Giao Trinh KTBT

Gio Trnh K Thut Bo Tr
Trung Tm Cng Ngh C Kh
Chng 1:
S H HNG CA CHI TIT MY
1.1. Phn loi khuyt tt Cc dng khuyt tt ca chi tit my c chia thnh ba dng: 1.Mn; 2.H hng c kh; 3.H hng ha-nhit. V mc mn cng chia ra lm ba nhm : a) Mn u ; b) Mn khng u sinh ra van (-lp) v cn ; c) Cc vt xc v vt sy st. Chi tit b mn u thng rt t gp m ph bin l chi tit b mn khng u v a s chi tit my chu ti trng ng v thay i. Cc vt xc v vt sy st trn b mt lm vic ca chi tit thng pht sinh do du bi trn b bn. H hng c kh l b nt, thng, xc thnh rnh, trc gy, un v xon. H hng ha- nhit ca chi tit l b cong vnh, r v b n mn. 1.2. Cc dng ma st Ty theo s chuyn dch tng i gia cc b mt i tip, phn ra hai dng ma st sau: a) Ma st trt : khi mt im ca chi tit ny ln lt tip xc vi nhiu im trn chi tit khc trong qu trnh chuyn ng;
Cc dng ma st trt
b) Ma st ln : khi mt im ca chi tit ny tip xc vi mt im cc vng khc nhau ca chi tit kia. Trong thc t mt dng ma st ny c km theo dng ma st kia, v d ma st ln km theo ma st trt nh ma st gia cc mt rng ca cp n khp rng. Ty theo tnh trng b mt trt ca chi tit v s bi trn c th phn ra cc dng ma st. a) Ma st rng: xut hin khi gia hai b mt trt hon ton khng c mt loi cht bi trn no (cht lng hay trong khi tnh trng thm thu). Thc t dng ma st ny rt kh thc hin v ch c th xy ra trong chn khng. b) Ma st kh xut hin khi gia cc chi tit i tip khng c cht bi trn hay bi bn (v d, gia cc m phanh guc v bnh ai phanh, gia cc a ly hp). c) Ma st hn ch xut hin khi gia cc chi tit i tip ch c mt lp bi trn rt mng (0,1 m v nh hn). Lp bi trn ny c tnh cht c bit ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht bi trn v trng thi b mt trt. d)Ma st t xut hin khi gia hai b mt i tip c phn cch hon ton bi mt lp cht lng. Lp cht lng ny c hnh thnh do cu to c bit ca khe h mi ghp v p lc bn ngoi. Dng ma st ny thng xy ra cc ma st t c bit v mt vi mi ghp khc.
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e) Ma st na kh : ma st hn hp gia ma st gii hn v ma st kh. f) Ma st na t : ma st hn hp gia ma st gii hn v ma st t hay gia ma kh v gia ma st t. Dng ma st ny thng xy ra khi m my . 1.3. S h hng ca chi tit my 2.3.1. Khi nim chung : S h hng ca chi tit my thng c biu hin : S thay i hnh dng hnh hc. Kch thc ban u. Tr s mn c xc nh theo s thay i ng knh mt tr hay ngng trc. Tr s mn ph thuc vo s thay i khe h trong mi ghp, lm hng lp ghp ban u. Cn c tr s mn xc nh s cn thit phi sa cha chi tit v xc nh tui th ca chi tit. Cc lc tc dng c hc lm cho b mt ca chi tit b ph hoi dn dn , dn n lm thay i kch thc ca chi tit. i khi tc dng c hc cn phi hp vi tc dng ha hc v cc loi tc dng khc ca mi trng. Cht bi trn c nh hng ln n mn ca cc b mt i tip. Dng cht bi trn ng c th gim h s ma st v lm gim mn rt nhiu. 1.3.2. . H hng do bin dng do. Tc dng ca lc ma st trn lp b mt rt mng ca kim loi lm thay i cu trc v tnh cht vt ca n. Tnh trng lp v mng kim loi ph thuc vo h s ma st, mn ca lp b mt i tip v cc ch tiu khc v tnh cht ma st v chng mn ca kim loi. Trong cc trt, lm vic di ti trng kh ln v nhit cao, lp b mt dn dn b x lch theo hng trt, do lm thay i kch thc ca . Vic nng cao tnh cht chng mn ca i lp ghp (cc chi tit my) phi gn lin vi vic tng bn chng bin dng do ca lp b mt chu ma st. chng li s mi mn phi nng cao cng ca chi tit, do cn phi pht trin cc qu trnh cng ngh nh thm xianua, thm nit, xmentit, thm crm, m crm v..v.. 1.3.3. H hng do mi mn. H hng do mi mn l mt dng h hng ph bin nht ca chi tit my. Qu trnh mi mn xy ra do tc dng ct hay co xc ca cc vt cng tip xc vi cc b mt ma st. S h hng do mi mn thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng ty theo kch thc v hnh dng ht mi, tnh cht c hc ca ht mi v vt liu ca b mt trt, h s ma st. 1.3.4. H hng do rn nt . H hng do rn nt xy ra trong ma st ln khi tc dng vt qu gii hn chy ca vt liu lp b mt, dn n lm lp b mt b nn, bin cng v rn nt. Lc u xut hin cc vt nt t vi (rt nh) trong lp b mt ca kim loi .Sau vt nt pht trin su dn hnh thnh cc hc nh. Chiu su vt nt v cc hc nh ph thuc vo p lc ln b mt tip xc, kch thc, hnh dng lp b mt tip xc v tnh cht c hc ca vt liu ca chi tit. Dng h hng ny thng gp nhiu trong cc b mt rng, bnh rng v ln. 1.3.5. H hng do b oxy ha . Xy ra di tc dng ca lc ma st v oxy ca mi trng xung quanh. Qu trnh oxy ha xy ra khi lp b mt b bin dng do v oxy phn tn vo lp kim loi b bin dng do v hnh thnh mt mng oxyt. Mng oxyt b ph hy trong qu trnh lm vic v tip tc hnh thnh mt mng oxyt khc, do kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit b thay i dn.
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Kh nng chng h hng do b oxy ha ph thuc vo do ca vt liu. Kim loi do b oxy ha nhiu hn kim loi cng. 1.3.6 H hng do b mt trt b dnh. Khi ma st, b mt kim loi hay xut hin hin tng dnh c c trng bng s mn nhanh v ph hng lp b mt tip xc, h s ma st tng cao v khng n nh. Hin tng dnh xy ra trong cc b mt tip xc lm vic vi ti trng tip tuyn ln ,bi trn khng y , cong ca lp b mt tip xc khc nhau nhiu (trong cc b truyn trc vt chu ti trng nng ch to bng cng mt loi vt liu-thp vi thp) ; trong cc khp ni bn l, trt, lm vic trong iu kin bi trn thiu; trong cc ln b mn s b hay cc con ln b mn qu mc. Khi ma st gia thp vi thp v thp vi gang, hin tng dnh thng xy ra mt cch t ngt. phng hin tng dnh phi lm cho vt liu c tnh chu ma st cao v gi cht bi trn gia hai b mt trt nhit cao. Trong cc b phn ma st ngi ta s dng rng ri cc vt liu cht do, tctlt, g. Nhng cc vt liu ny khng c bn v khng th chu c p lc tip xc cao v ti trng va p. 1.3.7. H hng do b n mn. H hng v b n mn xy ra do tc dng in ha ca mi trng xung quanh. S n mn (g) bt u t lp mt ngoi ca sn phm, sau tin su vo lp bn trong ca kim loi.
n mn ha hc xy ra di tc dng ca cht lng khng dn in. Cc cht lng ny tng i nhiu l hp cht hu c khng cha nc, v d bendn, tluen, cn v.v..An mn ha hc cung xy ra di tc dng ca kh kh. Qu trnh n mn ha hc xy ra do ha cht tc dng ln kim loi. S n mn do kh xy ra trong mi trng kh nhit cao; khi b mt ca chi tit hnh thnh mt lp oxyt - g st. S n mn in ha kim loi xy ra di tc dng ca cc dung dch in phn, tc l cc nc khc nhau c ha tan mui, axit v kim l cc cht lng dn in. S n mn kh quyn cng l n mn in ha xy ra khi nhit dng.Trong trng hp ny, trn b mt kim loi hnh thnh mt mng m c ln cc tp cht, do mng m ny dn in (dung dch in phn). n mn kh quyn thng xy ra trong khng kh c hi c, v d anhydric cacbonc tch ra khi t than, ihidrsunfua (H2S), Clor, Oxyt nit. Khng kh ha tan vo nc cha lng cacbonic ln hn trong kh quyn do to nn s n mn mnh cc mt trong ca cc l hi, ng dn. 1.3.8. Cc tiu chun h hng cho php. Cc chi tit b h hng qu mc lm cho my hot ng khng bnh thng v lm cho cc chi tit tip tc mn v h hng nhanh hn. Bo dng theo chu k tng b phn l mt trong cc bin php phng c bn, bo m cho my mc lm vic tt.
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Khi bo dng theo chu k cn phi xc nh cc chi tit cn lm vic c n ln bo dng tip theo, cc chi tit cn sa cha hay thay th. Thi gian bo dng chu k ca tng b phn my c quy nh trong thuyt minh v nguyn tc sa cha theo chu k. Cc chi tit cn tip tc lm vic c xc nh theo quan st v o lng, s thay i khe h gia cc b mt i tip v kim tra kn. Tr s khe h ln nht v nh nht thng c quy nh trong thuyt minh hay nguyn tc sa cha theo chu k. Mt s tiu chun v mn gii hn ca mt vi chi tit. 1. Gii hn mn ca rng bnh rng trong b truyn nh hn 0,1- 0,2m, trong m l mun bnh rng, mm. 2. Lt trc c vt nt, bong lp babit v khe h bi trn khng u phi c babit li. 3.Gii hn mn ca ren vt bn xe dao, bn my, con trt ngang khng c vt qu 10% chiu dy ban u ca ren khi hnh trnh cht ca ai c khng ln hn 0,25mm. vng v lch tm ca b mt vt so vi trc quay < 0,03-0,06mm/500mm. 4 . mn cho php ln nht theo chiu dy rng ca bnh rng hp tc <15% chiu dy rng ban u v trong hp bc tin v cc c cu khc ca my ct kim loi <20%. mn gii hn ca chiu rng rnh trong l then hoa 0,1-0,2mm. Khi mn ln qu, chi tit then hoa phi thay th hay phc hi . 5. mn gii hn ca chiu rng rnh then bng trn trc < 20% kch thc ban u ca rnh. 1.2.9 .Cc phng php tm khuyt tt . Cc khuyt tt trong chi tit my c tm ra bng cch quan st o lng ,th bng du la, chiu tia rnghen, pht hin bng t trng v siu m, phng php pht quang .v.v 1 . Phng php quan st . Cc vt nt, thng, un, xon trong chi tit c tm ra bng cch quan st bn ngoi. Quan st bng mt hay bng thit b quang hc (knh lp, knh hin vi ) c th pht hin ra cc khuyt tt trong rnh then, mi ghp ren v trong n khp bnh rng . Trong trng hp c bit, phng php ny c th xc nh c mn ca chi tit . 2 . Phng php o . c dng xc nh mn ca chi bng cch so snh kch thc ca chi tit b mn vi kch thc ban u .
Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen V nh chp X quang bn tay ca v ng
My kim tra khuyt tt chi tit
3. Th bng du la. Ch c vt nt trong chi tit c th xc nh bng cch th bng du la. Ngm chi tit khong 15-30 pht trong du la sau lau tht sch b mt v rc ln mt lp mng bt phn
trng. Sau mt thi gian ngn ti ch c vt nt, bt phn trng s sm li do ht du ti cc vt nt. 4. Chiu tia Rntgen (Rn-ghen ). Tia Rntgen cn c tn l tia X, c dng ch yu kim tra cc mi hn c bit v cht lng vt c. Tia Rn-ghen c th pht hin c cc khuyt tt su bn trong chi tit: vt nt , r, xp, hn khng thu, ngm x, ln t. Tia Rn-ghen c th xuyn qua lp kim loi dy. Bc sng cng ngn, kh nng chiu xuyn ca tia Rn-ghen cng ln. 5.Pht hin bng t trng. Phng php t trng pht hin nhng khuyt tt sau : cc vt nt ti v mi , cc vt rn, vt r, bt kh trn b mt sn phm v su khng ln (10mm). S dng cc phng php sau tm khuyt tt: a) Cm ng, C s ca phng php ny l nu cho mt t trng qua chi tit, khi c vt nt hay cc khuyt tt khc, ng sc t trng qua s khng u.Trang thit b, b phn tc dng cm ng d tm khuyt l cun dy, lm t ha sn phm hay t t trng ln b mt sn phm, khi b phn tm khuyt t i qua ch c vt nt, dng t trng cm ng b thay i v trong ng nghe pht ra cc m thanh c bit .
ng sc t trng quanh hai cc ca mt nam chm c th hin qua cc mt st trn tm giy t ngay trn nam chm
b) Phng php dng ht t
Cch lm nh sau: sn phm cn c kim tra c t ha sau ln b mt dung dch huyn ph c ht t hay nhng vo dung dch . Dung dch huyn ph c nht nh (du bin th ,du ha v dung dch nc x phng ), trong c ht nhim t trng thi l lng. Cc ht nhim t phn phi vng c khuyt tt khng u . 6. Pht hin bng siu m . Dng dao ng siu m tm khuyt tt bn trong sn phm l phng php ph bin hin nay . u im ca phng php so vi cc phng php trn l siu m c kh nng xuyn vo kim loi rt su.
Kim tra ng hn thp bng phng php siu m (Epoch 4 plus hngPpanametrics- USA)
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7. Phng php pht quang. c dng xc nh s phn b ca cc vt nt, r v xp trong sn phm. Cht lng pht quang xut hin ti ch c vt nt sng ln khi chiu tia cc tm. Vt nt trong sn phm c tm ra ti ch c nh sng mu vng ng xanh l cy.
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CHNG 2 :
CNG NGH THO LP MY

2.1 Qu trnh cng ngh tho my: 2.1.1 Yu cu chung: Trc khi tho my phi kim tra chnh xc ca my theo cc tiu chun hay cc yu cu k thut v tnh ng b ca my. Xem xt s giao nhn my hng ngy, ly kin ca ngi ng my, t trng sn sut v c cng xc nh mc h hng v lp phiu sa cha Trc khi tho my phi nghin cu thuyt minh my, chun b y cc dng c tho, v sinh sch s cc b phn my. Phi ct in ca my khi mng in ca phn xng. Tho dy ai, tho b phn che chn, tho ht du bi trn v dung dch lm ngui khi b cha v phi treo bin bo Khng m my - ang sa cha m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b .
KHNG M MY - ANG SA CHA
NGUY
HIM
Cng vic tho my thng c tin hnh ti mt din tch ring ca phn xng sn xut hay khu vc tho my ca phn xng sa cha. 2.1.2 Nguyn tc tho my 1. Ch tho ri cm my hoc c cu my no khi cn sa cha chnh cm hoc c cu . Ch c php tho ton b my khi sa cha ln . 2. Trc khi tho my phi nghin cu bn v v thuyt minh ca my nm c s ng ca my, cc cm my chnh, lp k hoch v trnh t tho my. i vi cm my phc tp nn lp s tho to thun li khi lp . 3. Trong qu trnh tho cn pht hin v phn loi chi tit thnh cc nhm cn dng c, cn sa cha, loi b lp phiu sa cha. Trong ghi r tnh trng k thut cn sa cha. 4. Thng bt u tho t ngoi vo trong, t trn xung di. 5. Khi phi tho nhiu cm my, phi nh du bng k hiu ring trnh nhm ln. Khi phi gi nguyn v tr tng quan ca cc chi tit quan trng nn vch du v tr c.Vi c cu kh nn v thy lc phi nh du mi ng dn v u ni ng 6. Mi thit b v cm my c tho ra, phi tng ng vi phiu sa cha d kin . 7. tho bnh ai, bnh , bnh rng, ln, khp ni trc v cc chi tit lp cht khc nn dng my p, co(vam), hoc dng c chuyn dng tho. Trng hp khng dng c cc dng c trn, th phi dng ba thng qua vt liu mm tho ri cc chi tit. 8. Khi tho cc chi tit nng nn dng cn trc, palng hoc xe nng trnh ri v gy mt an ton cho ngi v lm hng my. 2.1.3 Tnh ton lc v nhit khi tho: Lc cn thit p chi tit lp cht hoc kh tho c xc nh theo cng thc :
Gio Trnh K Thut Bo Tr D + 0.3)it d D + 6.35 d
P=
a(
lc p, T ; ng knh ngoi moay- chi tit lp, mm ; ng knh trong ca chi tit lp, mm di ln nht, mm ; chiu di ca moay- chi tit lp, mm ; h s vt liu. i vi chi tit bng thp a=7,5 , i vi chi tit bng gang a= 4,1. Khi tho chi tit bao thng c cp nhit t 750C 4500C trong nc, du hay ch nu chy, khng lm oxy ha cc b mt i tip, khng c t nng bng ngn la v s gy ra ng sut trong ln. Nhit nung chi tit bao c tho khi mi ghp c xc nh theo cng thc :
t= i + t1 d
Trong :
P D d i t a
Trong :
: di, mm ; : ng knh mi ghp , mm ; : nhit ban u ca chi tit bao, 0C : h s gin n, mm/ m. ; (t 00 n 1000C ) H s gin n tra bng 1.2 Vi chi tit thp cng c th dng cng thc :
tbao = t0 + 1350 + 90, (C ) d1
i d t1
Trong :
d1 : ng knh l (mm). t 0 : nhit ban u ca chi tit bao.
Khi nung nng chi tit bao khng tng kch thc lp ghp th c th lm lnh chi tit b bao. lm lnh tt nht dng axit cacbonic rn ( kh), nit lng. Nhit lm lnh chi tit b bao c tnh theo cng thc : i + t = t0 + ,C d Trong : i : di , mm. t 0 : nhit ban u ca chi tit b bao, 0C. : khe h nh nht cho php lp d dng hai chi tit; (theo bng 1.1) : h s gin n , mm/ m. ; (theo bng 1.2) Tr s khe h Thi gian Khe h khi ng knh mt lp ghp d, mm lp ghp (pht) 30-40 40-60 60-100 100-150 150-200 >200 0,5 0,0006d Trang 8
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0,0007d -
0,0007d 0,0011d -
0,0007d 0,0011d -
0,0006d 0,0008d -
0,0005d 0,0007d 0,0008d
0,0006d 0,0007d
Tr s h s (mm) Vt liu ng vi 1mt di v thay i 1C Khi nung Thp 11 10 6 Gang xm 10 10 6 Gang do 10 10 6 ng 6 10 6 ng thanh 17 10 6 ng thau 18 10 6 Hp kim nhm 22 10 6 Hp kim Magn 26 10 6 2.1.4 Tho cc vt cy,bu lng. 2.1.4.1 Tho vt cy:
Khi lm lnh
8,5 10 6 8 10 6 8 10 6 14 10 6 15 10 6 16 10 6 18 10 6 21 10 6
1) Bng u kp: vt cy c th dng u kp tho. C 2 loi u kp a) u kp con ln: dng tho cc vt cy nhng dng c ny lm hng phn ren v b con ln chn nt. u kp c ui 1 c vt 6 cnh nh ai c lp cha vn. Trong thn u kp c lm rnh xon gi con ln 2 kp vo u vt cn tho khi quay u kp. Vnh 3 gi con ln khi b ri ( h. 3.1 )
Hnh3.1-u kp con ln Hnh 3.2 u kp c ming chn
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b) u kp c ming chn: ( hnh 3.2) u 1 c phay mt rnh bn nguyt trong c lp ming chn 2 lc l theo cht 3.L xo 4 lun lm ming chn t vo vt cy theo chiu ngc kim ng h. Trn chn c khi ren chn vo ren ca ren vt cy. Khi quay u kp, do ming chn b tr lch tm s kp cht v xoay vt cy i cng nhng khng lm nt phn ren. 2) Bng 2 ai c hm: phn trn ca vt cy dng 2 ai c hm cht li vi nhau (theo chiu 2 ai c tin st vo nhau). Xoay ai c di hoc xoay cng lc 2 ai c bng cha vn ly vt cy ra.( hnh 3.3)
ai o c
Vt ca y
Hnh 3.3 Tho vt cy bng 2 ai c hm
2.1.4.2 Tho vt v bu-lng Khi tho vt hay bu-lng phi s dng ng dng c tho Vt c th tho bng cc loi dng c nh: tuc-n-vt, cha vn lc gic v.v.. Bu-lng, ai c c th tho bng cc loi cha vn tiu chun nh: cha vn ming, vng, mc, lc gic .
Cc loi dng c tho bu-lng, vt.
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Khi phi tho nhiu vt, ai c, bu-lng trn cng 1 tm phng, phi ni nh u tt c ri mi tho hn ra ngoi. i vi np di nn ni lng tng cp hoc tng con i xng nhau ln lt t ngoi vo gia, vi np dng trn th tho i xng nhau qua tm ca np.(hnh 3.4)
Hnh 3.4 Th t tho nhiu bu lng trn 1 np
2.1.4.3 Tho ren ng. Dng c tho ren ng thng dng l km xch, m lt rng, khi dng m lt rng cn lu chiu ca rng trn hm m lt sao cho khi tc dng lc tho th rng phi bu cht trn thnh ng.
2.1.5.1 Tho then bng.
Then
Tru c
Then bng
Tho bng dng c kp, kp vo phn cn li ca then trn trc ri g nh vo trc hoc vo dng c kp tho then ra. Dng c kp c th l km bm (cht) hoc c th s dng -t song song(hnh.3.5)
Hnh 3.5 Tho then bng bng dng c kp.
E -To
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Tho bng cch dng c, li c c a vo phn cung trn pha u then, hng li c xc ln mt trn ca then. c nh ko mt u then ra khi rnh, sau ly c then ra (h.3.6)
T ru c T hen u c
Hnh 3.5 Tho then bng bng dng c kp.
Tho bng cch dng c, li c c a vo phn cung trn pha u then, hng li c xc ln mt trn ca then. c nh ko mt u then ra khi rnh, sau ly c then ra (h.3.6)
Tru c Lo ren Then
Hnh 3.7 Tho then bng bng cch vn bu lng vo l ren trn then.
Tho then bng cch dng ba v cy t ng phn u mt trn then ni m mt di then c vt nghing (h.3.8).
C a o y t Then
Tru c
Hnh 3.8 Tho then bng bng mi t.
2.1.5.2 : Tho then vt: Mun tho then vt th dng dng c thc vo gt then tho then ra. C th dng cy ny, co thc tho, (hnh 3.9 v hnh 3.10). g hnh 3.10, ko mnh qu thc v hng phi p vo mt chn gy ra lc chiu trc ko then ra khi rnh.
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Hnh 3.9 Tho then vt bng cy ny.
Hnh 3.10 Tho then vt bng co thc.
2.1.6 Tho cht. nh v cc chi tit trong lp ghp thng dng cc cht nh v . m bo v tr tng i ca np v thn cc hp my trc v sau khi gia cng cng nh lp ghp , dng 2 cht nh v . Cht nh v c th l cht tr hay cht cn (h.3-11). Dng c dng tho cht l cy li v cy di thng (h.3-12). Cy li c gia cng cn phn lm vic dng to lc tho cht ban u. Cy di thng c gia cng tr phn lm vic dng tho cht tip tc sau khi dng cy li ng nhm cc cht ra.
Cht tr v cht cn
2.1.6.1 Tho cht tr Trc tin dng cy li v ba tng cht ra khi v tr ban u, sau dng cy di thng tho cht ra khi mi ghp. Chn ng knh cy li nh hn ng knh cht mt t. 2.1.6.2 Tho cht cn Mi ghp cht cn l mi ghp cht nhng do c cn nn li cht va nhm ra l c th tho cht ra nh nhng. Tuy nhin cn lu chiu tho cht ngha l khi tho phi li cht t pha u nh, v trnh lm cong trc cn phi k bn di trc khi tho cht.
a)
b)
a)
b)
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Hnh 3-11 nh v 2 chi tit bng cht a) Cht tr. b) Cht cn

Hnh 3-12 Dng c dng tho cht a) Cy li. b) Cy di thng
Trong trng hp cht c lp vo l khng sut. d tho cht, phi dng cht c ren trong hoc ren ngoi u ln ca cht (h.3.13)
a)
b) Hnh 3-13 Cc loi cht cn a) Cht cn c ren ngoi u cht b) Cht cn c ren trong u cht c) Chng tho cht bng ai c.
c)
2.1.7 Tho cc chi tit lp cht vo trc bng thit b thy lc : tho cc chi tit lp cht vo trc, nn dng my p thy lc (hnh 3.14) Thit b thu lc tho cc chi tit lp cht vo trc vn hnh nh sau: + Trc c lp chi tit 3 cn phi tho ra, c t vo tr 4. u trc c kp vo x ngang 5 . u kia ca trc t vo cn 6 ca my p. Sau nh ai c 7 lp vo vt cng 8, tr gi cht chi tit . Sau khi nh v chi tit xong, cho my p thy lc chy , du c y vo xi lanh theo cc ng ng 11.Trong xi lanh, p sut tng n khong 20-25 kg/cm 2. T pit tng, lc truyn n cn y v y trc ra khi chi tit cn tho. Sau khi tho xong chi tit, o chiu van my p thu lc a pit tng v v tr ban u. Cn dng cc loi my p c trng ti thch hp vi tng chi tit khc nhau.
Hnh 3-14 My p thy lc dng tho cc chi tit lp cht
Trn hnh 3.15 th hin mt loi g khc tho cc loi khp trc, bnh rng, bnh ai, ln ra khi trc . Tho cc chi tit ra khi trc bng my p thu lc tn t thi gian,m bo an tan v chnh xc.
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Hnh 3-15 g dng tho cc chi tit lp cht
My p thy lc bng tay
My p thy lc
2.1.8 Cc loi co tho cc chi tit lp cht vo trc nh cc loi bnh ai, bnh rng, ln thng dng cc loi co c cc kt cu khc nhau. Hnh 3.16 trnh by cc loi co dng ren vt tho cc chi tit. Thanh ngang v tay mc (chu) c ch to bng thp C45, vt bng thp cacbon thng vi hm lng cacbon cao, tt c cc chi tit u c ti t cng.
Co 3 chu Hnh 3-16 Cc loi co ren dng tho cc chi tit lp cht
Co a
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2.1.9 Tho trt. 2.1.9.1Tho trt lin tho trt lin cch tt nht l dng co(h.3.17) tho bi v thng dy khng ln, vt liu lm mm, li c ghp cht nu ng ba thng qua ming m tho vn c th lm bin dng thnh .
Hnh 3-17 Co tho trt lin 1: Trc vt. 2: Bch chn 3: trt
H3-17 Cc loi trt v g tho. 1.Trc vt. 2.Bch chn. 3. trt
2.1.9.2 Tho trt c b phn iu chnh r. Thng thng trt c b phn iu chnh r c mt ngoi hnh cn, lp vo l cn trn thn. hai u c gia cng ren ngoi lp hai ai c chnh, trn thn cn c x nhiu rnh. Khi xit ai c c ng knh ren nh tnh tin v pha ng knh nh trn thn my s lm cho ng knh trong ca b nh li. Mun tho phi ni lng ai c nh, ng vo ai c nh theo chiu trc, s c tho ra. 2.1.9.3 Tho trt ghp. Tho hai bu-lng ghp hai na , nhc na trn ra ri nhc trc ra, hoc tho c hai na cng lc.
trt ghp
Trc khuu, tay bin v pt tng
2.1.10 Tho ln. Khi tho cc loi ln nn hn ch dng lc ng nh dng ba ng.v.v.m nn u tin s dng g tho dng lc tnh nh cc loi co, my p.(h.3.18 v h.3.19) tho vng ngoi ca a cn, dng g tho bng vng m v bu-lng ai c.(h.3-19)
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Hnh 3-18 Dng co tho ln. Hnh 3-19 g tho vng ngoi a cn
Gia nhit khi tho
Khi tho cc ln lp cht trn trc, phi nung nng ti nhit 80C-100C trong du hoc dng thit b gia nhit cm ng, khng lm nng trc(h.3-20). Cng c th s dng g tho l my p thy lc (h.3-21). Cn 1 ca my p t ln trc v y trc ra khi ln. Pha di ln t mt tm k 2 sao cho lc p ch tc ng vo vng trong. Sau khi p xong khng c trc v ln ri xung t. tho ln thng dng my p thy lc. Lu , khi tho , lc tho phi t trn chi tit ang c b mt lp.
Hnh 3-20 Nung nng ln tho
Hnh 3-21 Tho ln bng my p thy lc
2.1.11 Lm sch v ra cc chi tit b phn: Chi tit b phn sau khi tho ra khi my trc khi ra phi lau sch bi bn du m. Bi bn c th lau sch bng hai cch:
a) C kh: Co, no bng bn chi st.
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Bn chi st
b) Ho cht: Phng php lm sch thun li nht l ra bng du ho v cc dung dch c bit khc nh : xt.Tuy nhin ra bng du ho nguy him v c th gy ra chy v hi cho sc kho cng nhn.Chi tit sau khi ra bng dung dch kim, c ra li bng nc sch do bm li tm m nhim. Dung dch ty ra sau khi dng mt thi gian c tho ra ngoi v thay th bng dung dch mi.Cc cn bn trong thng cn c lm sch theo chu k thi gian nht nh tu vo s lng chi tit c ra nhiu hay t.
Hnh 3-22 Thng ra chi tit my
1.1.12: Kim tra v phn loi chi tit: Chi tit v b phn sau khi ra c a n b phn kim tra hay kim tai ch lm vic. Trong qu trnh kim tra phi tin hnh lp bng k khuyt tt v phn loi cc chi tit thnh 3 nhm : a. Nhm cn dng c: l nhng chi tit cn gi c kch thoc ban u hay b mn cha vt qu tr s k thut cho php. Thng c nh du bng sn trng. b. Nhm cc chi tit cn sa cha, phc hi l nhng chi tit b mn vt qu mc k thut cho php nhng cn c th sa cha phc hi mt cch hp l c v k thut v kinh t . Thng c nh du bng sn mu xanh l cy. c. Nhm cc chi tit hon ton phi b i: cc chi tit ny c nh du bng mu sn . Cc chi tit sau khi nh du cn c s dng v ni hp l. 2.2. Qu trnh cng ngh lp my: 2.2.1 Khi nim chung : Trong qu trnh sa cha lp l giai on quan trng v khi lp cn phi cn chnh hp l thit b, my mc lm vic ng qui nh v m bo an ton. C th lp theo cc hnh thc sau :
- Lp ln. - Lp chn. - Lp c b phn iu chnh. - Lp sa. Lp sa thng dng nhiu trong sn xut n chic v sa cha. Qu trnh lp c trnh t ngc vi tho. 2.2.2 Tp hp b cc chi tit trc khi lp: cng vic lp my c nhanh, khng nhm ln, m bo cho thit b sau khi lp t c cc yu cu k thut cn thit, trc khi lp cc b phn cn tp hp b cc chi tit cu thnh ca n. Ti ch tp hp b chi tit, phi c cc chi tit cn dng c , cc chi tit sa cha cng nh cc chi tit mi thay th cho cc chi tit phi b i. Tng b phn phi tng ng vi bn k chi tit khi tho my v phiu cng ngh khi rp my. Cc chi tit thuc tng b phn c sp xp trong cc thng hay t trn cc gi . Mi thng phi c bn lit k chi tit km theo. 2.2.3 Lp mi ghp ren Cht lng mi ghp ren c xc nh bng vic sit bulng v ai c ng, lc, t c mc lp ghp cn thit, mi ghp khng b vnh bulng v vt cy khng b cong, thit b c kp cht ch. 1) Sit ai c v lp vt cy ai c c sit theo nguyn tc: Ban u sit s b, sau sit cht. Khi sit nhiu ai c trn cng mt tm np phi xc nh th t sit. Khi phi lp cc np di, bt u sit cc ai c gia, tip theo l cc ai c k cn theo cc trc i xng cho n khi sit n cc ai c hai u. (nh hnh 3-23). Khi phi sit cc ai c trn mt np trn nh np xilanh th phi sit i xng nhau qua tm (hnh 3-24).
2 1 1 7 1 9
1 5 1 1 1 3
9 5 7
3 1 2
6 4 8
1 2 1 0 1 4
1 8 1 6 2 0 5
6 3
Hnh 3-23 Th t sit cc bu lng, ai c trn np di
Hnh 3-24 Th t sit trn np trn
sit u v ng, phi dng mt loi cha vn c c tay n ging nhau hay loi cha vn c iu chnh mmen xon nh cc cha vn hn nh (khi lp cc mi ghp c bit)
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Cha vn c iu chnh mmen xon
Vt cy phi c lp cht vo chi tit thn v vung gc vi b mt chi tit. Khi lp vt cy c th dng vi phng php vn: + Bng hai ai c (hnh 3.24) + g kiu vt chng (hnh 3.25 ) + ai c c .( hnh 3.26) + Cha vn c con ln dn ng hay ng ren.( hnh 3.27)
ai o c V t ca y
Hnh 3-24 Lp vt cy bng 2 ai c hm

ai o c Vt ca y
Hnh 3-25Lp vt cy bng g kiu vt chng
Hnh 3-27 Lp vt cy bng cha vn con ln Hnh 3-26 Lp vt cy bng ai c c.
Khi vn g kiu vt chng, u vt cy c vn vo ai c su cnh u di, vn vt cy kp cht ri dng cha vn quay ai c, vt cy c vn vo l thn. Trong u tay vn c ba con ln 1, c gi trong vnh 2 v ln trong ba rnh xon thn 3 ca tay vn. Trn u vung ca tay vn lp thanh ngang 4 u c tay nm 5. Khi vn vt cy, tay tri gi vo ng 6 quay lng khng , cn tay phi quay tay quay vn vt cy vo thn.
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Dng c lp vt cy Hnh 3-28 Lp vt cy bng tay vn bnh cc Hnh 3-29 Lp vt cy bng tay vn ng ren
Tay vn kiu bnh cc c u 1 c con ln lp vi tay qay 2 qua bnh cc.Khi quay tay theo hng vn vt cy, tay quay v u t vo nhau theo hng vung gc vi b mt v u tay quay vn vt cy vo. Khi quay theo chiu ngc li, u t s b trt trn cc mt nghing 550. L xo nn 3 gi tay quay v u 1 lun c nh. Khi phi lp hng lot cc vt cy, nn dng u vn vt cy. u vn vi ng ren c dng vn v tho vt cy c ng knh 8 14 mm v c th lp vo my khoan chy bng kh nn. ai c thay th 1 vn vo mt du vt cy, v t vo vin bi 2 ri n tm chn 3. Khi vt cy vn vo chi tit ri, vin bi bt u trt di tm chn to ra ting lch cch. Khi quay ngc u vn, vt cy c tho ra khi u vn. (hnh 3.29) 2) Lp ni ng ren chc chn ca mi ghp ng ren trn t c khi ren ca ng ni c chn cht vo ren ng nh ai c hm (hnh 3.30a v 3.30b).Vic chn ren c thc hin on ren cn. bo m vic chn ren mi u ng ch lm ren trn chiu di nh hn mt na chiu di ca mi ng. Nh vy sau khi ni, hai u ng thng cn cch nhau 2-3 mm. Mi ghp ny khng tho c.
Hnh 3.30 Lp ren ng
i vi mi ghp tho c dng ng ni v ai c chn (hnh 3.30b). Chiu di lm ren trn mi u ng phi vn vo ni ng v ai c hm v thm hai ba mi ren t do.
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bi trn khi ct ren dng du sn. lm kn mi ghp ren, dng si mnh hay si aming vn thm vo si vi tm minium trn vi sn du t nhinv si vi i ng dn du. Tt c cc mi ghp trong h thng bi trn thng dng ren cn bo m cht v khng cn dng vt liu lm kn. Ch bi trn ren khi cn tho lp nh nhng.
2.2.3 Lp mi ghp then 2.2.3.1 Lp mi ghp then vt

Trong mi ghp then vt, phi lp sao cho mt trn v mt di ca then tip xc hon ton vi y rnh trn trc v trn may, cn hai cnh bn c khe h. dc ca b mt lm vic ca then v rnh ca l may phi trng nhau, nu khng chi tit lp trn trc s b nghing. chnh xc ca mi ghp then c kim tra bng cn l t hai u moay. Khi kim tra khng cho php c khe h gia y rnh moay v mt lm vic ca then. Nu c khe h v mt pha chng t dc ca then v y rnh moay khng ging nhau. dc then v y rnh moay khng th hon ton trng nhau c do gia cng c kh trn my, do khi lp rp phi tin hnh co sa bng tay.
2.2.3.2 Lp mi ghp then bng

Khi lp t then bng phi bo m lp cht then theo hai cnh bn vo trc v khe h gia mt trn ca then v y rnh moay ca chi tit i tip. Then t vo rnh trc c g nh nhng bng ba ng, my p hay dng c kp. Dng cn l kim tra khe h gia then v rnh, sau kim tra khe h gia mt trn ca then v y ca rnh may ca chi tit i tip. Rnh then chi tit i tip lp then phi bo m song song i vi ng trc ca moay. Then c ch to vi lng d 0,1 - 0,15mm co sa theo rnh then trn trc v trn chi tit i tip. Dung sai v lp ghp cho mi ghp then bng c quy nh trong TCVN 4216-86 Mi ghp then bng cao TCVN 4218-86.
2.2.4 Lp mi ghp then hoa

Mi ghp then hoa c hai loi: - Loi di trt khi chi tit bao c th di chuyn dc trc c lp ghp H/h nH/c . - Loi c nh ( cng ) khi chi tit bao lp cht trn trc c lp ghpH/js n H/n Mi ghp c nh sau khi lp phi kim tra o, cn mi ghp di ng phi kim tra theo lc l. Khi lp cc mi ghp then hoa c bit phi kim tra thm s tip xc ca cc b mt i tip theo vt bt mu. Mi ghp then hoa dng ph bin nht l then rng ch nht v then rng thn khai.
Hnh 3-31 Cc phng php nh tm ca then hoa
Trc then hoa
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Theo phng php nh tm ca chi tit bao v chi tit b bao. C 3 phng php nh tm; - nh tm theo cnh bn ca then ( hnh 3.31a). - nh tm theo ng knh ngoi ( hnh 3.31b). - nh tm theo ng knh trong ( hnh 3.31c). Trong tt tt c cc trng hp, khi c cu cn thc hin chnh xc ng hc ( nh trong cc my cng c, b truyn ng t.) Th dng phng php nh tm theo ng knh trong hay theo ng knh ngoi. nh tm theo ng knh ngoi l kinh t v c s dng vi cc chi tit bao c nhit luyn, khng qua gia cng tinh cng nh trong cc trng hp chi tit bao c nhit luyn t n cng cho php gia cng chut theo dng. Nu cng ca chi tit bao khng cho php tin hnh chut theo dng th tin hnh phng php nh tm theo ng knh trong.
Hnh 3-32 Mt ct trc then hoa rng vung
Hnh 3-33 S nh tm then hoa vn vin
Khi nh tm theo dng knh ngoi, phi lm gc ln chn then v trc ( hnh 3-32) cn khi nh tm theo ng knh trong th lm gc ln chn trn l; nh then th lm vt cnh hay v trn. u im ca mi ghp then hoa l : a. Dng cng ngh hin i ch to trc then hoa nh dao phay trc vt . b. C kh nng s dng phng php gia cng chnh xc gia cng trc nh c mi theo phng php bao hnh v cc phng php khc. c. Nng cao bn ca mi ghp. d. nh tm cc phn t i tip tt hn v khi chu ti ng lt t dch tm trn trc tt hn. Mi ghp then rng thn khai nh tm theo cnh bn ca then hay theo ng knh ngoi(hnh 3-33 ). Thng dng nht l loi then rng thn khai nh tm theo cnh bn. Khi cn chnh xc rt cao ca chi tit quay lp trn trc then hoa th dng phng php nh tm theo ng knh ngoi. Trc khi lp mi ghp then hoa cn phi xem xt cc chi tit cn thn, lm sch mt then khi cc loi bi bn, lm cn cc cnh sc, vt cnh mt mt ca trc v may, bi trn cc b mt i tip. Dung sai v lp ghp ca mi ghp then hoa rng ch nht c trnh by theo TCVN 2324-78
2.2.5. Lp mi ghp inh tn.

Ty theo l gia cng ban u trn chi tit (theo hng knh hay nh hn so vi chi tit) p dng hai phng php chun b l tn inh ph hp vi cu kin. a) Khot l, nung nng hay khoan tip trn l c ng knh .
b) Khot l trn l c ng knh , nung nng hay khoan tip trn ng knh nh hn.
Mi ghp inh tn
1.Lp cm tn inh. Dng bulng kp cht cc chi tit ca mi ghp. ng knh ca bulng phi nh hn ng knh l t 2 4 mm ty theo b dy ca mi ghp v cp chnh xc ca l gia cng. Khi lp mi ghp khng c lm nt l inh tn cng nh lp qu cht khng pht sinh ng sut ph. Khi nghim thu mi ghp lp, dng cn l dy 0,3 mm khng nht c vo khe hai mt i tip su qu 20 mm. 2.Khot v lm sch l. Sau khi sit cht cc bulng kp, tin hnh khot v lm sch l. Khot, xoy v lm sch l tn inh c thc hin trn my khoan. Khi khot cc l bulng lp khi ghp mi c thay bng cc bulng ng knh nh hn. Mp ngoi ca l khot c lm sch bng mi xoy. Xoy l tn inh c u chm c thc hin trn cc my xoy c bit. Khi gia cng l nn dng nc lm ngui 10%. 3.Qu trnh tn inh. Tn inh nng khi phi nung inh tn v tn ngui khng phi nung inh tn ch p dng khi ng knh inh tn n 10 mm. Qu trnh tn nng bao gm cc nguyn cng sau: 1. Nung inh tn; 2. t inh tn nung vo l; 3. Gi inh tn p cht vo mi ghpbng dng c kp; 4. Tn du inh., to thnh u inh tn hon ton in y l phi tnh phn kim loi nh ln khoi b mt mi ghp ca inh tn. Chiu di cn thit ca inh tn tn m bn cu c th xc nh theo cng thc: L = 1,18 (l + d) Trong L chiu di inh tn; L chiu di mi ghp D ng knh l. i vi mi ghp inh tn dy khng qu 4,5 ng knh inh tn,dng loi u m bn cu, na kn v kn. Khi tn inh bng ba hi cm tay inh tn phi c nung nng n nhit 1050 1150 (mu sng) khi tn bng my cho php cho php nung nng n nhit 750 850 (mu ti). 4. Yu cu k thut ca mi ghp inh tn. Tt c cc inh tn phi ghp cht khng c rung chuyn khi g ba. u inh tn phi y v kn, khng c vt nt v bp, hon ton tip xc c vng v phi ng trc vi inh tn.Cht lng tn inh phi kim tra bng quan st bn ngoi, g ba v bng dng.
kim tra cht ca cc chi tit trong mi ghp dng cn l dy 0,03mm, cho php nht su khng qu 5-10mm vo khe gia hai mt i tip . 2.2.6. Lp cc mi ghp p. Khi lp mi ghp p,cc chi tit lp lun c di.Trc khi p,cn phi xem xt cn thn cc b mt I tip,lm sch du m,bi bm v cc vt xc, ph ln cc mt lp ghp mt lp du. Qu trnh p c th din ra nh sau: chi tit b bao b p vo l ca chi tit bao hay ngc li. Thit b ch yu thc hin lp mighp p l cc loi my p khc nhau. p tay(vt hay thanh rng), c truyn ng c kh, kh nn v thu lc, p hay tho cc chi tit ln hn c th dng kch thu lc c trang b g c bit. Cc chi tit c ng knh nh c th p bng p ba. Khi p ba phi dng tm k gi cho chi tit khng b h hi; ln p ba phi mnh v dt khot.
Phng php lp p bng nhit cng phi c dng rng ri: lp bng cch nung nng chi tit bao hay lm bng chi tit b bao. 1.Lp p bng nung nng c dng ch yu i vi cc chi tit c ng knh ln hay khi r ln hn 0,1mm v lm trong trng hp lc p ca chi tit c(ti ni lp rp) khng lp p chi tit trng thi ngui. Chi tit c nung nng trong thng nc nng,du nng hay ch nu chy m bo chi tit c nung nng u,cng c th dng m hn hi hay dng in.Nhit nung chi tit ph thuc ri v ng knh, h s gin di xem cng thc mc 3.1.3. 2.Lm lnh chi tit b bao c dng d lp p cc chi tit c thnh mng vo chi tit dng khi(vi d p ng lt hay vo thn my,hp gim tc,v.v) Chi tit c lm trong thng cha khng kh lng,oxi hay nit lng (nhit m 1902100), axit cacbonic rn(bng kh nhit m 1000).Nn dng nit lng, nhit t m 1960C.
Thng c hai thnh, gia cc thnh nht y vi n hay vi thu tinh hn ch s tn nhit, tiu hao nit lng. Dng km xp cc ng lt vo thng v y nit lng.Thng c y np c l kh nit thot ra.Theo mc bc hi ca nit m thm nit lng vo. Khong cch t ming thng n mt thong ca nit lng khng c nh hn 80100mm. Thi gian gi ng lt trong nit lng:7-10 pht khi b dy thnh ng 8-10mm v 12-15 pht khi b dy thnh ng l 20-30mm. Lng tiu hao nit lng l 0,8l cho 1kg khi lng chi tit lm lnh. 2.2.7. Lp mi ghp cn Phi kim tra tip xc ca mt cn ca trc v l theo vt sn hay theo cch lc.Vic p c tin hnh trn my p c kp hay dng g v p c bit, lc va c xc nh theo khi lng u ba v chiu cao ri ca u ba. Lp mi ghp cn mun cho chc chn thng thm then. ng lp trn trc c kp bng ai c c vng m (h.3-34).Khi lp cn kim tra su p v lc sit ai c.
Hnh 3 34 Lp mi ghp cn c nh.
2.2.8. Lp trt. Tt c cc trt thng gp trong my c th chia ra lm hai nhm : - lin-di dng ng lt hay l ( thn, my), c trng hp kim chng ma st - ghp-c lt v khng c lt, lp nn c trng hp kim chng ma st. 1.lp trt lin. Cc nguyn cng lp trt lin bao gm: p ng lt vo thn,gi cho ng lt khng xoay v r l theo trc. hng v nh tm ng lt so vi l thn c th dng g c bit(h.3-34)
Hnh 3.34 . p ng lt vo thn. 1.tm m ; 2.vng dn hng ; 3. ng lt ; 4. thn.
Sau khi p, ng knh trong ca ng lt c th nh li; do phi kim tra theo trc hay bng calip. Nu khe h khng m bo nh bn v yu cu, phi tin co hay khot rng. m bo ng trc gia nhiu trt mt trc, phi khot cc ng lt ng thi . 2. Lp trt ghp. Vic gia cng v lp rp trt ng phi m bo to thnh mng du gia cc b mt trt v s tn nhit lin tc ca du. ng knh trong ca lt trc phi ln hn ng knh ngng trc theo tr s khe h c xc nh theo ng knh ngng trc, ti trng v s vng quay. Thng khe h du bng 0,0018 0,0025 ng knh ngng trc. Khi lp trt ghp, trc ht phi lp theo ngng trc. Co s b lt trc v thn theo vt bt mu v cn l (cn l 0,05 mm khng qua ch tip xc ca lt trc v thn ); sau n ngng trc, ph mt lp sn mng t vo v sit u cc bulng.
Xoay nh trc, trn b mt lt s pht li cc vt bt mu sau tho v tin hnh co. Phi tin hnh co cho n khi vt bt mu ph nhiu hn 70 80% b mt chung ca lt . Khe h hng knh gia ngng trc v lt trn c kim tra bng cn l hay chiu dy ming ch t gia ngng trc v lt trn. Sau khi co ln cui b mt lm vic pha trong ca lt khng c c vt xc trc lp ma st; rnh du phi ln nhp nhng trn mt lm vic ca . Rnh du khng c c cnh sc v n s co sch lp bi trn trn b mt trc v lm cho lm vic khng tt. 2.2.9. Lp ln. ln c s dng rng ri trong tt c cc loi my mc thit b.Theo hnh dng ca con ln, ln c phn thnh: bi, a, kim v cn.Theo hng ca ti trng tc dng: ln chn v ln chn.Theo s dy con ln: ln mt dy, ln hai dy, bn dy.Theo tnh cht t la, ln t la, ln khng t la.
ln a (con ln tr)
ln bi (con ln cu)
ln 2 dy t la con ln tang trng
ln a2 dy
ln a cn
ln bi chn a chn
ln bi ln bi chn ln bi chn
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chnh xc ca cc kch thc ln c xc nh bng sai lch cho php ca ng knh trong, ng knh ngoi v chiu rng . chnh xc ca ln c c trng bng cc thng s sau: a) o vng trong,vng ngoi v kt vng b) o cnh mt mt vng trong c) o cnh theo ng ln ca vng trong v vng ngoi ng knh danh ngha ca chn l ng knh trong ca vng quay t do. ng knh trung bnh ca mt tr ngoi Dtb v mt tr trong dtb c xc nh bng trung bnh s hc ca gi tr ng knh ln v nh nht o hai mp ca mt mt ca ln. Lp ghp bi vo trc theo h thng l v vo thn theo h thng trc. ln c ly ra t bao gi ra lp.Nu bao gi khng b rch,du khng b chy ra ngoi, ln khng cn phi ra; nu bao gi b rch, phi c ra bng xng hay du m nung nng. Vic ra bng xng c thc hin nh sau: trong thng sch c s lng xng v 6 8% (theo dung tch xng)du m nh (du cng nghip 12 hay 20); sau ngm ln (kch thc trung bnh v nh) vo xng, gi vng trong, xoay chm vng ngoi cho n khi ton b c lm sch cc lp du. Nu bn qu, trnh vic lm sy st cc b mt ca do cc ht cng,trc ht phi ra cn thn trong xng ty i phn ln cc bi bn v khng c xoay. Khi cn ra ng thi s lng ln ln,nn c hai thng ra:mt thng ra s b ; mt thng ra ln cui: c ra phi chy ht xng sau phi sy kh v bc vo giy sch. Ra ln trong du nng c thc hin trong cc thng bng kim loic nung nng bng hi hay bng in.Trong thng c cha du m sch (du cng nghip 12 hay 20) v c nung nng n nhit 95 100. trnh cho ln tip xc vi y thng nng v bi lng, phi xp ln vo cc li hay treo bng mc. Ty theo kch thc ca , vic ra ko di t 5 - 20 pht. Sau khi ra ln phi c xp trn gi chy ht xng du. ra mt lc nhiu ln kch thc nh nn dng nhiu loi khay,ch to bng day thp. ln c xp vo khay, ngm vo thng cha du v lc u ra cho nhanh. trnh cho cc ln ra sch b n mn, khng c cm bng tay, phi dng giy hoc khn sch. Vic lp ln ch c tin hnh sau khi chun b v kim tra ch lp ghp trn trc v trn thn. Ch lp ghp phi c gia cng t nhn cn thit. Nu sau khi quan st pht hin thy c cc vt lm, vt r hay vt st phi gia sch, sau nh nhn bng giy nhm mn N0 000. Tt c cc rnh du trn trc v trn thn phi kim tra lm sch v thi sch bi bng kh nn. Sau khi khc phc ht cc khuyt ttca gia cng c kh ti ch lp phi lm sch cc phoi, mt gia, bi bn, ra bng du ha, sy kh v lau sch bng khn lau sch v kim tra: a) thng ca trc, van v cn ti ch lp ln trn trc(trn may tin hay trn cc gi c bit); b) L lp ghp trn thn (bng calp o trong hay dng);
c) vung gc ca mt t vi trc quay; d) Bn knh g ln trn vai truc phi nh hn bn knh ln trn ln. Ch lp rp ca trc v thn cng nh ch tip xc vi ln ca chi tit trc khi lp phi ph mt lp du nh phng b xc Lp ln vo b phn my c thc hin nh sau: a) Lp cng trn trc ; b) Lp cng vo thn ; c) Lp cng c vo trc v thn. Khi lp trn trc, lp rp nh nhng v trnh h hng ch lp ca trc, tt c lp nh v trung bnh thng chn kiu lp trung gian v tt c cc c kch thc ln bt k lp ghp no cng phi nung nng trong du m. Nhit du khng qu 1000 trnh lm vnh vnh, v bi hay lm hng ng ln khi p ln vo trc hay thn nghim cm vic p ba vo vng trong hay vng ngoi. lp ln nn dng cc loi my p. My p m bo p ln nhp nhng, khng va p v lp chnh xc, m bo an ton ch lp ghp vi ln . Khi lp ln vo trc kch thc khng ln c th thc hin bng hai cch: a) p ln vo trc ng yn ; b) p trc ln ln ng yn . ( h.3 36). Khi p ln cn phi m bo ng trc gia v trc v nu vng trong bi nghing so vi trc s rt kh lp v to nn s sai lch hnh dng lp ghp ca ngng trc, c khi cn lm v vng trong ca ln. Trong trng hp khng c my p hay khng th c iu kin lp rp ln nh hng dn, c th dng ng lp rp c bit ( h.3-37 v 3-3.38.)
Hnh 3 -36 p trc vo
Hinh 3 37 p vo trc
Hnh 3 38 Lp ln bng ng lp c np
ng knh trong ca ng lp rp phi ln ng knh ngng trc mt cht cn mt u phi gia cng phng v vung gc vi tm ng. Khi thao tc ba phi p ng tm ca ng lp rp. Nu ln c lp cht vo thn (lp lng vo trc) c th dng tt c cc phng php nu trn . lp ln vo thn, a s trng hp cng dng ng lp rp c kt cu tng t nh ng lp rp ln vo trc vi kch thc thay i tng ng. Khi lp ln vo trc v vo thn c di, truyn lc t ng lp rp ln hai vng ca , dng trc g c bit. lp rp nh nhng v trnh cho ch lp rp b h hi khi lp trung gian ca vnh ngoi ca vo thn, phi nung nng thn n nhit 1000 trong thng du (khi kch thc qu ln)hay trong l nung cch la (l mp) Khi lp rp phi m bo sao cho ln phi t st vo mt t ca vai trc. kim tra s tip xc ca ln vi mt t ca vai trc dng cn l dy 0,3 mm. Nu lp ng thc nht
khng th i qua khe h tip xc ca ln v mt t ca vai trc hay thn. Nu khng t, ln phi c p thm bng cch p ba thng qua m bng ng. 2.2.10 Lp khp ni 1.Khp ni trc cht gm c hai loi: khp trc ng c cht khp trc hai na ghp dc v khp trc mt bch . Khp trc ng c cht v khp trc hai na ghp dc khng c mt chun iu chnh, do trc khi lp cn phi kim tra ng trc bng thc di v cn l. Chun kim tra ng trc ca cc trc khi lp da vo mt mt v vnh ca na khp. o ca u trc khng c vt qu 0,01 0,02 mm. Kim tra s lp t khp vo trc bng ng h so theo o hng knh v o mt mt cho php theo gii hn 0,03 0,04mm. Khp trc mt bch khi lp c nh tm bng phn li lm trn mt bch nn khng cn lp cht qu. Trong ch to khp ni, ng knh phn li thng nh hn ng knh phn lm 0,03 0,08mm. o mt mt ca khp trc mt bch c kim tra bng ng h so. Gii hn tr s o mt u khng qu 0,02 0,03mm. Bu lng ghp hai na khp trc phi lp cht vo l, khi lp phi dng ba ng g nh. Trong mt loi khp trc mt bch l mt hay c hai mt bch c ng knh ln hn bulng ghp; trong mi ghp ny bu lng xon c truyn do ma st gia hai mt u ca bch c to nn do sit cng cc bu lng ghp. 2. Khp trc na cng. o mt uca na khp trc cho php n 0,5 mm. Bu lng ghp phi lp cht vo l ca hai na khp ni, lp bng cch g ba ng nh. Trc khi lp bu lng ghp, phi kim tra ng trc ca cc l hai na khp ni v doa li. 1. Khp trc c vng n hi. Trong khp trc ny kim tra tip xc ca cht vi mt l. Tri s khe h gia b mt l v cht khng c qu 0,3 0,6 mm, c kim tra bng cn l . 2. Khp trc rng . Phi ch to c prphin rng vnvin v n khp 20 . Ty theo ng knh ca khp, o vng nh rng ca ng n cho php trong gii hn 0,04 0,1mm nghing ca mi ng ni so vi ng knh trc ca vnh do s khng ng trc ca trc ni trong qu trnh lm vic cho php khng ln hn 0 30. lp np vi vnh v vnh vi na khp, dng bulng tinh c lp ghp.
Khp ni rng
2.2.11 Lp b truyn bnh rng tr. 1. Kim tra bnh rng trc khi lp. Khi lp b truyn bnh rng phi kim tra: a) o hng knh v mt u ca bnh rng.
b) Khong cch tm; c) Tr s khe h cnh rng ; d) Vt tip xc trn b mt lm vic ca rng. o hng knh v mt u c kim tra bng cch lp ln trc g c bit hay sau khi lp bnh rng vo trc theo ch lp ghp c khe h hay di( ty theo lp ghp trn bng v); lp dng g c bit. Kim tra o hng knh v mt u ca bnh rng lp vo trc , ty theo yu cu chnh xc ca lp ghp, c tin hnh bng mi vch hay ng h so trc tip ti ch v trn . kim tra o theo vng c s ( bnh rng c rng thng), gia cc rng t con ln kim tra v t u o ca ng h so ln trn con ln v xc nh v tr ca kim ch th. Chuyn con ln kim tra qua ba bn rng, xc nh vi tr ca kim ch th khc nhau cho bit o hng knh ca vng vng c s ca bnh rng o mt u ca bnh rng c kim tra bng ng h so. 2. Lp b truyn bnh rng . Lp b truyn bnh rng bt u cng vic lp t thm hay na di ca hp gim tc ln nn ; kim tra s tip xc gia trc v lt trc ( trong trt), sau lp bnh rng vo trc. Cc bnh rng khp ng khi cc ng trc ca chng phi song song vi nhau v gi khang cch gia cc trc bng tr s tnh ton. song song ca cc trc c kim tra bng calp o trong 1 v niv 2(h.3.53). Phng php nu ch dng kin tra cc b truyn bnh rng t quan trng v dng nh tm nh vy khng hon ton m bo c c s tip xc ti u ca b truyn bnh rng .
Kim tra ln cui s n khp ca b truyn c tin hnh theo vt bt mu(h.3.54) kim tra din tch tip xc ca rng ,trn bnh rng dn ph mt lp bt mu mng v quay mt vi vng sao cho trn mt i tip ca bnh rng b ng hn ln cc vt bt mu tip xc. Theo vt bt mu trn bnh rng b ng xc nh cht lng ca s n khp , din tch vt bt mu cng u v ln cht lng n khp cng tt.
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3. Th khng ti b truyn bnh rng B truyn bnh rng khng quan trng sau khi lp t xong tin hnh th khng ti trong 2 3 gi vi s vng quay ton b. Sau khi cho chy khng ti, dng my v kim tra s n khp. Nu c hnh thnh cc phi co sch i. Cc b truyn bnh rng quan trng bt u t th t s vng quay bng 25% vng quay danh ngha, sau tng s vng quay n 50 %, th vi tc quay ny dn tng n tc quay danh ngha. Sau mi vng th vi mt cp vng quay phi dng my v kim tra cn thn b mt lm vic ca rng. Thi gian th vi ch th khng ti nh trn phi tin hnh khng nh hn 6 8 gi. 4. Th c ti b truyn bnh rng. Th c ti c thc hin vi ch lm vic sau: + Nng dn ti trng t 25% n ton b v th trong thi gian 3 gi, sau kim tra rng, co b cc vt sy st v cc khuyt tt lm cn s tip xc bnh thng trn sut chiu di ca rng . + Nng dn ti trng t 50 % n ton b v th trong 3 4 gi v li co b cc vt sy st mi. + Tng ti trng t 75% n ton b v th trong 4 5 gi. + t ti trng ton b th trong 1 2 gi, ch nghe ting ng ca b truyn v quan st , sau dng my quan st cc b mt tip xc v co b cc khuyt tt. B truyn lm vic bnh thng khi pht ra ting n u v m thp. Chy r v mi r bnh rng lm tt cht lng s dng ca b truyn bnh rng (nng cao hiu sut, gim ting n) phi tin hnh chy r hay mi r. Vic chy r tin hnh i vi cc bnh rng khng ti bng cch cho n khp vi mt bnh rng mu ti. Khi chy r dng cht bi trn l hn hp du ha v du my. i vi cc bnh rng ti, khc phc cc sai lch hnh dng ca prophin rng phi mi trn my mi rng hay mi r tng cp. Vt liu mi r l ht mi hay b mi r trn vo du ha v du my.
2.2.12. Lp b truyn bnh rng cn Khi lp b truyn bnh rng cn phi kim tra o ca cn nh, khe h cnh rng nh nht v vt tip xc ca b mt rng , cng nh cho ca trc( khi cn thit), sai lch v gc gia trc v s dch chuyn ca nh cn chia.
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Kim tra o bnh rng cn Cc loi bnh rng cn
o cn c kim tra bng ng h so kp vo ga ,cn o t vung gc vi cnh bn ca nh cn tr s khe h rng c m bo jnmin ; cc dng dung sai khe h cnh rng c ly theo tiu chun. 2.2.13. Lp b truyn trc vt
B truyn trc vt bnh vt
Khi lp b truyn trc vt phi kim tra khong cch trc gia trc vt v bnh vt, v tr ng ca trc (khng b nghing ) khe h cnh rng trong n khp v tip xc b mt lm vic ca bnh vt.
Kim tra b truyn trc vt-bnh vt
Vt tip xc gia mt phng mt phng ca bnh vt vi ng ren ca trc vt c kim tra bng vt bt mu; trn b mt lm vic ca ng ren bi mt lp bt mu mng, sau quay trc vt, p mt rng lm vic ca bnh vt vo trc vt. Vt tip xc ca rng bnh vt vi trc vt phi u v phn b trn b mt lm vic ca rng bnh vt. 2.2.14 Lp b truyn ai 1.Cc yu cu k thut cn kim tra khi lp b truyn ai Khi lp b truyn ai cn phi m bo song song gia hai trc ca bnh ai ch ng v bnh ai b ng v s ng phng trung bnh ca hai bnh ai.
Kim tra song song bng mi vch du v dy
song song ca trc c th kim tra bng thc o trong o khong cch gia hai trc ti hai im xa nht, hoc dng mi vch du v dy.
S ng phng ca mt phng trung bnh ca hai bnh ai c kim tra theo mt cnh ca vnh bnh ai bng thc kim hay dy
Nu hai bnh ai c chiu rng khc nhau th o khe h gia dy v hai im C v D ca bnh ai 1 v khe h gia dy v v hai im C v D ca bnh ai 2. Nu lp t ng th khe h ca hai im ca mt bnh ai phi bng nhau.
B truyn ai thang
Bnh ai phi c cn bng ti nh my ch to . Trong trng hp cn thit c th cn bng theo cc yu cu k thut.
2.2.15. Lp b truyn xch
B truyn xch
Bnh xch c kim tra ging nh bnh ai trong b truyn ai .Trnh t lp b truyn xch c thc hin nh sau : lp v kp cht a xch ln trc ; lp xch ln a xch; iu chnh . Sau khi kp cht a xch ln trc phi kim tra o hng knh v mt u(bng 3.45) ng knh da xch Dung sai o trn n Hng knh Mt mt
100 0,25 0,3 100 200 0,5 0,5 200 300 0,75 0,8 300 400 1,0 1,0 400 1,2 1,5 trnh b vng v n qu, xch phi c cng nhng khng c cng qu mc v lm cn tr chuyn ng .Xch c vng nh lp ng vo da xch v th gim c mn cc chi tit. 2.2.16 Lp pttng xilanh Cc trang b lm kn pttng dng trnh lt hi hay cht lng do p lc bn trong xilanh cn d b y qua khe h gia cc chi tit c nh v chuyn ng Lm kn pttng bng cch lm kn bng khe h cn thit chng li p lc bng cht lng. Pttng c mi r vi xilanh t tip xc st sao cho cht bi trn c th di chuyn chm trong xilanh do trng lng bn thn. Lm kn pttng bng cch lm kn chng li p lc cht lng thc hin bng cc chi tit lm kn nh: xc mng, vng Oring. 2.2.17 Cn bng tnh Cn bng tnh kim tra ln cui cc chi tit gia cng c ng knh tng i ln v chiu di khng ng k, bnh , bnh ai, bnh rng, roto . 1 Cn bng trn sng ln.(H. 3 95) Sng ln c ch to bng phng php rn thp CT7( khng thp hn, mt lm vic c mi cn thn n nhn c Ra = 0,160 m. Chiu di sng ln c ly theo tnh ton sao cho chi tit c th ln t 1,5 n 2 vng tc l L = (1,5 2)d, trong L chiu di sng ln, mm; d ng knh ngng trc, mm.
Hnh 3.95 Cn bng tnh trn sng ln
Chiu rng ca sng ln ly bng 0,3 mm i vi chi tit nng n 3 kg; 3 mm i vi chi tit nng n 30 kg; 10 mm i vi chi tit nng n 2000 kg. Sng ln c t theo niv, sai lch theo v tr nm ngang khng c qu 0,02 mm trn chiu di 1000 mm; khng
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song song ca hai sng ln cho php khng ln hn 1 mm trn chiu di 1000mm. ng trc ca chi tit cn bng phi vung gc vi sng ln. Chi tit khng cn bng khi trng thi ng yn, trng tn khng trng vi tm quay v nn trn ng thng ng t tm quay. y chi tit khi v tr ng yn chi tit li tr v v tr c. tin hnh cn bng , ln nh chi tit trn sng ln v gi chi tit v tr phn nng nht nm mt phng ngang, sau hoc ly bt kim loi phn nng hoc thm vo phn nh mt lng kim loi sao cho chi tit ng yn trn sng ln. Chi tit cn bng c kim tra tt c cc v tr, quay chi tit quanh trc bt k gc no khi chi tit phi c cn bng. Nu ti mt v tr no cha cn bng th phi tin hnh cn bng li. pht hin v khp phc lng mt cn bng cha bit, chia vng trn trn chi tit thnh 6 phn bng nhau v vch cc ng hng tm Hai v tr i nhau c t trn mt phng nm ngang v ti im chia u tin c bn knh r, ly i hay thm vo mt khi lng, nng dn khi lng K bt u t 10 g v ln hn (10, 15 20 )ty theo khi lng chi tit c cn bng v bt u quay chm trn sng ln. Nguyn cng ny c thc hin bt u trn su v tr chia trn chi tit, trng lng c treo thm v cng mt pha. Lng mt cn bng ca chi tit bng na hiu s gia trng lng K treo thm ln nht v nh nht tc l:
K max K min 2
Trng lng cn bng c kp vo v tr i vi Kmax to bn knh r v cng kim tra li tnh ng n ca vic cn bng. 2. Cn bng trn ln: ln c dng l bi hay ln( h. 3-97). Qu trnh cn bng c thc hin nh trn sng ln. chnh xc ca vic cn bng cng ln nu sc cn ca cng nh, ng knh cng ln, gc cng ln v t s d : D cng nh ( h. 3 98). Trn ln c th cn bng cc chi tit c ng knh ngng khc nhau.
H-3.97 Cn bng trn ln
Thc t c quy nh cc kch thc con ln, mm ty theo trng lng ca chi tit cn bng, kg: Trng lng chi tit ng knh con ln Chiu di con ln
n 250 100 40 - 1500 150 70 - 10000 250 250 2.2.18. Sn my. Vic chn kiu sn ph ph thuc vo : a) Mc tc dng n mn ca mi trng xung quanh ln sn phm v yu cu s dng sn phm; b) Yu cu cht lng ca tng b mt ca sn phm; c) Mu sn ph. 1. Chun b b mt trc khi sn. co b lp sn c trn b mt sn phm bng kim loi, c th dng cc phng php sau: a) Ho hc: 1. Ra bng spirit trng, du thng, axtn 2. Ra trong dung dch 5 10% xt n da nhit 80 90 , sau ra bng nc. b) C hc: 1. Lm sch ct bi bn bng thit b phun ct hay phun dp; 2. Lm sch bng co tay hay dng c. c) Nhit hc ty lp sn bng cch dng ngn la hn t chy lp sn sau co sch bng tay hay lm sch bng dng c mi. Cc vy st hay g c lm sch bng tay (chi , thp, co) hay dng c kh nn c bn chi st. Ngoi ra cn dng thit b phun cc, b mt gia cng phi c lau ra bng vi lau tm bng spirit trng, du thng hay xng, sau phun ct lm sch. Vic sn ph phi c thc hin khng qu 3 gi sau khi lm sch. 2. Sn lt. Sn lt gi cho b mt khi b n mn v m bo cho lp sn sau bm chc hn vo kim loi. 3.Trt mattit sau khi sn lt b mt: B mt sau khi sn lt c trt mantit lm cho lp sn ph c phng v tt hn. Lp trt mattit phi c gng lm tht mng. Chiu dy lp mattit khng c qu 2 mm. S ln trt ty theo yu cu v cht lng trang tr v c tnh ca b mt. Mi lp mattit trt phi kh t nhin. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3:
CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA CHT LNG V V TR CC B MT TNG QUAN KHI SA CHA V LP RP.
3.1 Kim tra thng ca b mt. Sai lch v thng c xc nh bng khong cch ln nht t cc im ca profin thc ti ng thng p (h.2-1 a), k hiu trn bn v nh hnh 2-1b.
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thng ca b mt c kim tra bng cc dng c v thit b o sau: 1.Theo vt bt mu . Dng tm kim, thc kim, dng v chi tit i tip i tip kim tra mt phng di t 1-2 m; cht lng b mt c nh gi bng s phn b u ca cc vt bt mu (hnh 4-2). Hnh 4.1 Kim tra cht lng b mt theo s phn b vt bt mu 2.Thc kim v khe h lt sng. t thc kim trn b mt cn kim tra. Sai lch v thng c xc nh bng tr s khe h lt sng ln nht. Phng php ny c dng kim tra Hnh 4.2 Kim tra cht lng b mt bng thc kim v cc b mt ngn (h. 2.3) khe h lt sng 3.Thc kim v cn l. Thc kim chnh xc c t ln mt phng cn kim tra theo cc hng khc nhau. Dng cn l o khe h gia mt phng v thc kim.
Hnh 4.3 B cn l
4.Thc kim v calp o trong (hnh 2 5). Thc kim c t trn 2 khi c chiu dy bng nhau. Calip o trong c t ti cc v tr khc nhau c xt n vng ca thc kim do trng lng bn thn. Khi cn kim tra b mt c kch thc ln hn thc kim th t ln lt thc kim cc v tr tip ni nhau. chnh xc kim tra t 0,01 mm trn 1m chiu di.
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Hnh 4.4 Kim tra thng bng thc kim v calip o trong
5.Theo niv cho niv chuyn dch cc hng khc nhau theo chiu di v chiu rng ca b mt c t theo v tr nm ngang bng cch k m. chnh xc t 0,02mm trn 1m chiu di.
6.Cng dy . Phng php ny c dng kim tra cc b mt di m 10m hay ln hn. Khong cch t dy n b mt c o bng thc o trong. Dy cng l dy thp c ng knh 0,3 0,5mm hay dy gai.Khi kim tra thng ca mt phng di qu phi xt n vng ca dy.
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7.Thc kim v ng h so. ng h so kp trn phn dch chuyn ca my(h. 2-7). Cn o ca thit b tip xc vi cnh ng ca thc. Thc phi t sao cho ti 2 u, ng h so ch ging nhau trnh phi tnh li ch s o. Sai lch c xc nh bng ch s ln nht ca cc ch s o. Phng php ny dng kim tra khang dch chuyn n 1500 mm.
Hnh 4.4 Kim tra thng bng thc kim v ng h so
8.Thit b quang hc . Gm ng knh ngm v cc bia ngm. Trc quang hc ca ng knh ngm 1 c iu chnh cho trng vi trc quang hc ca bia ngm 4 bng thanh rng 3. Cho bia ngm dch chuyn theo b mt kim tra 5.(h.4.6) Sai lch c tnh theo vt bc nh 2 iu chnh ng knh ngm. chnh xc o t 0,02 mm/m chiu di. 9.Phng php ngm chun trc. c dng kim tra thng ca ng trt cc my ln. Thit b ngm chun trc (h. 4-7) bao gm ng chun trc 2 v ng ngm 1.ng chun trc t trn phn dch chuyn ca my cn ng knh ngm ng chun trc quan st t c nh.ng chun trc di chuyn dc theo b mt cn kim tra, c mt chm tia sng chiu vo mt c khc vch chia 3 t tiu c ca ng chun trc. Chm tia sng chiu vo vt knh ca ng knh ngm v ti mt phng tiu c t mt bng tip nhn 4 c quan st qua l trn. Nu trc quang ca ng ngm chun trc lch so vi trc quang ca ng knh ngm di mt gc th tia sng cng i qua thu knh ca ng knh ngm di mt gc . Tia sng hi t trn bng ca ng knh ngm ti im A, dch so vi trc quang ca ng knh ngm. on dch chuyn AB t l vi gc . Theo tr s chuyn dch biu th trn vch chia ca ng chun trc so vi bng tip nhn ca ng knh ngm nh gi khng song song ca ng trt. Vic kim tra thng c tin hnh lin tc khi di chuyn.Cc gc nhn c lp thnh biu .
Hnh 4 . -6 Kie tra be t bag thieb m ma n t quang ho go og knh nga va nga c m n m bia m . Hnh 4 . -6 Kie tra be t bag thieb m ma n t quang ho go og knh nga va nga c m n m bia m .
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Nu ng ngm chun trc v ng knh ngm lp vo ng trt ca my, cn trn phn chuyn ng t mt gng phng (h.4-7) th chiu di n by quang hc c mnh ln v tng ng nng cao nhy ca thit b. Cch lp H h4 . Kie t m h b n -7 ra a p a g a g m t n n t nh vy gi l h thng quang hc c u t t v n . h a r o g ag g n c n chun trc t ng. Vic kim tra bng chun trc t ng c th hin nh sau.Gng phng lp trn phn di chuyn ca bng my, phn chiu tia sng do ng chun trc chiu ra. Gng v vt knh ca ng chun trc phi t sao cho ti im u v im cui ca s dch chuyn trn ng thng nh, tia sng phi nhn c ti cng mt im trn tm khc vch ca thit b.Do b mt kim tra khng thng, gng b nghing i mt gc, to nn s dch chuyn ca im tip nhn tia sng trn tm khc vch. Tr s dch chuyn c xc nh bng th knh phng i, c lp vo thit b. Vic kim tra thng c tin hnh lin tc khidi chuyn. Cc gc nhn c lp thnh biu . 10.My kinh v ( tlit) v chun trc (h.4-8) Trn phn di chuyn ca my t ng chun trc trn phn c nh t knh v c dng nh ng knh ngm. Vic kim tra c tin hnh tng t nh trn. Gc dch chuyn t ng thng chun c nhn trc tip theo thang vch gc ca my kinh v xoay mt gc tng t theo hng ngc li.
Hnh 4 . Kie tra m t p ngb ngm y -8 m a ha a a knh v(teoo va ogng mchu n tr . lit) n a a c
11.Dng cng dy v knh hin vi (h.4-9). Dc theo b mt cn kim tra cng mt si dy thp 1 ng knh 0,1-0,3 mm hay dy gai dng kim tra thng. Knh hin vi 2, kp vo b phn di chuyn 4 ca my, t ln lt vo cc u ng trt. Ti cc im A v B, vch du ln bng th knh trng vi mt trong cc cnh ca dy. Sai lch c xc nh bng dch chuyn ln nht ca vch du trn knh hin vi ti cnh ca dy khi di chuyn b phn lm vic theo ng trt. Thit b cho php kim tra cac b mt di t 8-10 m vi chnh xc n 0,05 mm.
Thang v ch cu knh hie vi a a n Hnh 4-9 . Kie tra maphag bag ca m t n n ch cag da va n y knh hie vi. n
12.Bng mt thong ca nc (h.4-10).

Dch chuyn con trt 3 theo b mt cn kim tra 1.Trn gi ca con trt 3 lp panme o su 4 dng o s thay i cc v tr u o ca panme n mt thong nc cha trong mng 2. Phng php ny thng c dng kim tra thng v cong ca ng trt my cng c, cc tm phn, bn my, tm v.v Trn hnh 4-11 trnh by kt cu u o thy lc kiu MC 1.A. Hai bnh cha 1 c thc o su 2, c ni bi ng 3 v ng thng hi 4. Nc cha trong 2 bnh c ni qua ng 3 to thnh h thng bnh thng nhau. ng thng hi 4 to cho p lc hai bnh cha ging nhau. Khng kh c gi trong h thng kn cch li vi khng kh bn ngoi. Trong bnh kn, mt nc khng b bi bn v bc hi rt chm. Chiu cao mc nc trong u o thy lc khong 50-60 mm.
Hnh 4-1 . Kie tra be t 0 m ma bag m t thoagcu n n a n a c.
Hnh 4 . S o u o thu l . -11 a y c
o u thy tnh MC-1A (h.4-12) bao gm chn bng ng vng 1, trong c ng thy tinh hnh tr 2, u ng c nt kn bng vng cao su 3. ng tr c kp vo mt bch 4, trn y np 5 c thc o su 6. Np c kp cht vo bch bng ai c 7. m bo lm kn bnh cha v lp thc o su 4 vo np chnh xc, phi tin hnh mi nghin np. Bnh cha ni vi ng mm 9 lng vo ng chn 10 cho rnh i vo bnh cha 1, c ng m bng van 8. Khi ni cc u o vi h thng mt th ng mm th hai c nt li. phn di ca thn vn, ng chn 11 dng ni ng mm dn kh 12 vi khong khng kh ca bnh cha qua l trung gian v dng kh trong np 5, rnh nghin v dng kh bch 4, cng h rnh ng trong thn 1. Tay xch 13 xch u o. u o c lp vo 1 tm 14; trong tm c 4 l kp vo tm khi o ng trt c sng, trc v.v quan st s tip xc ca u o vi mt nc dng gng15.
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Hnh 4-12 . Thiebo thu t t y nh.
trnh cho nc khi trn vo h thng khng kh, cn o ca thc o lp mt ci van phao c bit 16 phn cch vnh trn v di ca bnh cha kh nng mc nuc. Khng ph thuc vo chiu di o, u o m bo chnh xc o l 0,01-0,015 mm . Khi o bng u o thy lc, cc ng mm hay ng dn nc phi t trn mt phng mm ngang hoc l trc tip trn b mt o hay t trn cc tm ph ( bng, cu ). o c th dng mt h thng u o thy tnh c s lng u o khc nhau. Khi u o c mt h thng trn cng mt mt phng mm ngang phi ch thng nht ch s o chiu su c nc theo thc o su. thng v phng c o rt n gin v chnh xc bng mt h thng gm 2 u o thy tnh, mt ci t c nh trn b mt cn kim tra, cn ci kia t ti cc v tr cn xc nh phng hay thng.Chiu su mc nc o hai u o phi ging nhau v chnh lch chiu su mc nc ti mi ch t u o di ng so vi mt nm ngang xc nh sai lch v thng. kim tra thng ca chi tit di ( ng trt my cng c .v.v) dng thit b o trnh by trong hnh 4-13.Thit b gm thn 1 l mt thanh ng ta v hai . di ng 2 l mot hnh cu, 3 t nh tm phng. Trn ng c lp thc t l xc nh chiu di c s L khi dch 2 tren ng v niv 4 iu chnh thit b v tr nm ngang. Vt bc nh 6 trn trong c lp 3. Khi kim tra thng, thit b c t trn mt phng cn kim tra v quay u 5, t niv v v tr khng. Sau di chuyn thit b i tng khang cch bng chiu di c s L. Sau mi ln di chuyn, li iu chnh cho niv v v tr khng v c kt qu sai lch v thng trn ng h so.
Hnh 4 3. Thieb kie tra o thagcu ngtr -1 t e m n a t
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3.2 Kim tra cc mt cong. Cc mt tr, cn, cu v cc mt cong khc c kim tra bng cc dng hay chi tit i tip theo phng php sau : a) Theo vt bt mu nh ga cht lng theo s b tr ca vt bt mu u hay khng; b) Thc cong v cc dng vi cn l. 3.3 Kim tra song song. song song c kim tra bng cc phng php sau: o trc tip bng cc dng c o vn nng( thc cp, panme , thc t l, dng); b) o gin tip hay t hp bng cc thit b o vn nng (niv, ng h so) thc kim hay tm kim( xem phn kim tra thng ca b mt). Thit b o vn nng kim tra song song ca ng trt. Thit b o vn nng kim tra song song ca ng trt( bn xe dao, x ngang, thn my, x cng xn) so vi trc hay vt me(h.4-14) khi lp rp my cng c.
H h4 4. T ie b v n ie t o gs n c gt n -1 h a a g ek ra os n o g u r t n n m a n t a k t o gs n c m a hs v t c t t n; ) ie ra os n o g u a c o g ru u ru r m a t n i n c a c b v ) k t o gs n c h i c hc b m . ) ac ie ra os n o g u a a u a g a m a c a n y
Thit b o vn nng kim tra song song
Thit b gm hai tm 1, gia c tm m v kp bng vt 4. u phi c thanh 5 c lp panme 6.Thanh 5 c gi cht bng vt t 7. Thanh trc 2 c th xoay so vi tn 1 mt gc ty .Sau khi iu chnh xong thanh trt 2, sit cht vt 3. Dng thit b ny kim tra s h hng ca ng trt, song song, chnh xc, cht lng mi v co. song song ca rnh ui n oc kim tra bng g(h.4-15) gm c tm 1 t vo cht 2, tay n 3 v ng h so 4 kp vo cht 5.
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Di chuyn cht 2 trong rnh ca tm 1 n khong cch cn thit gi u tay n 3 v cht 2 v dch g dc theo ng trt. Theo ch s trn mt ng h so xc nh song song ca rnh ui n.
Hnh 4 5. o a e mtra s ngs gcua rah o e -1 g kie oo on n un i
H 4.15 g kim tra song song rnh ui n
3.4 Kim tra vung gc. vung gc gia cc mt phng c kim ra bng cc dng c sau: a)Khe v cn l(h4-16), calip o trong,ng h so; chnh xc kim tra t n 0,02 trn 1 m chiu di; b)Niv vn nng hay khung niv(h.4-17) v dy di; chnh xc kim tra t 0,02 mm trn 1 m chiu di.
Hnh 4-16 . Kie tra vuog gobag khe h m n c n a) dug e chnh xa; n m c b) dug thnhe. n c t
Hnh 4-1 . Kie tra vuog gobag khung nivo 7 m n c n 1.khung nivo 2. Camaphag cn kie tra. ; c t n ca m
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3.5 Kim tra ng trc gia l v trc.

ng trc c kim tra bng cc g sau:
Hn 4 8. Kie tra o gtru h -1 m o n c cu cac tru b gg q ay an au . a c
a)Dng nng, lng vo l ca b phn, chnh xc kim tra t n 0,01 trn 1 m chiu di; b)Cng dy hay dy di: khong cch t dy n mt phng c o bng calp o trong, chnh xc kim tra t 0,05 mm khi khong cch gia cc l n 10 m; c)Ong knh ngm v ng chun trc dng kim tra cc l bng lt trc di ng, chnh xc kim tra t 0,02 mm th khong cch gia cc l t 30-40 m; d) g quay(h.4-18) lp trn cc trc hay cc na khp ni, dng cn l hay ng h so kim tra khe h a v b cng chiu di l khi xoay tng gc 900.
3.6 Kim tra song song ca ng trc ca cc l v trc. song song ca ng trc c kim tra bng dng nng ( h.4-19) vi cc dng c o vn nng: calip o trong, panme, thc cp,( chnh xc kim tra n 0,01 mm khi khong cch gia cc l n 1 H h4 9. Kie t o gs n c n -1 ra os n o g u m a 2 m), cng dng niv vn nng c tru : a c c t trn ngng dng nng hay 1 Ca t n ; 2v d gn . . lp o ro g a3 o g n n trc. 3.7 khng tip xc v khe h. khng tip xc v khe h c kim tra bng vt bt mu v cn l ( phng hay nghing). tip xc st ca b mt c kim tra bng khe h lt sng, cn kn ca mi ghp c kim tra bng cch th khng kh hay nc. 3.8 vng ca thc kim tra. nng cao chnh xc o lng, tin hnh bng thc kim tra, cn phi xt n tr s vng ca thc kim do trng lng bn thn vng ca thc kim o trng lng bn thn , m (Bng 4.1) Khi gi hai u mt Khi gi t khong cch ca thc 0,554 chiu di thc
Chiu di Tit din Tit din Tit din Tit din thc ch nht ch I ch nht ch I kim,mm 500 1,5 1,3 0,031 0,028 1000 16,5 13,0 0,31 0,27 1500 53,0 43,0 1,1 0,9 2000 117, 96,0 2,4 2,0 2500 227,0 138,0 4,8 4,0 5000 327,0 274,0 6,8 5,7 Ch thch : Tri s vng trn l i vi kch thc kim ca Lin x. 3.9 vng ca dy o. nng cao chnh xc o lng bng dy o, cn phi xt n vng ca dy o. (Bng 4.2) vng ca dy o. Khong cch t im o n mc Chiu di dy o gia hai mc gi , mm gi gn nht, m 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0,5 4 7 10 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 22 24 26 1,0 7 13 19 23 26 28 30 33 36 38 41 44 49 1,5 9 19 26 31 36 40 43 46 50 54 58 63 67 2,0 10 23 33 40 46 51 55 59 64 69 75 80 85 2,5 24 38 47 54 61 66 71 77 83 89 95 100 3,0 - 40 53 62 70 76 83 89 96 103 109 115 3,5 - - 55 68 77 85 94 101 108 116 124 129 4,0 - - - 70 83 93 102 1111 118 128 134 140 4,5 - - - - 86 98 109 20 129 136 144 150 5,0 - - - - - 100 114 126 136 145 153 158 5,5 - - - - - 116 130 142 152 159 167 6,0 - - - - - 145 157 165 174 6,5 - - - - - 146 160 170 181 7,0 - - - - - 161 174 185 7,5 - - - - - 176 189 8,0 - - - - - 190 Ti trng cng dy c chn ty theo ng knh v chiu di ca dy. ng knh Trng lng ng knh Trng lng Dy , mm cng , kg dy , mm cng , kg 0,34 9,5 0,45 15,6 0,40 12,4 0,50 19,3 Thng trng lng cng dy ly bng 2/3 ti trng ko t dy . 3.10 Kim tra theo tiu chun chnh xc. My ct gt kim loi, my rn dp v cc thit b khc sau khi sa cha phi kim tra theo tiu chun chnh xc ph hp vi bin bn k thut th my hay theo tiu chun ca nh nc. Khi kim tra xc nh chnh xc ch to, v tr tng quan,s di chuyn v chuyn ng tng i gia cc c cu cng tc, lp dao v phi bng cch s dng cc g v thit b cng nh o gin tip qua vt th gia cng.
Trc khi tin hnh kim tra, phi t my nm ngang bng niv theo quy nh ca nh my ch to. Nu chnh xc t my bng niv khng c quy nh trong tiu chun th c th dnh mc thng bng niv khng vt qu 0,04 mm trn 1m chiu di. Trong thi gian kim tra my ( khng ct gt), chuyn ng ca cc c cu v chi tit ring c thc hin bng tay, cn nu khng c b phn truyn ng bng tay th cho chy tc thp nht. Chiu di cn kim kim tra ng trt khng c di qu chiu di b phn lm vic trn ng trt . Kch thc trc g kim tra c trnh by trong bng 4.3. Trc g c ch to c cn d phng; l tm phi mi. cng b mt khng thp hn HRC 52, nhn b mt phn kim tra c Ra = 0,32 ( theo tiu chun c) Bng 4.3 Kch thc nn dng ca trc g kim , mm. Chiu di phn kim tra ca trc Trc g cng son g 150 300 500 1000 Ch thch : D ng knh ngoi ; d dng knh trong. Thit b dng kim tra chnh xc ca my phi c ph chun ca cp lnh o c thm quyn v c l lch km theo. 3.11. Kim tra ng trc ca cc b phn my lp cc b phn my vi nhau thng dng cc loi ni trc, mi na khp ni lp cng son mt b phn my.Do ng trc ca cc b phn my thng c kim tra theo na khp ni , cn trong trng hp khng c na khp ni th kim tra trc tip trn b mt ca cc u trc c 3 sai lch v ng trc khi lp ni 2 b phn: dch chuyn dc, ngang v gc. Khi kim tra theo na khp ni trc phi t sao cho mt mt ca hai khp ni song song v ng tm vi nhau. Mun th, hai mt tr ca hai khp phi trng nhau v c khe h u ti cc v tr khe h theo vnh ngoi gi H h4 0. S a s i le hv o t k i n .2 oc a e o g ru h c c n c la n a b h : 1 v . c t . p i o h i op a n . a2 a ru c c l khe h hng knh v khe h theo mt mt l khe h trc. Ty theo cu to ca khp ni, khi kim tra ng tr, dng cc g khc nhau. ng trc thng c kim tra bng cn l, o khe h gia khp th hai vi cc vt iu chnh ca ci mc c kp cht vo na khp th
Trc g chng tm
D = 25 D = 40 1. D = 60 2. D = 80 ; d = 50 1. D = 100 ; d = 60 2. D = 120.
nht.(h.4-21). Khe h gia cc mt mt c kim tra bng cn l ti 4 im i nhau trn vng trn ca na khp.
Hn 4 1 ai t a h . . o ke r 2 g e m o g r c h o tu u k n c a p n a . ov i u
Khp ni rng c kim tra bng cc ng h so lp trn na khp ni rng th nht, t cn o vo mt mt v vng nh rng ca khp ni rng th hai(h.4-22). Mun t c ng trc, c th iu chnh v tr ca cc hay thn my. Kt qu kim tra ng trc c ghi theo hnh dng c trnh by trn (h.4-23)
Hnh 4.22 . Kie tra o ng tru m o c bag og ho n n so.
Hnh 4.23 . Ghi theo hnh da g n o ng tru a m o c kie tra.
Khi kim tra ng trc, cc trc phi nh du cc v tr ban u v cc v tr xoay cng chiu i 900, 1800, v 2700. Kt qu kim tra ti mi v tr: Sai lch hng knh k hiu: n1 n 2 n3 n 4 . Sai kch dc trc k hiu: m1 m2 m3 m4 Nu lp ghp ng, c cc biu thc sau: n1 + n2 = n3 + n4 v m1 + m2 = m3 + m4 Sai lch dc trc ca na khp c tnh theo trung bnh s hc cc sai lch o mt v tr ca na khp th nht vi bn v tr ca na khp th hai:
II III IV m1I + m1II + m1III + m1IV m I + m2 + m 2 + m 2 ; 2 4 4 n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 v gi tr trung bnh s hc ca m1 , m2 , m3 , m4 iu chnh v tr Theo cc s o
hay thn my. lch trc v song song cho php ca ng trc ca cc trc khi lp ni c trnh by trong bng 4.4. dch chuyn nghing v song song cho php ca cc trc ca cc my ct gt kim loi v my cng ngh khc. ng knh Dung sai v nghing Loi khp ni khp ni trn 1m chiu di 150 300 0,5 Rng 300 500 1,0 500 - 900 1,5 Vng n hi 100 300 0,2 300 500 0,2
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n hi c Vnh n hi Cng cht
150 200 200 400 400 700 100 300 300 - 600
1,0 1,0 1,5 0,8 1,2
0,10 0,20 0,30 0,10 0,20
CU HI V BI TP V NH: 1/ Trnh by cc phng php kim tra thng b mt. Cho v d thc t xng thc tp. 2/ Trnh by cc phng php kim tra b mt cong. Cho v d thc t xng thc tp. 3/ Trnh by cc phng php kim tra song song ca cc b mt. Cho v d thc t xng thc tp. 4/ Trnh by cc phng php kim tra vung gc ca cc b mt.C ho v d thc t xng thc tp.
Chng 4
CHUN B K THUT V VT LIU CHO SA CHA

Chun b k thut cho sa cha gm c 2 phn: thit k v cng ngh. 4.1. Thit k chun b cho sa cha Trc khi bt u sa cha phi tin hnh cc cng vic thit k chun b. Vic thit k gm c: Xc nh danh mc cc chi tit cn ch to v phc hi; chn cc vt liu (thp, gang, hp kim mu v cc loi vt liu khc ) cn thit cho cc ch to chi tit mi; lp bn v ch to (v phc) cho c chi tit ch to mi v chi tit phc hi. 4.1.1. Bn v ch to cc loi trc. Khi v phc cc loi trc, trc ht phi xc nh kch thc danh ngha ca chng, quyt nh nhn b mt, dung sai v lp ghp cc ng knh. ng knh danh ngha ca trc trong cc my chuyn ngnh c xc nh theo tiu chun.
Quyt nh dung sai v chn lp ghp khi phc hi cc kch thc danh ngha ca mi ghp ( tc l trc v l) khng khc vic quyt nh v chn khi thit kt mi ghp. Cn phi da vo c im v ch lm vic ca tng loi thit b v b phn m quyt nh v lc chn.
V d cc chi tit ca my ct gt kim loi thng thng c chnh xc cp 5-6 TCVN 224477, cc my m thng c chnh xc cp 8-9 TCVN 2244-77, toa xe my xc, bng ti cp 11-12 TCVN, cc chi tit lm vic trong hp kn, tc cao ( nh bnh rng, trc ca hp gim tc) c chnh xc cp 5-6. i vi mt s trc cho php sa cha theo kch thc sa th ty theo hng dn s dng my m la chn ng knh, dung sai lp ghp ch to hay phc hi. 4.1.2. Bn v ch to b truyn bnh rng. Khi lp bn v ch to theo cc bnh rng b mn, mt vi thng s n khp phi xc nh bng cch tnh ngc.
Kh khn nht l xc nh cc thng s ca cc bnh rng n khp c iu chnh b mn. V c s dch chu tuyn khi thy khi ct rng lm cho cc bnh rng c s x dch vng nh hay vng chn rng so vi vng c s. Do cng vi cc thng s iu chnh ca n khp rng, iu quan trng l phi xc nh du v tr s ca h s dch chnh (: c l Xi ). Sau khi xc nh c cc thng s , moun n khp ca bnh rng c tnh theo cng thc:
m= De Z 2 + f o + 2
Lp bn v ch to cc bnh rng cn b mn cng rt kh. Moun ca bnh rng trong trng hp ny c xc nh theo ng knh vng nh theo cng thc:
m= De ( Z1 + f o cos ) 1
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Trong : Tt c cc thng s cn li trong b truyn bnh rng cn c tnh theo cc cng thc c trong cc s tay thit k c kh.
Bng 2.1 Cng thc tnh ton cc kch thc hnh hc ca b truyn bnh rng
K hiu Da D Df h ha hf m Z t s b A i Tn gi ng knh vng nh rng ng knh vng chia ng knh vng y rng Chiu cao rng Chiu cao nh rng Chiu cao y rng M-un S rng Bc rng dy rng Chiu di rng(chiu dy vnh rng) Khang cch trc T s truyn Lin h kch thc Da= m(z+2) D= mz Df= D-2,5m h= ha+ hf = 2,25m ha= m hf= 1,25m m= t/ = D/z --t = D/z = m. S = 0,5t b = (6-8)m A = m(z1+ z2)/2 i= 1/ 2 = n1/n2= z2/ z1
Khi ct rng ca cc bnh rng tr rng thng v rng nghing, bnh rng cn rng thng bng cc dng c tiu chun, trn bng v ch cn ghi kch thc chiu di khong php hay chiu dy rng ( trn cung vng chia) v chiu cao rng ( t dy cung vng chia), l nhng kch thc cn thit kim tra rng bng thc o rng.
Bnh rng c mun ln hn 20mm khi tc vng n 1,0m/s thng ch cn c khng cn gia cng, cn khi tc vng 1,0 - 2,0 m/s th bo theo vch du . Trong cc trng hp ny thng cng cch v n gin ha prfin rng dng rng vn-vin c gc n khp 20 theo bng 2.2 v hnh 2.2. Trn bn v bnh rng phi c tiu chun dung sai xc nh theo tiu chun.
4.1.3 Bn v ch to bnh xch c th phc hi theo l lch my theo tiu chun hay du trn m xch. Bit s rng ca bnh xch d dng phc hi tt c cc kch thc cn li ca bnh xch bng cch tnh ton theo cng thc tnh kch thc hnh hc ca bnh xch cho trong cc s tay thit k c kh.
4.2. Chun b cng ngh sa cha Chun b cng ngh sa cha l: a) Nghin cu qu trnh cng ngh sa cha v th t cc nguyn cng,
b) Tnh ton tiu chun thi gian v chi ph lao ng sa cha hay ch to cc chi tit
mi v sa ton my;
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Gio Trnh K Thut Bo Tr c)
Thit k tiu chun thi gian v chi ph lao ng sa cha hay ch to cc trang thit b cng ngh ( g, cc dng c c bit ..v.v) cha ;
d) Xc nh loi vt liu v s lng vt liu chnh v ph cn thit tin hnh sa e) Lp k hoch nhu cu cc thit b c kh phc v sa cha;
4.2.1. Nghin cu qu trnh cng ngh sa cha my. Khi chun b sa cha, phi lp cng ngh cho cc cng vic tho, lp my, ch to chi tit mi ( t phi n tng nguyn cng ring) v sa cha, phc hi cc chi tit c v cc loi kt cu kim loi , sa cha my v thit b in. Qu trnh cng ngh c nghin cu v cho tng x nghip sa cha theo kiu my v dng sa cha v ch ng dng cho x nghip sa cha . Khi nghin cu qu trnh lp cng ngh phi s dng: a) Yu cu k thut sa cha my v ch to cc chi tit mi; b) Bn k khai tnh trng ca my trc khi sa cha my v ch to cc chi tit mi;
c) Bn v lp rp ton my, b phn v chi tit ca my cn sa cha v bn l lch
my. Ti liu k thut c bn i vi x nghip Sa cha l cc phiu cng ngh xc nh cc dng v th t ca tng nguyn cng, thit b cn dng, dng c v g, nh mc thi gian v lao ng. Khi phi ch to vi s lng ln cc chi tit n gin cng nh ch to hng lot cc chi tit phc tp v kh lm ( nh bnh rng, bnh xch) ph lp quy trnh cng ngh gia cng t phi n cc khu nhit luyn, gia cng tinh v kim tra bao gi. 4.2.2. Nghin cu nh mc lao ng sa cha my. ng thi vi vic lp qu trnh cng ngh sa cha phi tin hnh tnh ton nh mc thi gian v bc th thc hin cc nguyn cng. nh mc lao ng cho tng cng vic sa cha c quy nh theo tnh hnh thc t ca x nghip thuc vo : trang thit b ca phn xng sa cha; kh nng cung cp vt t phc tng; trnh lnh ngh ca th sa cha v cc yu t kinh t x hi khc . 4.2.3. Lp k hoch nhu cu cc thit b c kh phc v sa cha . nh mc chi ph chung v lao ng sa cha my c lp cho cc cng vic lm bng my v cc cng vic lm bng tay ( thng chim gn mt na chi ph lao ng chung). Trn c s k hoch sn xut ca x nghip sa cha, lp s sa cha phn phi u ti trng cho cc my cng c trong qu trnh sa cha. 4.3. Chun b vt liu cho sa cha 4.3.1. Nhim v chun b vt liu. Khi sa cha my phi s dng nhiu chng loi vt liu bn thnh phm v sn phm mua sn. Khi chun b vt liu cho sa cha phi da vo mc nh tiu hao vt liu chnh v ph v phi m bo kp thi cho cc cng vic sa cha. 4.3.2. nh mc tiu hao vt liu cho sa cha.
Cc c quan nghin cu c nhim v xy dng cc nh mc tiu hao vt liu cho sa cha my v tng giai on sa cha. Trong qu trnh thc hin, cc c s sa cha gp phn hon thin cc nh mc ny. 4.4. Cc loi vt liu thng dng trong sa cha. (Xem ti liu vt liu c kh) 4.4.1. Thp v cc hp kim mu. 4.4.2. Vt liu phi kim loi. 4.5. Dung sai - lp ghp. (Xem ti liu dung sai) 4.6. nhn b mt. (Xem ti liu dung sai)
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Chng 5 : CNG NGH SA CHA V PHC HI CHI TIT MY 5.1. Sa cha v phc hi cc chi tit bng gia cng c kh v ngui 5.1.1. Tin. My tin l loi my ph thng, c dng nhiu nht trong cc nh my c kh, n chim 40 50% tng s my cng c.
My tin 1K62
Cc chuyn ng ca my tin
My tin gia cng cc b mt trn xoay : mt tr, mt nh hnh, mt nn, mt ren vt, gia cng l, xn mt u, ct t. C th khoan, khot, doa, ta r v ren rng trn my tin. Nu c g, c th gia cng c cc b mt khng trn xoay, hnh nhiu cnh, -lp, cam .v.v...
Cc nguyn cng ch yu thc hin trn my tin
5.1.2. Bo. My bo l my c chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng tnh tin, trong c mt hnh trnh ct gt v mt hnh trnh chy dao khng. Cc loi my bo dng gia cng cc mt phng cc v tr khc nhau, sng trt, rnh mang c, rnh then.v.v. Cc loi my ny thc hin chuyn ng thng i li nn c qun tnh ln, v vy tc ct gt khng cao.
My bo ngang
My bo ging
My bo ngang c chuyn ng chnh (V) l chuyn ng thng tnh tin kh hi do dao thc hin, chuyn ng chy dao (S) l chuyn ng khng lin tc do phi thc hin.Hnh trnh chy dao nm trong khong t 200 2400mm.
Cc chuyn ng ca my bo ngang
5.1.3. Phay. My phay dng gia cng cc dng b mt hnh hc : mt phng; mt nh hnh trong v ngoi (cam, khun mu ...); gia cng rnh thng , rnh xon vt; phay ren ; gia cng bnh rng bng phng php chp hnh... Nu trang b thm g lp, ph tng th c th m rng phm vi s dng.
Cac cng vic thc hin trn my phay
My phay ng.
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Cc chuyn ng trn my phay
a) dao phay lng tr
b) dao phay mt u rng chp
c) dao phay a
d) dao phay a modul
e) dao phay ln rng
f) dao phay rnh mang c
g) dao phay rnh T
b) dao phay ngn u trn Hnh 8.4: Mt s lai dao phay
c) dao phay ngn
5.1.1. Co r . Co l phng php gia cng b mt chi tit bng cch ly i cc phoi rt mng chiu dy phoi co khong 0,05 n 0,005 mm nguyn cng cui. Co l nguyn cng gia cng tinh gia cng cc mt phng ngoi hay mt tr trong .
Dao co c hnh dng khc nhau ph hp vi vic gia cng cc b mt khc nhau Dao co c ch to bng thp dng c, ti t cng HRC = 56 - 60 .C th dng li dao co l hp kim cng .
Vic co thng c tin hnh theo vt bt mu ghi li nhng ch nhp nh sau khi kim tra mt phng chi tit bng tm kim. S vt bt mu trn mt din tch vung 25 x 25 mm.
Cc bc thc hin khi co
Khi co cc mt tr trong ,th vt bt mu bng tr kim hay bng dng . C kh ha qu trnh co c thc hin bng cc dng c in hay kh nn, dao co c chuyn ng tnh tin i li theo ng trt . C th sa cha ng trt ca my cng c bng cch co . Tuy nhin co ng trt l mt nguyn cng rt kh, do nu c iu kin nn thay co bng mi . Co cn c dng trang tr b mt. Co trang tr (co vn ) l phng php co cc b mt gia cng to nn nhng vt c b tr u hnh thnh trn b mt co cc loi vn khc nhau. Khc vi co thng ,khi co trang tr khng dng cc dng c phng kim tra ( nh tm kim ,thc kim ) v cng khng dng vt bt mu v co trang tr khng nhm mc ch sa phng m ct to vn trang tr . Co trang tr c th thc hin trn mt khng lm vic cng nh mt lm vic ca my. Trong mt khng lm vic cc vn co ch dng trang tr, cn trong cc mt lm vic cc vn trang tr cn c tc dng xc nh khu vc b mt b mn. Co trang tr c th tin hnh bng dao co phng nh khi co bnh thng nhng khng thun li bng dng dao co cong.
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5.1.2. Mi
Nguyn l mi trn ngoi
- Do c nhiu ht mi cng tham gia ct gt v hng gc ct ca ht mi khng ph hp v vy to ra ma st ln sinh ra nhit ln.
- Vic iu chnh qu trnh mi rt kh khn. - Mi l phng php gia cng tinh trc tip to hnh dng, kch thc cho i tng.
- Mi c th gia cng c mt tr ngoi, mt tr trong, mt phng. - Ngoi ra cn c th gia cng c cc mt nh hnh, ren, rng.
- Phng php mi khi mi th c th t chnh xc cp 9 v nhm b mt Ra = 2,51,25m - Khi mi tinh c th t cp chnh xc cp 8 7 v nhm b mt Ra = 1,250,63m - Khi mi tinh mng c th t cp chnh xc 76 v nhm b mt Ra = 0,32 0,16m 1 . Sa cha ng trt bng cch mi .
Mi ng trt v cc mt i tip vi n ca cc chi tit di ng l mt qu trnh gia cng nng sut v chnh xc cao hn so vi cc dng gia cng khc k c phng php co tay . mi ng trt , dng cc my hay g c bit . 2. Mi trang tr . Mi trang tr l to trn b mt kim loi c gia cng cc hnh trang tr nh cc vt liu mi r, nh bng hay mi thng. Mi trang tr thng c tin hnh trn my khoan c nng sut cao hn co trang tr bng tay. Dng c d mi trang tr l mt on g mm c ui cn lp vo trc chnh ca my. Trn b mt chi tit ca my c ph mt lp bt mi.
H trc chnh bng tay dng c t ln b mt chi tit. Khi u dng c c lp bt mi vch ln mt gia cng cc vt sng. Khi mi trang tr c th dng vt liu nh khi mi r : ht mi 140-260 v bt mi r. Nh mi trang tr c th che du c cc khuyt tt ca b mt hay cc mi hn sau khi gia cng . 5.1.3 .Mi r (mi nghin ) . Mi r l nguyn cng gia cng tinh ln cui t c chnh xc hnh dng v kch thc (n 0,1 m ) v c nhn cao ( khong Ra=0,08m; Rz=0,05m ). Lng d mi r s b l 0,01-0,02 mm; mi r tinh l 0,003-0,005 mm. B mt mi r c kim tra bng cch khng lt kh hay cht lng ,nh sng (i vi cc mt hp ) v vt bt mu. Trn b mt mi r vt bt mu phi phn b thnh mt mng mng u. Mi r gia hai b mt i tip c dng d gia cng tinh cc loi van, nt hay calip nt v.v
Cc loi ht mi r c dng l cc loi corion t nhin v nhn to, cc loi ht cacborunum mn, ht knh tn nh v cc loi vt liu mi khc c ht 80-200. Cc cht lng lm lnh bi trn c dng l du ha, du my, starin, m ng vt, axit lin, xng, du thng, nc xt v cc loi khc. Cht lng lm mt bi trn c chn ty theo vt liu ca chi tit mi r. Khi mi r chi tit bng thp, ng nn dng du my cn chi tit bng gang dng du ha . 5.1.4. nh bng . nh bng l nguyn cng gia cng tinh t c nhn b mt cao ( nhn cp 12 hay nhp nh trung bnh s hc Ra = 0,04 m ) . Khi sa cha thit b ,nh bng c dng gia cng tinh cc b mt ca cc chi tit tay quay, tay gt, mt s thc chy ca my ct gt kim loi ..nhm mc ch trang tr v l nguyn cng chun b trc khi m Crm - Niken v cc dng m ph khc . Di y l mt s phng php nh bng. 1 . nh bng c kh v ha c . nh bng c kh c thc hin nh cc loi ht mi (cacborunum,bt mi st oxyt v.v..). Khi nh bng th dng ht mi c 80-120, khi nh bng tinh dng c ht 150-200 cn khi nh bng t nhn soi gng dng c ht 300-450. Ht mi c nh bng c ha vo xng. nh bng bng oxyt nhm ha vo xng t kt qu tt .
Cc chi tit c dng trn xoay hay cc hnh tr trn thng c nh bng trn my tin bng dng c mi r, dng c ny c ch to bng vt liu mm hn vt liu chi tit gia cng, thc dng g, da, gang, ng thanh v vi loi vt liu khc .
Ht mi c nh ln dng c c tc dng lm mt nhp nh trn b mt gia cng. tng tc nh bng, dng c c ch to c th iu chnh lc p ln chi tit nh cc loi kp. nh bng trn my tin cn c th dng cc loi dng c bng gang. Tc ct khi nh bng trn my tin thng nm trong gii hn 10 25 m/ph. Khi tc ln qu, sn phm b nng v c th b bin dng. trnh b bin dng, khi nh bng nhit ca chi tit khng c vt qu 50 60C. Khi nh bng cng nh khi mi r, b mt khng nhng ch chu tc dng c hc m cn chu tc dng ha hc lm cho qu trnh l mt phng b mt nhanh hn. Tc dng ha hc l hnh thnh trn b mt nh bng cc vy oxyt. Khi nh bng cc vy oxyt ny b cc ht mi ty i lin tc . 2. nh bng thy lc . Khi ng bng thy lc dng cht lng lm vic c cha ht mi, nc l v cc cht ph chng n mn v hot tnh b mt. Cht lng lm vic c phun t vi phun ln b mt cn gia cng di p lc cao. Do va p gia hai ht mi v b mt cn gia cng ,cc lp nhp nh t vi s b l phng Nng sut v cht lng ca qu trnh nh bng c iu chnh bng cch thay i s lng v ht mi, p lc ca cht lng lm vic v gc nghing ca vi phun vi b mt cn gia cng. nh bng thy lc c th dng gia cng cc chi tit c hnh dng bt k . 5.1.5. Mi siu tinh .
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Mi siu tinh l qu trnh gia cng bng mi c chuyn ng dao ng dc theo trc quay ca chi tit. Nh vy cc ht mi c chuyn ng dch dc trn b mt chi tit to kh nng s dng trit tnh cht ct ca ht mi. Sau khi l ht cc nhp nh, qu trnh t ng dng li .
Nguyn l mi siu tinh
5.1.6 . Doa . Doa thng c dng gia cng ln cui cc l chi tit thp hay lt trc bng hp kim ng .Khi lp cht ,do c di nn trn b mt tip xc ca chi tit bao v b bao xut hin lc hng knh lm bin dng n hi. Khi p bc vo l thn ,s bn dng ny lm thay i ng knh trong ca bc : ng knh trong cng gim nu di cng ln . phc hi kch thc ca bc sau khi p vo l thn c th dng phng php co hay doa .Sa cha bc theo chi tit lp ghp c tin hnh bng dao iu chnh v m bo ng trc. vung gc gia ng trc ca l v mt phng chun c kim tra bng calip v cn l . 5.1.7 . Mi khn Mi khn c th t chnh xc gia cng ln cui cc chi tit t nhn b mt v chnh xc hnh hc cao .Mi khn c chnh xc cp 4- 5TCVN2244-77( cp 1 - 2 tiu chun c ) v nhn Ra=0,32 0,4 m( 9 - 12 tiu chun c ) . Mi khn l cng ngh c bn gia cng tinh cc loi s mi xilanh, xilanh ca h thng thy lc v cc chi tit tng t . Qu trnh mi khn c thc hin trong ba nguyn cng : a) mi khn s b bng dng c c ht th t 100 160 ; b) mi khn bn tinh ht t 150 250 ;
c) mi khn tinh (ln cui ) ht t 300 600 . 5.1.8 .Sa cc vt nt bng vt . Cc vt nt ngn nhng phn khng quan trng ca chi tit c th sa cha bng vt .Vic sa cha c tin hnh theo trnh t sau : 1. Dng du ha tm im mt ca vt nt . 2. Lm sch b mt c vt nt ,khoan l ren 6 mm ti cc im mt ca vt nt. 3. Ly du v khoan l 3 sao cho khi khoan l 4 chm ln l 1 v 3 khong 1/3 ng knh; sau lm ren ti l 3 . 4. Vn vt ng vo cc l ren 1 v 3 5. Khoan l v lm ren l 4, vn vt vo l 4 . 6. Theo th t nu tip tc lm ren v vn vt cho kn ht chiu di vt nt . 7. Gia, tn v hn mt lp hn mng ln u cc vt .
5.1.9 . Sa cc vt nt v l thng bng tm p . Th t cc nguyn cng kp tm p bng vt nh sau : 1 . Lm sch b mt c vt nt hay l thng . 2 . Khoan l cc im mt ca vt nt ngn vt nt tip tc lan ra ( h.6-31 ) . 3 . Lm tm p bng ng thanh hay tm thp dy t 2 4 mm (nu lm bng ng hay nhm , chiu dy l 8 10 mm) sao cho tm p ph chm ln vt nt hay l thng mi cnh t 20 25 mm . 4 . Ly ba g nh tm p m st vo b mt vt nt . 5 . Ly du tm cc l khoan trn tm p cch nhau 10 15 mm v cch mp tm p 8 10 mmm . 6 . Khoan l ng knh 4 5 mm v xoy cn u vt . 7 . Dng tm p nh mt dng dn hng, khoan l c ng knh tng t v lm ren trn chi tit. 8 . Bi minium ( oxyt ch ) vo mt trong ca tm p v kp vo chi tit bng vt c u . 9 . Sau khong 15 20 gi (sau khi minium kh ) vn cht cc vt .
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m bo khng r nc, di tm p t thm mt tm m bng g, vi ai hay vi kh tm du sn, sy kh v pht minium hay bt km trng. Trn tm m, khoan cc l tng ng vi tm p nh ng knh nh hn ng knh vt t 0,5 1 mm. Sau khi sa cha, chi tit phi kim tra kn . Khi dng tm p l thp tm hay hp kim nhm, nn dng tm m l tm ch . C th kp tm p vo chi tit bng cht, khi l khoan trn tm p v chi tit c ng knh ging nhau. Cht c th lm bng ng, nhm hay thp mm. Cc l thng khng ln c th sa cha bng cch lp bulng, vng m v cc tm m 5.1.10.Sa cha theo kch thc sa. Theo phng php ny, chi tit b hng c gia cng n kch thc sa . Lc ng knh ca l sa cha tng ln cn ng knh ca trc sa cha b gim i v nh vy kch thc lp ghp phi thay i. Cc kch thc ca chi tit lc mi ch to gi l kch thc ban u (c ch s n); cc kch thc tng gim khi sa cha gi l kch thc sa (c ch s s) 5.1.11 .Sa cha bng cch ghp thm chi tit ph . Trong mt vi trng hp c th phc hi ch lp ghp trong cc mi ghp nh ghp thm chi tit ph b vo kch thc b mn (ng lt ,vng trung gian ,m ) . Th d khi cc ngng trc b mn, chng c tin nh li (nu bn cho php ) v p mt ng lt sa cha vo. Sau , gia cng li ng knh ngoi t kch thc lp ghp. gi cho ng lt khng b xoay, c th hn chm mt u . L trc trn b mn nhiu c tin rng ng knh ra ( nu nh kt cu l cho php ). Sau ch ng lt p vo vi ch lp cht .L ca ng lt c gia cng li n kch thc yu cu. Chiu dy ng lt p ph thuc ng knh l v vt liu ca ng lt. i vi ng lt bng thp, b dy thnh ng khng nh hn 2,5 3 mm; ng lt bng gang 5 6 mm. ng lt c th ch to c g hay khng c g bng vt liu nh vt liu ca trc . L ren c phc hi bng cc phng php sau : a) khot rng l v lm ren khc theo kch thc ren sa cha (bng 6-15 ) . b) khot rng l v lm ren vn nt ren (h.6-36 ) . vn nt ren c cht ,ren trn nt khng c ct hon chnh( ch dng hai bn ren ) ( D=2d ; l=1,5 - 2d ) . 5.1.12 .Sa cha bng cch thay th tng phn chi tit . vic thay th tng phn ca chi titthng c thc hin trong giai on sa cha nh .Cch sa cha ny thng c p dng i vi cc chi tit ch to phc tp ,tn nhiu kim loi tt, c h hng nh v cn trong gii hn cho php. Th d v cch sa cha bng cch thay th tng phn chi tit c trnh by trn hnh 6-37 n 6-39 .
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Cc cch sa cha bng thay th tng phn chi tit
5.1.13 Sa cha bng phng php gia . Trong mt vi trng hp, cc b mt h hng c th sa cha bng phng php gia. Cc b mt c kim tra bng tm kim hay theo vt sn. Phng php gia thng c p dng sa li cc b mt, m bo tip xc tt gia hai b mt i tip nh mt ca khung , hp gim tc, ..Tr s khe h cho php gia hai b mt i tip nh hn 0,05 mm. Gia cc b mt tip xc gia phng thng c mt lp m nn khe h gia cc b mt nh hn 0,1 mm. Kim tra bng vt bt mu hay cn l. Ngi ta chia lm hai loi gia : gia th khi lp phoi gia dy 0,2 mm v gia tinh khi lp phoi gia dy khng qu 0,1 mm. gia th ,ngi ta dng gia ph , gia tinh dng gia mn hay gia m ngh. Trong mt vi trng hp cc b mt b h hng c gia theo kch thc t do cho n khi ht cc khuyt tt . 5.2 Phc hi cc chi tit bng gia cng p lc . 5.2.1 Khi nim chung . Thc cht ca phng php ny l li dng tnh bin dng do ca kim loi tc l di tc dng ca ngoi lc, chi tit b thay i hnh dng nhng khng b ph hng , th tch khng thay i . 5.2.2 Sa cha chi tit bng cch nong rng . Phng php nong c th p dng sa cha trc then hoa nh tm bng ng knh trong .
Trc then hoa c ( nu nh thm than v ti ); sau dng mi chn, chn theo ng rnh dc tng then hoa nong rng n kch thc cn thit . Sau khi chn, cc rnh trn then hoa c hn p li, then hoa c gia cng c kh v nhit luyn . 5.2.3 .Sa cha chi tit bng phng php nn ,p . Nn c p dng lm tng ng knh ngoi, gim ng knh trong ng thi gim chiu cao ca chi tit. Khi p, chi tit b gim ng knh trong ng thi ng knh ngoi cng gim. Phng php sa cha ny c th p dng phc hi cc loi bc bng ng thanh v cc chi tit khc. L sau khi nn, p c doa li n kch thc yu cu. ng knh ngoi b ht c th c phc hi bng m ng, m crm v.v. 5.2.4. Nn thng . Nn thng c p dng khi phc li thng ca cc chi tit b cong vnh trong iu kin lm vic v cc vt liu cho php. C hai phng php nn thng :nn ngui (i vi chi tit c vng nh, kch thc nh ) v nn nng . Vic nn thng c thc hin bng cc g kp khc nhau hay cc loi my p v.v 1 . Nn ngui .
Cc chi tit sai lch nh c th nn bng cch p ba, kp n by hay cc g nn bng vt . Cc chi tit khng cng lm thng c nn trn bng my tin (h.6-47 ). Trn hnh 6-48 trnh by g nn c mc. Trc c t trn hai mc sao cho ch c vng ln nht t vo chn ca vt nn .loi g ny dng thun li v khng lm h hng my tin, chnh xc c th t 0,05 0,15 mm trn 1 m chiu di trc . Cc trc c ng knh ln v di c nn thng bng phng php g ba. Trc c t hng pha vng ln trn (h.6-49 ) v ti ch vng nht t ln mt tm m bng g cng hay ng mm, mt u trc ,gn chp t gi t, c kp cht cho trng lng u kia c tc dng nn trc. Vic tn g c tin hnh bng mt ba tn c bit (h.6-50 ). Ly mt ba ngui trng lng khong 1-2 kg tn ln lt theo th t nh trnh by trn hnh 6-51. Sau khi g tn, kim tra bng ng h so . 2.Nn nng . Thng dng nn cc loi trc rng. Trc c t trn hai khi V hay kp vo hai mi tm my tin, phn li hng ln trn v c qun bng vi aming t, ti ch li nht h mt din tch c kch thc dc theo trc 0,12d v theo vng trn 0,3d, trong dng knh trc. Ch h c nung nng nhanh bng ngn la hn hi n nhit 500 550C (va xut hin mu nu sm ) . kim tra thay i trng thi ca trc t mt ng h so gn trc b nung nng. Trong qu trnh trc b nung nng, cong tng ln nhng khi ngui s c nn thng .
S g t trc khi nn thng bng phng php nung nng. 1- mi tm trc; 2- mi tm sau; 3- ng h so; 4 - m hn hi; 5- tm aming t; 6- chi tit nn thng.
Ch h c th phi t nng vi ln cho n khi nhn c kt qu mong mun . Thi gian cn thit nung nng trc ng knh 250mm vi vi phun 7 , vng trc n 0,6 mm, mt gn 15 pht, vi vi phun s 6 tng 1,5 ln, cn vi vi phun th 5 tng 2 ln . Sau khi nn thng trc ,ch nn phi c .Cho trc quay chm ,dng ngn la hn hi t vng quanh ch nn n nhit 300 350C, tc nung khng cao hn 150 - 200C mt gi. Gi nhit 350C trong mt gi, sau dng tm aming qun nhanh ch va nung nng li 3 .Nn tm phng . t tm mng b cong ln bn phng,phn li hng ln pha trn. Dng ba g ln mt tm ; pha ngoi g nh, ch li g mnh. Tm mng c th c nn nng v nn ngui.
B mn Sa cha C in
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a) Tm mng c nung trong l hay dng hi hn n nhit 600 -700C, sau dng mt tm dy kp cht phn li ca tm mng ln bn nn (h.6-53a). Sau khi ngui, tho tm kp ra, tm mng c nn thng . b) Nn ngui .tm mng c t ln bn nn, hng phn li ln trn (h.6-53b) dng ba t g ln phn li t ngoi vo trong. Sau t tm mng ln tm m, tin hnh nn thng bng kp. B tm m ra, tm mng c nn thng . 5.3 Lm bn chi tit. Cc chi tit sau khi c sa cha phc hi kh thc hay c ch to mi phi c lm bn theo ng k thut ca chi tit ban u. Tu theo yu cu k thut ca chi tit v iu kin vt cht ca c s sa cha, c th dng cc phng php lm bn thng dng nh nhit luyn, nhit ho luyn v cn ln. 5.3.1. Nhit luyn. Cc dng c bn ca nhit luyn l: , ti v ram. nh ngha v cng dng ca , ti v ram c trnh by trong bng 6.19, 6.20, 6.21 . nh ngha v cng dng ca . 6.19 Bng
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Gio Trnh K Thut Bo Tr Dng Phng php thc hin
Trung Tm Cng Ngh C Kh Mc ch
1. Nung nng chi tit ln trn nhit ti hn AC3 +(30hon 500c) gi nhit ri lm ngui vi l. ton 2. Nung chi tit ln nhit gi im ti hn AC1 v khng AC3 (hoc ACm ) gi nhit nhit ri lm ngui hon ton vi l
c t chc nh ht ng u v ci thin tnh cht c hc ca chi tit. Cng mc ch nh trn nhng p dng cho thp sau cng tch c = 0.8 1.3. i thp trc cng tch dng cho cc vt cn, rn 3. Nung chgi tit ln nhit rt cao AC3 + (150 Mc ch lm ng u thnh 0 ng nht 200 c), gi nhit thi gian lu, sau lm ngui phn ho hc ca thp, nht l thp ho chm cng vi l sau khi c 4. cu Nung chi tit ln nhit cao hn dm ti hn AC1 ho mt t, gi nhit trong thi gian ngn, ri lm ngui nhit thp hn imAC1 mt t, sau mt thi gian gi nhit ngn, li nung nhit cao hn im AC1 mt t v c tip tc lm nh th lp i lp li mt s ln nht nh, cui cng lm ngu chm cng vi l chuyn xmentit t dng li thnh dng ht, cng gim xung, do v bn tng ln, do lm tng kh nng ct gt. Ap dng ch yu cho thp sau cng tch
5. kt Nung chi tit ln nhit 600 7000 C, gi nhit kh ng sut mng tinh th , tnh li trong thi gian lu v lm ngui cng vi lhoc ngoi thay i c tnh sau khi gia cng khng kh tu theo chi tit ln, nh (cn, dp, ct, ngt v.v) Nung chi tit ln nhit ti hn AC3, gi nhit v Lm nh ht, tng mt t c tnh lm ngui ngoi khng kh ca thp c ccbon thp v trung Thng bnh (thp cn v dp). Thng p ho dng chun b t chc ca thp trc khi ti lm tng hiu qu ti. 7. ng Nung chi tit ln nhit ti hn AC3 +(30 500 C ). c ht nh mn stenit nhit Sau khi gi nhit mt thi gian, cho lm ngui nhanh chuyn bin thnh hn hp ferit v n nhit d hi thp hn AC1 (vo khong 560 7000 xementit. So vi thng thng c)gi nhit ny cho n khi ton b tenit phn gii th ng nhit rt ngn thi gian ri cho ngui ngoi khng kh rt nhiu v c t chc ht nh mn 6.
Bng 6.20
nh ngha v cng dng ca ti.
Dng ti Phng thc thc hin Mc ch 1. Ti Nung chi tit ln nhit cao ti im ti hn AC3 , Lm tng cng ca thp hon ton gi nhit v lm ngui nhanh (trong nc, trong dung dch mui, xt hoc du) nhn c t chc macxentit 2.Ti Nung chi tit ln nhit gia im AC1 vAC3 Ch yu dng thp sau cng tch khng (hoc ACm )gi nhit v lm ngui nhanh ( trong lm tng cng ca thp hon ton nc, dung dch mui xt ) 3. Phn Nung chi tit ln nhit tng ng gi nhit, sau hn ch bin ng khi ti chi i cp chuyn san mi trng c nhit n nh (200 tit ng knh nh hn 12 mm B mn Sa cha C in Trang 72
4000C) cho n khi nhit ny ng u trong chi tit, ri lm ngui nhanh trong du nhn dc t chc macxentit 4. Ti Nung chi titln nhit ti tng ng, gi nhit, sau hn ch bin dng ng lm ngui lu trong mi trng c nhit c nh nhit (200 4000 C) ri ostenit chuynv bin c hon ton (thnh trustit hoc xoocbit) 5. Ti Nung chi tit ln n nhit ti tng ng, gi nhit Ch yu p dung cho thp dung trong hai sau lm ngui nhanh trong nc n nhit cao c c thnh phn cacbon cao (0.8 mi hn 3000 ri chuyn sang du hoc khng kh 1.3 ), chitit ln v phc tp trng gim ni lc v bin dng lin tc 6.Ti t Ging nh ti hon ton ch c khc l chi tit khng Ap dung cho chi tit phc tp v ram lm ngui hon ton mch kp lm ngui lp ngoi, mt s khun dp. Mc ch nhit lng trong li s cung cp lm lp ngoi(cn gim ni lc v bin dng. gi l ram theo mu ). Bng 6.22 va 6.23 trnh by mu sc ca thp b bin i tng ng vi nhit 7. ti b Nung lp ngoi b mt chi tit ln n nhit tng Ap dng cho nhng chi tit cn mt ng bng dng in cao tn, bng ngn la n x, cng lp ngoi, nhng ng bng chafg61 lng si nhit cao, sau lm ngui thi cn do bn trong nhanh trong nc hoc du nhn dc macxetit mt ngoi
nh ngha v cng dng ca ram

Dng ram 1.Ram 2.Ram thp 3.Ram trung bnh 4.Ram cao Phng php thc hin
Bng 6.21
Mch ch
Nung chi tit ti ln n nhit di gim bi ni lc v iu chnh c tnh ca AC1 sau lm ngui nhanh hoc chm vt liu sau khi ti 0 Nhit ram t 150 250 C Gim bt ni lc v gim bt gin ca macxentit. p dng ch yu cho dng c ct Nhit ram t 300 4000C Lm tng tnh n hi ca vt liu. p dng ch yu cho cc loi l xo Nhit ram t 450 6500C Lm tng tnh do m vn m bo c cng cn thit. p dng ch yu cho thp kt cu lm chi tit my
Bng 6.2 st nung v nhit tng ng ca thp cacbon

Mu st nung Mu m Mu hng m va hng Nhit , 0C 550 580 580 650 650 730 730 770 770 - 800 Mu st nung hng sng sng Da cam Vng m Vng sng Sng lo Nhit , 0C 800 830 830 900 900 1050 1050 1150 1150 1250 1250 1300
Bng 6.23 S bin mu nhit v nhit tng ng cu thp ccbon Mu bin i Nhit , 0C Mu bin i Nhit , 0C
Vng rm Vng sm Vng nu Nu hng thm
220 240 255 265 275
Tm Tm xanh Xanh sng Xm
285 295 314 330
5.3.2 Nhit ho luyn nh ngha v cng dng ca cc dng nhit luyn khc v nhit ho luyn Bng 6.24
Dng nhit luyn 1. Tici thin (ho tt) 2. Ho gi 3. Gia cng lnh 4. C nhit luyn Phng php thc hin Bao gm ti v ram coa Nung v gi nhit rt lu (48 60 gi hoc lu hn) nhit 20 1800C. Lm lnh chi tit sau khi ti xung 00C(t 40 800C). Mc ch Lm tng tnh do, vn m bo cng cn thit Lm n nh t chc kch thc ht. Ap dng cho nhng dng c o lng v mt s chi tit chnh xc Chuyn bin ostenit d to thnh macxentit, lm tng cng. Ap dung cho thp cacbon cao, thp gi ln. m bo bn cao hn so vi nhit luyn thng. Ch yu p dng cho chi tit cn c cng cao b mt ngoi m trong li vn do v d, bnh rng thp thm than cn c thnh phn cacbon 0.3%
Phi hp gia cng vi p lc cao vi nhit (thng t 100 200 kg/mm2)gi ton b p lc trong qu trnh lm ngui chi tit trong khun. 5. Thm than Lm bo ho cacbon trn mt chiu (thm cacbon) su nht nh ca b mt chi tit thp. C loi thm than - Thm than th rn thnh phn bt thm cacbon cho trong bng 6.25. - Thm cacbon th lng nung chi tit trong thng chadung dch 15% mui n (NaCl), 75% , Na2CO3, 10% (SiC) nhit nung 840-8700C - Thm than th kh. Thi gian thm tu theo dng thmv chiu su theo lp thm (bng 6.26) 6. Thm xianua Lm bo ho cacbon v nittrn mt chiu su nht nh ca b mt chi tit thp. Phn loi thmxianua theo iu kin nung sau : - Xianua ho nhit cao7508500C - ----------------------------thp 550-5600C - Xianua ho th lng - ------------------ c - ------------------ kh 7.Thm nit Lm bo ho nit trn mt chiu su B mn Sa cha C in
Nng cao c tnh v tnh chu mn ca thp ch yu nhit luyn chi tit thp gi P9; P18, thp kt cu v thp hp kim.
chng mi mn ca thp, khng r, thp Trang 74
8. Thm nhm 9.Thm silic 10.Thm crom
nht nh ca b mt chi tit thp. chu nhit, v d 1X18H9; 1X18H9T , Thc hin bng cch nung chi tit thp lm khun dp ( 30XH3 ) thp kt trong (NH3)vi nhit 480-7000C cu cacbon v thp hp kim thp, gang c hai dng. - Thm nit lm bn. - Thm nit chng n mn Bo ho nhm trn b mt thp hay Tng tnh chu nng gang chiu su nht nh. Tin hnh trong mi trng rn, lng ,kh Bo ho silic trn b mt thp hay Tng tnh bn chu axit. gang chiu su nht nh. Tin hnh trong mi trng rn, lng, kh. Bo ho crom trn b mt chi tit Tng cng v chng n mn. trong mtr rn v kh
5.4. La chn cc phng php phc hi chi tit B truyn bnh rng tr , b truyn bnh vt trc vt , c cu cam, c cu iu chnh v cp thng dng , b truyn vt ai c cc loi khp , ln, trt c trnh by trong bng c trnh by trong bng(6.28 n 6.37). Cc dng h hng thng gp trong b truyn bnh rng tr:
Dng h hng D on nguyn nhn Cch sa cha Trc b mt lm Vt liu bnh rng b mi v lm Nu mt vi rng b trc th sa cha. vic ca rng vic lu vi ti trng ln. B mt lm Nu trc ton b th thay bnh rng. vic ca rng b qu ti cc b khng Thm du ng nht cn thit du bi trn hay du bi trn khng nht Xc b mt lm Rng lm vic trong ma st kh Bi trn b truyn theo ng qui nh vic ca rng Rng mn qu C bn, bi ht mi hoc mt st lt Lau chi sch , bi trn hp l nhanh vo gia hai mt rng n khp Gy rng Rng b qu ti hay gp vt l Gy mt vi rng th c th hn hoc cy rng Gy nhiu qu th thay rng B truyn lm vic Khong cch trc qu xa v dung sai Gim khong cch trc ng dung sai qui n qu km theo va khng ng qui nh nh. Thay rng c khe rng nh p Khe h rng qu ln B truyn b kt v Khong cch trc gn qu dung sai iu chnh khong cch trc cho ng qui b qu nng qui nh nh Khe h cnh rng qu nh Gim khe h cnh rng
Cc dng h hng thng gp ca b truyn trc vt bnh vt Bng 6.29

Dng h hng D on nguyn nhn Cch sa cha Truyn ng nng 1. Cc ng trc ca trc vt v 1. iu chnh v sa lp hoc kt tt bnh vt khng vung gc vi nhau. 2. Tng khong cch trc hoc gia cng 2. Khe h cc cnh rng qu nh trc vt nh Trc vt quay v Tt c cc chi tit u mn qu lm Thay cc b phn mn v iu chnh trc. bnh vt khng cho rng bnh vt khng trng vi Thay bnh vt quay trc . t rng bnh vt v qu ti B mn Sa cha C in Trang 75
Gio Trnh K Thut Bo Tr Khe h chiu trc trc qu mn ca bnh vt ln qu Hnh trnh t do Mn cc b mt lm vic bnh vt ca trc vt quln v trc vt Xut hin cc mc ng trong b truyn Rng bnh vt ch b mn mt u
Trung Tm Cng Ngh C Kh iu chnh khe h trc , nu cn th thay Thay trc vt v bnh vt
Khng c hoc khng du bi Ra sch ri bi trn trn ng trc bnh vt khng nm iu chnh khe h trc ti mc cho php trong mt phng trung bnh ca bnh vt
Cc dng h hng c cu thng gp ca b truyn vt - ai c Bng 6.31

Dng h hng D on nguyn nhn Cch sa cha Cm c cu rung Mn b mt lm vic, lm sai lch Phc hi bng mi hoc hn p ri gia mnh khi lm vic hnh dng hnh hc. B mt lm vic cng , sau khi mi ri nh bng b sy st nng Sy st mt lm Thiu du bi trn hoc trong du c Bi trn ng qui nh. Trc khi du vic ct phi lau sch chi tit Khong iu chnh Cc bnh ai di trt khng ht nc iu chnh li c cu, b vt l ra nu c b thu hp v lp rp khng ng hoc vng vt l mt u Nhit c cu 1. Khng c du bi trn 1. Bi trn khng ng qui nh. ln qu 500C 2. Khe h trong cc trt qu 2. iu chnh khe h cc trt nh C cu kiu bi t Bnh vt b ct t rng Thay bnh vt thay i tc
Cc dng h hng thng gp trong cc loi phanh thng dng (bng 6.33)
Kiu phanh 1. Phanh cn ma st Nguyn l lm vic ging nh khp ly hp cn ma st nhng chc nng ca chi tit ca phanh c im khc : Mt a cn c nh v mt a cn quay theo trc cnphanh v di trt trn my 2. Phanh a ma st Ging nh khp ly hp ma st 3. Phanh c vng n hi. t dng v s phn b lc p ln b mt lm vic khng u B mn Sa cha C in
Dng h hng 1. Phanh trt khng hm c my
Nguyn nhn v cch sa cha 1. a cn c nh b vnh nn cc mt cn mast khng tip xc tt - Mt a cn ngoi chm vo g y - Cc mt cn b sy xt Sa cha:kim tra a cn c nh, iu chnh co r - Ct bt mt u a cn ngoi - Tin li kch thc Nh khp ly hp ma st Mn cc chi tit ca vng n hi, a vng n hi hoc mt trong ca bch Sa cha: iu chnh c cu bung vng; nu mn qu th thay th Trang 76
Nh ly hp ma st Phanh b trt
Cc dng h hng thng gp ca cc loi khp trc (Bng 6.34)

Kiu khp ni trc Dng h hng Nguyn nhn v cch s cha V qu ti hoc ti trng va p Thay cht thay vt Sa cha then v rnh then V qu ti Thay v sa cha cc chi tit nh trn
Khp ni cht t cht cn 1. Khp ni ng c cht(h. Chm vt hm. 3-46a) hay c then(h. 3-46b) Chn dp then v rnh trc Nt chn rnh then 2. Khp ni hai ng na(h. 3- V bc 47). Hai na ng c kp cht Ren bu lng b chn vi nhau bng bu lng ai c; Chn dp then v rnh vt liu lm bng gang C428-48 then 3. Khp ni mt bch truyn Bulng b ct t hay b momen xon bng then v cc un cong. L lp bulng bu lng ghp hai mt bch bch b mn hoc tot Chn dp then rnh then Khp ni t la Rng b mi un, gy, 1. Khp ni trc rng(h. 3- trc. Then v rnh then b 51) truyn momen xon bng n chn, dp sc m, mn. khp rng trong
V qu ti Thay bulng v doa li l lp bulng. Sa cha then v rnh then Rng b un v mm qu,gy v b ti cng ton b v b qu ti t ngt. Nu mun nh
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CHNG 6:
CHUN V KHI NIM G T CHI TIT

6.1 nh ngha v phn loi chun 6.1.1 nh ngha: Chun l tp hp nhng b mt, ng, im ca mt chi tit m cn c vo xc nh v tr tng quan ca cc b mt, ng, im khc ca bn thn chi tit hay ca chi tit khc. 6.1.2 Phn loi chun: Do mc ch v do nhu cu s dng, ngi ta phn chun ra nhiu lai.
Hnh 3.1: S phn lai chun
1) Chun thit k: L chun c s dng v hnh thnh khi lp cc chui kch thc trong qu trnh thit k. Chun thit k c th l chun thc hoc chun o. - Chun thc: l chun m sau khi gia cng n vn cn tn ti trn chi tit. - Chun o: l chun m sau khi gia cng n khng cn tn ti trn chi tit.
B mn Sa cha C in
Hnh 3.2 V d v chun thit k. a) Chun thc; b) Chun o.
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2) Chun cng ngh: chun c s dng trong qu trnh cng ngh bao gm cc qu trnh gia cng c, kim tra v qu trnh lp rp cc sn phm. Thng thng ngi ta chia chun cng ngh ra lm cc loi nh sau: a. Chun nh v ( hay cn gi l chun gia cng ): l cc b mt, ng, im c thc nm trn chi tit c dng nh v ( xc nh v tr ) chi tit trong h thng cng ngh ( M D G CT ) trong qu trnh gia cng. Da vo tnh cht ca b mt chi tit ngi ta cn phn chun gia cng ra lm 2 loi: - Chun th: cc b mt ly lm chun m cha c gia cng. - Chun tinh: cc b mt ly lm chun c gia cng tinh. Cn c vo c im s dng ngi ta cn chia ra 2 loi. + Chun tinh chnh: l chun tinh cn c s dng lm chun trong qu trnh lp rp. V d: mt l ca bnh rng c s dng lm chun khi gia cng bin dng rng ng thi cn dng lm chun trong khi lp bnh rng vo trc. + Chun tinh ph: l chun tinh khng c s dng trong qu trnh lp rp. V d: 2 l tm dng khi gia cng chi tit trc. b. Chun o lng ( hay cn gi l chun kim tra ): l cc b mt, ng, im c thc nm trn chi tit c dng lm chun xc nh v tr tng quan ca cc b mt, ng , im khc trong qu trnh o lng kim tra. c. Chun lp rp: l cc b mt, ng, im c thc trn chi tit dng lm chun trong qu trnh lp rp cc chi tit. Lu : trong thc t cc chun ny c th khng trng nhau hay c khi trng nhau. Hnh 3.2: V d
d. Chun iu chnh: l cc mt, ng, im c thc nm trn g, nm trn my dng iu chnh dng c ct trong qu trnh gia cng. V d nh c so dao 6.2 Nguyn tc chn chun 6.2.1 Nguyn tc chn chun th: Nu chi tit c mt b mt khng gia cng th nn chn b mt lm chun th, nh vy sai lnh v tr tng quan gia b mt khng gia cng v cc b mt phi gia cng l nh nht.
Nu c mt s b mt khng gia cng th nn chn b mt no c yu cu chnh xc v v tr tng quan cao nht lm chun th. Trong cc b mt phi gia cng, nn chn b mt no c lng d nh, ng u lm chun th. Chn mt tng i bng phng, khng c ba via, u hi, u rt, u ngt lm chun th. Chun th ch nn s dng mt ln ( ch yu gia cng chun tinh ) 6.2.2 Nguyn tc chn chun tinh: Nn chn chun tinh l chun tinh chnh, nh vy sai s v tr tng quan khi gia cng v khi lm vic l nh nht. Nn chn chun gia cng ( chun nh v ) trng vi gc kch thc ( chun o lng ) sai s chun bng khng. Chn chun sao cho khi gia cng chi tit khng b bin dng do lc ct, lc kp. Mt phng lm chun phi c din tch ln nh v. Chn chun sao cho kt cu g n gin v thun tin khi s dng. Nn chn chun thng nht ngha l s dng mt chun cho tt c cc nguyn cng sai s do lch chun l nh nht. 6.2.3 Cc phng php g t chi tit. 6.2.3.1 Phng php g t bng cch r g. Khi sn xut vi s lng n chic hay trong sa cha, thng thng s dng phng php r g th cng bng cc dng c nh mi d, ng h so, cc lai u d c, u d quan hc v.v. C th tin hnh d trc tip trn my hay d theo cc du vch sn. Phng php r g c nhng u im nht nh nh: c th lai tr c lng mn ca dng c, phn phi lng d ng u cho tng chi tit. Tuy nhin cng c nhng mt hn ch nh mt thi gian nhiu cho vic r g, km nng sut v chnh xc s ph thuc vo tay ngh ngi th r. 6.2.3.2 Phng php g t t ng t kch thc. Trong sn xut s lng nhiu, m bo n nh ca cht lng v nng sut gia cng ngi ta thng p dng phng php t ng t kch thc. Vic xc nh v tr ca chi tit trong h thng cng ngh nh vo cc c cu nh v ca g. u im ca phng php ny c kh nng c kh ha, t ng ha v cho cht lng n nh, nng sut cao ( cc lai g iu khin kh nn, g iu khin thy lc ) Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng tn dng c cc phi c lng d nh khng ng u. Cn lu lng mn ca dao v tui th dao trong qu trnh ct nhm iu chnh kp thi. 6.3 Nguyn tc 6 im nh v trong gia cng.
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Khi nim bc t do ca vt rn tuyt i. Bc t do ca vt rn tuyt i l kh nng di chuyn ca vt rn tuyt i theo mt phng no m khng b cn tr ( rng buc). Khi mt vt rn tuyt i khng th di chuyn theo mt phng no c ngha l n b khng ch ( b rng buc ) bc t do theo phng . Hnh 3.3: nguyn tc 6 im nh v
6.3.1 Nguyn tc 6 im nh v trong gia cng Trong phm vi cng ngh ch to my cn c hiu rng nu vt rn tuyt i c th dch chuyn trong mt gii hn no theo mt phng, cng c ngha l vt rn tuyt i c bc t do theo phng . Trong h ta khng gian Decac, mt vt rn tuyt i c 6 bc t do. Nh vy chi tit gia cng c xem nh l mt vt rn tuyt i. chi tit c duy nht mt v tr trong khng gian, ta phi khng ch 6 bc t do c gi l nguyn tc 6 im nh v trong gia cng ( hnh 3.3 ). Mi bc t do b khng ch tng ng vi mt im nh v. Trong mt phng 1 ( Oxy ): khng ch 3 bc t do: tnh tin theo trc Z, quay quanh trc Ox, quay quanh trc Oy tng ng vi 3 im nh v. Thng thng ta c th s dng b phn nh v trn g l mt phin t c lm bng thp cacbon dng c hay thp hp kim dng c. Hay cng c th s dng ba cht t c nh lp vo thn g dng nh v mt phng. Trong mt phng 2 ( Oxz ): khng ch 2 bc t do: tnh tin theo trc Ox, quay quanh trc Oz. B phn nh v trn g c th l hai cht tr c nh lp vo mt hng ca thn g dng nh v 2 bc t do. Trong mt phng 3 ( Oyz ): khng ch 1 bc t do: tnh tin theo trc Oy. B phn nh v ca g c th s dng mt cht t c nh hay cht trm lp vo thn g khng ch bc t do.
a) Khi V di khng ch 4 bc t do
b) Khi V ngn khng ch 2 bc t do
c) Cht tr ngn nh v mt tr trong khng ch 4 bc t do; cht tr ngn nh v mt tr trong khng ch 2 bc t do.
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Hnh 3.4: cc s dnh v trong gia cng.
Lu : Ty thuc vo tng nguyn cng c th m ch nn khng ch va bc t do v thng thng cng khng nhiu hn 6 im. V nu khng ch 6 bc t do th kt cu g c th s phc tp. Trong mi trng hp khuyn co nn s dng khng t hn 3 im nh v. S bc t do b khng ch cn ph thuc vo kch thc, din tch tip xc gia chi tit v g. Cc b phn nh v v s bc t do b khng ch tng ng: Mt phng ( phin t ) : khng ch 3 bc t do Khi V di: khng ch 4 bc t do Khi V ngn: khng ch 2 bc t do Cht tr di nh v mt tr trong: khng ch 4 bc t do Cht tr ngn nh v mt tr trong: khng ch 2 bc t do Cht trm: Khng ch 1 bc t do Hai mi tm: khng ch 5 bc t do ( tm c nh 3 bc; tm di ng 2 bc ) Mm cp 3 chu t nh tm: c cc trng hp sau: o o o o L > D: khng ch 4 bc t do L < D: khng ch 2 bc t do L > D v vai trc ta vo chu mm cp: khng ch 5 bc t do L < D v vai trc ta vo chu mm cp: khng ch 3 bc t do
6.3.2 Siu nh v Mt bc t do b khng ch qu mt ln ( nhiu hn mt ln ) c gi l siu nh v.
Hnh 3.5: V d trng hp siu nh v. Trng hp siu nh v chc chn s c nhng im cng khng ch mt bc t do, d sinh ra sai lch v tr. Cn phi hn ch s dng siu nh v trong gia cng.
6.4 Sai s g t. Mt trong nhng yu t nh hng n chnh xc gia cng l sai s pht sinh trong qu trnh g t chi tit v c tnh bng cng thc:
gd = kc + dg + c
gd
=
2 2 c2 + kc + g
( 3.1 )
Trong :

c : sai s chun (sai s do chn chun nh v khng trng vi chun o lng ) kc : sai s kp cht ( sai s do lc kp thay i gy ra ) g : sai s g
6.4.1 Cch tnh sai s kp cht k
Sai s kp cht l lng chuyn v ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng kch thc cn thc hin do lc kp thay i gy ra.
Hnh 3.6: Sai s do lc kp thay i gy ra
Khi lc kp thay i t Wmin n Wmax th gc kch thc ca kch thc H cng c W lng chuyn v tng ng Ymin, ymax. Do kch thc gia cng s bin ng t Hmin n Hmax. Sai s kp cht k c tnh bng cng thc: kc = ( ymax ymin ). cos Trong :
(3.2)
: gc hp bi phng kch thc thc hin v phng chuyn v ca gc kch thc. ymin, ymax: lng chuyn v nh nht v ln nht ca gc kch thc khi lc kp thay i. S dch chuyn ca gc kch thc l do tc dng ca lc kp lm bin dng b mt nh v ca chi tit v cc b mt ca cc b phn ca g tip xc vi chi tit. Bng thc nghim, gio s A.P Xclpxki a ra cng thc xc nh lng chuyn v ( lng bin dng ) v tr tip xc gia chi tit v cht t theo phng trnh thc nghim: y = C.qn Trong : C: h s ph thuc vo vt liu v tnh trng ca b mt tip xc. Q: p lc ring trn b mt tip xc. n: ch s xc nh bng thc nghim ( n<1). ( 3.3 )
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Hnh 3.7: Bin dng tip xc ca cht t vi b mt chi tit gia cng.
6.4.2 Cch tnh sai s ca g g
Hnh 3.8: Quan h gia lc kp v chuyn v khi g chi tit trn g.
Sai s g c tnh bng cng thc:
dg = ct + dc + m
g
=
2 2 2 ct + m + dc
( 3.4 )
Trong :

g: Sai s do ch to g m: Sai s pht sinh khi g b mn trng qu trnh s dng. V d nh mn ca cht t c th c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
= N
( 3.5 )
Vi N l s ln tip xc; b l h s ph thuc vo tnh trng b mt v iu kin tip xc v c xc nh bng thc nghim.
dc: Sai s pht sinh khi lp t g, lp t g ln my cng c. c xc nh ty tng trng hp c th. a) Khi nim:
6.4.3 Cch tnh sai s chun c
Sai s chun pht sinh khi chun nh v khng trng vi gc kch thc v c xc nh bng lng bin ng ln nht ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng kch thc cn thc hin. V d:
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Hnh 3.9: Chi tit nh v trn phin t H kch thc iu chnh trc ca dng c ct, chun iu chnh l b mt ca phin t trn g. h1 c dung sai h1, kch thc c hnh thnh bc cng ngh st trc h2 kch thc cn t c khi gia cng. Kch thc h2 c gc kch thc l b mt C, chun nh v ca chi tit l b mt y ca chi tit tip xc vi phin t ca g. Nh vy gc kch thc v chun nh v khng trng nhau nn pht sinh sai s chun. Khi gia cng mt lat chi tit bng cch g t t ng t kch thc, ( H l kch thc c iu chnh trc ca dng c ct nn s khng c bin ng ), kch thc h 1 t c s bin ng mt lng h1. Do vy b mt C cng s bin ng mt lng h1. Do c ( h2 ) = (h1) b) Mc ch ca vic xc nh sai s chun Kch thc t c sau gia cng (do ngi thit k qui nh) l quan trng nht. Sai s ca kch thc ny l tng hp ca mt lot sai s: L = (dh + dc + m + n + gd) + hd Trong : L l sai s ca kch thc cn thc hin. dh sai s do bin dng n hi. dc sai s do iu chnh my. m sai s do mn dng c ct. n sai s do bin dng nhit ca h thng cng ngh. gd sai s g t hd sai s hnh hc ca my dao g do ch to. H thng cng ngh phi m bo: L < L L : dung sai kch thc cn t do nh thit k qui nh ( 3.7 ) ( 3.6 )
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Trong cc sai s to nn L, c sai s c th iu chnh kh c, c sai s do ngu nhin khng th khc phc c. i vi loi sai s g t gd cng c coi l dng sai s ngu nhin. Trong thc t gia cng, ngi ta nhn thy rng: iu kin cng thc ( 3.8 ) tha th kch thc hnh thnh sau gia cng s nm trong phm vi dung sai, ngha l tha iu kin ( 3.7 ) l L < L , t yu cu k thut do nh thit k t ra. c < [c] = (1/3 1/2) L ( 3.8 ) Ngi cng ngh khi thit k qui trnh cng ngh phi chn chun nh v v cc phng n nh v, tnh sai s chun. Nu tha mn iu kin ( 3.8 ) trn th vic chn chun t yu cu, nu khng tha ngi cng ngh phi chn li chun cho tha iu kin trn. c)Tnh sai s chun bng chui kch thc cng ngh Chui kch thc cng ngh gm 4 khu c bn: Khu 1 a: t v tr dng c ct n chun iu chnh Khu 2 x1: t chun iu chnh n chun nh v Khu 3 x2: t chun nh v n gc kch thc Khu 4 - L: t gc kch thc n b mt dao (mt gia cng)
S dao ng ca khu 2 (x1) v khu 3 (x2) gy ra sai s chun.
Tc l: c (L) = x1 + x2 Nu s khu bin ng cng nhiu th sai s chun cng ln. Trnh t tnh sai s chun cho kch thc gia cng nh sau: V s g t khi gia cng. Xc nh r chun nh v, chun iu chnh, gc kch thc. V chui kch thc cng ngh trn s g t, kch thc trong chui ny c gc v c hng. Vit chui kch thc cng ngh. Tm cc lng bin ng ca khu x1 v khu x2.
Sai s chun ca kch thc gia cng chnh l tng cc lng bin ng x1 v x2
V d 1: cho s g t trn hnh v Tnh sai s chun cho cc kch thc: H, h ca chi tit gia cng trn trc g c chun iu chnh trng vi chun nh v. ( Chun iu chnh l chun nm trn my hay g dng iu chnh dng c ct v d nh c so dao).
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Trong :
D = 60 h7 ( 0, 030 )
0
dl =25 H7
+0 , 021 0
dtrc g = 25 h6
0 0 , 013
a = 15 ( kch thc iu chnh trc ca dao so vi chun chun nh v ) e = 0,01 mm ( lnh tm gia l v tr. Dung sai kch thc ca cc chi tit: D = Dmax - Dmin = 60 59.97 = 0,03 mm = 30 m dl = dmax - dmin = 25,021 25 = 0,021 mm = 21 m Khe h ln nht gia trc g v l: i vi kch thc H c gc kch thc l ng sinh thp nht ca chi tit, ta c chui kch thc cng ngh nh sau: a + x2 H = 0 Suy ra: H = a + x2 e l lch tm gia l v tr ngoi, ta c:
H =a+
Vy
D dl + + 2e 2 2
c (H ) =
D + d l 30 + 21 + 2e = + 2 x10 = 45,5m 2 2
i vi kch thc h c gc kch thc l tm O ca l, ta c chui kch thc cng ngh nh sau: a + y2 h = 0 Suy ra: Vy h = a + y2 = a + d/2
c ( h) =
d 21 = = 10,5m 2 2
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CHNG 7:
SA CHA CC CHI TIT IN HNH

1.SA CHA MI GHP REN: 1.1S lc v mi ghp ren v cc h hng thng gp: m bo cho my lm vic bnh thng, cc chi tit ca mi ghp ren cn tha mn nhng yu cu sau y: c prfin ren ng, khng b st m, gy hoc sai lch ; khng c vng ren no b h hi; phi c cnh vt u ren d vo ren khi lp rp ; thn bulng, vt , vt cy phi thng ; cnh ai c , u bulng , vt , vt cy , l vn cha vn , rnh vn cha vt khng c tot, v hoc b chn dp , mo m ,m cht , ai c bulng v,v ni chung tt c chi tit ca mi ghp ren u khng c php c vt nt , sau khi vn ai c , u ren ca bulng hoc vt cy phi th ra ngoi t nht hai , ba vng ren ; u cc bulng , vt ai c dng kp cht cng mt chi tit phi c hnh dng v kch thc nh nhau . Khi khng t cc yu cu trn, phi sa cha hoc thay th cc chi tit khng ng quy cch ca mi ghp ren .Thng thng ta ch sa cha nhng ren hng ca cc chi tit ln nh thn my, trc v,v cn cc chi tit tiu chun ca mi ghp ren nh ai c, vt cy, bulng, vt ..v c kch thc nh v c sn xut hng lot th khi hng c thay mi v lc ny sa cha s khng kinh t, khng hp l . Cc dng h hng thng gp nht ca mi ghp ren l : Mn prfin ren theo ng knh trung bnh ; Gim din tch b mt lm vic ca ren (v mn). Thn bu lng b dn v bin dng do ; Bc ren b thay i ; Thn bulng hoc vt cy b un hoc t ; Cc vng ren b ct t do lc ko hoc nn dc trc tng t ngt. 3/Cc dng h hng c th v bin php sa cha : a) Ren b mn , t hoc m trn bulng hoc trc c ren
Nu v mn, t hoc m m ren khng s vng cn thit na , c th sa cha bng mt trong nhng bin php sau y : -Tin ht ren c ri ct ren mi c kch thc nh hn , lc ny phi thay th ai c mi .Nu ren c c ti cng th trc khi tin cn ; -Nu khng cho php gim kch thc ren th phc hi bng cch hn p hoc m kim loi ri gia cng c . b) Ren b mn t, v hay m, trong l (trong thn chi tit my )
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-Sa ti kch thc sa cha tin khoan hoc khot ht ren c ri lm li ren mi c kch thc ln hn , lc ny phi thay bulng hoc vt cy , c khi phi thay bng vt cy c bc tc l vt cy mt u to , mt u nh , u to ca vt cy vn vo l ren sa cha cn u nh vn vi ai c hoc l ren khng b sa cha , Bng 4,1 cho cc kch thc cn thit khi gia cng sa cha ren . Bng 4.1Ct ren theo kch thc sa cha Kch thc hng M8 X 1,25 M10 X 1,50 M11 X 1,75 M14 X 2,0 M16 X 2,0 ren ng knh l khot rng Kch thc ren mi ra (mm) 8,3 M10 X 1,5 10,0 M12 X 1,75 11,7 M14 X 2,0 13,8 M16 X 2,0 16,3 M18 X 2,5
- sa cha tm mi ghp ren trong trng hp iu kin sa cha l ren kh khn , phc tp , c th lm bulng hoc vt cy mi , hi nhnh hn l c lp vi l ren mn , nh vy cn c c mi ghp chc trong mt thi hn cn thit . Khi c dp thun li phi sa cha chnh thc ngay . -Trong nhiu trng hp , l ren c sa cha bng chi tit b sung . Mun vy , ta khoan hoc khot l c ren hng rng thm 5 6 mm na ri mi tin ren vn 1 nt hay bc c ren ngoi vo . L bc ny phi nh hn hoc bng l cn thit ct ren c kch thc yu cu (kch thc ren ban u) . Sau lm ren nt hay bc ny vi kch thc ren ban u ( kch thc ren ban u l kch thc ren lc cn mi ) i vi nhng chi tit phc tp , phng php ny cng c s dng rng ri v n lm tng tui th ln rt nhiu Khi lp nt hay bc trung gian cn ch tho mn nhng iu kin sau : +Chiu di nt hoc bc khng nh hn chiu di phn ren c ca l ; +Nt hay bc c th p cht hoc vn ren vo l , b mt lp ghp ny phi bi sn ; +u ngoi ca nt hoc bc khng nn (c trng hp khng c php)th ra ngoi b mt chi tit ; + phng bc xoay , gia l v bc(hoc nt ) c 3 im su 1-1,5mm cch u trn chu vi mt lp ghp hoc vn 1 vt hm , i khi c th hn dnh
Nhng chi tit c l ren cn sa cha d bng gang hay thp , bc trung gian cng phi lm bng thp tng tui th cho l ren sa cha. m bo v tr chnh xc ca l ren hoc v tr tng quan gia cc l trn chi tit, ta dng bc dn khi khoan l lm ren . Thng dng ngay cc chi tit i tip nh np , bch v,v lm bc dn . Mun vy chp np , bch ln chi tit cn khoan l , dng mi khoan ng knh va bng l dn khoan mi , sau dng mi khoan c ng knh cn thit khoan ct ren Cn c th phc hi l ren trn chi tit bng thp bng cch hn p . Khi y cn khoan hoc khot phn ren c ,hn p gia cng l mi ri ct ren nh c. c)Thn bulng b cong : Nn bng bn p kiu vt me hoc t . trnh h hi ren khi nn phi dng m mm lc
kp cht chi tit . Cc vt cy b cong hoc c ren hng u c thay mi m khng sa cha d)B cc cht bn cu cht vo rnh ren ; ren d hoc bp sa cha: Dng bn ren , tar hoc chi tit ren lp n cy cu ght v nn li ren
ve ba t n
e) u bulng , ai c v , mo , chn(khng cn dng su cnh hon chnh m b trn i), cc chi tit khc b sc m Sa cha : da , hn , p ri gia cng c hoc ch gia cng c ri dng cha vn c ngm hp hn m vn f) Cc chi tit ren b nt Sa cha bng cch hn v nhng chi tit nh tiu chun ho (bulng, ai c ,vt , vt cy, m , cht ch v,v )nu nt th thay ci mi g) Ren d, mo v sit ai c qu ti Tu theo mc h hng m p dng mt trong nhng bin php sa cha nu hoc thay ci mi h) Cht ren (tc l cc chi tit b cht cng khng vn ra c ) sa cha :ngm trong xng hoc du ho t vi gi n vi ngy ri dng cha vn 6 cnh (tng qut l cha vn tip xc vi tt c cc cnh ca ai c hoc u bulng)ni di cnh tay n m vn ra .Vn c ri th tu tnh trng ren m sa cha
i) L su cht ch thn bulng v ai c khng trng nhau do thn bulng b dn di
Sa cha khoan l mi cho trng nhau Nh vy khi sa cha ren , ta thng phi gia cng b mt ct ren . C th p dng kinh nghim sau y gia cng t kch thc l trc c ren Xc nh ng knh l tar ren h mt : dl = d S Trong : d:kch thc danh ngha ca ren , v d M10 th d= 10 S:bc ren Xc nh ng knh trc ct ren bng bn ren (dng cho nhng ren c chnh xc thng thng cp (3 4 )xem bng 4-2 Khi sa cha hoc ch to chi tit thay th cho nhng chi tit hng ca mi ghp ren ,nu khng bit vt liu ca chi tit c c th phn on hoc t quyt nh vt liu cho cc chi tit ca mi ghp ren theo bng 4-3 Ch thch : 1.i vi ai c cng dng vt liu nh bulng hoc dng vt liu c c tnh thp hn mt t . Nhng ai c phi vn lun th nhit luyn cnh ai c c cng HB = 210 290 2. Nhng bulng cn c tnh chng nhim t hoc dng lm chi tit dn in th c ch to bng hp kim mu Bng 4-2 Chun b ng knh ct ren ng knh ren mm 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 Ren h mt ng knh trc. mm Ln Nh nht nht 1,95 1,90 2,94 2,88 3,94 3,86 4,94 4,78 5,92 5,75 7,90 7,70 9,88 9,65 11,86 11,62 Ren Anh knh ng ng trc. mm knh ren Ln Nh ,ins nht nht 3/16 4,58 4,37 1/4 6,14 5,90 5/16 7,72 7,48 3/8 9,30 9,06 7/16 10,87 10,63 1/2 12,42 12,10 9/16 14,00 13,68 5/8 15,57 15,25 Ren ng ng knh ren ins 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 10/8 ng knh trc. mm Ln Nh nht nht 9,67 9,34 13,10 12,76 16,60 16,23 20,88 20,50 22,84 22,46 26,37 25,99 30,13 29,73 33,17 32,73
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14 13,84 13,59 3/4 18,73 18,41 11/8 16 15,84 15,59 7/8 21,87 21,46 11/4 Bng4-3Vt liu dng cho cc chi tit ca mi ghp ren K hiu thp Phm vi s dng Nn dng C th thay bng 1 2 3 Cc chi tit thng CT3 CT2;2015 dng Nh trn nhng mi ghp c trng ti CT4 CT3;CT5;20;25 ln hn Bulng chu ti nng CT5 CT4;CT6;30;35;40 Cc loi vt thng A12 15;20;25 thng Cc loi vt quan 35 CT5;CT6;40 trng hn Vt v bulng 45 40;50;40;CT6 Bulng chu ti trng 45 40;50 thay i Bulng chu ti trng 40X 40;35X;45X thay i Bulng quan trng 40X 35X;45X cc ng c cao tc Nh trn 30XH 20XH;40XH Nh trn 30XH3 40X;20XH2 Bulng chu ti nh nhng lm vic trong X13 mi trng m hoc c tc ng ho hc Nh trn nhng chu ti trng nng hoc 2X13 ti trng va p Nhng chi tit ren lm vic k nhit X6C X6CM;X8C cao
37,82 41,83 Nhit luyn
37,38 41,39
4 Khng nhit luyn hoc mun nng cao cng b mt th thm than ri ti
Thung ho ti v ram cao HB=230-260 Ti v ram cao HB=230-260 Ti v ram HRC=40-50 Nh trn Nh trn Ti v ram
Nh trn Nh trn
2. SA CHA THEN 2.1 H HNG , NGUYN NHN V CCH KHC PHC 2.2.1i vi then bng, then vt, then dn hng, then bn nguyt 1- H hng v nguyn nhn : * Mi ghp then c dng nhiu trong cc my ct kim loi. Vt liu lm then thng bng thp Cr5 ,Cr3;40;45 . * Khi then v rnh then b mn hoc h hng th lc my lm vic c ti s pht sinh ting g hoc ting n.
* Mi ghp then thng b h hng b mt lm vic ca then v rnh then trn trc v l . Cc hin tng h hng thng gp l : -Mn hai mt bn ca rnh trong cc mi ghp then trt (rnh then ca con ln , cc rnh dn hng ..v..v..) . -B mt rnh then b st m hoc v (rnh trn trc hoc may ) . -Mt lm vic ca then b v hay st m . -Then b t do m mem xon qu ln. 2- Cc bin php sa cha: a- Then b ct t , mn hay st m (ni chung l h hng then ) : thay mi b- Rnh then trn trc b mn hay st m. * Sa rnh then nh sau : - Lm rng v su rnh then ti kch thc tiu chun k tip lp vi then mi . Trng hp ny chiu rng tng ln ca rnh then khng c qu 15% chiu rng ban u . Nu rnh then mn t , cho php gia cng ti kch thc phi tiu chun m khng cn ti kch thc tiu chun k tip . V cc rnh then mn khng i xng v khng cn nn khng c nh v dng c ct gt theo rnh c khi gia cng m rng rnh m phi nh v theo ng tm chi tit hoc theo ng sinh ca trc phn khng b mn . - Khi hu ht rnh then b mn t ,ch c vi ch st m ln hn , nu gia cng ton b rnh cho ht vt st t ti kch thc sa cha th chiu rng rnh b tng qu nhiu ; lc ny c th hn p nhng ch st m ri gia cng c tip theo . C th dng hn in v hn hi u c . - Nhng rnh then b h hng nng th khng sa cha m hn p ri lm rnh then mi v tr khc cch v tr c 90o, 135o hoc 180o theo chu vi (nu kt cu cho php). Nu mun hn lp rnh c v s vnh th c th p mt m thp vo rnh c ri hn lin hoc bt vt gi cht . Nu trn chu vi ch c mt rnh then v ti trng khng qu ln , c th khng cn lp rnh then c , nhng mi ghp then quan trng, nu khng lp rnh c th phi nghim li sc bn . - Rnh then trong l may b mn hoc st m . Cch sa cha tng t nh khi sa cha rnh then trn trc . Sa rnh then trong l thng lm bng tay hoc my xc . Nhng chi tit ti cng th phi s b trc khi gia cng . - Khi sa rnh ,trc tin xc hoc da y rnh then ri gia cng thnh rnh . Phi m bo rnh then c mt phng i xng i qua ng tm l. Mt y rnh dng vi then lng tr hoc bn nguyt c gia cng song song vi trc , tc l song song vi ng tm l ;mt y rnh dng vi then vt th lm nghing 1:100. - Khi sa rnh bng cch tng chiu rng v chiu su rnh c th nn tng chiu rng c hai rnh trn trc v trong l moay trnh dng then c bc. 2.2i vi then hoa 2.2.1 H hng v nguyn nhn : - Mn then trn trc v rnh then trong l. - Dp , v , st m then hoa . - Xy st hoc trc b mt ln vic ca then hoa do tc dng ca ti trng ng . - Khi b mn ,cc then c chiu dy khc nhau do lm vic khng ng u ,dn ti hin tng qu ti cho mt vi then hoa lm vic nng nht, gy st m nhng then ny. Mn then hoa trong mi ghp bnh rng vi trc rt nguy him v c th gy v trc mt rng ca
bnh rng , thm ch gy nng . V th ,ngi ta quy nh tr s mn cho php ca chi tit mi ghp then hoa . 2.2.1 Bin php khc phc : Nu then hoa v rnh then mn t m mi ghp nh tm theo ng knh trong ca trc th cch sa cha tt nht l : - Sa l then hoa ti kch thc sa cha v lm tng kch thc then hoa trn trc theo kch thc ca rnh then sau l sau khi sa cha. - Nu then v rnh then ti cng th phi trc khi sa cha . - Lm tng kch thc then hoa trn trc bng cch chn tng then mt theo chiu dc then , chn then hoa l dng mt da bng thp lm hn thnh cc vt trn b mt dc theo then hoa (b mt then hoa theo ng knh ngoi ) . Sau khi chn kim loi ca then b dn sang hai bn lm tng chiu rng v ng knh trong ca then . - Ta chn tng then cho ti khi chiu rng then tng n kch thc vt qu chiu rng rnh l sau khi sa cha mt lng d gia cng c (0.1-0.2mm) ,th sang tn khc. - Cc rnh c to ra trn then hoa chn p c hn p ri gia cng c . Sau em ti v trc . Cui cng mi v kim tra . - My tin ren vt vn nng c dng ph bin xn then hoa . Trc then hoa sau khi c cp trn mm cp hoc chng trn hai mi tm my tin . Trc lp a xn c kp cht vo bn dao (hnh 4-3). - My tin dng chn then hoa phi ngn xch truyn ng t ng c ti trc chnh .Nh vy trong qu trnh xn trc then cn ng yn cn da xn ln trn then hoa nh chuyn ng chy dao ca bn dao ; chiu su rnh xn thc hin nh chuyn ng chy dao ngang ca bn dao v iu khin bng tay. - Cn c th lm tng kch thc then hoa bng a xn trn my bo ngang ; Lc ny trc then hoa c kp trong khi V hoc u phn lp trn bn my . Trc lp a xn kp vo gi dao ca u trt my bo . - Nu then hoa v rnh then mn t v mi ghp nh tm theo ng knh ngoi ca trc th sa cha nh sau : - Sa trc then hoa ti kch thc sa cha v nng ng knh ngoi cc rnh then hp li ph hp vi kch thc sa cha ca chiu rng then hoa trn trc . - Cng nh phn trn , nu trc v l ti cng th phi trc khi sa cha . - Nong l tc l thc rng ng knh ngoi l then hoa lm cho chiu rng then ca l tng ln (ta quy c gi phn li trn trong l then l then ca l ). Dng c nong l l mt g chuyn dng gi l trc nong l . trc nong l c tut qua l then hoa bng my p thu lc. - Trc nong l c hai, ba then dn hng (dng then hoa) . Then ca trc nong l c chiu rng nh hn chiu rng rnh then ca l 0.5-0.6mm n c th trt trong cc rnh then ca l. - Trong trc nong l c mt hoc hai l lp rng nong mt tu theo s lng then ca l cn nong cng mt lc . S lng then nong cng mt lc ph thuc vo chiu cao then , vt liu then hoa v cng sut my p. - tng phm vi s dng trong nong l cho mt s l then hoa c kch thc nm trong gii hn no , ta t m iu chnh khong cch t tm trc nong l n u rng nong . - Cc rnh to thnh sau khi nong l c hn p . Sau tin l ri mi n kch thc tiu chun . Cui cng sa tinh ton b then hoa (bao gm vy ba via , sa chiu rng
then v cc kch thc cha hon chnh khc )bng mt ln cn tinh . C th dng dao chut hoc trc then hoa lp rp vi n cn tinh . Nu then nan hoa v rnh then mn nhiu nhng cha qu 20-25% chiu rng then th gia cng l then hoa n kch thc sa cha, hn p trc then hoa ri gia cng theo kch thc l then hoa . -Hn p trc then hoa bng hn in hay hn hi u c nhng hn hi d lm cong trc , hn in m bo cht lng sa cha cao hn. - Nhng trc quay mt chiu th then hoa ch mn mt pha nhng vn hn p c hai khi gia cng c s nh dch cc rnh i sao cho mt lm vic ca then hoa l lp kim loi c s cn mt bn kia l kim loi hn p . - Trc khi hn phi dng chi st c sch r, bn, bi ... trn b mt then hoa . khi bi nung nng qu mc, trong khi hn c th nh k nhng vo b nc . - Hn p xong , tin ng knh ngoi ti kch thc cn thit , xn mt u ,vt mp ri gia cng then hoa theo kch thc sa cha ca mi ghp. - Cn chn que hn ph hp vi chi tit .. Nu cc then hoa trn trc mn nhiu qu (trn 6 20-25% chiu rng then ) hoc i vi nhng then hoa c chiu rng nh (di 4-5mm) b mn tng i nhiu , ta hn lp ton b cc rnh then ri gia cng c . Trng hp ny cng nn dng que hn v ch nhit luyn nh nu trn . - gim bin dng ca chi tit (ch yu l trc ) then hoa khi hn ta dng phng php hn bng , ng thi th t hn cc rnh theo nh s ghi trn hnh 4-5. - i vi tng rnh th hn gia rnh trc ri hn y dn sang hai bn. - L then hoa b mn nhiu qu th phc hi bng cch t bc sa cha . Mun vy trc tin phi then hoa c ri tin rng l v p vo mt bc thp . trnh bc xoay ta hn bc vo mt u ca chi tit hoc bt vt hm , sau gia cng then hoa trong l bc ny (chut hoc xc then ) . Cui cng , nu iu kin i hi th ti b mt then bng dng n cao tng hoc bng ngn la oxy-axtylen . Thay b phn chi tit c then hoa . Nhng chi tit phc tp gia cng kh khn v t tin , nu cn kh nng lm vic , ch c phn then hoa b h hng m vic hn p nh hng n chnh xc ca chi tit th c th phc hi bng phng php nu hnh 4-6 - Phn trc then hoa ca trc thng b hng sm hn phn c bnh rng cn .V trc c chnh xc cao nn khng th hn p ri gia cng c c , v vy ta phi thay phn trc c then hoa . - Gn y bt u dng phng php hn in h quang rung phc hi then hoa b un. Trong qu trnh hn,chi tit t tnh ti, u mang dy kim loi hn p vo chi tit chuyn ng tnh tin dc theo then hoa. Phc hi bng cch ny t nng sut cao v cht lng cao . 3.SA CHA TRC 3.1. Trc tm v trc truyn. Trong sa cha trc tm v trc truyn ng chng ta phn trc lm ba loi: trc trn, trc bc v trc then hoa. Kh nn cc trc cong ta cn phn thnh trc cng v trc mm. Trc di l trc c chiu di gp 5 ln ng knh tr ln. Tuy vy i vi tng trc c th trong sa cha cng c th phn loi khc vi ch to trc mi. Kt cu ca trc tm trc truyn c bn ging nhau v u dng cc chi tit quay. Chng ch khc nhau ch: trc truyn ngoi mmen un cn chu mmen xon v thng quay vi cc chi tit quay lp trn n, cn trc tm thng ng yn v ch chu mmen un thi.
Khi ch to trc tm v trc truyn ngi ta thng dng thp 15, 20, 35, 20X, 40X .v.v. c nhit luyn hoc ha nhit luyn. Nhng dng h hng ca hai loi trc ny l: - Mn ngng trc v mt nhn cn thit. - B xon lm mt chnh xc v tr tng quan gia cc b phn ca trc (v tr gia cc rnh then vi nhau vv) - B un . - B nt hoc gy. 3.2 Trc b mn v mt nhn cn thit. 3.2.1 Sa cha ngng trc ti kch thc sa cha nh hn kch thc ban u (tc kch thc khi thit k hoc kch thc khi trc cn mi): p dng cho cc ngng trc quay trong trt ba bt hoc nhng trc s c trng lai hoc thay mi khi sa cha ng thi vi trc. Lc ny nu ngng trc mn cha ti 0,2 - 0,3 mm th ch vic mi t van, cn v nhn b mt cn thit, bc s c sa cha hoc gia cng mi sao cho m bo chnh xc vi trc mi. Nu mn ln hn th tin ri mi. Nhng ngng trc c ti cng, trc khi tin phi c gim cng v dng dao hp kim tin. Khi dng nhng bin php ny, i vi nhng trc chu ti trng va p, cho php gim ng knh ngng trc khng qu 5%, vi nhng trc chu ti trng tnh, gim ng knh trc, khng c vt xy xc hoc vt dao gc ln chuyn tip v khng c gim bn knh gc ln v nh vy s gy ng sut tp trung, lm yu trc v c th lm gy trc trong qu trnh lm vic sau ny. Loi tr cc khuyt tt gc ln bng cch da hoc tin ri mi. Khi gc ln ca cc trc ln, quay chm b mn nhiu th hn p, tin ri mi. van ngng trc ca nhng trc c s vng quay trung bnh cho php gii hn m bo iu kin ma st t. Ty theo khe h ban u, van cc i cho th ca trc c th c xc nh theo cng thc: M= Trong : m l van cho php, tc hiu s cho php gia ng knh ln nht v nh nht ca ngng trc. a l khe h ban u gia trc v bc lt (mm). k l h s (i vi trc quay trong bc lt hp kim ng ly k = 0,5; quay trong bc lt babit, ly k = 0,3). i vi nhng my cao tc, van cho cc i cho php ca ngng trc c xc nh xut pht t iu kin rung ca my . cn ca ngng trc khng c vt qu dung sai v van, cn ca ngng cc ch lp ghp phi nm trong gii hn dung sai lp ghp . cn v van nh hn 0,2mm cng nh nhng vt sy st v vt xc nong trn ngng trc c loi bng cch mi trn my tin bng giy nhm mn hoc bng bt mi nho trong vng kp g. Khi sai lch kch thc trn 0,4mm th tin li ri mi. b mt ngng trc tht nhn ta tin lm hai bc (th v tinh) vi chiu su ct nh, tc ct ln (200 - 300m/p ) v lng chy dao nh (0,065 - 0,1mm/v) dng dao mi tht tt vi gc trc ln v bn knh u dao nh dao kiu ny s lm lc ct hng knh nh, do trc t b un. Sau khi tin, nh bng b mt ngng trc bng giy nhm mn trn my tin hoc bng bt mi trong kp g. 3.2.2 Ngng trc lp vi ln phi c phc hi ti kch thc ban u:
0,5k .a 1 k
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Nu ngng trc mn t, ta m crm (chiu dy ln nht ca lp m crm ch ti vi trm micrmt) ri mi, nu lp mn nhiu th m thp, phun thp hoc hn h quang rung sau tin ri mi . Ngng cc trc ch chu ti tnh b mn nhiu thng c phc hi bng hn in h quang rung hoc p kim lai bng hn h quang. Khi hn h quang rung ch cn hn thnh ng xon c ging nh ng ren, cn hn h quang thng hn dc theo ng sinh v phi b tr th t cc ng hn sao cho nhng ng hn lin kt nhau phi i xng nhau qua tm gim s cong ca trc (ging th t khi hn trc then hoa). Hnh bn minh ho mt cch mi trn my tin. Sau khi hn xong u phi ri tin v mi. Ngng cc trc then hoa cng c phc hi nh ngng trc trn. Nu trc then hoa b mn c phn then v ngng trc th phi phc hi bng phn then hoa trc, phn ngng trc sau v khi hn p then hoa d gy bin dng cho trc. VD: Mt trc then hoa b mn phn then hoa, phn ngng trc mn t, c th tin hnh phc hi theo th t cc nguyn cng sau y. - Chun b then hoa hn p. - Hn p then hoa. - Nn trc. - Gia cng s b lp kim loi hn p (gia cng th). - Nhit luyn. - Nn trc. - Chun b ngng trc m (lm sch tm thc). - M (niken,crm hoc thp). - Gia cng tinh then hoa v ngng trc (mi, nh bng).
200 0.5
Hnh 4-9. Tru c hu ng ho to o y c a kim loa. c o p c ma t i
3.2.3 Khi khng th hoc khng mun ch to trt mi, ta m hoc hn p ngng trc ri mi gia cng c ti kch thc vt qu kch thc ban u cn bc lt c tin v doa. Khi gia cng c trc v bc lc ny khng nht thit phi ly dung sai kch thc theo h l m c th ty chn sao cho tin li nht, min l m bo dung sai mi ghp. 3.2.4 Trng hp trc b mn nhiu c th dng bc sa cha p vo trc c (lp cht) ri gia cng bc ny t ti kch thc v nhn b mt cn thit th t cng vic nh sau: ngng trc ri tin ngng v p mt bc bng vt liu ging nh vt liu ca ngng vo. Hn bc vi ngng mt u ri gia cng bc (tin, nhit luyn, mi)
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Cng c th ghp bc sa cha vo ngng bng keo dn. Dng keo dn trnh c khuyt im ca phng php lp cht l to nn ng xut trong ln phi mi ghp gia bc sa cha vi ngng trc lm cho bn mi ca ngng trc sau khi sa cha b yu i. Thc t khi s dng cho thy cc mi ghp bng keo dn trong trng hp ny rt bn. Nh vy khi phc hi cc ngng trc b mn ta lun phi gia cng c ngng. Trc khi gia cng phi kim tra tnh trng cc chun cng ngh (l cn, l tm, g nh tm) v khi cn th sa li. Sa cha cc l tm hng bng dao ct mi khoan tm hoc mi hnh bt . Khi sa cha l tm ta cp mt u trc ln mm cp bn chu cn u kia trong luynt, ri kim tra s chnh xc g t bng ng h so theo cc ngng trc khng b h hng. Sau gia cng sa cha l tm .
1
2
Hnh 5-2.La tru e a c h lo : p c s a ta m 1.o g ho n so ; 2 luy ne t
Tt c nhng ngng trc c phc hi bng m hoc hn p ,khi mi nn dng mi c rnh ng nhn to c cng MV2 v ht 46 - 60 (theo tiu chun nh my mi Hi Dng). Ch mi ngng trc trn my mi trn i vi cc trng hp phc hi c nu trong bng 5.1. Cc trng hp Tc ca Tc ca Chiu su mi Lng chy dao mi trc trc m/ph mi m/s mm ca chi tit mm/vg - Mi trc n 9 30-35 0,02 7-9 kch thc sa cha. - Mi trc c 11-12 25-30 0,02 7-9 hn p. - Mi trc c 10-14 20-25 0,015 5 m, phn kim loi. - Mi trc c 6-8 25-35 0,015 5-6 m crm. Khi mi bng g trn my tin, c th dng cc ch mi trn y nhng tc ca mi phi gim i 15 - 20%. 2, Trc b bin dng v xon : Ch nhng trc truyn mi c dng h hng ny. Trc tin phi kim tra, xc nh chnh xc sai lch v xon ca trc ri a ln g chuyn dng, v xon trc theo chiu ngc li. Phi thao tc t t lc xon truyn ti ton b trc, trnh khng ph hy cc c t dng xon trc (thng l rnh then) ngha l phi tc dng ti trng tnh ri tng dn ln. Khi sa cha bin dng xon ca trc, chc chn s to ng xut trong trc lm cho trc c th b xon tr li trong qu trnh lm vic sau ny. m bo chc chn, ta nung nng ti nhit ram thp, gi nhit ny 3 - 4 gi ri ngui chm. Sau khi nhit luyn, nu trc vn khng b xon tr li th kt qu ny s c duy tr lu di.
3, Trc b cong. Sa cha bng cch nn hoc nung nng cc b. a, Nn trc: C th nn trang thi ngui hoc nng, nhng khi nung nng trc d b oxi ha v bin dng xu thm cho nn ch dng nn nng khi no khng th nn ngui c. Nhng trc mm hoc c ng knh nh hn 50mm u c nn ngui. Ch nhng trc c ng knh ln hn 50mm v b cong nhiu mi nn nng. y, khi nh gi trc l mm hay cng, vn cn c vo tnh trng tng quan kch thc gia ng knh v chiu di trc nhng lc ny ch tnh bng khong cch gia hai im t xa nht dng nn ch khng phi l ton b chiu di trc. Khi nn nng cn phi nung trc ti nhit rn. nhit thp hn, nht l trong khong t 150 - 450oC, khi nn to thnh vt nt trong kim loi v c th lm gy trc. C th nn trn cc my p vt hoc my p thu lc. My p thy lc c dng tin li v ph bin nht. My p thy lc nn trc gm c mt bn nn vi cc mi tm v khi V. Bn nn c th tho lp d dng vi bn my p. nn trc, ta t trc vo hai khi V sao cho phn cong ca trc gia hai khi V, ri di chuyn cng hai khi V dc bn my cho phn cong li nht ca trc ti v tr pha di pittng ca my. p pittng xung nn thng trc ri kim tra. Nu trc c hai l tm thng ca trc c kim tra ln cc l tm v dng ng h so. Nu khng c l tm thng ca trc c kim tra trn bn ly du (bn mp) bng cch nhn nh sng lt qua khe h ng tip xc vi bn mp hoc dng cn l la vo khe h . Nhng trc khng ln lm c th nn v kim tra thng trn my tin, lc ny ta dng g nn trc cho my khng chu lc nn. Mt trong s cc g c gii thiu hnh 5-3 nu khng c g, khng c nn trn my tin bng cch g trc vo hai mi tm, hoc cp vo mm cp v luynet tnh ri dng bn dao nn trc. Lm nh vy nh hng rt xu n chnh xc ca my. Nn bng tay trn cc bn p kiu vt i hi phi kho lo v tn sc v vy ch dng i vi nhng trc c mt ct ngang nh khi khng c cc thit b c kh.
Hnh 8.3. Mt loi g trn my tin.
b, Nung nng cc b nn trc: Song song vi phng php c kh, phng php ny ang c s dng rt hiu qu nn thng trc c mt ct vung hoc trn. Khi trc b cong s c nhng th vt liu b ko di v nhng th b co ngn. Nung nng phn li on cong ti mt nhit xc nh ri ngui th kim loi phn ny b chn, lm cho cc th co li, do trc thng ra. So vi phng php nn c kh phng php ny c u im l rt chc chn. Bng nung nng cc b c th nn thng nhng trc c kch thc v lc nn yu cu ln, m cc my nn c kh khng p ng c. i vi nhng chi tit bng gang c . . . ch c mt bin php lm thng (hoc lm phng) duy nht l nung nng cc b. c im ca phng php ny l rt vn nng thy n c th p dng nn cc loi chi tit thuc mi hnh dng, kch thc khc nhau t vi mm n vi phn trm mm.
Vic nung nng cc chi tit nn phi lm tht mnh m v tp trung. Ngn la oxi - axtylen p ng c yu cu ny. Ngn la oxidu ha hoc oxixng cng dng c nhng hiu qu c km hn. C th dng cc m hn thng thng vo vic ny. Khi chn m hn nung nng thng ly cao hn mt n hai con s so vi con s m hn hn chi tit cho . Thc nghim cho bit thi gian cn thit nn trc c ng knh 250mm cong 0,6mm ( cong ca trc l o ca tm trc khi trc quay) bng m hn s 7 mt khong 15 pht. Khi dng m hn s 6, thi gian nn tng gp ri, dng m hn s 5 thi gian nn tng gp i . Khi nn, trc c g trn hai mi tm hoc cp trong mm cp v luynet tnh trn my tin, phn cong li ca trc hng ln trn. Xc nh ch li nht ca trc ri nh du bng mt ng dc theo ng sinh trc, ch li nht c ly du. t hai ng h so mp di ca trc ch cn nn quan st kt qu (hnh 5.4).
o g h o so n Hnh 5-4 N a tru b a g n c n p h ng p ha nu ng no g p n
Nung nng ti 800 - 900oC. Nhit nung nng c xc nh bng nhit ngu, khi c kinh nghim c th nhn mu xc nh nhit . Phi dch chuyn m hn theo ng nung (c nh du). tp trung nhit vo ch cn nung, dng mt tm aming h ch cn nung. Khong cch h c kch thc bng 0,12d v theo chu vi 0,3d. Trong d l ng knh trc, nh vy s hn ch c nhit truyn v ch sang cc vng xung quanh. D sao nn bng nhit cng vn to nn ng xut trong chi tit m t s ng xut ny khng xc nh c v c th ph hoi hnh dng hnh hc ng n ca ng tm trc nn trong qu trnh lm vic sau ny. Cho trc quay chm. Ch cn c t nng trn ton b chu vi bng ngn la xy - axtylen ti 300 - 5000C. Tc nung khng qu 150 2000C trong mt gi. Duy tr 3500C t nht trong mt gi. Sau nhanh chng dng vi aming cch nhit bc quanh ch va t gi nhit. Do trc ngui chm ti nhit bnh thng. xong li kim tra thng ca trc bng ng h so. Sau khi nu trc vn gi hnh dng nh sau khi nn th chc chn l tt 4, Trc b nt hoc gy. Nhng trc khng quan trng nu b st nh th hn v. Khi trc b nt ln hoc gy th c th hn ni hai phn trc vi nhau. C th hn hi, hn in hoc hn rn u c, ph bin nht l hn in. Trc khi hn cn xc nh vt liu trc, theo chn que hn ri tin hnh nh sau: -Trn trc ch nt hoc gy thnh hai mt cn i nh nhau, gc nh 900 (hnh 5-5). nh cc u cn c th khoan l ng knh 5 - 10mm, su t 18 - 20mm. Lp mt cht va kht vo hai l ny ghp s b v nh tm hai phn trc ri t trc ln my hoc khi V kim tra ng tm bng b vch du hoc ng h so. Nu trc lm bng thp hp kim c th c th nung nng hai u ca n (ch s hn ni) bng ngn la xy - axtylen ti 2000C. Hn trc t t, va quay trc va quan st ng h so xem n c
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bin dng un khng. Nu thy trc cong phi tng lp kim loi hn vo nhng pha thch hp sa cha. Sau khi hn, thng ha ch hn nhit 8500C nh sau: Nung nng trc dn n 8500C, c th ngn la, bng l hoc bng dng in. Sch s v tin li nht l bng dng in, bc ch hn bng cactng aming, ri qun ra ngoi cactng aming dy ng mm c bc lp cch in. S lng vng dy ph thuc vo cng sut bin th hn. Nu cn dng in ln (khi ng knh trc ln) th u nhiu bin th song song vi nhau. Thi gian nung nng trc ti 850oC khong 2h ri gi nhit ny khong 3h sau ngui dn n nhit trong phng. Nhng trc b nt, gy km theo b st m nu ni nh hnh 5-5 s b ht chiu di th c th ni nh hnh 5-6 tc l dng mt on ph thm m bo chiu di ban u ca trc sa cha. Sau khi hn trc b cong th phi nn sa, ng thi phi kh ng sut d ri gia cng t chnh xc v nhn b mt cn thit. Cc rnh then, then hoa v ren trn trc nu b h hng th c th sa cha bng cc phng php c bn sau: - Nu ren b mn, t m ren khng s vng cn thit na, c th sa cha bng mt trong nhng bin php sau: + Tin ht ren c ri ct ren mi c kch thc nh hn, lc ny phi thay ai c mi. Nu ren c c ti ng trc khi tin cn . + Nu khng cho php gim kch thc ren th phc hi bng cch hn p hoc m kim loi ri gia cng c. - Ren b mn t hay gy m trong l (trong thn chi tit my). + Sa cha ti kch thc sa cha bng cch tin, khoan hoc khot ht ren c ri lm li ren mi c kch thc ln hn, lc ny phi thay bu lng hoc vt cy, c khi phi thay bng vt cy c bc tc l vt cy co mt u to mt u nh, u to ca vt cy vn vo l ren sa cha cn u nh vn vi ai c hoc l ren khng b sa cha. Bng 4-1 cho cc kch thc cn khi gia cng sa cha ren. Ct ren theo kch thc sa cha bng 4-1 Kch thc ren hng ng knh l khot rng ra Kch thc ren mi (mm) M8 x 1,25 8,3 M10 x1,50 M10 x 1,50 10,0 M12 x 1,75 M11 x 1,75 11,7 M14 x 2,0 M14 x 2,0 13,8 M16 x 2,0 M16 x 2,0 16,3 M18 x 2,5 sa cha tm mi ghp ren trong trng hp sa cha l ren kh khn, phc tp, c th lm bu lng hoc vt cy mi, hi nhnh hn l c lp vi l ren mn, nh vy cn c c mi ghp chc trong mt thi hn cn thit. Khi c dp thun li phi tin hnh sa chnh thc ngay. - Trong nhiu trng hp, l ren c sa bng chi tit b sung. Mun vy, ta khoan hoc khot l c ren hng rng thm 5-6 mm na ri mi tin vn mt nt hay bc c ren ngoi vo. L bc ny phi nh hn hoc bng l cn thit ct ren c kch thc yu cu (kch thc ren ban u)
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M crm hoc niken hc ha
Phun kim loi
M thp
Cc dng h hng v bin php phc hi trc tm trc truyn(bng 5-2). B phn Dng h Cc bin php phc hi h hng hng Bng c kh Bin dng do ca trc Mi Nn nng Nung Chn Ni. sungDung sai chi tit b Nn ngui Xn
Bng hn p v n hi Hn t ng + Hn rung + + + Hn tay + + 0 + + + +
1 Trc mm
2 3 Cong ton b, cong cc b xon Trc cng Cong ton b xon Cong cc b Cc loi Nt gy trc Ngng lp Mn di vi trc 0,2-0,3 mm Mn t 0,3 - + 0,8mm Mn nhiu v trc b mt Nt gc ln chuyn tip Then hoa Mn t Mn nhiu hoc trc b mt lm vic Rnh then Mn t Nt gc ln y rnh Mn nhiu
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+ + + + + + 0 + + + +
+ +
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St m mn + + t ren Dn di trc + + phn ren Ngng lp Trc b mt bnh ai v mi hoc + + + + + hoc bnh chn dp rng Ch thich: Du + ch nhng bin php nn dng. Du 0 ch nhng bin php c th dng nhng khng tt.
Ren
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
3.3. TRC CHNH. Trc chnh l mt trong nhng chi tit quan trng nht ca cc my ct kim. my tin trc chnh lp trc tip vi cc chi tit gia cng. my phay, khoan, doa, mi, nh bng . . .trc chnh mang dng c ct v quay cng vi chng. V vy chnh xc, chnh xc, cng vng v n nh chuyn ng ca trc chnh c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng sn phm gia cng trn my. Trong a s cc my ct kim loi, trc chnh l chi tit gia cng rt phc tp v t tin. V vy khi sa cha ngi ta ht sc trnh thay trc chnh m tm cch phc hi n. sa cha tt, cn nm vng nhng c im c bn ca trc chnh. Ty theo yu cu k thut v mc quan trng ca trc chnh, trc chnh c lm bng cc loi thp 45, 40X, 20X, 12XH3,13XHBA, 40XMO, 35XHOA hoc gang bn cao (gang grafit cu) qua nhit luyn hoc ha nhit luyn. Hnh 5-7 nu cu to trc chnh ca cc loi my thng dng chnh xc thng. Ngng sau v ngng trc lp trc, thn trc c rnh then di hoc then hoa lp cc chi tit di trt hoc c nh nh bnh , bnh rng, bnh ai, l cn lp mi tm g v.v Mm cp lp vo trc chnh bng ren 6 v c nh v bng mt tr 4. Nh vy cng vng km v kh t ng tm gia mm cp vi trc chnh v c khe h lp rp mt nh v. t ng tm cao hn, ngi ta nh v bng mt cn u trc chnh (hnh 5-8) v kp cht bng ren. Tuy th vn km cng vng. Kt cu u trc chnh lp mm cp cng vng v t ng tm cao nht c nu trn (hnh 5-9). Hu ht cc loi my tin chnh xc cao trn th gii hin nay, trong nhiu loi nhp vo nc ta nh 1K62, 1A616, 1K62b, 1B616, 1K620... ca Lin X v nhiu nc khc u c kt cu nh vy. hnh 5-9 mm cp 3 c nh tm bng mt cn ngn v kp cht vo bch trc chnh 1 nh bn vt cy 4 xu qua l bch v vnh 5 ri sit ai c 6. Mun tho mm cp, ch vic tho cc ai c xoay quanh vnh 5 ht mc theo chiu mi tn . Vt 2 bt vnh 5 vo bch.
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Nhng b phn c th h hng ca cc loi trc chnh l: ngng lp trc, l cn, ren, then hoa, rnh ng chm trc chnh my khoan, ngng cn trc chnh my mi, my tin v.v CC DNG H HNG V BIN PHP SA CHA: 1. Ngng lp trt. Thng b h hng v mn. Nu mn t di (0,02mm) c th mi trn my bng kp g vi bt mi nho. Nu mn qu 0,02mm th mi ti kch thc sa cha. Sau khi mi phi kim tra cng xem cn c lp thm than hoc ti cng khng, nu mi mt lp cng phi nhit luyn hoc ha nhit luyn li. Khi gia cng ngng trc ti kch thc sa cha phi thay bc lt trc. Nu ngng trc mn ti 0,1mm th m crm, phun kim loi hoc hn h quang rung. Phi hn p kim loi lng d gia cng c. Sau m crm cn mi, sau khi phun kim loi hoc hn h quang rung cn tin v mi t kch thc ban u ca chi tit. Nu ngng trc mn nhiu qu th c th tin nh ri p bc sa cha, ging nh mt bin php phc hi trc tm hoc trc truyn. Nguyn cng cui cng trong sa cha ngng trc lp vi l nh bng. Cng ngh nh bng nh sau. Lp trc ln cc mi tm my tin, tc quay ca trc vo khong 50 70 vng/pht. nh bng l mt ming gang peclit ht nh c bi ht mi nho nh bng ngng trc. khi thao tc, tay cm ming gang p nh mt c bt mi vo ngng trc v a i a li theo chiu ngang ngng trc t 3 5 pht. Trong qu trnh nh bng, thnh thong li ra bt mi dnh vo ngng trc v ming gang bng xng, bi lp bt mi mi vo ming gang v tip tc cng vic. n khi b mt ngng trc t bng theo yu cu l c. Gn y khi ngng trc trc chnh my tin hoc bc lt, lp vi ngng lt b mn qu kch thc gii hn, ngi ta sa cha bng cch p ngng trc bng hp kim chu ma st (loi hp kim lm bc lt trt) cn bc lt lm bng thp 40XH ti b mt t cng HRC 55-62. u im ca bin php ny l nng sut cao, cht lng tt, kt cu mi ghp hp l hn trc, tui th ca mi ghp c ko di v gi thnh sa cha r. Cho ti nay trong cng nghip sn xut my, cc trc chnh my ct kim loi u lm bng thp qua nhit luyn cn bc lt trt bng hp kim chu ma st. Khi lm vic, bc mn nhiu hn trc. Kt cu nh vy c khuyt im ch khi mn bc lt s c dng van v trc b di chuyn cng trng vi tm v nh hng n chnh xc lm vic ca my, hn na khe h gia trc v bc nhanh chng vt qu tr s cho php.
S d kt cu trc v c khuyt im nh vy m vn c dng v trong sn xut hng lot, ch to trc bng mt loi vt liu s n gin c dy chuyn cng ngh, d t ng ha sn xut do h c gi thnh. Nhng khi sa cha dng sn xut thng l n chic nn c th khc phc c khuyt im v kt cu bng cch thay i vt liu ca trc v bc nh nu trn. Nh vy sau mt thi gian lm vic, bc lt mn khng ng k (v bng thp cng), cn trc th mn u theo chu vi nn vn m bo hnh dng hnh tr c lu di. Kt qu mc d khe h gia trc v bc tng ln nhng tm quay ca trc khng dch chuyn so vi tm v trong phm vi m bo hnh thnh mng dn gia trc v bc, chnh xc ca trc chnh c duy tr lu hn so vi trng hp khng c i ln vt liu gia trc v bc. p vt liu chu ma st vo ngng trc c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: phun kim loi, hn p, p nng, p ngui hoc ph cht do. Phng php ph bin hin nay l phun hp kim ng ch cng ngh phc hi bng phng php ny thc hin nh sau: - Trc ht trc, ra xng cn thn ch hn p ri lau kh. Sau tin ngng trc i 2 3mm theo bn knh, nhn yu cu s1 - s2. Tho gi dao khi my tin, t thay vo thit b phun kim loi phun, p hp kim ng ch ti kch thc cn thit trong tnh lng d mi 0,60 0,75mm theo bn knh. Sau mi ngng trc trn my mi trn. Trn b mt mi c th c cc l xp nh gi du bi trn, ngoi ra khng c c vt xc, nt hay cc khuyt tt khc. Nu khng c thit b phun kim loi, c th hn p hp kim ng ch vo ngng trc. Phng php ny cha c thc t kim nghim chc chn nhng l gi tt cho c s sa cha khng c thit b phun kim loi. 2, L CN. L cn ca trc chnh cc my ct kim loi thng b hng v mn. Kim tra mn ny bng cc vt sn tip xc gia l vi calp cn. Nu l mn t c th a ln my mi trn trong sa cha. Khi t ngng trc ca trc chnh c l cn cn mi ln gi chuyn dng (luy net), u sau trong mm cp my mi. Sai s g t cho php l 0,005mm. khi mi ch cn ban u. Nu l cn cn mi l ca trc chnh my tin c th nguyn trc chnh trn my dng lp, dng g mi kp trn bn dao mi l cn. Nu l mn nhiu, c th sa cha bng cch p bc sa cha nh sau. Tin sn mt bc cn bng thp cacbon thp (chi tit 2 trong hnh 5-10) dy 4 5mm, c kch thc ph hp p vo l cn trc chnh sau ny. m bo ng tm gia ng tm l cn sau khi sa cha vi ng tm trc chnh, cn nguyn trc chnh lp trn my (nu l sa cha l cn trc chnh my tin) m l tin cn theo ng knh ngoi ca bc 2 sao cho chiu di ca bc khi lp kht vo l cn tin ca trc chnh, lc cha p cht th u bc th ra ngoi mt u trc chnh 5mm. Thm than l bc su 0,5 0,8mm, ti b mt t cng HRC58-60, ty sch g st v cc cht bn bm bc. Bi m mt ngoi bc t c vo l cn bc trc chnh. Dng mt gi kiu trc rt p bc vo l cn trc chnh. g l mt bu lng di xu qua l trc chnh. u su cnh ca bu lng t vo u th ra ca bc thng qua mt m trung gian, u c ren ca bu lng th ra ui trc chnh. Khi vn ai c vo u ren ca bu lng, bc s c p dn vo trong l cn khi mt u ca bn ngang bng vi vi u trc chnh. Sau khi p, mi l bc t bng v chnh xc yu cu.
3. Ren v Then trc chnh. C th phc hi bng cc bin php nu i vi loi ny phn trc tm v trc truyn ng, ch cn ch l nhng mi thp ny trc chnh rt chnh xc v trc chnh l chi tit quan trng, khng nn v sa cha ren v then hoa hoc rnh then m nh hng n chnh xc n ton b trc.
P t cu m e it o g ay n a p
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H h4 N n r th nt o g lo t e h a b t u n n l i n -4 o g o g e r n n n o an r o g o h g c : 1r n n t e h a . an o g h n o ; g 2 chn ; . ie m ie u h 3 tu n n l . r o go c .
Thng thng phn ren ca trc chnh b mn c sa cha bng m in, hn p hoc hn h quang rung ri gia cng c t kch thc ban u. Nu ct ren mi vi kch thc nh i th phi thay a bt mm cp vn vo ren ny. Cch ny rt t c dng v kch thc phn ren tr nn khng tiu chun. 4. L ng chm. tho dng c ct (mi khoan) trc chnh my khoan cng hay hng v mn. Cng ngh sa cha nh sau (h. 5-11). Gia cng rng l thnh hnh ch nht trn my xc p bc b sung vo. Theo kch thc l va gia cng v ng knh trc chnh, ch to mt bc c k n lng d mi v di lp ghp, vt bn gc bc khi cn vo bn gc l khi lp. Ti l bc n cng HRC55-62 ri mi bn mt ngoi s lp vo l. Cui cng nung nng trc chnh v p bc vo l ch nht va gia cng ca trc.
5. Ngng Cn. Nhiu loi trc chnh lp ghp vi cc chi tit i tip bng ngng cn c then (thng l then bn nguyt). Hai loi trong s cc ngng cn c gii thiu trn hnh 5-12. l kt cu u trc ca trc chnh my mi dng lp vi moay ca chi tit i tip nh bch kp mi, bc, mm cp v.v
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Trong cc my tin ren vt, ngng cn thng gia trc lp bnh rng. Lp rp ngng cn c u im l kh c khe h hng tm. Cc dng h hng ca mi ghp bng ngng cn thng l: - Mn mt cn lp ghp trn trc v trong l lm chi tit b hng chiu trc do cng b hng hng tm. - Mn v chn dp rnh then trc v l. - Chn dp v ct t then. - Mn v ph hy ren. Khi mi ghp ren b lng v mn mt cn, c th phc hi bng cch ct bt mt u phn cn trn trc (hnh 5-13a) m 1 t c vo chi tit 2 khi lp. Nu nguyn chiu di phn cn ca trc th phi dng m hnh cc (h. 5.13b) thay cho m phng khi lp rp. Cch ny tn nhiu cng hn v phi ch to m hnh cc nhng c u im l khng phi ng chm g ti trc chnh. Cc cch sa cha trn y c khuyt im l chi tit 2 b x dch theo chiu trc. Nu chi tit 2 l bnh rng th iu l nguy him v lm ngn chiu di lm vic trn mi rng, d gy m rng v qu ti. Khi khng cho php chi tit dch chuyn chiu trc, cn phc hi mt cn ti kch thc ban u tc
l: phi sa cha c l v trc. - L c phc hi bng cch lp bc sa cha, chn hoc hn p ri gia cng c. - Trc c m crm hoc hn p ri gia cng c, c trng hp phi thay hn phn b mn bng on trc mi. Nhng vic sa cha l cn rt phc tp nn ch yu l p dng bin php phc hi ti kch thc sa cha tng ln c trc ln l. Bng cch ny ch cn doa, mi, hoc tin rng l cn trc s m crm, m thp hoc hn p ri gia cng c ti kch thc sa cha ph hp vi kch thc l cn. Sao cho khi lp ghp, chi tit c l cn (bnh rng, bnh ai v.v ) c nh v chnh xc theo chiu trc. 4.SA CHA 4.1 SA CHA TRT B mt lm vic ca trt b mn s lm thay i hnh dng hnh hc ca , lm xut hin cc vt xc, vt lm, l b van. Mn r thng ln n ni hnh dng rnh du ca
hu nh mt, khng th iu chnh di b tr mn. Trong cc trt c babt, cc lp babt b tch ra v b trc . Khi ngng trc v l bc b mn n tr s gii hn cho php th sa cha cc trt nguyn (cc bc) nh sau : mi trc v thay bc mi c l tng ng vi kch thc nhng trc c mi. cc trt c bc lt, ngi ta phc hi hnh dng hnh hc ca l v cc rnh du. Khi sa cha ny cn phi m bo khe h lp du, ng tm ca l trt ang sa v cc l ca cc cn li cng lp vi trc, m bo tip xc kht gia bc lt v ca . Khi sa cha trt cn c bit ch gia cng ng rnh du trn b mt lm vic ca . Cc rnh du lm cho du d vo min chu ti, lm cho du phn b tt theo chiu di l. Gia cng rnh ny trn my tin, my phay, my sc, my chut v c bng tay theo du. Vch du theo bn v hoc theo mu. Ngi ta c rnh du bng c chuyn dng - c lm rnh, li c c kch thc v hnh dng ca rnh du. Mp ca cc rnh du i ti b mt ca bc lt cn lm nhn v v trn, nu khng cc mp s tc nh ci no ly i lp du khi ngng trc quay. Khng nn b tr rnh du trn phn chu ti ca v n lm gim kh nng chu ti ca lp du, khng nn ko di rnh du ca trnh du chy ra ngoi. Ngi ta lm nhng rnh dc kn, ngha l cc rnh khng n mt u ca bc lt, cn cch khong 0,1 chiu di bc gi du tt hn. Chiu rng v chiu su rnh cn tng ng vi kch thc . Khi ng knh n 60mm, ly chiu su bng 1,5mm, chiu rng 5-6mm. i vi c kch thc ln hn, ly chiu su rnh (ng chng) 0,025 v chiu rng 0,1 ng knh trong ca bc lt. Cc l du phi cung cp du cn thit n cc rnh du v c ch to theo bn v hoc theo mu. cc trt ghp c sa cha, ngi ta to di bng cch t tm m ti ch ghp ca bc. iu chnh mi ghp ngng trc vi bc bng cch thay i chiu dy tm m (bng cch co sa). B tm m gm cc tm c chiu dy 0,05-2mm, c cc tm trung gian 0,05 - 0,1 - 0,2 - 0,3 - 0,5 - 1mm. C gng ghp cc b sao cho s lng tm t nht v c th c di n 0,05mm. trt c mn khng ln c sa bng cch co. Trc tin gia cng na bc di. Bi mt lp thuc mu mng v u ln ngng trc hoc trc chnh, t nm ngng trc ca chi tit ln na bc di. tin hnh co theo vt thuc mu in trn bc, phi thay i phng dao co mi khi hnh trnh co mi. Cc bc co phi phi tip xc kht vi theo b mt ngoi ca bc. Mun vy phi kp bc vo bng g kp nh hnh 3.1a. Nu v mt l do no khng thc hin c th cn tun theo qui tc sau: ch co cc ch c vt thuc mu in gn mt ghp ca bc khi qua cc vt c th bit r rng trc khng nm gia . Vi phm qui tc ny, c ngha l co tt c cc ch c vt mu th s dn n hin tng l sau khi lp v kp na bc trn, cc phn ca c 2 na bc gn ch ghp b p vo , gia ngng trc v bc to thnh khe h ln do cc phn gn ch ghp b co nh i. Khi co xong na bc di, ngi ta co th na bc trn theo th t nh khi co na bc di. Sau co ln cui c bc. Trc khi co, t ngng trc bi thuc mu vo na bc di, y na bc trn v kp cht chng vo thn bng cc bulng. lc sit bulng cn phi sao
cho trc kh quay trong . Quay trc trong mt vi ln, tho np ra v v co ln cui tng na bc mt theo vt sn in trn bc.
a) b) H3.1 S sa cha trt thn ghp: a) Kp bc ca trt vo thn co; b) Kim tra khe h du trong 1: Ming kp; 2: Thn ; 3: Bc; 4,5b: Tm ch Sau khi sa cha xong, vn ai c ca theo th t cho ch thp ri t t tng lc sit. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta kim tra khe h du trong sau khi co sa bc (H3.1b). t cc dy mnh hoc cc tm ch 1 v 2 vo khong gia ngng trc vi bc v ti ch ghp bc, kp cht na bc trn v di. Cc tm b nn dt. Ly chng ra v o chiu dy bng thc cp. Hiu s chiu dy tm pha trn v chiu dy tm pha di bng khe h gia bc v trc. Nu khe h cha t th phi co mt trong ca bc, cn nu ln qu th gim chiu dy tm m hoc thay m khc. Khi bc mn nhiu n ni khng th to di cn thit c na th ch to bc mi. Loi trt c mt ngoi hnh cn (hnh 3.2a) t bn phi, c lp cc bulng ni c, khi b mt tr trong (b mt lm vic) b mn th c phc hi bng phng php co.Trong qu trnh co, t trc vo mt vi ln kim tra kht ca mi ghp; Ni lng ai c 3 ca bulng 2 v ai c 5. Sau , vn ai c 1 mt cht; dch chuyn tng i so vi thn v pha ai c 1 v b kp cht. Tip vn ai c 3 ca bulng c u cn 6 lp trong rnh ca . Rnh c cng profin vi u bulng. Vn cht ai c 5. Trong cc trc khng c bulng ni, ngi ta t m 7 bng g bch dng, g si, php hoc cc vt liu cht do khc iu chnh di. Nh tnh n hi ca cc tm m m lp kht v u vi thn. d dng ph lp thuc mu bn trong khi sa cha bng phng php co, ngng trc hnh tr c c cn khng ln (trong trng hp ny l ngng trc chnh), trong gii hn 0,01mm trn c chiu di. a trc chnh vo trong t pha ngng trc c ng knh nh. Nh vy m cc vt thuc mu in b mt trong khng b sai lch i, iu ny rt quan trng sa lp trt bng phng php co. Co ln cui theo chm sng nhn thy trn b mt trt khi trc chnh khng bi thuc mu quay trong .
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Tip tc co n khi vt mu phn b u theo c vng trn v chim 70-75% b mt ; khng sit cht thm trc. Sa lp c coi l t cht lng cao nu thuc mu khng in trn b mt trong ca trt: phn trn chim khong 1/5 b mt khi tc quay ca trc chnh trong khng qu 800 vng/pht, ng knh ngng trc 80mm v nh hn, v chim khong 1/3 b mt trong khi ngng trc trc chnh c cng ng knh trn v tc quay ln hn.
trt lin iu chnh c Khi sit cht trt s xy ra trng hp mt u bc lt (hnh 3.2a) t vo ai c 1 v khng ta vo ai c 5. iu chng t phn ren ca m ai c 5 vn vo i sang bn tri mt on di. Thay trt nh vy bng mi hoc c ph ln mt ngoi ca mt lp kim loi. Cc trc cn phc hi c tin v sa lp ti ch, phay rng rnh t m hoc bulng v lp bc trong thn co b mt trong ca . Sa cha cc trt c bc lt mt cn trong, mt ngoi hnh tr bng cch co sa bc lt theo vt thuc mu hoc theo khe sng. Khi co ln cui, cc vt mu pha ng knh nh cn ni r hn. iu chnh khe h hng knh gia ngng trc chnh v (hnh 73b) bng cch dch chuyn theo chiu trc nh ai c 1 v 2. trt c bc lt v ng lt 2 lp kim loi c dng rng ri trong ngnh ch to my v trong thc t sa cha. Lp ngoi ca chng bng gang hoc thp cn lp bn trong bng ng thanh. Lp ny c ph bng phng php ly tm, c chiu dy 1,5 3mm. u im ca cc bc lt, ng lt 2 lp kim loi l lp ng thanh ca c tnh chng ma st, ch to tn t kim loi mu nhiu ln so vi trt bng ng thanh v do gi thnh h nhiu. ch to bc 2 lp kim loi, ngi ta tin phi gang hoc thp c lng d gia cngln cui theo chiu di v ng knh ngoi. Tin rng l phi ln hn ng knh danh ngha 3 6mm sau khi gia cng tinh lp ng thanh cn li c chiu dy 1,5 3mm tu theo ng knh bc. Phc hi trt c bc lt babit bng cch trng babit mi. Nung nng bc lt n nhit 240 2600C, rt kim loi nng chy v lm sch babit tha v bi bn trn bc lt, sau
kh du v trng thit bng vy hn IIOC-30 hoc IIOC50. Rt ngay sau khi trng thit xong, cho php ngng 5 7 giy. Ngng lu s lm gim bn lin kt gia babit v kim loi nn do xut hin cc mng oxit trong lp m. V vy ngi ta lm nng chy babit ng thi vi trng thit. Nu chy babit trong ni thp. Nhit kim loi nng chy khng c qu 4260C. Khng c nung babit nng qu v s lm chy cc thnh phn ring bit ca n. gim x ngi ta lau babit trc khi nu chy bng dung dch nc clorua km, cn gi kim loi nng chy khi b oxit b mt ngi ta rc ln mt lp than g mn. rt cc bc ghp , ngi ta lp chng, t cc tm m theo ng ghp v kp cht bng ng kp. t ng lt ln tm y v t trc g hoc kim loi (c ng knh nh hn ng knh ngng trc mt t) vo trong bc, qut dung dch phn. Rt babit nng chy vo khe h gia trc v bc lt. Kim tra cht lng c bng quan st bn ngoi v g nh ba vo bc lt. B mt babit phi nhn, khng r v khng c mu bc - m. Khi g, ting kim loi phi vang ln. Ting long xong chng t babit lin kt vi kim loi bc lt km.
Khi cn c vi s lng ln bc lt th dng phng php c ly tm, s dng my tin hoc cc my khc. Tin bc lt c trn my cng c c cc thng s hnh hc v chnh xc cn thit ca kiu lp v sa lp bng cc phng php trnh by trn. 3. SA CHA TRT Trong cc my ct kim loi ni chung, trt c dng t hn ln v t hn v c hiu sut thp hn. Tuy nhin trong nhng trng hp sau y, dng trt c li hn nn hin nay trt vn c dng ph bin - Khi trc quay vi tc rt cao (trc chnh my mi trn v ca nhng loi my cng c cao tc hin i), tui th ca trt ln hn ca ln. - Khi yu cu phng v to trc tht chnh xc, trt d m bo hn ln v n c t chi tit v c th co r khi lp ghp. - Khi cn phi dng ghp d tho lp th trt p ng c yu cu ny. - Khi trc qu ln, nu dng ln th l ca thn my lp phi rt ln ; nu kt cu khng cho php th phi dng trt. - Khi chu ti rt ln th trt u vit hn ln. V vy trt thng c dng u trc ca trc chnh cc my hng nng. Theo hng ca ti trng tc dng, trt cng c phn thnh trt (chu ti trng hng knh) v trt chn (chu ti trng chiu trc). Cc my ct kim loi ch dng loi trt .
Theo kt cu, cc trt li c phn lm nhiu loi m ta s nghin cucc bin php sa cha sau y: 1. nguyn. nguyn l loi m ton b ng lt ch l mt chi tit. ng lt ca nguyn thng bng ng. Khi ng lt b mn, khng th iu chnh khe h gia trc v ng lt c. Cch sa cha ng lt ca ny nh sau.
H3.6 : Bc nguyn a) Trng hp ng lt b mn t, p dng mt trong cc bin php sau y: - Chn cho ngn li, do ng lt s nh i (p dng khi chiu di ng lt khng qu 2 ln ng knh v lng mn ca l cha qu 1% ng knh l ban u). Phi chn ng lt trong khun thp l t chnh xc v nhn b mt cn thit. Khuyt im ch yu ca phng php ny l i vi tng loi kch thc ng lt, phi c mt b chy, ci, khun ring chn; Nh vy trong sn xut n chic s khng kinh t. - Gia cng ng lt (tin, doa) ti kch thc sa cha ln hn kch thc ban u, khi phi hn p trc ri gia cng theo kch thc l ng lt m bo ch lp ghp cho. - Khi ng lt lp vo l thn my b lng, phi tng ng knh ngoi ca ng bng hn p, m crm, m thp hoc phun kim loi ri gia cng c. - Rnh cha du b kt, tc th khi thng, lau sch hoc gia cng su thm bng mi co. - Nu ng lt bng babit c th trng lp babit mi ri gia cng c. - Nu ng lt ln (ng knh trn 100mm), c th ct ng lt thnh 2 na, da mt ct v vt mp ri hn 2 na li sao cho l ng lt sau khi hn nh hn kch thc cn thit c lng d gia cng c. Nh vy ng knh ngoi ca ng lt chc chn b nh i. Ta phi hn p hoc phun kim loi vo mt ngoi ng lt ri gia cng theo kch thc l thn . Lng d gia cng ng lt l 0,5 0,7mm theo bn knh. C th dng thp cacbon nu phun vo mt ngoi ng lt. Ch phun nh sau: in p 30V; cng dng in 80 90A; p sut khng kh nn 5 6at; tc ca chi tit 8 10m/ph; tc tnh tin ca thit b phun: 2mm/vg. - Nu ng knh l ng lt nh hn 100mm, khng nn ct i m c th phun hp kim chu ma st ngay vo l ng lt. Trc khi phun kim loi, phi ra sch du m, ng lt 250 3000C ri tin rng l sao cho chiu dy lp kim loi p sau khi gia cng c v khong 2mm. b) Nu ng lt mn nhiu qu cn phi thay. ng lt mi c ch to bng vt liu ging nh ng lt c. ng knh ngoi ca ng lt phi m bo di lp ghp vi thn hoc l
thn my, cn ng knh trong phi lng d gia cng csau khi p ng lt vo l. p ng lt vo l d dng v m bo iu kin k thut sa cha, phi dng trc dn hng 3 hoc bc dn hng 4. Sau khi p ng lt vo l, chng xoay cho ng lt ta dng vt hm 3 v 4
H3.7 Lp ng lt 2. ghp hai na. Loi ny c th iu chnh c khe h gia trc v ng lt bng cch tng gim chiu dy cn m gia hai mng lt. Tuy vy lng iu chnh rt hn ch. Khi iu chnh ht mc, phi sa cha bng cch co. Trng hp ny dng mi co tam gic hay mi co chuyn dng. Trnh t cng vic nh sau: - Lp mt ngoi v g mng lt vo thn v np (pali). Kim tra kn kht bng cn l v tip xc trn mtb mt bng sn (phi c 6 8 vt sn tip xc trn mt b mt bt k kch thc 25x25mm). Mng lt lp vo thn v np thng thng c di nh (0,02 0,06mm). Khi lp phi dng m g v ba g nh. Trc phi lau chi mng lt k c rnh bi trn v rnh lm mt. - Tin hnh co mng lt, trc tin co s b mng lt di theo vt sn tip xc gia mng lt v ngng trc. Nn co mng lt di ca trc v sau cng mt lc nu c hai trc u l loi trt. Sau co s b mng lt trn theo cch tng t nh co mng lt di. Sau co tinh c hai mng lt. Trc khi co tinh phi lp trc vi cc mng lt vo nh khi lp rp chnh thc; ngng trc c bi mt lp sn mng u n. Sau khi lp, quay trc hai ba vng ri tho trc ra khi , co tinh mng lt. C lm nh vy n khi t s vt sn tip xc trn mt n v din tch th ngng co (cc im tip xc phi phn b u v chim trn 75% b mt lm vic ca mng lt). Sau khi co cn lp rp kim tra khe h mng du gia trc v mng lt . C th kim tra khe h bng cn l hoc dy ch (p dy ch vo khe h gia trc v mng lt khi lp rp; chiu dy dy ch chnh l khe h cn o). Nu khe h ln qu cn rt bt hoc thay m iu chnh ca , chiu dy cc m iu chnh hai bn phi u nhau. Nu khe h nh qu cn tip tc co. Cui cng, kim tra cn, van ca cp mng lt sau khi co bng ng h so v kim tra ma st gia mng lt v trc bng lc k khi quay th trc. Khi mng lt mn nhiu qu th phi thay. Lc ny c th phn lm hai loi mng lt: loi mng lt mt lp c ch to bng mt th vt liu, thng l hp kim ng v loi hai lp
c ch to bng hai th vt liu: v mng lt bng thp cacbon thp, bn trong l lp hp kim bng ng ch, hp kim nhm hoc babit. Th t thay mng lt mt lp nh sau : - Gia cng ng lt mi trn my tin ri ct lm hai na. Sa tinh ri kim tra phng ca cc mch ct trn bn ly du (bn mp). - Ghp hai na li, gia cng tinh mt tr ngoi v mt trong. - Tch hai na ra, co mt ghp hai na t ti 4 6 vt sn tip xc trn din tch 25x25mm v co mt ngoi t 6 8 vt sn tip xc. - Khoan l lp cht chng xoay mng lt di, phi ly du l khoan trng vi l lp cht v my. L lp cht chng xoay ca mng lt l l khng thng. - Khoan l dn du bi trn mng lt trn ri gia cng rnh du ging nh hnh dng v v tr rnh du mng lt c. - Co mt trong ca cc mng lt (ging nh gii thiu phn co sa trn y). i vi loi mng lt hai lp, khi h hng, ngi sa cha ch cn lnh mng lt mi kho thay th. Nu l mng lt babit, c th phun hi bng cch trng li theo trnh t sau y: - t mng lt thng ng, dng n kh (n x) nung pha ngoi v thp cho lp babit c chy ht. - Kim tra tnh trng v thp: ty , ra sch s trong dung dch 10% xt natri, sau ra cn thn trong nc nng ri lau kh - Bi mt lp clorua km u vo mt trong v thp ri nung mt ngoi nhng khng lp clorua km t ti im si. t thic l ln lp clorua km, thic s chy ra v dng bn chi, chi cho thic bm u trn b mt trong v thp. - Nu chy babit trong l in. Nhit chy ca babit l 232 - 2400 C. Sau khi babit chy ht, c tip tc tng nhit ti 240 - 5000 C. Trong khi nu, rc mt lp than hoa (than ci) dy 20 30mm ln mt babit trnh oxy ho babit. t v thp vo khun trng babit. Li khun c ng knh nh hn ng knh trong ca v thp mt lng bng chiu dy lp babit cn trng. Sau khi kp cht v thp, cc ch tip xc ca cc mt phn khun c trt t st chu la pha ct, ri nung ton b khun trc khi trng. Khi trng, rt babit u n t t v lin tc t u n cui qu trnh, khng c t on; mun th, lng babit mi m nu phi cho mt ln trng - Kim tra cht lng bng cch nhn bn ngoi v g nh xem c bm tt hay khng. Sau em gia cng rnh du, l duri co mng lt theo trc t tip xc lm vic tt. 3. c ng lt nhiu mnh ( trt mnh). Trong nhng my ct kim loi hin i, cao tc (trc chnh quay ti 10 000 v/p) chnh xc cao, trt ca trc chnh thng c kt cu theo kiu ng lt nhiu mnh bi trn bng du lu thng c p sut cao. Hnh3.8 nu mt kiu kt cu ca loi ny . Cc mnh ng lt c th dch chuyn hng knh c lp vi nhau nhm iu chnh khe h hng knh v nh tm rt chnh xc. Ch khi no trc chnh quay khng vng, chun on ng l v mn cc mnh lt ny hy tin hnh iu chnh. Khi dng lu , cc mnh lt mn nhiu khng m bo chnh xc cn thit v hnh dng, b mt lm vic th c th mi, nh bng, (ch l nhn ban u b mt tip xc vi trc ca cc mnh lt t 12).
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H3.8 : trt nhiu ng lt 4. trt iu chnh khng tho lp. a) trt cn (hnh 3.9). Nu mn t th c th iu chnh bng cch dch chuyn ng lot1 nh cc ai c 2 v 3 gim khe h hng knh gia ng lt v trc. Nu ng lt mn nhiu hn mt ct ngang ca n mt dng trn th phi co. Sau khi co, dch chuyn v tr ng lt m bo khe h lp rp vi trc. Khi ng lt chuyn hn sang phi, khng vn c ai c 2 na th thay ng lt. b) trt c ng lt hnh cn mt ngoi. ng lt ca ny c hnh trv mt ngoi hnh cn. Dc theo ng sinh ca ng lt c x nhiu rnh ng lt co bp c (ging nh trc g bung). Mt cn ngoi ca ng lt ng vai tr ci chm khi dch chuyn ng lt trong l hnh tr th n s n ra hoc bp li, do iu chnh c khe h gia trc v ng lt. Cch iu chnh v sa cha cng tng t nh i vi ng lt c l cn. Ngoi ra cn c loi ging ng lt 2 lp lng nhau kiu chm tng gim ng knh l ng lt; cch s dng v sa cha cng ging nh 2 loi trn. Cc loi trt iu chnh khc c kt cu phc tp v chnh xc, khi h hng thng thay ch khng sa cha nn khng nu y. Bng 3.H hng trt v cch khc phc
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5. Vng chn chiu trc. Cc my ct kim loi thng khng dng trt chn nhng c dng cc vng , ai c, H hng D on nguyn nhn Cch khc phc 1 2 3 Trc chnh b rung ng Khe h chiu trc v hng iu chnh khe h chiu khi chu ti lm ton b knh ca tng qu mc trc v hng knh. Khi my rung theo khng iu chnh ti tr s khng cho php th thay Trc chnh b nng i 1. Khe h nh qu 1. Tng khe h ln khi b kt 2. trt b xc v bi trn 2. Tho cm trt, co li khng tt , iu chnh khe h 3. cn tt nhng thiu du 3. iu chnh li lng du bi trn ti trt khng iu chnh Mt lm vic mn qu tr s Sa cha nh nu c gii hn phn trn hoc thay mi Mt lm vic ca trt C vt l lt vo Tm vt l b ra b sy st ln, c vt lm, Thay rnh su. Lm vic b n vai trc, mt u ca ng lt lm chn. i vi chi tit quan trng nh trc chnh th vai trc v mt t ca ng lt yu cu tip xc rt cao, kim tra tip xc ny bng cn l v sa cha h hng v tip xc km bng phng php co.
H3.9 : c l cn Sau khi co phi t 12 14 im tip xc trn b mt 25 x 25mm. Mt t ca ng lt c th co hoc mi nghin. 6. Cm trc chnh. D l ln hay trt cc v chn ca trc chnh hp thnh mt cm c tm quan trng c bit trong kt cu my. V vy, ngoi vic xt cc hin tngh hng ca tng ring l, phi xt ti c cm trc chnh c bin php x l kp thi cc h hng nh m bo chnh xc lu di ca my. Nhng h hng thng gp ca cm trc chnh v cch khc phc c nu trong bng 3 LP TRT
C th phn trt thng gp trong cc my thnh hai nhm: nguyn v ghp. Trong nhm u, gm mt ng lt nguyn c ch to t vt liu chng ma st v c lp p vo chi tit bao. Trong nhm sau, trt gm hai mng lt bn trong trng mt lp hp kim chng ma st. 1. LP TRT NGUYN Qu trnh lp nguyn gm c vic p ng lt v chi tit bao, kp cht chng xoay v sa l. Tu theo kch thc trt nguyn v di trong mi ghp c th lp p nhit thng hoc phi nung trc chi tit bao hoc lm lnh nguyn. Cch lp p ng lt vo chi tit bao n gin nht l dng mi t v ba. Nu di trong mi ghp nh, chiu dy thnh ng lt tng i ln v tay ngh ca th kh th cch lp ny t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cao. C th dng bc hoc cht dn hng m bo phng chuyn ng ca nguyn khi lp p c ng v trnh c tnh trng lm cong vnh . Tuy vy cch ny c nhc im l ng knh trong ca ng lt c th b bp nh, b sai lch v hnh dng. V vy vi di tng i ln (0,05- 0,1mm) ta c th dng trc g lp ng lt nhm trnh b vnh, xc, chn, c bit l khi p ng lt c thnh mng. nguyn c lng vo phn hnh tr c mi nhn ca trc g 1 (h.6-9) trc g c nh tm chnh xc trong gi hoc trn li 2. Di p lc ca chy p hoc khi quay ai c 3, trc g 1 s i xung, ko theo nguyn v p n vo l chi tit bao.
Dng trc g lp p nguyn lp p nhiu nguyn c ng tm cng nm trn mt hng l trong hp tc , c th dng g chuyn dng (h.3-4). g gm: Mt vt di 1, ai c tay quay 3 v cc chn 2. Vt 1 c nhiu bc lp cc vng m 4 c tc dng nh tm cc nguyn. g ny c dng va lp p nguyn va tho ng lt.
Sau khi lp cn chng xoay cho nguyn bng vt, cht. sa li hnh dng nguyn sau khi lp c th dng chy p nong, dng vin bi p qua l chnh hnh hoc dng dao chut p.
g lp ghp nguyn nm trn cng mt hng l. 2. LP TRT GHP trt ghp phn lm hai loi: Loi thnh dy v loi thnh mng. Mng lt trt ghp thnh dy c lp vo cc chi tit bao (thn v np) vi di nh (0,02-0,06mm). Trc khi lp phi quan st ton b b mt lp rp v khi pht hin c bavia phi dng dao co sa nhn. Cn phi kim tra xem rnh du trong chi tit bao c trng vi l du trong mng lt hay khng. Cc l v rnh du khng c lch nhau qu 0,4 - 0,6mm. Phi dung du ra sch rnh du trong chi tit bao trc khi lp mng lt. C th dng ng tht ra. Nu mng lt khng c tnh lp ln th sau khi sa ngui tng l, cn phi nh du tng cp mng lt ng vi tng v tr lp khi lng. Mt yu cu quan trng khi lp mng lt ghp l mt ngoi ca chng phi tip xc kht vi l trong chi tit bao. Nu khng m bo c yu cu ny mng lt b sai lch v hnh dng v cht lng lm vic ca sau khi lp b km i. S d nh vy l v khi tip xc khng kht vi chi tit bao, mng lt li b bin dng di tc dng ca ti trng ca ngng trc. Kt qu lp hp kim chng ma st b nt v bong ra khi mng lt. i vi cc mng lt trt ghp thnh mng, nu khng m bo lp kn v ng u th trong qu trnh lm vic, mi ghp b yu i v mng lt b xoy rng ra. Nguyn nhn lm cho mi ghp tip xc khng u l c nhng vt lm trn b mt lp ghp, mt trong ca mng lt b cn v mo, mt tip gip gia hai mng lt khng ng phng, nhn b mt lp ghp khng m bo yu cu k thut.
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Mt c im khc khi lp rp cc mng lt thnh mng l phi to c di trong mi ghp nhm m bo cho mng lt v l trong chi tit bao tip xc kht vi nhau, v m bo cho mi ghp c bn cn thit, nhng ng thi khng c lm cho mng lt b bin dng do
Hnh dng mng lt thnh mng trc v sau khi lp
Do nhng c im trn, m bo cht lng lp rp ghp, trc khi lp ta phi sa cha ngui mng lt v chi tit bao. Dng sn hoc cn l kim tra cht lng sa cha ngui: Cn l 0,05mm khng c lt qua ch tip xc gia mng lt v chi tt bao. Sau bi mt lp sn mng ln c trc, lp mng lt v sit cht cc u bulong, xoay trc cho sn dnh vo b mt mng lt. Tho ai c, mng lt, ri kim tra cc vt bt mu v co cho u. Tip tc lm cho n khi cc vt bt mu phn b ng u v chim 70 80% din tch chung ca b mt mng lt. cho b mt mng lt lm vic tt cn phi m bo khe h gia c trc v trt t tr s quy nh (nm trong gii hn dung sai cho php). C nh vy khi lm vic mi to c mng du. Tr s khe h ny ph thuc vo ng knh ngng trc, trng lng hoc s vng quay trong mt pht ca trc. Dng cn l, hoc dy ch t dc v ngang trt kim tra tr s khe h ny khi lp mng lt. Khi sa ngui ln cui b mt lm vic ca mng lt phi m bo khng cn vt xc, nt hoc lm bong lp hp kim chng ma st, phi gt ht cnh sc trn rnh du v mp mng lt. Cui cng phi ra sch ton b trt, dng kh nn thi sch bi v cht bn khc. SA CHA LN - Ting n tng, b nng nhiu v chuyn ng khng ng u l cc du hiu ch yu v s h hng ca cc n v lp c chuyn ng quay, lp ghp vi ln. - Ting n tng l do vt th ln h hng, do mn ti ch lp trn trc v trong thn hp, do vt th ln b kt khi iu chnh khng ng, do thiu du bi trn v.v . . . - Nng nhiu c th do vt th ln b kt, do khng ng tm ca cc ch lp ln trn trc v trong thn hp, do tha du bi trn, do cc vng chn du b hng v.v . . . - Chuyn ng khng ng khng ng u do khng ng tm ca gi ta trn trc v trong thn hp, do vt th ln ca b hng v.v . . .
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- Sa cha n v lp c ln bt u t vic tho khi khng th khc phc cc khuyt tt bng cch iu chnh. Thc hin tho ln bng dng c tho. Xem xt cn thn cc chi tit c ra sch kim tra xem c du hiu mn mi cc ng ln v vt th ln khng. Nu pht hin ra ln b mn loi ny th nht thit phi thay.Cc ln c thnh b m, c vng cch b bin dng, g trn b mt lm vic v b mt lp ghp cng phi thay khc. - Thng thng khng sa cha ln trong phn xng sa cha ca x nghip. ch phc hi cc b mt lp ghp ca chi tit lp vi ln, ngha l phc hi trc v thn hp bng hn p, m crm, m phun, bng ph keo pxit v bng cc phng php khc. Trong thc t, ngoi cc phng php trn ngi ta cn lp cc bc b li mn. Lp bc ( lp p hay bng keo) vo thn hoc trn trc ty theo c im, mn v kch thc chi tit. - Vng m pht chng bn ( vng m lm bng pht dng bo v ln khi tc dng ca mi trng bn ngoi, chng chy du) cn c ra k trong du la, sch v thay cc vng b mn. - Trong cc vng ny th vng bng pht cn tip xc kn va phi vi trc, c kim tra bng cn l. Cn l khng qua c ch khi chiu dy cn l 0,1 mm. t vng qu cht lm tng ma st, lm nng ngng trc v ln. - Vng m dch dc ( hnh 74, b) c cng dng nh vng m pht. Cc thnh rnh ca vng khng b lm hoc li. Tr s khe h bnh thng hng knh l 0,3 0,6 mm, hng trc l 1,5 3 mm.
- Vng m kiu vng bt c v ( bng da, cao su v.v ) phi m kn trc v c kp cht ng. Khe h gia vng chn du v trc phi m bo cn l c chiu dy 0,1 mm i qua mt cch kh khn. Cn l d dng qua khe h chng t hin tng mn. - Trn hnh 74, c l vng bt c v. Vng chn du 1 lm bng cao su hoc da t trong v kim loi 2, c kp bng m l so 3.L so 4 p mp vng chn du, nh vy duy tr c p lc ng u v khng i ca cc mp 5 ca vng chn du ln trc quay. nng cao tnh chu mn, vng bt c ch to bng cc hp cht ha hc chuyn dng. - Cc vng m chn du bo v ln khi bi bn ri vo v ngn du chy ra ngoi.
- Vng bt kiu th nht c t nh th no cc mp lm kn ca vng hng v pha i din vi ln. vng bt kiu th hai, cc mp ca vng cn hng v pha ln. - Trong nhiu c cu ngi ta cp n vic iu chnh bi khc phc khe h c nh hng xu n s lm vic ca my.
- Trn hnh 75, a l v d cm iu chnh di ca cn trong hp tc v chy dao ca my ct kim loi. p vng 4 bng bulng 1. Vng 4 lm dch chuyn vng ngoi 3 ca ln trong thn hp 2; nh vy khc phc c khe h gia con ln v cc vng. Cu to nh trn hnh 75, b c ai c chuyn dng 1 dng iu chnh khe h. - Phi iu chnh cn thn, to di va phi cho khng c r ln nhng cc vt th ln li khng b kt. Kim tra iu chnh bng cch quay trc : trc phi quay tng i nh v n nh. Khi t c v tr cn thit th kp cc chi tit iu chnh bng cc cht nh v c trong kt cu ca n v lp. - Cc ln ca trc trnh my cng c c yu cu cao v cng vng v d chnh xc lm vic. V vy sa cha v lp rp cc n v lp ny phi theo ng cc yu cu k thut. - La chn ng khe h hng knh c ngha quyt nh ln v n v lp ni chung lm vic bnh thng. Nu khe h trong ln c iu chnh vi di ln qu th sau khi lp ln vo ch lm vic, cc bi hoc con ln b kt gia cc vng v ln b nung nng, lm vic c ting n v chng hng. Ngc li nu khe h qu ln, trc s rung ng mnh v ko theo lm vic rung ng v n. - Trn y ta xt ln lot 3182100. Loi ln ny c trong cc n v lp trc chnh ca nhiu my cng c hin i. Khe h hng knh tng ln s c b li bng cch iu chnh theo mc mn ca cc vt th ln trong . Chnh l cc ch lp ca trc chnh vi ln loi ny theo calp cn v kim tra theo vt mu bo m tip xc khng t hn 85% b mt. nhn b mt khng thp hn 1,25 - 0,65, o hng knh khng ln hn 5m.
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- Khi lp cc ln ny, dch chuyn vng trong 1 ( hnh 76) n khi tip xc kht vi b mt cn ca trc chnh 3, o khong cch t vai trc chnh n mt u vng 1 ( i lng Lo) bng cn mu v kim tra khe h hng knh bng lc k. Chiu rng L ca vng cch 4 c ch to theo khong dch chuyn tnh ton L kh hoc gim khe h hng knh. Sau lp vng 4 ( khi sa cha, ch to n thnh hai na), vn ai c 2 a vng 1 n tip xc vi mt u vng 4. - Kim tra cht lng iu chnh bng lc k. Trng hp ai c lm nhim v ca vng cch th xc inh khe h gia ai c v vng trong ca bng cn l, sau p vng n khi t vo ai c. Xc nh lng dch chuyn chiu trc ca vng trong ( so vi trc) theo cng thc : o = C (0 + a ) ( 1) - Trong o - dch chuyn chiu trc ca vng trong ln, mm; o khe h hng knh ban u ca , mm; - khe h hng knh kiu lp ca , mm; C h s xc nh theo bng 5; a tr s c nh, bng 0,01mm. Bng 5 : Gi tr h s C: T s gia ng knh l trc chnh do v ng knh 0,2 0,5 0.55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 l ca ngng trc chnh d C 14,0 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,3 18,5 20,2
V d : Xc nh lng dch chuyn chiu trc ca vng trong ln 3182120 lp trn trc chnh my cng c c khe h lp ghp hng knh 5m. Bng o lng xc nh c khe h hng knh ca 35m, ng knh ngng trc lp ghp ca trc chnh 100mm; ng knh l trc chnh 60mm. Gii : Xc nh lng dch chuyn chiu trc ca vng trong ln theo cng thc ( 1), trong C = 16 theo bng 5 khi t s :
do 60 = = 0,6 d 100
o = 35m = 0,035mm; = 5m = 0,005mm Thay cc tr s vo cng thc, ta c :
0 = 16(0,035 0,005 + 0,01) = 0,64mm
- i vi trc chnh ca cc my cng c vn nng c tc quay cao nht n 2000 vng/pht nn iu chnh ln khe h hng knh ca mi ghp khng qu 0,005mm. - Khng c iu chnh ln bng cch lm mng nhiu ai c, khi nh hng ch theo khe h hng knh, v kh xc nh khe h hoc di tnh ton do khi p xut hin dch chuyn t bin ca vng theo b mt cn, lm mt s tng iu ho ng knh ca vng. Hnh 77: trc chnh my mi
- Trn hnh 77 bi trc chnh my mi phng. sau l hai bi hng knh lp c di nh vng trung gian 1 v 2 c chiu cao khc nhau. iu chnh di, ngi ta tho trc chnh. Lp hai sau trn trc g hoc trn ngng trc chnh khng c vng trung gian 1. Sau dng cn mu nh nhau o khong cch gia cc mt u pha trong ca cc vng ngoi ln. chnh xc 0,005mm.Hiu s gia cc kch thc ca khi cn mu v chiu cao ca vng 1 l hiu s ca cc kch thc vng 1 v 2, m bng cch mi mt u t c. khng song song ca mt u cc vng cho php trong gii hn 0,005mm. - iu chnh ln 3 ca trc trc chnh bng cch mi vng chn 4. Tho vng 4 bng cch tho u 5 v ai c 6. - Sau vn ai c vo v quay trc chnh bng tay. Khi thy trc chnh b hm li r rt th ngng sit ai c v o khe h gia vai ca ai c v thn hp ti ba,bn v tr bng cn l. Kch thc tht ca khe h l trung bnh s hc ca ba, bn tr s o . Mi vng 4 theo tr s khe h, lp vng v vn cht ai c 6.
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- Kim tra khe h hng knh trong n v lp trc chnh bng lc k kp vung gc vi ng tm trc chnh, cn ng h o c gi tr chia 0,001mm c kp ln phn c nh ca my ( tt hn l trn thn ca n v lp) a u o n vai trc chnh v pha i din vi lc k. - Kim tra khe h trong mi ghp trc chnh - ln nh sau: gia ti trc chnh bng chuyn ng ca gi theo chiu xc nh, sau b ti trng v ghi v tr kim ca ng h so. Sau gia ti theo chiu ngc li v ghi v tr kim ng h so sau khi b ti. Hiu s ch th ca kim ng h so tng ng vi tr s khe h. 5. SA CHA B TRUYN BNH RNG 5.1 Cc dng h hng ca bnh rng: Rt a dng trong ch yu l: a) Mn mt lm vic ca rng do ma st gia cc rng n khp vi nhau trong qu trnh lm vic, nht l vi cc bnh rng di trt. b) Gy rng v qu ti t ngt hoc v chu momen un vi chu k nh. c) Trc r b mt rng v mi tip xc. d) V bnh rng. Tc mn ca rng ph thuc nhiu yu t: iu kin lm vic (tc , lc tc dng), vt liu ch to rng, ch to gia cng v nhit luyn, cht lng h thng bi trn v.v thng thng, cc bnh rng hp chy dao mn nhanh nht ri n cc bnh rng hp tc , cc bnh rng di trt hoc n khp vi bn rng di trt chng mn nht. nhng bnh rng ny, rng b mn gia t hn, cng gn hai u cng mn nhiu. Rng b gy ch yu v chu ti un v v nhng nguyn nhn di y: - ng sut tp trung ln do ch to v lp rp khng tt, kt cu b truyn khng hp l hoc do cc chi tit b bin dng n hi ln. - Ti trng ng ph thm ln qu do ch to v lp rp khng tt hoc do kt cu khng hon chnh ngay t khu thit k. - ng sut ko d ln do gia cng c sinh ra v nhit luyn cha tt hoc c khi do lp rp. - C vt l lt vo cc bnh rng n khp, trc bnh rng b kt trong trc hoc cc chi tit khc b h hng gy qu ti cho bnh rng. Hu ht cc vt gy ca rng c dng lm xung: l du hiu ca s ph hy v mi. Mt s t vt gy c dng li ln (lin tc hoc c bc) v b ct t (c ng sut tip tc dng). a s cc rng b gy gn chn rng v l tit din nguy him ca rng, i khi rng b gy lng chng theo chiu cao rng v u rng ca bnh rng kia c vo khi bt u tip xc. Vnh rng b nt v l do ng sut ti y ln hn ng sut trong cc rng. Hin tng ny xy ra nhng bnh rng c vnh mng (chiu dy hng knh ca vnh rng nh). S ph hu vnh rng thng bt u t chn rng, i khi bt u t mt u bnh rng ng vi chn rng hoc t mt trong ca vnh (i vi bnh rng n khp ngoi). Thng thng cc bnh rng h hng c thay mi. Khi thay mt bnh rng th thay lun c bnh rng n khp vi n. Song nhng b truyn m kch thc hai bnh rng chnh lch nhau nhiu ln, bao gi bnh nh cng hng (v mn) trc. Nh vy mi khi thay bnh nh phi ch n mn rng ca bnh ln ch to bnh nh theo kch thc sa cha c chiu dy rng ln ln m bo khe h cnh rng khng thay i khi n khp vi bnh ln. 5.2 Sa cha cc bnh rng tr rng thng b mn:
a) Nu mn t (lng mn vt qu gii hn cho php t) th c th hn rng. i vi cc bnh rng khng quan trng, mn cho php n 0,2mm vi mun 1 - 3mm; n 0,3mm vi mun 4mm: n 0,5mm vi mun trn 4mm. Phng php hn p vo b mt lm vic ca rng bng hn hi v hn in rt thch hp i vi cc bnh rng c mun ln, chnh xc thp (cp 2 tr ln) v dng trong cc b truyn h hoc na kn. i vi bnh rng quan trng , khng nn dng phng php ny v lp hn p c sc bn tip xc thp v kh gia cng chnh xc. Nhng bnh rng mun nh b mn t c th p bng hn in h quang rung, trong qu trnh hn, bnh rng t tnh ti u mang dy kim loi hn p vo chi tit chuyn ng tnh tin dc theo bnh rng. Hn p bng phng php ny t nng sut cao v cht lng tt. Khi hn phc hi rng, tt nht l dng kim loi p tng t kim loi nn (kim loi ca bn rng). Khng nn hn p nhng bnh rng bng thp hp kim. d ch to hnh rng khi hn, ngi ta dng cc dng ng nh hnh 3.1. Dng ng c gia cng theo hnh dng rnh rng c kch thc sao cho rng sau khi hn c lng d gia cng c. V ng c tnh dn nhit tt nn kim loi hn khng bm vo dng; sau khi hn xong ngui ta d dng tho dng ng ri gia cng rng va hn.
Hn p rng bng dng ng
b) Nu bnh rng lm vic mt chiu th rng ch mn mt pha, c th dng li bng cch lp o chiu bnh rng. Nu moay bnh rng c hnh dng i xng (i xng qua mt phng vung gc vi ng tm v chia i chiu rng vnh rng) th khng phi o moay ng thi vi o bnh rng.
o moay- bnh rng
c) Nu cc bnh rng b mn nhiu th c th tin ht rng ri p bc sa cha, sau gia cng rng. Lp bc c th bng keo dn, p nng hoc p ngui. Nu rng c sa cha khng
qua nhit th c th ghp bng keo dn. Nu c nhit luyn th phi p. Dng phng php p nng tt hn p ngui. Khi nhit luyn rng nn dng phng php ti b mt bng dng in cao tn hoc bng ngn la xy-axetylen. chng xoay cho bc c th dng vt hm hoc hn theo chu vi lp ghp. Trc khi tin ht rng c phi gim cng, nu khng rt d m dao. d) Nu mt bnh rng trong b bnh rng bc b mn th nn sa cha bng cch p bc ri mi lm rng mi trn bc
Sa cha bnh rng bc
e) L bnh rng b mn: c sa cha bng cch tin rng ri p bc c vt chng xoay, sau gia cng l bc t kch thc yu cu. i vi bnh rng ti cng, trc khi tin l phi . Nu l bnh rng mn t, c th hn p ri gia cng c, nhng trc khi hn p cng phi tin l rng chiu dy lp kim loi p ln khi b bong khi gia cng l. f) Rnh then trong l bnh rng b h hng: sa cha bng cch lm rng v su rnh ti kch thc tiu chun k tip lp vi then mi. Trng hp ny chiu rng ca rnh tng ln khng c qu 15% chiu rng ban u. Nu rnh then mn t, cho php gia cng ti kch thc phi tiu chun m khng cn ti kch thc tiu chun k tip. V cc rnh then thng mn khng i xng v khng cn nn khng c nh v dng c ct gt theo rnh c khi gia cng m rng rnh m phi nh v theo ng tm chi tit hoc theo ng sinh ca bnh rng phn khng b mn. Khi rnh then b mn t, ch c vi ch st m, nu gia cng ton b rnh cho ht vt st t ti kch thc sa cha th chiu rng rnh b tng qu nhiu; lc ny ta c th hn p ch st ri gia cng c tip theo, c th dng hn in hoc hn hi u c. Nhng rnh then b hng nng th khng sa cha m hn lp ri lm rnh then mi v tr khc cch rnh c 900, 1350, hoc 1800 theo chu vi (nu kt cu cho php). Nu trn chu vi ch c mt rnh then v ti trng khng qu ln, c th khng cn lp rnh then c, nhng mi ghp quan trng, nu khng lp rnh c th phi nghim li sc bn. Sa rnh then trong l thng lm bng tay hoc dng my xc. Nhng chi tit ti cng th phi s b trc khi gia cng. Khi sa rnh, trc tin xc hoc da y rnh ri sau gia cng thnh rnh. Phi m bo rnh then c mt phng i xng i qua ng tm l. Khi sa cha bng cch tng chiu rng v chiu su rnh c th nn tng chiu rng c hai rnh l moay v trc trnh dng then c bc. g) Mc u rng b mn: lng mn ny thng khng ng k v khng quan trng nn khng cn x l. 5.3 Sa cha cc bnh rng tr rng thng c rng b gy: a) Trng hp gy mt rng: c th hn p theo dng ng nh nu trn hoc cy rng. Cy rng c p dng c hiu qu cho nhng bnh rng mun ln quay chm. Qu trnh cng ngh cy rng nh sau: lm cc bulng u trn, c to hn chiu dy chn rng mt cht
cy vo cc l ren gia cng trn bnh rng (xem hnh 3.4). S lng bulng cy ph thuc vo chiu rng vnh rng. Cy tha qu th rng mi s yu, cy mau qu th vnh rng b yu nhiu. Sau khi cy gia cng cc u bulng bng cch phay hoc da t hnh dng v kch thc rng. Mun tng bn vng cho cc bulng cy ta hn lin cc u bulng thnh mt di di ri mi gia cng c.
Sa cha bnh rng bng cch cy rng
Phng php trn lm yu vnh bnh rng v phi khoan nhiu l qu. i vi cc bnh rng bng gang hoc bnh rng c vnh mng, phng php ny khng dng c. Khi phi ghp rng mi bng bulng nh sau:
Ghp rng mi bng bulng.
t mt on thp vo rnh gia cng ch rng b gy ca bnh rng (theo ch lp trung gian hoc lp cht vi di nh) ri bt bulng cht hai u. Sau gia cng on thp thnh rng ng quy cch. Ngi ta cn hn rng mi vo ch rng gy gia cng thnh rnh chm xung (hnh 3.6). Cch ghp ny lm cho mi hn khng chu ng sut nguy him khi rng lm vic (ng sut xut hin chn rng).
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Hn ghp 1 rng
b) Trng hp gy vi rng cnh nhau: dng phng php ghp mt on vnh rng (hnh 3.7). chun b ch ghp ta bo hoc phay ch rng gy thnh mt rnh ui n 750 ri gia cng mt ming thp lp kht vo rnh ny. Dng cc vt u chm bt cht ming thp vo bnh rng (cng c th hn), sau gia cng rng trn ming thp.
c) Trng hp gy nhiu rng th thay bnh rng mi, hoc tin ht rng c ri p bc sa cha, sau gia cng rng trn bc nh nu phn trn. 5.4 Sa cha cc bnh rng nt vnh hoc moay : Nu nt vnh th hn hoc tp mt ming m vo ch nt. Tm tp c hn hoc bt vt vo vnh bnh rng. Nu nt moay (hnh3.8) th hn hoc tin xn mt ngoi moay mt on ngn ri p ai thp vo ngn nga vt nt pht trin. Mt mt moay b mn c th c tin bt cho phng hoc hn p ri gia cng c.
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Chng nt moay- bnh rng
Cc bnh rng sau khi sa cha phi tho mn iu kin trong cc bng s liu v nhng yu cu k thut sau y: 1.Cc yu cu k thut c bn ca chi tit mi (nu trong bn v chi tit). 2. bm tt ca lp p, ni vi kim loi nn. Mt rng khng c c vt xc hoc c vt gia cng c. 3. o mt mt ca vnh rng khng c qu 0,1- 0,2 mm. Tt c nhng bnh rng c tc vng trn 3m/s sau khi sa cha u phi c cn bng tnh. Trn y ta xt cc bin php sa cha nhng h hng ph bin ca cc loi bnh rng, chng c th p dng cho c cc thanh rng v qut rng. dng lp v trong qu trnh lm vic, cc b truyn bnh rng hnh tr cn xut hin thm mt s dng h hng. Bng 5-18 nu nhng h hng thng gp nguyn nhn v cch x l i vi cc b truyn bnh rng tr. Cc b phn truyn bnh rng cn dng lp c cc hin tng h hng sau: - Lm vic n v nng qu (trn 500C) do cc rng tip xc nhau khng tt. Phi kim tra s tip xc bng sn, kim tra khe h bng dy ch ri iu chnh hoc sa cha. Khng sa c th thay c b. - B truyn ch quay c mt chiu khi quay ngc li b kt. Nguyn nhn do sai s prfin rng trong ch to qu ln. Thay c b. - Quay th b truyn tay thy lc nng lc nh. Nguyn nhn do c o qu ln khi cc bnh rng cn c lp cngxn trn cc u trc. Hin tng trn cng c th do dy ca cc rng khng u hoc bn thn bnh rng b o hng knh. Phi kim tra trc, ng trc ca rnh then v cc thng s c bn ca bnh rng, tm nguyn nhn c th m x k. Nu vn b o th thay bnh rng. 5.5 Cc bng s liu thng dng khi sa cha b truyn bnh rng: Bng 3-1: Tc vng gii hn v chnh xc ca bnh rng tr: Dng b truyn Tc vng gii hn vmax, m/s, ng vi cp chnh xc ca b truyn theo TCVN 1067-71 6 Rng thng Rng nghing n 15 n 25 7 n 10 n 20 8 n 6 n 10 9 n 2 n 3.5 10 n 1 n 2
Bng 3-2: Dung sai o hng knh ca vnh bnh rng tr, m (theo TCVN 1067-71): Cp chnh xc M un Dung sai ng knh vng chia mm mm 50 50-80 80120200120 200 320
320500
500-800
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B mn Sa cha C in
6 7 8 9 10 11
1-16 1-30 1-50 2.5-50 2.5-50 2.5-50
20 32 50 80 120 200
26 42 65 105 170 260
32 50 80 120 200 320
38 58 95 180 240 380
45 70 110 180 280 450
50 80 120 200 320 500
58 95 150 240 380 600
Bng 3-3: Dung sai ca sai s hng rng, khng song song v xin ca cc ng tm bnh rng tr (theo TCVN 1067-71) Cp Mun Dung sai m, khi chiu rng vnh rng mm chnh xc mm 55 55-110 111-160 160-220 220-320 6 1-16 13 15 17 19 22 7 8 9 10 11 1-30 1-50 2.5-50 2.5-50 2.5-50 17 21 26 34 42 19 24 30 38 48 21 26 34 42 52 24 30 38 48 58 28 36 45 55 70
Bng 3-4 : H hng trong cc b truyn bnh rng tr: H hng D on nguyn nhn Cch x l Vt liu bnh rng b mi v lm vic lu vi ti trng ln. B mt Trc b mt lm vic ca lm vic ca rng b rng qu ti. Khng du bi trn hoc du khng nht. Xc b mt lm vic ca Rng b lm vic trong rng iu kin ma st kh. Thay bnh rng, kim tra nht ca du nu cn th thay du. Nu thiu du th b sung. Bi trn b truyn theo ng cc ch quy nh.
C bn, bi, ht mi Rng mn nhanh qu, chng hoc mt st lt vo b Lau chi sch v bi trn mt hnh dng hnh hc ca truyn.C bn, bi, ht hp l. prfin rng mi hoc mt st lt
vo b truyn. nu cch sa cha Rng b qu ti hoc c trn. Nu cn th thay. vt l lt vo. Gim khong cch trc B truyn lm vic n qu, Khong cch trc ln (nu c th), iu chnh km theo va p qu. Khe h cnh rng b truyn. Nu cn m ln qu. bo khong cch trc v t s truyn th thay bnh rng mi. Gim chiu dy rng B truyn b kt v nng qu Khe h cnh rng qu hoc thay bnh rng mi b thm ch bng (Nu cn gi khong khng. cch trc). Tng khong cch trc. Gy rng 8.6 Sa cha c cu in hnh 8.6.1C cu dng bnh rng di trt. Hnh 1.21. l b truyn dng bnh rng di trt, nh s thay i n khp gia cc bnh rng m ta c th thay i c t s truyn. Ta c hai nhm bnh rng di trt, mt nhm 2 bc v nhm 3 bc. v vy ta c 6 cp .
n1 = n I i1 = n I IV
4 n IV = n I i4 = n I
z1 z 4 z 9 z1 z 3 z 9 z1 z 3 z10 3 2 . ; n IV = n I i2 = n I . ; n IV = n I i3 = n I . z 2 z 7 z11 z 2 z 6 z11 z 2 z 6 z12 z z z z z z z1 z 4 z10 5 6 ; n IV = nI i5 = n I 1 . 5 9 ; n IV = n I i6 = n I 1 . 5 10 . z 2 z8 z11 z 2 z8 z12 z 2 z 7 z12
Hnh 1.21. C cu dng b bnh rng di trt. u im: - Vic thc hin t s truyn v v iu chnh vn tc d dng. - C th truyn c mmen v cng sut ln vi kch thc tng i nh.
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- V ch c nhng bnh rng lm vic mi n khp nhau nn t b mn, ting n nh, t tiu hao nng lng. Nhc im: - Ch dng c bnh rng thng. - Kch thc chiu trc ln. 8.6.2 C cu Norton. Cu to: Gm mt khi bnh rng hnh thp c lp c nh trn trc I. Bnh rng trung gian Z0 c lp hnh tinh trn bnh rng Za . Bnh rng Za di trt trn trc II. Nguyn l lm vic: Bnh trung gian Z0 lm nhim v ni truyn ng gia trc I v Trc II. t bnh rng Zi qua Z0 n Za, khi ng knh bnh rng Zi thay i th bnh rng trung gian Z0 quay hnh tinh xung quanh Za m bo cho cc bnh rng lun n khp vi nhau. u im:
-
Hnh 1.22. C cu NorTon
Nh c bnh rng trung gian nn vic la chn s rng trn cc bnh rng d dng. S bnh rng cn cho b truyn t. Khi ta cn n t s truyn ch cn n + 2 s bnh rng. Cc bnh rng khng n khp thng xuyn vi nhau nn t b mn v t tiu hao nng lng. Kch thc ca b truyn nh. Do cc bnh rng hnh thp mng nn khng truyn c m men ln. cng vng km. Khng dng c bnh rng nghing.
Nhc im:
8.6.3 C cu then ko.
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Hnh 1.23. C cu then ko. Cu to: Gm hai khi bnh rng hnh thp lp ngc chiu nhau, khi bnh rng th nht c lp c nh trn trc I, khi cn li lp lng khng trn trc II. Khi trc I quay truyn chuyn ng cho cc bnh rng trn trc II, nhng trc II khng th quay. mun trc II quay th ta phi iu chnh then ko n v tr ca mt trong s cc bnh rng trn trc II. Then ko c tc dng nh mt cht c nh bnh rng vi trc II, then ko c th c nh vi trc II, then ko phi cn n l xo l nm bn trong trc II y then ko. u im:
-
Kch thc nh. Truyn ng chnh xc. bn v cng vng km nn khng truyn c m men xon ln. mn ca bnh rng ln, hiu sut truyn km do tiu hao nng lng. Khng th dng bnh rng c ng knh ln v bnh rng mng.
Nhc im:
8.6.4 C cu Mean. a) C cu Mean khng c bnh rng trung gian Cu to: Gm cc khi bnh rng ging nhau hoc khc nhau . Mi khi gm hai bnh rng. Cc khi bnh rng ny c lp lng khng trn hai trc ( tr khi th nht lp cht trn trc I). Cc bnh rng ny lun n khi vi nhau theo nguyn l lin tip. trc cng tc III lp bnh rng di trt Za. Tu theo v tr ca bnh rng Za m ta c t s truyn theo ng Zich - Zc..
Hnh 1.25. C cu Man khng c bnh rng trung gian T s truyn:


Z1 Z 7 x Z2 Za Z2 Z9 x Z9 Za Z 2 Z 10 Z 4 Z 11 x x x Z 9 Z 3 Z 11 Z a Z 2 Z 10 Z 4 Z 12 Z 6 x x x x Z 9 Z 3 Z 11 Z 5 Z a
ntq = n1 x
a) C cu Mean c bnh rng trung gian Cu to: Tng t nh loi khng c bnh rng trung gian nhng lp thm bnh rng z 0 v th s c nhiu t s truyn hn.
Hnh 1.24. C cu Mean c bnh rng trung gian T s truyn: (sv t ghi) C cu Mean c bnh rng trung gian c s t s truyn gp hai ln c cu khng c bnh rng trung gian. u im: - Kch thc theo chiu dc trc nh. - Phm vi iu chnh t s truyn ln. - Ch to n gin. Nhc im: - Hiu sut b truyn km. - Khng truyn c cng sut ln. - Nu c bnh rng trung gian th km cng vng 8.6.5 C cu Cu-lt +Cu to
- Mm bin l mt bnh rng tr rng nghing lp c nh trn trc ca n nh then bng v nh v dc trc bng vt nh v mt u gia mm bin v trc. Trn mt u ca mm bin c gia cng mang trt lp gi trt. Bn trong ca 1 trong 2 g ca mang trt c lp 4 bulng iu chnh r gi trt trn mm bin, nh 4 bulng s lin kt gia 2 g v 2 cn trt to ra hnh dng rnh mang c trn b mt mm bin. - Nm gia rnh mang c l 1 trc vt lp trn mm bin nh gi c nh. Trc vt c lin kt quay vi bnh rng cn nh then bng v nh v dc trc bng vt nh v nm trn moay- ca bnh rng cn. Phn ui trc vt c lp 1 bc v 2 ai c hm khng ch r dc trc ca trc vt - Trong rnh trt ca mm bin c lp mng trt, mng trt c lp 1 ai c c nh v trt c nh mi lin kt trc vt ai c. - Trn mng trt c gia cng 1 ngng trc, ngng trc c gia cng vung gc vi mt trt ca gi, con trt vung gc lp lng khng trn ngng trc ny, chng chuyn ng dc trc nh vt hm v vng m. - Ngai ra trn mm bin c lp 1 vt chn, nhim v khng cho ai c mng trt ra khi trc vt - Trc mm bin c dng ng c lp lng khng trong ng bc, ng bc c c nh vi np my nh 4 vt nh v. -Nm bn trong trc mm bin l trc iu chnh khang chy ca u bo c lp lng khng bn trong trc mm bin. u trc c gia cng vung lp tay quay. Trn trc c lp bnh rng cn c nh bi then bng. Bnh rng ny lun n khp vi bnh rng cn trn trc vt nm trn trc mm bin. Trc c quay trn 2 bc trt. - Ngai ra cn c thanh bin. Trn thn thanh bin c gia cng 1 rnh trt song song dn trt cho con trt v 1 rnh hnh tr bn di lp con trt hnh tr. Trn thn con trt hnh tr c gia cng l trn. Trc 16 s xuyn qua vch my v l trn ny thanh bin. - Trc 16 c nh vi v my nh vt nh v u trc. Trn u thanh bin c gia cng l trn 2 tai lp gi mang ai c iu chnh v tr khang chy v tr u bo v vt ai c hm thanh bin vi u trt NGUYN L LM VIC - Chuyn ng truyn t ng c qua hp tc lm bnh rng nging trong hp tc quay truyn chuyn ng cho mm bin, khi c cu culit bt u lm vic. - Khi mm bin nhn chuyn ng th mm bin s quay trn lm con trt cng chuyn ng quay trn theo ( tm con trt lch tm so vi tm trc mm bin ), khi con trt s trt trong rnh thanh bin lm cho thanh bin chuyn ng lc l quanh trc XVI v thanh bin c ni vi u bo nn khi thanh bin chuyn ng lc l a u bo chuyn ng tnh tin ti lui vi 2 tc khc nhau.
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CHNG 9:
T CHC CH LM VIC V K THUT AN TON

9.1.T chc ch lm vic: Khi t chc ch lm vic cho ngi th ngui sa cha phi ch cc nguyn tc t thit b, b tr dng c v chi tit thun li ti ch lm vic, cch trang b g v dng c c bit nhm c kh ha qu trnh sn xut. Ch lm vic c th b tr c nh trong xng sa cha hay thay i (tm thi) sa cha mt loi thit b. Nguyn tc chung ca vic t chc ch lm vic ca th ngui sa cha l phi m bo t nng sut lao ng cao, cht lng sa cha tt v h thp gi thnh . Ti ch lm vic c nh ca ngi th ngui sa cha c th b tr cc trang thit b khc nhau: bn ngui c gh xoay, gi , g, my khoan, my p, my vn c,v.v Bn ngui c loi mt ch lm vic, hai ch hay nhiu ch lm vic. Trong xng sa cha thng t bn ngui nhiu ch lm vic, gh ngi cch nhau khng di 1,2 mt. Gh ngi c th lm bng thp tm ( dy t 0,5 -0,7 mm), vi, m mt hay nhm ty theo dng chi tit sa cha. Phn di mt bn ngui l ni thng ngh ca tng cng nhn.
Khi t nhiu bn ngui cn ch mt li i rng khng nh hn 1,5 mt m bo an ton. Khi sa cha cc lai sn phm th c th t ln bn kim loi tho, phn lai khuyt tt v lp tng cm my (hp tc , bn chy dao, bn xe dao). Dng c v chi tit b tr ti ch lm vic phi ph hp cc nguyn tc sau: a) Trn bn ngui ch t cc vt cn thit thc hin cng vic c giao b) Pha tri ca t (theo v tr ng lm vic ca th ngui sa cha ) t cc dng c do tay tri s dng trong qu trnh lm vic ( ci c, ci t, ci tp), pha phi l cc dng c do tay phi lm s dng (ba, da, cha vn, dao co)cn gia bn ngui cc dng c o. c) Tt c cc vt t ti ch lm vic c nh phi b tr theo th t s dng, vt gn l vt c s dng thng xuyn. d) Ti liu sn xut cn thc hin cc nguyn cng sa cha bn v, bn k khai khuyt tt, phiu giao vic) phi gi vo khung ti liu. e) Tm hiu chnh chi tit t pha phi bn ngui cn tm kim tra cc chi tit mi gia cng-t pha tri bn ngui. g) -t phi t sao cho ph hp vi chiu cao ca ngi th.
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h) Phi t pha tri ca -t, vt gia cng pha phi. Vic b tr dng c v chi tit ti ch lm vic phi m bo sao cho ngi th khng phi thc hin cc ng tc tha, do tit kim thi gian. Trong trng hp c bit, trn bn c th t c nh cc dng c ,chi tit v b phn ti ch lm vic theo mt trnh t ph hp, do c th nng cao nng sut lao ng. Gi t chi tit v b phn phi b tr sao cho ngi th khng mt nhiu thi gian ph i t bn ngui n ch t gia. Gi phi lm nhiu tng, chi tit nng t tng thp, chi tit nh nht t tng trn cng v theo mt th t sao cho ngi th ly chi tit d dng . Cc lai trc phi t vo cc gi nghing sao cho trc gn nh t thng ng. Cc b mt gia cng tinh hay lm sch phi c bc li.Cc dng c o kim phi lau tht sch, bi mt lp du vadlin k thut mng v cho vo hp hay bao gi, sau tt c cc dng c o phi cho vo t dng c.Tm kim phi y tm da bo v. -t phi lau sch bi, mn da, pht mt lp m v t hai hm ca -t cch nhau khng nh hn 5 mm. Tay quay vt ca -t phi t v tr thng ng. Ch lm vic phi sch s v chiu sng tt .
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Gi sch s l mt trong cc nhim v ch yu trong lao ng c vn ha v nng cao cht lng sa cha . Trn bn ngui phi lp n in c gi v bn l xoay cho php chiu sng bt c phn no ca bn ngui. Bng 7.1 trnh by cch phn cp chiu sng theo bc cng vic. Bng 5.2 trnh by yu cu chiu sng (nn v lux/m2 )ty theo bc cng vc . Bng 7.3 trnh by cng sut ca ngun sng (w/m2) theo cng chiu sng (lux). Bng 7.4 trnh by phn quang ca mt s mu sn trang tr hay mu vi tng nh dng khi chn cng sut n . Bng 7.1 Phn cp chiu sng theo bc cng vic Bc cng vic Sn phm han thn mc I Dung sai(mm) Theo chnh xc ca cng vic II 0.1 Cc tinh III 0.1-0.3 Rt chnh xc IV 0.3-1 Chnh xc V 1-10 t chnh xc VI Trn 10 Th Kim tra cc bc sn xut thng thng Bng 7.2 2 Yu cu chiu sng theo bc cng vic(lux/m ) Bc Mc B mt Chiu sng cng tng phn ca vt Gi tr nh nht cho Gi tr dao ng cho php vic gia ngun php sng v mt Ni lm Ni thng Ni lm vic Ni thng tng phn vic thng thng nh ti 3000 3000-5000 B mn Sa cha C in Trang 140
nh trung bnh trung bnh ln ln nh nh trung bnh trung bnh ln ln nh nh trung bnh trung bnh ln ln nh nh trung bnh trung bnh ln ln nh sng khng ph thuc h s tng phn
sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng ti sng
1000 2000 1500 1800 1000 1000 750 750 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 150 150 150 150 100 100 100
500 400 400 300 300 200 200 150 150 100 100 75 75 75 75 50 50 50 50 50
2000-4000 2000-4000 1500-3000 1500-3000 1000-2500 1000-2000 750-1500 750-1500 500-1000 500-1000 400-750 400-750 300-500 300-500 200-400 200-400 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300 100-200 100-200 100-200
500-1000 450-750 400-750 300-500 300-500 200-400 200-400 150-300 150-300 100-200 100-200 75-150 75-150 75-150 75-150 50-100 50-100 50-100 50-100 30-75 Bng 7.3
II
III
IV
Cng sut ca ngun sng theo cng chiu sng Cng chiu n si t sng (lux/m2) W/m2 300 39 200 24 150 20 100 13 80 10
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60 40 20
8 5 2.5
Bng 7.4
phn quang ca mt s mu Tn mu Kh nng phn Tn mu Kh nng phn quang(%) quang(%) trng 70-90 xanh bin 15-205-10 kem 55-71 xanh bin sm 15-30 vng ti 65-70 xanh sng 3-18 vng sm 40-56 o(d9en 1-4 xanh l cy 15-30 xanh l cy sm 15-30 Cnh mi bn ngui phi c gh u hoc gh c bit c th nng h, c ch chn , ch to bng g tt. Mun t chc lao ng, mi ngi th lun phi cng c v chm sc ch lm vic ca mnh. Trong xng sa cha, ng thi phi thc hin mt khi lng cng vic ln th mi t i th c th thc hin mt phn vic nht nh : mt i sa thn my, i khc sa hp tc , hp buc tin, i th ba bn xe dao, Theo nguyn tc , mi i li phn vic cho cc th trong i.iu gip cho vic t chc lao ng ca mi th sa cha tt hn, chuyn mn ha ch lm vec v m bo c trnh t cn thit. chm sc ch lm vic c tt hn trong cc ca lm vic, c th giao trch nhim sp xp li chi tit, thay th dng c cho cc th c bit. Khi lm cc cng vic ny, phi c tn hiu bo bng n hay ci bo m an tan. Ch lm vic phi trang b my nng h. Khi thc hin sa cha ti cc ch lm vic tm thi dng cc gi kim loi di ng (nh nhng chc chn) v cc t dng c di ng. phc v cho cc nguyn cng ngui c bit(co, r, mi, sa chi tit), cnh cc thit b sa cha cn trang b cc thit b nng h n gin, v d : palng, cu cng son c palng xch hay in. Cn trc, nu c, ch dng khi tho lp thit b. 9.2.K thut an ton: 1. Ch cho php th kim tra sc khe v bit y k thut an tan mi c lm cc cng vic ngui s a cha . 2. Ngi di 18 tui khng c lm vic trn cao. 3. Ch lm vic phi c gi sch s, c chiu sng t nhin y v chiu sng nhn to hp l. Bn ngui phi vng chc v c kch thc ph hp vi chiu cao ca cng nhn. t phi kp c vt mt cch cht ch. 4. Trc khi lm vic, th ngui phi xem xt k cc dng c v g .Trong trng hp cn thit phi thay th. Cc lai dng c phi c cc iu kin sau: a) Ba ngui v ba t phi lp chc chn vo cn ba, cn ba phi nhn, khng st
b) Phn mt p ca ba phi nhn, hi li mt cht, khng xy st, trc r.
c) Cc c v t phi c hnh dng ng ,vi phn ui thon, khng sy st v bin cng ( phng gy). d) Cha vn phi c kch thc ph hp vi ai c. Cm khng c ni di tay quay ca cha vn v dng cha vn kch thc ming ln hn ai c vi m thn cho va. e) Gia v dao co phi tt, tay cm phi c vng kim loiv khng c vt nt v cc khuyt tt khc f) Si gai hoc si kim loi phi khng c s. g) Puli phi tht tt, v gi chc c rng rc, mc vt nng ln khng b nt v b dui thng. h) Palng phi c mc tt, xch v phanh hm chc chn. i) Ti phi c tay quay chc chn v c cu hm cc tt. ng c ca ti phi tip t. 5. Khi cht st thp, th phi c knh li bo v v phi t li chn v pha mnh st vng ti. 6. Khi lm vic trn my mi sa phi m bo cc iu kin di y: a. Khi a vt vo mi phi ng nguyn tc v tm d phi lp cht ,khe h gia tm v khng c nh hn 2 mm, mp tm vi cnh mi khng c c vt lm hay rnh.
b. Kim tra chc chn ca tm bao che mi. c. mi khng c php c o . d. Ch mi dng c phi cao hn tm mi ,nhng khng cao qu 10 mm. e. a dng c cn mi vo phi thn trng, gi gn khng tay chm vo quay, phi t cht dng c vo tm , cm khng c mi vt qu nng. f. Khng c mi vo mt cnh ca . g. Dng c c kch thc ln phi mi bng c kch thc tng ng. h. Khng c lm vic trn c vt nt hay cc khuyt tt khc. i. Phi c tm chn bo v, nu khng c hay tm bo v khng tt phi dng knh eo mt bo v. j. Lm vic xong phi tt my.
7. Khi lm vic trn my khoan, th ngui phi kp cht vt gia cng vo t hay g. Qun 8.
9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14.
15. 16.
17.
o v m ca th ngui phi m bo theo k thut an tan. Cm dng bao tay. Trc khi lm vic vi cc cng c chy in, th ngui phi ni dy tip t vi thn my. Khi lm vic phi eo bao tay cao su v knh bo v. Ch cho php lm vic trn my mi xch tay khi c bao che tt. n in xch tay phi dng in th thp (12-36 vn) v c li bo v. Khi lm vic trn cc cng c cao, ch lm vic phi c gan c bit v dy treo qung qua vai m bo cho hai tay ca ngi th hon ton t do. Thang g dng lm vic phi hon ton tt khng c nt, v v cc khuyt tt khc. u thang phi c ming t trnh thang b trt. Cm khng c t thang gn ng st, ng dy trn ti in v cc thit b ang lm vic. Khi lm vic trn thang phi kp cht thang v m bo cc bin php an tan . Ch cho php nhng ngi eo dy an tan c lm vic trn cao. Dy an tan phi c kim tra theo yu cu ca k thut an tan. Khi phi dng hn in, th ngui phi eo knh hay chp bo v hn in.
18. Phn xng ch c bt u lm vic khi m bo tt c cc bin php an ton lao
ng v hng dn k thut an ton cho mi ngi. 8.2.2.Cc nguyn tc an ton lao ng i vi th ngui lp rp: 1. Do tnh cht khc nhau ca cc cng vic lp rp nn khng th c mt ch dn chung bao trm tt c cc cng vic lp rp. Bi vy th ngui lp rp ngai nhng kin thc an ton chung phi hiu bit thm nhng k thut an ton ph. 2. Trc khi bt u lp rp cc kt cu, th ngui phi chun b ch lm vic ph hp vi k thut an ton. Cc gi k phi chc chn to nng sut lm vic cao. 3. Trc khi lp rp thit b, ngi th ngui phi dn dp ch lp rp, cc vt liu khng dng n phi ct i. 4. Lp rp cc b phn ca thit b, phi theo trnh t cng ngh cht ch ghi trong phiu cng ngh v bn v. 5. Khi lp rp cc thit b km cng vng, phi s dng khung , g hay kp c bit. 6. Khi cc phn ca thit b c b tr thng hng lp vo thn, tuyt i cm khng ng di hay gn v iu chnh trc tip v tr ca phn bng tay . 7. vic iu khin c an ton v lp rp c thun li, khi cn thit th ngui phi s dng cc gi c bit hay cc tm bng kim loi.
8. Khi cht cc inh tn, bulng bng tay phi t tm chn, ngi th phi thn trng khng mnh kim loi bn vung ra xa v phi bo mi ngi lui ra . 9. Cm khng c dng tay xoa ln mt kim loi v lm sch mi hn. 10. Khi gia cng vt nng, cm khng lt vt nng v pha mnh v di chuyn vt bng tay. Th ngui phi ng ng sau hay bn cnh nhng ch trong trng hp khng di chuyn vt v pha trc 11. Trong thi gian lp rp, cm khng c nhc hay vn chuyn vt ti trng nng buc cht i qu gn. 12. Khi dng ba t th ngui phi quan st khng ngi khc ng ng sau hay bn cnh. 13. Trong khi lp, tuyt i cm khng c kim tra trng ca cc l ca cc chi tit bng cht. 14. lm sch bi phi dng chi lng hay chi t. 15. Ch trong trng hp c bit mi dng kh nn lm sch chi tit. Khi phun khi nn vo chi tit phi dng knh bo v ; ngi th khng cho php ai ng cch ch lm vic trong khong 5 - 6 m. 16. Khi lp rp ti cc v tr thng ng hay cc kt cu thp nh trc my nng , tr ... th ngui phi buc cht bng dy chng, dy in hay chm . 17. Khi lp thit b hay kt cu thp bng my nng, ch c ko cc dy cho hay xch sau khi buc cht vo vt. 18. C cu v thit b lp xong, trc khi cho chy th th ngui phi thc hin ng cc yu cu an tan lao ng sau: 19. Kim tra v dn sch cc vt khng cn thit v dng c ti ch lm vic; 20. Trc khi cho thit b chy, phi th xem cc b phn quay v chuyn ng ca c cu tt khng. 21. Ch cho thit b chy th khi c mt v theo s hng dn ca th c hay qun c phn xng. 22. Trc khi chy th phi bo hiu, tt c nhng ngi khc phi ng xa ti mt khong cch an ton. 23. Ch c ngi th in mi c ni in t li vo thit b v tip t cho thit b. 24. Ch khi no lp t xong hon ton mi c iu chnh v bi trn. 25. Theo yu cu cng vic, ngi th ngui lp p i khi phi thc hin cc nguyn cng nng h bng cn trc in hay kh. Ch cho php th ngui lm cng vic ny sau khi hiu bit k v k thut an ton i vi vic s dng cn trc. 7.2.3. Cc nguyn tc an lao ng i vi th ngui sa cha. Trc khi tin hnh sa cha thit b, th ngui c nhim v: Xem xt t m thit b cn sa cha, cc iu kin an ton cho bn thn v nhng ngi xung quanh, ch lm vic cng vi cc phn khc; Phi gii thch v gii thiu thit b sp sa cha, mc an ton i vi nhng thnh vin trong i, c bit l i vi th tr v th mi. Nu khng hiu r v k thut an ton , cm khng c tin hnh cng vic; Vic thc hin an ton ca cc cng vic phi ph hp vi trnh t tng phn vic sa cha v khi bt u sau khi thc hin y c yu cu ca k thut an ton c d phng nhng sai lch;
Chun b tt c dng c v g cn cho vic sa cha, m bo s dng tt khi sa cha. Khi bt u sa cha thit b, vic ngT mch in v my phi giao cho th in, cu dao in phi ngt v m bo khng b ng li khi ang sa cha thit b.. Nu trong qu trnh lm vic cn phi dng n my nng h (ti, palng, xch, cp thng, cho) th ngui phi kim tra xem chng c tt khng, c du th v ghi ti trng danh ngha khng. My nng h v cc dy ko phi c kp tht cht bo m an ton lao ng. Tt c cc thit b kp , mc vo my nng h phi chc chn. Khi sa cha cc thng cha (bao gm c ng ng) cn phi gim ht p lc trong thng v tho ht kh c, cht lng v hi chy i khi c tia kha hn c th gy chy n. Tt c cc thng cha du m, trc khi sa cha phi ra sch tht cn thn, cc l phi m thng. Sa cha cc vt chu p lc ch c tin hnh theo s b tr ca t c hay k thut vin ca phn xng v di trch nhim c nhn ca h ; th ngui phi t phng cc chi tit chu p lc vng ra (van, nt, m, bulng, ai c). Khi sa cha cn trc in hay di cn trc i qua, th ngui c trch nhim:
T sp xp v sa cha nhng sai st v phng nga tai nn; Ch tin hnh theo s ch dn v c ngi ch dn cng vic; Khi sa cha cn trc phi t trong ca bin bng ch " khng m my, c ngi ang sa cha cn trc". Khng ai c ng di cn trc khi ang sa cha v ch vo khu vc sa cha khi c trch nhim. Ch cho cn trc chy th c nng hng khi c s chng kin ca nhng ngi c trch nhim. Ch i ra khi cn trc ang sa cha khi c s canh phng ca th in my cn trc. 5. Ngi khng c trch nhim, cm khng c m my cc c cu chy in ca cn trc, cc my cng c v cc my khc, k c vic chy th.
B mn Sa cha C in
Trang 146
B mn Sa cha C in
Trang 147

Giao Trinh KTBT

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Gio Trnh K Thut Bo Tr

Trung Tm Cng Ngh C Kh

S H HNG CA CHI TIT MY

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Trung Tm Cng Ngh C Kh

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Hnh 3.10 Tho then vt bng co thc.

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