Tr tu nhn to (Articial Intelligence)

Biu din tri thc

(Knowledge Representation)
Feb 2009 Phm Bo Sn 1

Gii thiu
cho my tnh c th gii quyt mt vn , my tnh cn phi bit cch biu din v m t cc vn . Phn ny s tp trung vo vic tho lun mt s cch biu din tri thc

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

Nhu cu
Cch thc my tnh biu din mt vn , cc thao tc c th x l vn c th to ra s khc bit gia mt thut ton hiu qu v mt thut ton khng hot ng

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

V d
Bn nh ri mt chm cha kha trn sn bng, cn phi lp trnh cho robot i tm Robot c kh nng di chuyn v tm trong mt vung nh xem c cha kha khng Bn s gip robot m t bi ton nh th no?
Feb 2009 Phm Bo Sn 4

V d
Cch tt nht c l l s dng mt li cc vung nh m t sn bng Lu tr thm thng tin v khu vc ca bn c mt trn sn bng nu bn ch quanh qun bn na sn bng bn ny, sao li bt robot tm c na sn bn kia!

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

Mt s cch biu din

Mng ng ngha (Semantic Nets) Quan h tha k (Inheritance) Cu trc khung (Frames) Lp trnh hng i tng (OOP) Khng gian tm kim (Search Space)

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

Mng ng ngha
Thng c dng biu din trong TTNT Mng ng ngha:
L mt th gm cc nt c ni vi nhau bi cc cung Cc nt biu din cc i tng Cc cung biu din mi quan h gia cc i tng
Feb 2009 Phm Bo Sn 7

Mng ng ngha ()
Chut l Jerry ung
Feb 2009

Tom

l ung Mo

ui

Sa
Phm Bo Sn 8

Mng ng ngha ()
a ra cch biu din tri thc rt trc gic v cc i tng v mi quan h gia chng Trong mng ng ngha, c nhng i tng c th (v d: Tom v Jerry), c nhng i tng i din cho mt lp (v d: Mo v Chut)

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

Mng ng ngha ()
u im:
Biu din ngha ca th gii thc rt tt

Mng tri thc c nhng nhc im:

Khng th biu din php ph nh Tom khng phi l chut

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

10

Quan h tha k
Quan h tha k rt c tc dng trong TTNT v trong lp trnh Cho php cc i tng tha k nhng thuc tnh ca lp trn Ging khi nim trong lp trnh hng i tng

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

11

Cu trc khung
Biu din kiu khung c pht trin trn li ng ngha v cho php quan h tha k H thng khung bao gm mt tp hp cc khung c ni vi nhau bi cc quan h. Mi khung c th l mt khung thc th (instance frame) hoc mt lp (class frame) Mi khung c mt hay nhiu khe (slot) c th gn gi tr. Cc gi tr ny chnh l cc mi quan h to ra mng li.
Feb 2009 Phm Bo Sn 12

Cu trc khung ()
V d
Tn khung: Tom
Khe L (is a) ui Mo Jerry Gi tr

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

13

Cu trc khung ()
Cc loi quan h L (is a) quan h tng qut ha (generalization) tha k C (have a) quan h kt tp (aggregation) V cc quan h cn li quan h kt hp (association)

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

14

Cu trc khung ()
u im Tt c cc thng tin v mt i tng lu ti mt ch Trong cc cu trc khc, thng tin v mt i tng c th nm ri rc nhiu ni (v d: h lut rule based system)

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

15

Cu trc khung ()
Tha hng
Ging khi nim trong lp trnh hng i tng, cc khung tha hng c nhng mi quan h (thuc tnh) t khung m C th pht trin thm khi nim lp con (sub-class) m ch tha hng mt s thuc tnh ca lp m, mt s thuc tnh c th c gi tr mc nh, v c th thay i lp con V d: Lp ng vt, gi tr mc nh cho s chn l 4, G l mt lp con ca lp ng vt, nhng s chn l 2
Feb 2009 Phm Bo Sn 16

Cu trc khung ()
Khe (slot) Khe c th c m rng c nhng iu kin i vi gi tr ca n C th c m rng c thm gi tr ngc: v d: ui v b ui C th m rng c nhiu gi tr, v d: n cm, tht, c

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

17

Cu trc khung ()
a tha k Mt khung c th tha k nhiu khung khc C th c mu thun trong nhng thuc tnh tha k c

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

18

Lp trnh hng i tng (OOP)

OOP cng c c s dng biu din tri thc Mt cch biu din cu trc khung hiu qu

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

19

Khng gian tm kim

Rt nhiu vn trong TTNT c th c biu din bng khng gian tm kim Mt khng gian tm kim bao gm cc trng thi, kt ni vi nhau bng cc hnh ng T mt trng thi, mt hnh ng c th chuyn trng thi sang mt trng thi khc

Feb 2009

Phm Bo Sn

20

Khng gian tm kim ()

V d

i, khng c tin n trm thc n Ht i, vo t

i lm

i, c tin

Mua thc n

Ht i
Phm Bo Sn 21

Feb 2009

Tm tt
Vn u tin v rt quan trng trong TTNT Biu din tri thc Chn hnh thc biu din tri thc ph hp c th to nn s khc bit ln Mt s hnh thc biu din tri thc: Mng ng ngha, Cu trc khung, khng gian tm kim Xa hn na: biu din bng logic, mng nron
Feb 2009 Phm Bo Sn 22