Calculo Volume 1 - IME UERJ

"!
"Por favor, poderia me dizer que caminho devo seguir agora?

Isso depende bastante de at onde voc quer chegar."
Lewis Carrol - Alice no Pas das Maravilhas
Atravs dos sculos a Matemtica tem sido a mais poderosa e efetiva ferramenta para a compreenso das leis que regem a Natureza e o Universo.
Os tpicos introdutrios que apresentamos neste livro originaram-se, inicialmente, dos problemas prticos que surgiram no dia a dia e que continuaram
impulsionados pela curiosidade humana de entender e explicar os fennemos
que regem a natureza.
Historicamente, o Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel estuda dois tipos de problemas: os associados noo de derivada, antigamente chamados
de tangncias e os problemas de integrao, antigamente chamados de quadraturas. Os relativos derivao envolvem variaes ou mudanas, como
por exemplo, a extenso de uma epidemia, os comportamentos econmicos
ou a propagao de poluentes na atmosfera, dentre outros. Como exemplos
de problemas relacionados integrao destacam-se o clculo da reas de regies delimitadas por curvas, do volume de slidos e do trabalho realizado
por uma partcula.
Grande parte do Clculo Diferencial e Integral foi desenvolvida no sculo XVIII por Isaac Newton para estudar problemas de Fsica e Astronomia. Aproximadamente na mesma poca, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, independentemente
de Newton, tambm desenvolveu considervel parte do assunto. Devemos a
Newton e Leibniz o estabelecimento da estreita relao entre derivada e integral por meio de um teorema fundamental. As notaes sugeridas por Leibniz
so as universalmente usadas.
O principal objetivo do livro foi apresentar os primeiros passos do Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel com simplicidade, atravs de exemplos,
mas sem descuidar do aspecto formal da disciplina, dando nfase interpretao geomtrica e intuitiva dos contedos.
O livro inclui a maioria da teoria bsica, assim como exemplos aplicados e
problemas. As provas muito tcnicas ou os teoremas mais sofisticados que
no foram provados no apndice, foram ilustrados atravs de exemplos, aplicaes e indicaes bibliogrficas adequadas e esto incluidos como referncia
ou leitura adicional para os leitores interessados.
Os conceitos centrais do Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel so relativamente profundos e no se espera que possam ser assimilados de uma s
ii
vez. Neste nvel, o importante que o leitor desenvolva a habilidade de calcular e adquira a compreenso intuitiva dos problemas. As expresses do tipo "
facil ver"ou semelhantes, que aparecem no texto, no devem ser encaradas de
forma literal e tem o propsito de dar um aviso ao leitor de que naquele lugar
a apresentao resumida e os detalhes, perfeitamente acessveis, devero ser
preenchidos.
Esperamos que o livro permita ao leitor um acesso rpido e agradvel ao Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel.
No podemos deixar de recomendar aos alunos a utilizao, criteriosa, dos
softwares de Clculo existente no mercado, pois eles so um complemento til
ao aprendizado da disciplina.
Desejamos agradecer aos nossos colegas do Departamento de Anlise e do
IME-UERJ que, de algum modo, nos motivaram e deram condies para escrever estas notas e Sra. Sonia M. Alves pela digitao. O texto foi digitado
utlizando Amstex e a maioria dos desenhos foram feitos utilizando o software
Mathematica. Certamente, todos os erros so exclusivamente de responsabilidade dos autores.
Mauricio A. Vilches- Maria Luiza Correa

Rio de Janeiro
iii
Copyright by Mauricio A. Vilches

Todos os direitos reservados
Proibida a reproduo parcial ou total
iv
Contedo
1 Introduo
1.1 Desiguldades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Intervalos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Valor Absoluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Distncia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Plano Coordenado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Equao da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 Equao Geral da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 Equao Reduzida da Reta . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3 Paralelismo e Perpendicularismo de Retas
1.7 Equao das Cnicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 Trigonometria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
1
1
4
5
5
8
8
9
10
11
15
20
2 Funes de uma Varivel Real

2.1 Definies e Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Grficos de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Exemplos de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Funo Modular ou Valor Absoluto . .
2.3.2 Funes Polinomiais . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 Funes Pares e mpares . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Interseo de Grficos . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 gebra de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 Funes Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Composta de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Inversa de uma Funo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.1 Mtodo para Determinar a Inversa . . .
2.8 Funo Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.1 Crescimento e Decaimento Exponencial
2.8.2 Funo Logstica . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Funo Logartmica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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25
25
33
39
39
40
47
49
51
53
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57
58
62
65
66
67
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CONTEDO
vi
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69
72
72
73
74
80
80
81
82
83
85
88
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95
95
95
102
106
109
113
114
117
121
126
130
4 Derivada
4.1 Reta Tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Funes Derivveis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Regras de Derivao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Derivada da Funo Composta . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Derivada da Funo Exponencial . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 Derivada da Funo Logartmica . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3 Derivada das Funes Trigonomtricas . . . . .
4.4.4 Derivada das Funes Trigonomtricas Inversas
4.4.5 Derivada das Funes Hiperblicas . . . . . . .
4.5 Derivao Implcita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Clculo da Derivada de uma Funo Implcita .
4.6 Famlias de Curvas Ortogonais . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Derivadas de Ordem Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Aproximao Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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139
139
143
149
151
154
156
159
161
162
165
165
170
172
175
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.9.1 Desintegrao Radioativa . . . . . . . . . . . .

Funes Trigonomtricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.1 Funo Seno e Co-seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.2 Funo Tangente e Secante . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.3 Funo Co-tangente e Co-secante . . . . . . . .
Funes Trigonomtricas Inversas . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.1 Funo Arco seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.2 Funo Arco co-seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.3 Funo Arco tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.4 Funo Arco secante, co-tangente e co-secante
Funes Hiperblicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Limite e Continuidade de uma Funo

3.1 Limites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Definies e Exemplos . . . . . .
3.1.2 Limites Laterais . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 Limites no Infinito . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 Limites Infinitos . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.5 Smbolos de Inderminao . . .
3.1.6 Limites Fundamentais . . . . . .
3.1.7 Assntotas . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Continuidade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Teorema do Valor Intermedirio
3.3 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CONTEDO
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
Velocidade e Acelerao . . . . . . . .
A Derivada como Taxa de Variao . .
Exerccios I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variao de Funes . . . . . . . . . .
Funes Montonas . . . . . . . . . . .
Determinao de Mximos e Mnimos
Concavidade e Pontos de Inflexo . .
Esboco do Grfico de Funes . . . . .
Problemas de Otimizao . . . . . . .
Teorema de LHpital . . . . . . . . . .
Exerccios II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
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178
181
186
194
200
204
209
213
221
231
239
5 Integrao Indefinida
5.1 Definies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Mtodos de Integrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Mtodo de Substituio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Integrais que Envolvem Produtos e Potncias de Funes
Trigonomtricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 Integrao Por Partes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Substituio Trigonomtrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 Integrao de Funes Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6 Tangente do ngulo Mdio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Aplicaes da Integral Indefinida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Obteno de Famlias de Curvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 Outras Aplicaes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
246
250
250
253
254
257
262
271
272
272
273
276
6 Integrao Definida
6.1 Introduo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Definio e Clculo da Integral Definida .
6.2.1 Teorema Fundamental do Clculo
6.3 Contruo de Primitivas . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Aplicaes da Integral Definida . . . . . .
6.4.1 Acelerao, velocidade e posio .
6.5 Clculo de reas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Volume de Slidos de Revoluo . . . . .
6.6.1 Clculo do Volume do Slidos . .
6.6.2 Outros Eixos de Revoluo . . . .
6.6.3 Mtodos das Arruelas . . . . . . .
6.7 Comprimento de Arco . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 Logaritmo Natural . . . . . . . . . . . . .
282
282
288
290
297
300
300
303
319
321
327
330
334
337
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CONTEDO
viii
6.8.1 Logaritmo Natural como rea . . . . . . . .
6.9 Trabalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10 Integrais Imprprias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10.1 Integrais Definidas em Intervalos Ilimitados
6.10.2 Integrais de Funes Descontnuas . . . . . .
6.11 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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338
339
341
341
348
353
7 Exerccios Resolvidos
365
8 Apndice
401
9 Respostas
411
10 Bibliografia
429

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"Por favor, poderia me dizer que caminho devo seguir agora?

Mauricio A. Vilches- Maria Luiza Correa

Copyright by Mauricio A. Vilches

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