The String Theory

1
(Theory of Everything)

,
(natural philosophy)

(algebra) (Geometry)

( Calculus) (
(Leibniz)

14 )
, ,

,

,
- | www.vigyan.wordpress.com
2
,

(Theoretical) /(Observation/Experimental)

,

Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica( Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy, )
,
1456,1531
1607 1758 ,
(
),
( ellipse) ,
,

,

,

!
,
Philosophic
Naturalise Principia Mathematica ,

,

18 19

,

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20 , 1905 -1915
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, ,
,

() () ,

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4
,

,

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1. :

2.

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3.

,
,

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-
,

1911 ,
,
,
-
1803

1897

1900
:

1905
-
,
1911 ,

1924 (Louis
de Broglie) ,

1932 30

6
(Standard Model)
:
1. : , ,
-
2. : (Uncertainty Principle)
-
, ,
,

,
! (God does not play dice)!
, ,
:
(Superposition)

(Observer Effect)

,
,
, ?

,
3. : (Quantum
Entanglement) ,
(, , , ) ,
( ) ,,

, -

4. :
7
(Standard Model)

(Standard Model)
,

20

1970

(1977), (1995)
(2000)

(Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking)
1960
1967 (-- )
(Standard Model)
(Standard Model) : " "

W Z (
) 1973-74
,
: ,
1.
(Standard Model) 1/2 12 (fermions) - (spinstatistics theorem) (Pauli exclusion principle)
( ) () (anti-particle)
(, ,, , , )
(, , , ,, )

(color confinement), , ( )
()
(hadrons) (baryons)

,

:
,

(, )

2.
,

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:
1.
2.
W+, W Z : ( )

3.
4.
: ,

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!

,
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?

,
(Black Hole)

,
(
)
(Singularity)

( infinity)

!

, ,
!

:
,
,

, ,

: / /
10
:
( )

,
,

- :
:

,

!
:

,
,

, (Superposition)
(Superposition)

:

, , ,
(The Big Bang),

10
11
:
, ?

( 0 dimension object)
(microscope)
(Loop of String) ,
,

,
,

(Standard Model)
,

,

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- ?
5.
- ?
?
:

, 10 -33 [10 -33
32 1] :
,

1. -
2. 3. , 4. - 5. - 6.
11
12
/ (Worldsheet)

,
,

,

2
,
( )

,
( infinity)

(perturbation theory)
,
,
(perturbation theory)
, (set of approximation
schemes),
2
:
12
(perturbation theory) --(quantum mechanical amplitudes)

13
,

(exponentially)
--(quantum mechanical amplitudes)

()
- -

, 1970

,

( ) (Space)

(mass) , (Tension)
(Special Relativity)
:

,

,
, , ,

13
()
,
14

,
, ,

,

,
,
-(Space-Time) 26 25
(3 ) 1 26 ,
26 ,
26
, ( imaginary number : -1
) (Tachyon) , ,
,
,
-(Frquency Spectrum) -2 , (0
) ,

,

,

/ ( )

, ,
/
26

14
15

, 26

, (Kaluza-Klein Idea)
(SuperSymettry)

1920 -
(Th. Kaluza) (Oskar Klein)

,

,
, - ,
, - -

, -
, 2 ,
2() 1 (-)
-
/ ,
,

,

15
16
(Supesymmetry)
1960 -(particle-acclerator)
, 1970

()
- ()

(Supersymmetry)
,

, ,

,

,
,

,
- -

(GUT)* - ,
(GUT)*
( Grand Unification Symmetry)
-(particle accelerators)
(hierarchy problem)# ,
(supersymmetric unified theory)

16
17
, -

(hierarchy problem)#
(Supersymmetry) (GUT)
, (GUT)*
,

(imaginary mass) (Tachyon) 26
,
, -
********************************************************
* (Grand Unifiation Theory): ,

# (hierarchy problem):
:

?
,

,
GeV 10 19 GeV
, W Z

(Coupling constant)
1/137
1/10^6
1/10^39
-
100 GeV !
?
?
17
18

26
, 26 10
, (GUT) -

,
(localised system) ,
(non-vanishing)
(zero-point energy)

( )

, ,

()
(Supersymmetry)
(consistency condition) - 26 10
(supergravity)

,
,

(l00p)
(end points) ,

18
19

,
:
1.
I:
2.
IIA :
3.
IIB:
4.
HO(SO(32)): ( )
5.
HE (E8 x E8): ( )

I
,

()
10
,
(gauge) (gauge)
, W Z ,
(gauge)
I ( ) 10 (spece-time) , ,
10 1 (parity symmetry) , - (parity
symmetry)

10 1 SO(32) ,
,
SU(3), SU(2) U(1)

4 10
10
10
4

19
20
IIA IIB
IIA IIB 1
( )
IIA IIB
,

4

A B

-(left movers) (right
movers)
II

26 10
? 26 16 ,
10 10
26 , 16
16
, SO(32)
, 1 ( ) E(8)xE(8)
1 10
- (Parity
Symmetry)
SO(32)
IIA
IIB
(Heterotic)-HO
SO(32)
(Heterotic)- HE
E(8) x E(8)
E(8) x E(8)
SO(32) ( I) 10 - 4
, - ,
20
21
IIB IIA 10 -
, 4 -
,

4 -

, I, IIA, IIB

,

,

(dualities) (Duality Transformation)

(Dual)

, (weak and strong coupling)
, ,

T- (TDuality)

-
,

R ,
2R

21
22
()

(winding number)
(momentum mode) ,
R Lst2/R Lst
R Lst2/R

T- (T-duality) T- IIA IIB
IIA IIB , ,

T- (momentum mode)
( winding mode )

(Strong and Weak Coupling)

(Coupling Constant) ?
(Newtons Constant)

,

, ,
- ,

,
22
23

(dilation)
(exchange)
S- S-
(series)

S- : I SO(32) IIB
?
T- , ()
,
,

S-

-
p- D-
,
p (brane)
(membrane ) 2 (
) , 1 ()
p- ,
,
p 10
9 -
, p=1 p-
p- D- D D

T- D-
(black hole) ,

23
24

11
11 -
7 4 -
11
10
10 11 ?
,
10
11

, 11 M

(dual)
T-(T -Duality) R (compatified) 1/R

( )
IIA IIB T- , SO(32) E(8) x E(8)
T-
S-(S- Duality) (Strong Coupling Limit)
(Weak Coupling Limit) SO(32) I 10
S- SO(32) 1
,
I
D- D- SO(32)
(worldsheet) , I D
, (weakly coupled heterotic string) 10 S IIB IIB S- IIB
24
25
IIB D- D IIB

1997 IIA E8xE8 M

( )

,

M 11 (Supergravity)
(membrane ) 5- ? 11 M
10 (torus) ((Donut) )
,
11 10
IIA
M- IIA
, IIB ? 11
-(massless gauge fields)
10 IIA
IIA
D0-
D2-
5-
D4-
5-
NS 5-

M- IIA D-
, IIA
D6 D8 D6
-Kaluza Klein Monopole
11
D8 M

25
26
M
11

9
()

9+1

E8

10
E8 x E8
E8 x E8
11
M 11-D
M ,
26
27
(Theory of general relativity) (Black

Hole)
- (Event Horizon)
-
,
(mass), (charge)
(Angular momentum)
,

, (Hawking
Radiation) -
- (quantum gravity) ,

(Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula )

, dM=K dA
A =
K =
M =
M (energy at rest) ,
-(Thermodynamics)
dE= T dS
T=4k [k
]
S=A/4 (Andrew
Strominger) (Cumrin Vafa)
D-

D-
5-, 1- 1- (Torus) ,

27
28

,

,

(Peter Woit), (Lee Smolin), (Philip Warren Anderson), (Sheldon
Glashow), (Lawrence Krauss), (Carlo Rovelli)
:
(background independence)

,

,

(h)

28
29
?
(Solution) , (String
Vaccua) -
-(Vaccua Structure)
(meta-stable)
10520 (10 520 )
4 (4 dimension), (large Plank Scale), (Gauge group) (chiral)
-
-
(continuous parameters ) ,

,
,

?

?
,

, (philosophical)
, (scientific) !

:

,
, ?
29
30

, (cosmological constant) ,

, ,

30

The String Theory

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1

Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica( Mathematical Principles of Natural

Naturalise Principia Mathematica ,

(Standard Model) : " "

(perturbation theory) --(quantum mechanical amplitudes)

--(quantum mechanical amplitudes)

* (Grand Unifiation Theory): ,

(Strong and Weak Coupling)

1997 IIA E8xE8 M

(Theory of general relativity) (Black

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