LEGION XIII GEMINA AND ALBURNUS MAIOR

Alburnus Maior enjoys a special place in the literature of the field, due to some exceptional findings, and many aspects concerning mine galleries, worship sites, habitat elements or necropolises are very well known. However, in the absence of relevant archeological and epigraphycal findings, data regarding the defence of the area are scarce, and this is why the subject is only tangentially mentioned in the specialised studies. Suppositions about the defence system in the gold-digging area, created by the two Dacian legions, had as their main argument the settling of the troops in its immediate proximity1. Further uncoverings confirmed only forces pertaining to the apulense legion. Christescu claims the presence of the Alburnus Maior detachement, as marked on two wax plates, from May the 14th 142 to October the 4th 160. The text on the plates containing the anthroponimes of the soldiers of the legion reffers not to the detachments settled at Alburnus Maior, but to the witnesses of comercial transactions made both in the mining area and in the canabae of the Apulum legion2. These documents, however, offer no clue about the actual presence of militaries or of detachments of Legion XIII Gemina at Alburnus Maior, and no mentioning of soldiers or of consular beneficiaries appeared until the discovery of the sacred area of Hbad-Brdoaia. Placed in the central part of Roia Montan, Carpeni Hill has been one of the most examined sites3. The existence of a roman fortification was already being assumed4. Interesting notifications of archeological sites speak about the central area of the platform, known as Bisericu (Little Church). Although the local discoveries have been frequently acknowledged in the literature of the field, information is rather vague. Elements of a building with hypocaust installation have been briefly mentioned several times. More often than not, the tegular findings have been connected to the presence of Legion XIII Gemina at Alburnus Maior, with no stamped items being known5. The mentioning of a k(astellum)6 on a roman inscription found at Roia Montan is sometimes
Christescu 1929, p. 23-24, note 1. Moga 1985, p. 57; Wollmann, 1996, p. 74-75. 3 About the archeological findings in the area, see: IDR III/3, p. 383, 388-390, 393, 398400, 402, 403, 409, 426; Alba Repertorium, 160 nr. 4; 161 nr. 20. 4 Moga 1985, p. 57; IDR III/3, p. 383. 5 Wollmann 1979, 197 (he only notices bricks found in Carpeni area.) 6 IDR III/3, 388 = AE 1944, 24.
2 1

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Legion XIII Gemina and Alburnus Maior

interpreted as reffering to a roman fortification7. The inscription belongs to a group uncovered between the two World Wars on the property of t. Szekely. The published version of the finding describes the property as belonging to Carpeni Hill, toward Valea Nanului, 8 but recent identifications locate it on a hill toward South of Carpeni 9. The first discovery of a stamp belonging to Legion XIII Gemina was in 1986. In an extremely elliptical note, with no indication of the exact place where the tests were made, Wollman notifies the disclosure of a stamp belonging to Legion XIII Gemina: In S II (17.07.1986), in a compact layer of crumbled rocks and tiles at 0,40 m [deep]10. However, the first connection between this finding and its exact site has been published much later11. Another area relevant for our study is Kapolna. An ancient settlement (kastellum? vicus?) or fortification (castrum, castellum, burgus), supposedly built for army camp, was indicated here12. Until now, the only roman fortification acknowledged in the region of Roia Montan is Abrud (Ceteaua Point) 13. Recent archeological research at Carpeni Hill revealed some elements of habitat, including households, two groups of burrial places 14 in the North-West (fig. 1.1.) and two dwellings with hypocaust installation, E 215 in the Central area (fig. 1.2) and E 116 in the South-East (fig. 1.3.). Previous notes indicate

Christescu 1937, p. 117. For the current interpretation, widely accepted, see Daicoviciu 1961, p. 302-303, nr. 3. 8 Daicoviciu 1940, p. 299-300; Daicoviciu 1961, p. 51-60; Russu 1959, p. 884 nr. 21; Russu 1965, p. 69-70. The same in IDR III/3, p. 388, 398-400, 403, 409. 9 Crciun, Sion, Iosipescu, Iosipescu 2003, p. 255. 10 Wollmann 1985-1986, p. 295, note 80. See also Wollmann 1996, p. 74; Sntimbreanu 1989, p. 20. The samples have been discovered during our diggings in the area that led to the idenfication and partial research of E 2 building. For the outcome of the 2001 research, see entea, Voiian 2003, p. 447-67. 11 Moga, 2001, p. 99. 12 Wollmann 1996, p. 72; Crciun, Moga 2003, p. 40. 13 Moga, Mesaroiu 1981, p. 141-9. 14 Rusu-Bolinde, Roman, Bota, Isac, Paki, Marcu, Bodea 2003, p. 387-431. 15 entea, Voiian 2003, p. 447-467. 16 Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 433-446.

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findings that can be placed on the Northern17 and Southern18 slope of the hill, on Bdu private property and nearby present football stadium 19. Both chronological and functional connections between the three locations mentioned above are very difficult to configurate. Problems are due to the fact that, on one hand we dont have data regarding the road system in the area, and on the other hand the soil structure on the Eastern side of the hill has been alltered by the accumulations of sterile produced by the modern exploitation of the mines, which influenced both field research and the evaluation of results. We can speak of a connection between the E 1 and E 2 dwellings, because both of them have hypocaust installations, made of tegular material stamped with the mark of Legion XIII Gemina. The construction technique is similar, too (walls bound with mortar and plastered up). A certain sincronicity of the buildings (at least partial) can be assumed, although their function span is different. The E 1 building was made in a single step, with no major repairs. Counting the average life-span of a hypocaust installation (up to 25-30 years) and the possibility of some minor repairs, we can conclude that the building was in use only for a short time. Still, in the case of the E 2 building, we can see different phases and improvements which indicate a much longer utilization. It must be remainded that two identical types of stamps can be found in the tegular material of both dwellings. An important ammount of bricks20 has been uncovered in the two buildings (tegulae and tegulae mammatae, more seldom imbrices or tubuli). Off all the stamped tegular material relevant for our study, only small fragments remained. This is the reason why the excavated material was only partially classified (only when the thickness of each item could be determined !). The analysed materials were discovered in the crumbled layers, therefore we cannot get additional information regarding the chronological determination of these

17 Two small fragments of the upper part of a votive altar (?) and a fragmented columnspindle have been found on Bdu private property, on a small hillock of an almost rectangular shape, placed at the upper edge of the Northern slope. This location corresponds to the description of the site where another fragment of column has been found, on which the patron of a collegium is propably mentioned (IDR III/3, p. 426). Therefore, it is very likely that the site corresponds to a colledge or some other worship place of a corporative association. 18 In the area of the mine Ferdinand: IDR III/3, p. 383, 389, 393, 402. 19 An altar dedicated to Jupiter has been identified during the construction of the present stadium - IDR III/3, p. 391. Many fragments of roman tegular material can be seen on the NorthWestern slope, above the football stadium. 20 Also Bipedales, sesquipedales and bessales of intermediary dimensions. For a more detailed account, see also Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 434-435; entea, Voiian 2003, p. 449450.

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types of stamps21. They can be classified in the following cattegories: LEG XIII (nr. 7), LEG XIII G (nr. 1-3, 5, 6, 8) and LEG XIII GE (nr. 4)22. A particular fragment of brick stamped with P Clo and with the name of the legion deserves special attention. Analogies of this combination of stamps were found in Apulum, in the area of the governers pretorium, marked on 3 roof tiles23. If letters P, C and L would have had the same dimenssions and would have been equidistant, then the stamp would have undoubtedly represented an abreviation for tria nomina, which is currently the case with private stamps. In these circumstances, a possibility of completion could be P(ublius?) C(---) Lo(lianus?). Equally probable seems the alternative of the name of the figulus being made only of nomen and cognomen: P(aetius?) CLO(dianus?). Near this stamp there is the one of Legion XIII Gemina (only XII remained), which probably belongs to the LEG XIII GE model, according to the apulensian type24. Of all the legions settled here, Legion XIII Gemina had the strongest link with the history of Roman Dacia25. This military unit was involved in the two wars and remained here during the whole roman occupation of the teritory. The vexillations of this legion had their contribution to the construction of castrae and roads in the Dacian province. The earliest stamps, identified both at Apulum and inside the province, belong to the LEG XIII GEM (GE, G) type and can be dated mostly from the beggining of the II century A.D.26 Beside the tegular material found at Apulum (which in fact is the reference point of our analogies), the items marked with this type of stamp and found inside the province are also relevant. As an analogy, I shall mention only the findings which belong to the earlier type of stamps, namely, those coming from castrae:27 Bulci28, Aradul Nou29, Cenad30, Mehadia31, Porolissum32, Boia33, Slveni34.

An in situ item dating from the second phase of the E 2 edifice has been identified during the 2002 diggings. The typological dating of these artifacts per se can be nothing more than a clue for the dating of E 1 and E 2 edifices.. 22 At Apulum, the stamps belonging to the P CLO type have been associated with the LEG XIII GE stamp; cf. IDR III/6, p. 85. 23 IDR III/6, p. 85 = Blu 1997, p. 142 nr. VII = Blu 2000, p. 371. 24 Claudia Blu preffers tria nomina P C Lo or Publius Cl--- O---, conssidering that we deal with a possible collaboration between private figlinae and apulensian military lateria, due to some necesity periods. 25 Ritterling 1716. 26 Szilgyi 1946, p. 42-44, pl. III-IV; Moga 1985, p. 51; Blu 1997, p. 135; Piso 2000, p. 221. 27 Strobel conssidered that between the two wars the legion was settled in a hypothetical castrum at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (Strobel 1984, p. 95-6, 201-2). According to I. Piso, the origin of these stamped bricks is not Sarmisegetusa, but probably Micia (Piso 1993, p. 2 nota 8, Piso 2000, p. 220).

21

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Tegular stamps of the LEG XIII GEM35 type are known at Ampelum, but not at Alburnus Maior. Stamps nr. 2, 5, 6, identified both in E 1 and in E 2, have their correspondence in Pannonia, at Vindobona36 and cs37. Therefore, the dating of these items is very early. 38 Stamps of LEG XIII and L XIII type were also noticed at Poetovio39. We can conclude that, from the typological point of view, the stamps discovered until now in E 1 and E 2 edifices belong to the first half of the II century A.D. This fact is also confirmed by the archeological contexts in which they were found. The presence of tegular material marked with the stamps of Legion XIII Gemina indicates the settling of one (or more) vexilation(s) of the legion in the Alburnus Maior area, at least during the construction of some edifices on Carpeni Hill and its proximity. In this sense, important assessments will be made after the final mineralogical examination of the tegular material. Based on these results, the source of the raw material and of the antilubricant used in the production of the building material will be determined40.
In two of the castrae, there have been found inscriptions which certify that they were built at the beggining of the province, by vexillations of Legion XIII Gemina. However, no tegular material stamped with the marks of the legion was noticed in these two cases. The inscriptions only certify the construction of the wooden castrum at Tihu, by the end of the reign of Trajan (Protase 1994, p. 94-5 = AE 1994, 1484), and of the stone-made castrum at Hoghiz, dating from the time of Hadrian. (Piso 1993, p. 46 nr. 1; Piso 2000, p. 222. cf. CIL III 953 = IDR III/4, 230 = AE 1944, 42). 28 Gudea 1997, p. 23. 29 Gudea 1997, p. 23, Nr. 2, Z 2-3. Nr. 2, Z 4 tegular stamp with anthroponim. 30 Gudea 1997, p. 24 Nr. 4 Z 1-2. Nr. 4, Z 3-5 tegular stamps with anthroponim. 31 Gudea 1997, p. 31 Nr. 15, Z 5. However, it has been dated as belonging to a late roman period, cf. Gudea 1997, p. 32. 32 Gudea 1989, p. 162, 975 pl. CXVI/10-12. 33 Lupu 1961, p. 413. 34 Tudor 1974-1975, 16 fig. 13/2; Strobel 1984, 168, note 30. 35 IDR III/3, 376,1; tegular stamp with anthroponim CIL III 8065,6d = IDR III/3, 376,2. 36 Neumann 1973, T.1 (1077). 37 Lrincz 1981, p. 22 Taf. 4/3 (17/1), Taf. 4/4 (17/3). Both stamps date from the time of the Vindobona settling of the legion (Neumann 1973, T.1 (1077). Szilgyi considers that the tegulae come from Ad Mures, but there are no data to confirm the hypothesis. 38 There must be conssidered that stamps marked with anthroponimes cannot be dated exclusively from the second half of II century A.D. For instance, a stamp from Intercisa, of vindobonens type [l]eg(ionis) XIII Geminae C(ai) C(...), is dated between 92-101 A.D. (Lrincz 1979, p. 21, Taf. 7.2 (7/101). 39 Ritterling 1713; Lrincz 1981, p. 22 cf CIL III 4660 1.a, b. 40 Samples have been taken from each brick presented in the catalog of the findings (including samples from the material found in 2002). Then, the results will be compared to the ten samples of tegular material produced by the same legion at Apulum. These were extracted from items marked with the stamps of the Alburnus Maior type, thus granting the comparison of a material dating from the same chronological span. (The samples have been generously offered by

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Legion XIII Gemina and Alburnus Maior

The archeological topography of Carpeni Hill indicates the presence of some habitat elements in the Western area and also of some worship edifices (?), or colegia (?) toward the Northern (fig. 1.B)41 and Sourthern area 42. Buildings with hypocaust - E 1, E 2 - are placed in the central and in the Eastern area. The function of these edificia can be related to administrative, fiscal or some other public activities in the mining area. Further research will determine the camping of the legion troops, of which we only know by now that they were involved in building activities (at least in the first half of the II century A.D.). The military equipement found in these buildings can only serve as clue in this respect43. Another possible mark of the legion on the tegular material of Rosia Montana was found during the archeological investigations at the Hop necropolis44. In my view, the probability that an important ammount of tegular material was transported from Apulum is rather small, because this would imply a considerable effort: the access roads were not very easy45, a situation that resulted in bigger costs and lower profitability. The production of these building materials did not required sophisticated workshops, therefore it could be done locally, by specialised personnel. CATALOGUE Abreviations used in the catalogue: L = length, w = width, hl = letter`s height, tw = tabula width, th = thickness, h = height; PWRMc - Provisional

prof. V. Moga and colleags M. Drmbreanu and C. Inel, from MNUAI. We use this opportunity to express our gratitude). We have also included a sample extracted in the area of the village Lupa, Hdru point (Prul Rlii), the source of many fragments of tegular material indicating roman vestiges (bricks, tegulae i tegulate mammatae, from the collection of The Lupa Museum, nr. 1098 (previously nr. 595). See Alba Repertorium, 111 nr. 109.2). Analysis is still under way at the Mineralogy Department of Geology Faculty, Bucharest University. For some aspects concerning the relevance of these mineralogical investigations, see entea 2003. 41 See note 17. 42 Of all the four discoveries made at the Ferdinand mine, only two seem to indicate such organizations, (IDR III/3, p. 383, 402). 43 Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 436 nr.1, fig. 4/1; entea, Voiian 2003, p. 451 nr. 3, fig. 8/1; 451 nr. 4, fig. 8/2 (?). 44 Moga, Inel, Gligor, Dragot 2003, p. 205-6, 211, 224 fig. 30/2. 45 The Roman road from Apulum to Ampelum and Alburnus Maior had quite a difficult course, especially in its final section. (Wollmann 1996, p. 70-71, pl. LXVI). If there was an acces road between Alburnus Maior and the castellum of Abrud, it must had been a deviation from the Ampelum Alburnus Maior route. It is unlikely that the Roman road was between Ampelum Abrud Alburnus Maior, because the communication system was not desinged to link all the fortifications in the area. The general principle on which it was built was to make a connection between the most important settlings, using the shortest route and keeping the angle of the slope within the accepted limits.

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Warehouse Roia Montan, sector of the National History Museum of Transylvania in ClujNapoca. 1. Stamp (fragmentary), E 1, S19, secondary position; applied to roof tile (th = 2 cm). Cartridge, probably in tabula ansata inside a rectangle; hl = 2,5-2,8 cm; tw = 3,2 cm; text EG; type LEG XIII G; PWRMc no. 1 (Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 437 no. 10, p. 444 fig. 8/1). Analogies: Apulum - IDR III/6, 73. Fig. 2/1. 2. Stamp (fragmentary); E 1, S19, room B, secondary position; applied to roof tile (th = 2,5 cm); rectangular cartrige; h = 3 cm; hl = 2 2,6 cm; tw = 4 cm; text III G; type LEG XIII G; PWRMc no. 2 (Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 437 no. 11, p. 444 fig. 8/2). Analogies: Alburnus Maior No. 5, 6; Apulum IDR III/6, 35; Vindobona (Pannonia Superior) - Neumann 1973, T.1 (1077); cs (Pannonia Inferior) - Lrincz 1981, p. 22 Taf. 4/3 (17/1), Taf. 4/4 (17/3) Fig. 2/2. 3. Stamp (fragmentary); E 1, room A, secondary position, rectangular cartrige; h = 3,3 cm; hl = 2,3-2,7 cm; tw = 4,3; text XIII C; type LEG XIII C; PWRMc no. 3 (Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 437 no. 12, p. 444 fig. 8/3). Analogies: Alburnus Maior no. 8; Apulum - IDR III/6, 45 Fig. 2/3. 4. Brick (fragmentary); E 1, room A, secondary position; with two stamps: a. Stamp (fragmentary; text XII; type LEG XIII GE (?); PWRMc no. 4 (Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 437 no. 13a, p. 444 fig. 8/4a). Analogy: Apulum - IDR III/6, 8546 (?). Fig. 2/4a. b. Tabula ansata cartrige; L = 10,6 cm; w = 3,4 cm. Letters P and C are the same height (2,8 cm) and distanced from each other; letter L is smaller (2,5 cm), while the last letter, O is 1,1 cm tall; Lt = 7,3 cm; text P CLO (Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, p. 437 no. 13b, p. 444 fig. 8/4b). Analogy: IDR III/6, 303. Fig. 2/4b. 5. Stamp (fragmentary); E 2, S24, secondary position; probably applied on roof tile (th = 2,2 cm); rectangular cartrige, h = 2,5 cm, hl = 2,3 cm, tw = 6,2 cm; text G XIII G; type LEG XIII G; PWRMc no. 5 (entea, Voiian 2003, p. 452 no. 26, p. 466 fig. 15/1). Analogies: Alburnus Maior no. 2, 6; Apulum IDR III/6, 35; Vindobona (Pannonia Superior) - Neumann 1973, T.1 (1077); cs (Pannonia Inferior) - Lrincz 1981, p. 22 Taf. 4/3 (17/1), Taf. 4/4 (17/3). Fig. 3/5. 6. Stamp (fragmentary); E 2, S25, secondary position; hl = 2,4; tw = 5,2 cm; th =. 3 cm; text XIII G; type LEG XIII G; PWRMc no. 8 (entea, Voiian 2003, p. 452 no. 27, p. 466 fig. 15/2); Analogies: Alburnus Maior no. 2, 5;
In Apulum the stamp P CLO is with the type of stamp LEG XIII GE. Analogies for this type of stamps are found in Vindobona, according to Neumann 1973, T.7 (1084) with the mention that the example of the type is found in tabula ansata, with a horizontal hasta above the number XIII.
46

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Legion XIII Gemina and Alburnus Maior

Apulum - IDR III/6, 35; Vindobona (Pannonia Superior) - Neumann 1973, T.1 (1077); cs (Pannonia Inferior) - Lrincz 1981, p. 22 Taf. 4/3 (17/1), Taf. 4/4 (17/3). Fig. 3/6. 7. Stamp (fragmentary); E 2, S25; secondary position; rectangular cartrige; h = 3,4 cm, tw = 4,2 cm; text XIII; type LEG XIII; PWRMc no. 6 (entea, Voiian 2003, p. 452 no. 28, p. 466 fig. 15/3); Analogy: Apulum IDR III/6, 438. Fig. 3/7. 8. Stamp (fragmentary); E 2, S24; secondary position; rectangular cartrige; hl = 2,4-2,7 cm; tw = 5,5 cm; th = 6 cm; text G XIII C; type LEG XIII C; PWRMc no. 7 (entea, Voiian 2003, p. 452 no. 29, p. 466 fig. 15/4). Analogies: Alburnus Maior no. 3; Apulum - IDR III/6, 45. Fig. 3/8. OVIDIU ENTEA
Bibliographical abbreviations Alburnus Maior I AM I Blu 1997 Alburnus Maior (serie monografic) I (ed. P. Damian), Bucureti, 2003. Alburnus Maior (Monographic series) I (ed. P. Damian), Bucharest, 2003. Cl. L. Blu, Tipuri de tampile tegulare militare inedite descoperite la Apulum. II. tampile fr antroponim, in Apulum 34. Claudia Blu, Tipuri de tampile tegulare inedite descoperite recent la Apulum, n Apulum 37. Viorica Rusu-Bolinde, C.A. Roman, E. Bota, Adriana Isac, Adela Paki, F. Marcu, Monica Bodea, Forme de habitat n punctul Balea. Alburnus Maior I, (Forms of Habitation Uncovered on Balea Site, in AM I. E. Bota, O. entea, V. Voiian, Edificiul public din punctul Tomu (E 1). Alburnus Maior I, (The Public Edifice of Tomus Site, in AM I). V. Christescu, Viaa economic a Daciei romane, Piteti. V. Christescu, Istoria militar a Daciei romane, Bucureti. Cristina Crciun, V. Moga, Campania arheologic 2000. Cercetri de teren i sondaje arheologice. Alburnus Maior I. (The 2000 Archaeological Campain. Survey and Archaeological Excavations in AM I.). Cristina Crciun, Anioara Sion, Raluca Iosipescu, S. Iosipescu, Edificiul de cult din punctul Szekely (Edificiul T 1). Alburnus Maior I, p. 255-285 (The Cult Edifice Uncovered on Szekely Site (Edifice T I), in AM I. C. Daicoviciu, Neue Mitteilungen aus Dazien. (Funde und Einzeluntersuchungen), in Dacia 7-8, 1937-1940. Castella Dalmatarum n Dacia, in Apulum 4. N. Gudea, Porolissum. Un complex arheologic daco-roman la marginea de nordic Imperiului Roman I, in ActaMP

Blu 2000 Rusu-Bolinde, Roman, Bota, Isac, Paki, Marcu, Bodea 2003

Bota, entea, Voiian 2003 Christescu 1929 Christescu 1937 Crciun, Moga 2003

Crciun, Sion, Iosipescu, Iosipescu 2003 Daicoviciu 1940 Daicoviciu 1961 Gudea 1989

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XIII, Zalu. N. Gudea, Der Dakische Limes. Materialien zu seiner Geschichte, in Sonderdruck aus JRGZM 44. B. Lrincz, Pannonische Stempelziegel II: Limes strecke Vetus Salina Intercisa, in Dissertationes Archaeologicae II.7, Budapest 1979. B. Lrincz, Pannonische Ziegelstempel III: Limes strecke Ad Flexum Ad Mures, in Dissertationes Archaeologicae II.9, Budapest 1981. N. Lupu, Spturile de la Boia, in MCA 7, p.411-422. V. Moga, Detaamentele legiunii a XIII-a Gemina n Dacia, in Apulum 10. V. Moga, Din istoria militar a Daciei romane. Legiunea XIII Gemina, Cluj-Napoca 1985. V. Moga, Preliminarii la proiectul naional de cercetare Alburnus Maior, in vol. Patrimonium Apulense I (coord. I. Mrgineanu, G. Rustoiu, D. D. Ovidiu), Alba Iulia. V. Moga, V. Mesaroiu, Cercetri arheologice la Abrud, in Apulum 18. V. Moga, C. Inel, A. Gligor, A. Dragot, Necropola de incineraie din punctul Hop. Alburnus Maior I, p. 193-251 (The Incineration Necropolis from Hop Site. AM I. A. Neumann, Ziegel aus Vindobona. Der Rmische Limes in sterreich XXVII, Wien 1973. I. Piso, Fasti Provinciae Daciae. Die senatorischen Amtstrger, in Antiquitas 43, Bonn 1993. I. Piso, Les lgions dans la province de Dacie. Les lgions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire. Actes du Congrs de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1998) (ed. Y. Le Bohec), Lyon. D. Protase, Castru roman de la Tihu (jud. Slaj) n lumina cunotinelor actuale, in EN 4. Repertoriul arheologic al Judeului Alba (ed. V. Moga, H. Ciugudean), in B.M.A. II, Alba Iulia 1995. Em. Ritterling, Legio, in RE. XII, coll. 1211-1829. I. I. Russu, Inscripii din Dacia, in MCA 6. I. I. Russu, Inscripii greceti din Dacia, in StComSibiu 12. - A. Sntimbreanu, Muzeul mineritului din Roia Montan, Bucureti 1989. K. Strobel, Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans. Studien zur Geschichte des mittleren und unteren Donauraumes in der Hohen Kaiserzeit, in Antiquitas 33, Bonn 1984. J. Szilgyi, A Dciai erdrendszer helyrsgei s a katonai tglablyegek (Die Besatzungen des Verteidigungssystems von Dazien und ihre Ziegelstempel), in Dissertationes Pannanonicae II.21, Budapest Szilgyi 1946. D. Tudor, Trupele din castrul roman de la Slveni pe Olt, in SMMIM 7-8. O. entea, Despre utilizarea metodelor mineralogice n arheologie i relevana lor n scrisul istoric. Cum scriem

Gudea 1997 Lrincz 1979 Lrincz 1981

Lupu 1961 Moga 1972 Moga 1985 Moga 2001

Moga, Mesaroiu 1981 Moga, Inel, Gligor, Dragot 2003 Neumann 1973 Piso 1993 Piso 2000 Protase 1994 Alba Repertorium Ritterling 1924 Russu 1959 Russu 1965 Sntimbreanu 1989 Strobel 1984

Szilgyi 1946

Tudor 1974-1975 entea 2003

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Legion XIII Gemina and Alburnus Maior

istoria? Apelul la tiine i dezvoltrile metodologice contemporane. Actele simpozionului Tinerii Istorici, ediia a V-a, Alba Iulia, 28-30 noiembrie 2002 (ed. R. Mrza, Laura Stanciu) Alba Iulia, 2003 (n curs de apariie). O. entea, V. Voiian, Edificiul public din punctul Bisericu (E 2), in Alburnus Maior I, p. 447-467 (The Public Edifice of Bisericu Site (E 2), in AM I. V. Wollmann, Monumente epigrafice i sculpturale din regiunea minier Alburnus Maior Ampelum, in Sargeia 14. V. Wollmann, Un lucus la Alburnus Maior, in AIIA 27. V. Wollmann, Mineritul metalifer, extragerea srii i carierele de piatr n Dacia roman. Der Erzbergbau, die Salzdewinnung und die Steinbrche im rmischen Dakien, in Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis XIII, Cluj-Napoca. Inscripiile Daciei romane III. Dacia Superior 3, zona central (teritoriul dintre Ulpia Traiana, Micia, Apulum, Alburnus Maior, Valea Criului), (I. I. Russu, Oct. Floca, V. Wollmann), Bucureti, 1984. Inscripiile Daciei romane III. Apulum Instrumentum domesticum (Cl. L. Blu), Bucureti 1999. Materiale i Cercetri Arheologice, Bucureti.

entea, Voiian 2003 Wollmann 1979

Wollmann 1985-1986 Wollmann 1996

IDR III/3

IDR III/6 MCA

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Fig. 1 - Carpeni Hill, the map of monuments and archeological discoveries: 1. Research on the property of Iustin Balea; 2. Edifice E 2; 3. Edifice E 1. A. Football stadium. B. Area of interest on Bdu private property

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Legion XIII Gemina and Alburnus Maior

Fig. 2 - Alburnus Maior. Brick stamps: 1-4. Edifice E 1 (Bota, entea, Voiian 2003, 444 fig. 8)

Ovidiu entea

265

Fig. 3 - Alburnus Maior. Brick stamps: 5-8. Edifice E 2 (entea, Voiian 2003, 466 fig. 15)