I.

, ,

, ,
,
, .

, f : a,b R,
x - xn = b , x = b (.1.)

f ( 1 )

f ( n )

f ( 2 )

x0 = a x1 x2

xn 1 xn = b

(.1.)

[ a, b ] x0 , x1,K , xn 1, xn ,
1

x0 = a < x1 < x2 K < xn 1 < xn = b

n- a, x1 x1, x2 ,K , xn 1, b

x1 = a x1 , x2 = x1 x2 ,K , x n = x n x n 1.
xi 1, xi i = 1, 2, 3,K , n
i , f ( i ) xi
n

Sn= f ( i ) xi .
i=1

Sn= f ( i ) xi f
i=1

[ a, b ] i .
,
f ( i ) xi , i = 1, 2, 3,K , n .

,
.
S Sn
, i >0 >0,
max xi <
i Sn - S <

S=

lim

max x i 0 i =1

( i ) x i

S
.

.
2

 V = f ( t ) ,

t ,T
0 .
t0 ,T n
t , t , t , t ,K
0 1 1 2

, tn 1, T ,
t1 =t1 t0 , t2 =t2 t1,K , tn =T tn 1.
ti
,
,
f ( t i ) , f t i ti 1, ti .
ti

( )

( )

f t ,i t i .

,
t0 ,T ,
n

( )

S f t ,i t i .
i =1

S ,
, max ti 0 , ,
S

lim

( )

f t ,i t i .

max ti 0 i =1

II.
3

 f : a,b R a, b ,

a > b.
x0 = a < x1 < x2 K < xn 1 < xn = b a, b
x0 , x1 x1, x2 ,K , xn 1, xn
x1 = x1 x0 , x2 = x1 x2 ,K , xn = xn xn 1.
xi 1, xi , i =1,2,K ,n ,

i f ( i ) xi .

i=1

( i ) xi

( )

f a, b .
i .
S
max xi 0 , >0 >0
S < max xi <
i .
( ) , ,
f a, b

b

f ( x) dx .

,
b

f ( x) dx=

lim

f ( i ) xi

max xi 0 i =1

a , b
.
a, b .
f a, b
.
f
a, b a, b .
4

 f a, b ,
x , x f x
i
i
i
i 1 i
, .

, .

( )

1,
f ( x)=
0,

x
x

a, b , a < b , i
n

i =1

i =1

f ( i ) xi =0 , i f ( i ) xi =b a ,
.

.
1.
a, b .

f : a,b R

f : a,b R
[ a, b] .
2.
3.

f : a,b R

a, b .

: x2dx
0

 f ( x ) = x2
0,1 ,

x2dx . 0,1 n
0

1
x0 =0, x1 =x, x2 =2 x K , x n 1 =n x, x= .
n
i
.

=x12 x + x22 x + K + xn2 x

= ( x ) 2 x + ( 2 x ) 2 x + K + ( n x ) 2 x

=x3 12 + 22 + K + n2

n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
6
3 n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
1
= 3
6
n

= 1 1 + 1 2 + 1
n
6 n

12 + 22 +K + n 2 =

lim

n 0

1
=lim 16 1+ 1n
2 +
n
n0

= 1 2
6
=1
3

1
2
x dx= 3
0

III.
1.
6

 y = f ( x ) a, b
y = k f ( x) , k ,

b

k f ( x) dx=

k ( f) x dx .

2.
y = f ( x ) y = g ( x ) a, b ,
y = f ( x ) + g ( x)
b

f ( x) + g (

x )

dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx .

3.
y = f ( x ) a, b , a, c
c, b , a < c < b ,

f ( x ) dx = f (x ) dx + f x( )dx .

4.
y = f ( x ) y = g ( x ) a, b
( x a, b ) f ( x) g ( x)
b

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx

5.
y = f ( x ) a, b
( x a,b ) f ( x ) 0 ( f ( x ) 0 )
7

f ( x ) dx 0

f ( x ) dx 0

y = f ( x ) f ( x ) dx=0
f ( x ) =0 [ a, b] .
b

f ( x ) dx 0

f ( x) dx 0

6.
y = f ( x ) a, b
a

f ( x)

a
2
dx= 0

f ( x ) dx , f
, f

7.
b=a , f =0,
b

f ( x ) dx=0

8.
a > b f a, b ,
b

def

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx

IV. -

 ,
,
- ,
.
:
f : a,b R a, b F
f .
:
b

f ( x ) dx = F ( a ) F ( b ) (1)

:
x

( x ) = f ( x ) dx

. (2)

,
( x ) = f ( x ) . ,
f , ( x ) = F ( x ) + C , C R . (3)
(2) x = a, ( a ) = 0 . ,
(3) ( a ) = F ( a ) + C , C = F ( a) . x = b , (3)
( b ) = F ( b ) + C = F ( b ) F ( a) .
.
b

( b ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) dx

b

f ( x ) dx = F ( a ) F ( b)

f ( x ) dx = F ( a ) F ( b)

x = b , . x ,
x

( x a, b ) f ( t ) dt + F ( a ) ,
a

F ( x ) = f ( t ) dt + F ( a ) .
a

F ( x ) .

(1643 -1727)
(1646 1716) , 17.
. .
- ,
b

f ( x ) dx = F ( a ) F ( b) ,
a

- .

. , f
a, b , , ,
F f
a, b .
,
.

,
.

:
10

1.

.
2
2
x
1

3 2

x2
3

2 1

1
+ 4 x dx = x2 + x 4 x 2 dx
x

x3 + x-3
3 3

23 +
3

3 1

2-3 2 2 2 13
3
3 3

1-3 2 12
3
3

= 8 1 2 2 1 1 2
3 38
2
3 3 3

=8 1 4 2 + 2
3 24
3
3
= 10 1 4 2
3 24
3
= 80-1-32 2
24
= 79-32 2
24
-
!
2.
3.
4.

0
2

0
3

cos x dx = sin x I = sin 2 sin 0 = 1

32 2
2 dx = x
x
= 1 = 7

I
21 2 3 3
1

sin dx = ( cos x ) I = cos b + sin a

11

V. M

-

. ,
,
-
.
1.

: y = f ( x ) a, b .
:
1o x = g ( t ) ,
g ( t ) = a g ( t ) = b , g ( ) = a
g( ) =b

2o ( t , ) g ( t ) a, b ,

b

'
f ( x ) dx = f g ( t ) g ( t) dx

( 1)

( 1)
.
: y = F ( x)
y = f ( x ) a, b , . F ' ( x ) = f ( x) .
-

( 2)

f ( x ) dx = F ( a ) F ( b)

, < , y = F g ( t )
y = F ( x ) x = g ( t ) .
12


( 3) { F g ( t ) } ' = F ' g (t ) g ' (t ) = f g (t ) g ' (t ) .
( 3) y = F g ( t )
y = f g ( t ) g ' ( t ) , .

)
, f g t( )g t' ( dx

f g ( t ) g ' ( t ) , ,

'
f g ( t ) g ( t ) dx = F g ( ) F g ( ) .

g ( ) =b g ( ) = a ,

' ) F=b
f g (t ) g t ( dx

F) a
(

( ) . ( 4)

( 2 ) ( 4 )

( 5)

'
f ( x ) dx = f g( t) g ( t) dt

( 5 ) x = g ( t )
( 5 )
.
g ( t ) = a g ( t ) = b , . g ( ) = a g ( ) = b .
.
g ( t ) = a ,
g ( t ) = b .
1o 2o
.
x = g ( t ) a, b 2o
. , ,
( 5 ) x = g ( t ) .
1.
13

x dx
2.
0 ( 1+ x )

x + 1 = t , t 1 = x , dx = dt .
0 +1 = , 1 +1 = , . = 1, =2 ,
x dx = 2 ( t 1) dt = 2 1 1 dt= ln t+ 1 2= ln 2+ 1 ln1 1= ln 2 1

t 2
2
2
t
2
2.

1
t
t

1
+
x
0(
1
) 1

2.

3
.
cos x sin x dx

cos x =t

x =0

3
cos x sin x dx = sin x dx = dt
0
sin x dx = -dt
0

t3

3.

( -dt )

t =1

= t dt

x=
2
t =0

41 1
t
= I=
40 4

cos x dx .
( 1 + sin x ) 2

cos x dx = sin x = t

2
0 ( 1 + sin x )
cos x dx = dt

t=0

1+ t = y
dt
=
=
2
dt = dy
0 ( 1+ t )
1

dy 2
=
= y
2
y
1
1

x=
2=
t =1

x=0

2 dy =

2.

14

t=0

t =1

y =1

y= 2

y 1 2
1 2 = 1 + 1= 1
=

y 1I
1 1I
2
2

: y = u ( x ) y = v ( x )
a, b ,
b

( 1) u dv = uv ba v du
: a, b
( uv ) ' = u 'v + uv'.
uv , ,
u'v + uv' . -
b
'
b
'
u v +uv dx = uv a .
a

'
'
u v dx uv dx ,

b
'
'
u v dx+ uv dx = uva ,

.
b

b
'
'
uv dx = uv a u v dx .

v dx = dv u dx = du ,
b

b
u dv = uv a v du .

1.
15

x3arctgx dx .
0

dx
x4 .
u = arctgx dv = x3dx , du =

v=
1 + x2
4
1

4
11 x4
3arctgx dx = x arctgx
x

I 4
4
00
0

dx=
1 + x2

4
4
1 1 1 x 1 +1
x
=
arctgx I
dx
2
4
4
0
0 1+ x

= 1 arctgx
1 0 1
4
4

( x4 1 )+1dx+
1 + x2

1
1
dx
2 1 dx
= 1 1 x
+
2
4 4 4 0
0 1 + x

3
1
I
= 1 x +
x arctgx
16 4 3
0

= 1 11 + arctg
1 0
16 4 3

= 1 11 +
16 4 3
4

2
= 1

16 4 4 3
= + 1
16 16 6
= 1
6

16

1 dx

2
0 1+ x

VI. :
3
3

1.

1
3

dx
4 9

x2

3x = t
2
3
3

1
3

3
3

dx

=1
4 9x2 2 1

3
3

dx

1 3x
2

= 3 dx = dt / 2
2
3
dx = 2 dt
3

2 dt
3
1 t 2

=1
2 1

3
3
3

= 12
2 3 1

dt
1 t 2

3
3
2

= 1 arcsin t I
3
1

= 1 arcsin 3 arcsin 1
3
2
2

= 1
3 3 6
= 1
3 6
=
18

17

x=1
3

x= 3
3

t=1
2

t= 3 =
2

2. ( 3x + 2 ) ln x dx .
1

( 3x + 2 ) ln x dx=3 x ln xdx + 2 ln xdx=

u = ln x

I1 = x ln xdx=
1

( )

dv = xdx

du = 1 dx
x

2
v= x
2

2
2 2 2
= x ln x I x 1dx
2
2 x
1 1
2
2 12
x
=
ln x I x dx
2
1 21
2
22
2
= x ln x I x I
2
4 1
1

=2 ln2 1 ln1 1 1
2
4

=2 ln2 3
4

u = ln x

du = 1 dx
x

I2 = ln xdx=
2

dv = dx
v=x

=x ln x I x 1 dx
x
1 1
2

=x ln x I x I

=2ln2 ln1 ( 2 1)
= 2ln 2 1

3
( ) = 3 2 ln 2 + 2 ( 2ln 2 1 )

= 6ln 2 9 + 4ln 2 2
4
= 10ln 2 17
4
= 10ln 2 4,25

18

3. ln x +

x2 + 1 dx .

u = ln x + x2 + 1 dx
du =

1
x+
1+

2
ln x + x + 1 dx= du =

du =
du =

x+
2
x +1

dv = dx
x2

'

+1

dx

v=x

2x

2 x2 + 1 dx
x + x2 + 1

x2 + 1 + x dx
x2 + 1
x + x2 + 1
dx
x2 + 1

1244 2x 4+431

= x ln x + x2 + 1 I

xdx
I1

19

= ( )

x2 + 1 = t

xdx = 2 xdx = dt / : 2 =
x2 + 1
xdx = dt

I1 =

dt
= 2
2 t
2

2
1
= t 2 dt
2 2
1
2

= 1 t +C
2 1
2
1
2

=t

+C

= x2 + 1 + C

( ) =

x ln x +

x2

2
+1 I
2

x2

+1 I

) (

= 2ln 2 + 5 + 2ln 2 + 5

) (
5 )( 2 + 5 )

= 2 ln 2 + 5 + ln 2 + 5

= 2ln 2 +
= 2ln ( 5 4 )
= 2ln1
= 20
=0

20

5 5

VII.
, 1,
, , 2000

, , " ",
, 1980

, ,
, , 1992

. , 4,
, , 2004

21

VIII.
I. , ,
...............................................................1
II. ......................................3
III. ...........................................6
IV. - .........................................8
V. M ..................12
1. ................................................................12
2. ......................................14
VI. :...........................................................................17
VII. ....................................................................21
VIII. ..........................................................................22

22