk]vX-w_ 11 am[y-a-n Nn{Xo-I-cn-p--Xv
C{]-Im-c-amWv.
abpw aZo-\bpw Ds loPm-kns `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp ico^v lpssk\pw
C_v\p kDuZpw kwL-\w \S-n-smn-cp Imew, Ah-km\w C_v\p kDuZv hnPbw hcnp. XpSv `mhn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cn--W-sav Btem-Nn-m-\mbn Atlw abn Hcp Nm tbmKw hnfnp tNp. Cy-bn \nv auem\m apl--Z-enbpw CuPn-]vXn
\nv djoZv cnfpbw ]s-Sp-p. apl--Zen P\m-[n-]-Xys A\p-Iq-enpw djoZv cnf
cmPm[n]Xys ]np-Wpw kwkm-cn-p. Ah-km\w NqSv ]nS kwhm-Z-n\v hgn-sbm-cp-n.
tIm{^kv kam-]n tijw \mn Xncn-s-nb djo-Zv -cnf auem\m apl--Z-en-sbbpw
Atlw \bnncp Cy kzmX{ ka-c-tbpw \nin-X-ambn hnain-p ZoL-am-sbm-cpte-J\w A--Alvdmw ]{X-n Fgp-Xn.
dioZv cnfv adp-]Snsbgp-Xn-bXv tIc-fo--\mb auem\m A_pkz-_mlv auehn (^-dqJv
tImtfPv m]-I)bmbn-cp-p. AAJv_mdn-epsS \mev e--fn-embn dioZp cnf-bpsS
{_ojv A\p-Ipe \ne-]m-Sns s]m-chpw Cy kzmX{y ka-c-ns al-Xzhpw
auem\m apl--Z-en-bpsS hyn sshin-j-Syhpw hy-am-p {it-b-amb Hcp ]cc {]kno-I-cn-p. Fm auehn kmln-_ns {]amWbp-amb hmZ-sf Jn-m dioZv cnfv
Ign-n-. (Ckvemln {]m\ Ncn-{X-n-s\m-cm-apJw, t]Pv25epw ImWmw.)
tXmn-bXv t]mse Jp-B hymJym\w
A Akvl bpWn-th-gvkn-n-bse ico-Av tImtfPv s{]m^-k-dmb tUm:apl-Zv
lpssk Zl_n ]d-bp-p.
kzw A`n-{]m-b- BZyw X^vko-dn tcJ--Spnbti-jta Atlw ap X^vko-dpI ]cn-tim-[n-m-sdmp shv Atl-s ]e injy-mcpw \tmSv ]d-n-p-v. ap^-kndp-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b- Xs kzm[o-\npsav `b-s--mWs{X Cs\ sNbvXXv. JpB\n \nv Hcp [mc-W-e-`n-m Atlw BZyw AXv tcJ-s-Sp-nb tijsa aph ]cnti-[nncp-p-p. AXv ktm-j-tmsS Xpdv ]d-bm\pw At-l-n\v aSn-bp-m-bn-cp-n-.
(A--^vkodp h ap^kn-dq 2/177)
hnNn{X hymJy-m\-
apl-Zv A_vZp-hns\ ]np-Sv hnNn{X hymJym-\--fmWv dioZv cnf Xs X^vko-dp a\m-dneqsS ]pdv hn-Xv. BZw (A) \v ae-p-I kpPoZv sNbvX kw`-hw(-hn.Jp 2:34) A_vZp-

hns\tmse a\p-jy-{]-IrXnbpsS hnhn[ Ah--I-fm-sWv ]dv ae-p-Isf \ntj-[n-m

{ian-p.
alm-]m-]- sNp hniym-kn-I imiz-X-amb \c-K-n-em-sWv hn.-Jp.2:178 Bbv
hni-Zo-I-cnv {]m-h-\-bn-d-n. Jp-B-\nse 2:178 se in-map-d-I {]m_ey-n CmXmsWpw hmZn-p.
hn Jp. 17.59 hymJym-\nv sImv {]hm-N-I\v Jp-B HgnsI bmsXmcp apAv-Pn-kpw Dmbn-n-sv hmZn-p.
N{ ]nf kw`hw (_p-Jmcn dtmv sNbvX-Xv)-bp-nv Dsm-m km[y-asv ]dv \ntj-[n-p.
A a\m
1893 A^vK-\n Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw A_vZphpw cnfbpw sImp-\-S-p-Ibpw sNbvX {]kn-oI-c-W-amWv aP-p A a\m dioZv cnf-bpsS ac-W-tmsS 1935 CXv \ne-p.
Cy-bn \nv A a\mdn Fgp-Xn-bncp- {][m\ hyn-I A_vZp Iemw
BkmZpw hw aue-hn-bp-am-bn-cp-p.
tIc-f-n A a\m-dns kzm[o\w
dioZv cnf-bpsS Aa-\m-dm-bn-cp-p tIc-f-n aX \ho-I-c-W-n\v Bw IqpIbpw
hw A_vZp JmZ aue-hn(1873-1932)sb {]tNm-Zn-n-pIbpw sbvX-Xv. hlm_n t\Xm-hmbn-cp koXn kmln_v Fgp-Xp-p:-kp-{]-kn aX-]-n-X-\m-bn-cp dioZv cnf-bpsS ]{X-[n-]Xy-n- \S-n-cp A a\m-dns Hcp hmb-\-m-c-\m-bn-cp-p hw aue-hn- km-ln_v
knZv Pam-ep-o A^vK\n, CuPn-]vXnse ap^vXn-bm-bn-cp ssiJv apl-Zv A_vZp,
kZv dioZv cnf apX-emb kn-X-m-cpsS \mb-I-Xz-n ]ptcm-K-anp sImn-cp Ckvemln
{]m-\-ns tIc-f-n-se {]Ym\ {]t_m-[-I auehn kmln_v Bbn-cp-p. hfsc apv
apX Xs A a\m-dns Hcp hmb-\-m-c\pw Hcp apkven-lp-am-bn-cp-p ]tc-X-\mb FSh Ad- apl-Zv kmln_v (A a\m 1995 Pq)
tIcf apkvenw \thm-m-\-n kzm[o\w sNep-nb cv ]{X- dioZv cnf-bsS
A a\mdpw Cw-n \npw {]kn-o-I-cn Ckvem-anI dnhyqhpw. hw auehn Aa-\m
hmb-\-m-c-\m-bn-cp-p. A-t-l-n\v tijw ]pd-n-d-nb A ainZv Ad-_n--a-e-bmfw
amkn-Ipw A a\m {]tNm-Z\ tI{-am-bn-cp-p. A apin-Zns ]nKm-an-bmbn ae-bmf
en]n-bn-en-d-nb ]{Xw kzoI-cn t]cv A a\m Bbn-cpp Fpw ChnsS kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.(tI-cf apnw \thm-m\ Ncn{Xw {]t_m-[\w kvs]j t]:42. Adp-]Xmw hmjnI ]Xn-v.)
tIc-f-ns _w CuPn-]vXp-am-bn.
\PvZn hlm_v sImp-h {]m-\-hp-ambn tIc-fnb h_m-_n-Iv t\cv _n-an-.
hlm-_n-ks ]cn-jvI-cn-p-Ibpw AXncv hn \ho\ hmZ--fp-ambn ISv h CuPn-]vXnse
Nmc-m-tcm-SmWv tIc-f-b-h-lm-_nk _w.

Fw.F kpan Fgp-Xp-p. A_vZp hlm-_ns ]cn-jvm-\-c-sf ap-Iw {]iwkn-p-tm Xs Htsd ]nj-b-fn ssiJn-sbpw A\p-P-m-cp-sS-bpw-ho--W-sf
Xn-]-d-tbn hnpv.A-h kpn-I-fmbn A\p-jvSn-p Nne Imcy- apPm-ln-Zp-I-fmb
\mw _nZv-A-mbn A\p-jvSn-p-p-v.-sh-n-bm-gvN-bnse c _mv, s]cp-mfns cv
JpXv_ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. (K^v ke-^n-khpw apPm-lnZv {]m-\-hpw. t]:15)
apPm-ln-Zns ]ndhn CuPn]vXn \nv.
Fw.F kpan hy-am-p-p. K^v ke-^n-I-fpambn \mw ASp Ime-mWv _-sSpXv. K^n FW-ap-m-hp-Ibpw CkvemanI {]t_m-[\ {]h-\-fpambn Ah
cwKv hcn-Ibpw sNbvXXv apX-emWv AXm-cw-`n--Xv.-A--s\-bmWv \s-Ip-dnv ke-^n-I
Fv hnti-jn-n-p-Xv hym]-I-am-b-Xv. apl-Zv _n\p A_vZp hlm-_n\v tijw At-lns Bi-b-sf {]N-cn-n-p ]cn-jvIm-sf \ap--dn-p-Iq-S. Ah-cpsS {Kfpw cN-\-Ifpw \mw hmbn-n-n-. \psS tImtf-Pp-I-fntem aX ]mT ime-I-fntem Ah ]Tn-np-n-. K^v ke-^n-I-fpsS \mb-I-m-cp-am-bp \psS Cu AIbpw CuPn-]vXnse
\thm-m\ {]m-\--fp-ambpw Ahn-Ss ]nXcpsS {K--fp-am-bp \psS
_hpw K^v ke-^n-IfpsS ]e-ho--W--tfmSpw hntbm-Pn-m \t t{]cn-np. Nnv
_m[ AXn\p NnIn, knlvdv {]Xn-hn-[n.-shw a{-q-X kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-lnI
{]h\ \ntj[w XpS-n-b-h-sbmw CXn\v DZm-l-c-W--fm-Wv( ibid 29)
sFIykwLw (1922-1934)
sImSp--q-cn-ep {]amWn IpSpw-_--fn kzv X kzm`m-hnI ambn-cpp.AXv Xom thn Ahn-sS-bp {]am-Wn-am Dm-n-b-XmWv sFIy-kw-Lw.
k-nZv k\m-Dm an X (a.1912)-Nm-en-e-Iv Ip-l--ZvlmPn (a:1919) ssiJv la-Zm\n
X (a:1922)hw apl-Zv A_vZp JmZ aue-hn(a:1932) XpS-nbhcpsS {]_{]-kw-K-fn \nv {]tem-`n-X-cmbn aW-mv Ip-ap-l--Zm-Pn,-sI.Fw aue-hn, C.sI aue-hn, Fw.kn.kn A_vZp-dlv amau-e-hn, sIm-]p-dv koXn apl--Zv, sI.Fw koXn kmln_v apX-em-bh-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-n sImSp-q tI{-amn 1922-emWv sFIy-kwLw Bcw`w Ipdn-p--Xv.
]W-m-cpsS {]iv\- Gsd ]cn-l-cn--s--tm tIcf apkvenw sFIy-kwLw F
t]mcn XpSn. hw A_vZp JmZ aue-hn-bmWv tXXrXzw \In-b-Xv.
A^vK\n XpS-nb CuPn-]vXnse Cmkvem-anI ]cn-jvI-cW {]m\ Nn-I-cpsS
kzm[o\w Ch-bn ImWmw ssiJv apl-Zv la-Zm\n X-fmWv sFIy-kwL cq]o-I-cW tbmKn A[y-X hln--Xv.
hoW sshI-ey-
a\p-jy\v N{-\n Imep-Ip-m-\mhpw Fv ]d--Xn\v kn.-F Al-Zv aue-hnsb
`n {]m-\-amWv sFIy-kwLw. 1959 emWv A a\m-dn Cu D-S--n Hcp teJ-\-

sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv. tijw 10 sImw Ignv 1969 Ata-cn--m-c-\mb \o Bwkvt{Smv N{\n Imev Ipn-b-Xv.
{]`p IpSpw-_-ns ]nWw Xom\mWv AXns BZy-cq-]-amb \njv] kwLw
ssiJv la-Zm\n X-fpsS A[y--X-bnepw hw aue-hn-bpsS Iman-I-Xz-n-ep-ambn cq]w
sIm-Xv. ]noSv ]eni le-emn.(sI.-Fw. aue-hn-bpsS loe-p-cn_ t\mp-I) aXn-e-Iv
_mv m]np apl-Zv A_vZp-dlv am A Aao-\n-eqsS i-ambn B-Sn--Xns ^eambn _mv am{X-a sFIy kwLhpw ]qn. Av ]qn-sb-nepw cq]-amn apnw aPvenkv Dmp-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
1950 emWv CXns Hcp ssIh-gn-bmbn tIcf \Zvh-p apPm-ln-Zo cq]-s-Sp--Xv.
aueoZv kwL-S\m Xe-n.
BZy-L---fn kwL-S\m Xe-n Xs auen-Zm-tLmjw \nh-ln--h-cm-bn-cp-p. hlm-_nI A CimZv Xs Fgp-Xp-p.
Cu k`-n cv sIm-ambn apnw sFIy-kw-L-ns B`n-ap-Jyn \Sv hcmdp aueo-Zm-tLmjw Cu {]mh-iyhpw d_o-D A-en 12-mw XnbXn `wKn-bmbn Ign-vIq-n-Fp hnhcw R hmb-\-msc ktm-j-hqw Adn-bnv sImp-p. A-a-d-nbmsX
Iptd Ad_n hmIy- hmbn-mte aueoZv ico-s-Sp-Isbmp shv icn-sh-p-hpw
\ockw tXmm-Xn-cn----hw Ad-_n-bn aueoZv HmXphm\pw Iptd kabw hn\n-tbm-Knm-Xn-cp-n. tbmK-n Zqtc-\nv Fnthpw Am--hpw Hcp hncpv
\Ip-I-bp-m-bn.(-A Cim-Zv 1343--d-_n-D A t]:158)
C.sI auehn aueo-Zm-tLmjw AwKo-I-cn-p-p.
hlm_n {]m-\-ns BZy-Ime t\Xm--fn ]epw auen-Zm-tLmjtmSv
FXnn-m-bn-cp-p.-h-lm_n {]kn-o-I-c-W-amb A apinZv Ad_n ae-bmf amkn-Ibn(ln:1355)-\-_n-Z-\m-tLm-js Ipdnv C.sI auehn Fgp-Xpp: apnw temIs BIam\w B\--km-K-c-n Bd-Sn-p d_o-D Aamkw CXm BK-X-am-cn-p-p. d_o-D
A amk-ns BK-a\w temI-n\v A\p-{K-l-ambn Ah-XoW-amb apl-Zv \_n(-k)bpsS P\-\-s-bmWv A\p-kva-cn-p--Xv.
hlm_n thjw Ckveman-I-a-sv hlm_n Ncn-{X-Im-c
hlm_n thj-hn-Xm-\- Ckvem-an-I- kw-kvImc-a-sv sI.Fw aue-hn-bpsS thjs
hnh-cn hlm_n Ncn-{X-Imc sI.sI A_vZp Icow; sI Fw auehn Poh-N-cn-{X-n hyam-p-Xv ImWp-I:
\n P:sI.Fw auehn kmln-_nsbpw apw thj-s-Ip-dnv Nnn-p-t\m-pI.sXmnbpw Xe-mhpw km[m-cW [cn--cp-p. ]pd-p-t]m-Ip-tm- H-cp-tImpw tXmfn
Hcp-X-hpw In Dup-h-Snbpw ]gb IpS-bp-am-bn-cnpw. hw aue-hnbpw Fw.-kn.-knbpw hSn

D]-tbm-Kn-n-sv am{Xw. sI.Fw auh-env kam-\-amb Ckvem-an-I-th-j-n Xs Ah

Pohn-p-Ibpw acn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
B[p\nI Ckvemln {]h-I-m-cp-sSbpw ]n-X-m-cn s Nne-cp-sSbpw thj-hn[m-\-- CkvemanI kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn s]mcp--s-Sp-n-sXv ZpxJ-k-Xy--am-Wv. XmSn \oepw Xe-a-d-epw ]gb Ad_n kwkvIm-c-am-sWpw AXv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS h ]mc--cym-Nm-cam-sWpw Nne AXym-[p-\n-I-m hmZn-p-p. Ccw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb AXnh-cv AXnew-Ln-p--Xp-amb A`n-{]m-b-fpw AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb Ifp-amWv k \mi-pw
ImcWw. AXn-\m Ckvem-anI A[ym-]-\--fn Hp-t]mepw Ah-K-Wn-m-Xn-cn-m
Ckvemln {]h-I-mcpw bph ]n-X-mcpw {in-Ww.(-sI.Fw auehn Poh Ncn{Xw
sI.sI A_vZp Icow t]:150-151)