7.1 Choosing an appropriate Graph In previous grades you have learned how to create various types of graphs.

Each type of graph has advantages and disadvantages. When displaying information you must decide which graph will best get your point across. Type of Graph Circle (Discrete Data) Advantages - Compares parts of the data to the whole - Data is displayed as a percent - Size of sector can be easily compared to other sectors to make conclusions Disadvantages - Does not show actual amount for each category or the total - More difficult to draw (time and accuracy) - Too many categories can make it look crowded. - Other category can be vague.

Line (Continuous Data)

- Shows change over time - Can see trends easily - Can be used to estimate values between or beyond data values. - Easy to draw - Scales can be used to find amount in each category and to calculate the total. - Shows numbers of items in specific categories - Easy to compare data - Easy to draw - Scales can be used to find total.

- Limited to data collected over time - May be difficult to read accurately depending on scale used. - Comparisons between categories are not identified as quickly - May be difficult to read accurately depending on scale used. -Does not show percents of total for comparison. - Scales can be easily changed to present misleading data.

Bar (Discrete Data)

Double Bar (Discrete Data)

- Contains two sets of data that show numbers of items in categories - Useful for comparing one set of data to another - Easy to draw and interpret - Scales can be used to find total.

- May be difficult to read accurately depending on scale used - Two sets of data in one graph can be confusing.

Pictograph (Discrete Data)

- Symbols are visually appealing - Useful for small data values - Symbol quickly shows the subject of graph - Easy to compare - Scale can be used to find amount in each category and the total.

- Need to be able to divide the symbol into smaller pieces - Choice of symbol and accuracy when drawing may be Challenging -Large numbers of symbols can be difficult to read.

Assign pages 387-390 #s 3-13

7.2

Misrepresenting Data

Statistics is a useful means of communicating and proving a point. However it can be misused and misrepresented. Researchers have the ability to manipulate any study even as they decide what to study, how to study it and how to present it. People can present the data in such a way that it favors what they are trying to say. Potential Misuses: 1. Bad Sampling Taking very small samples Taking biased samples that doesnt represent the full group 2. Bad Questioning wording a question in such a way that people are encouraged to answer in a certain way. Ex. Should government take more of your money to let people who dont want to work stay home an d do nothing? rather than Should the government support people who cant find jobs? limiting the persons response without letting them select their own. Ex Do you prefer coke over Pepsi? Bad Representation (Not reporting all the data) Leaving out the highest or lowest values Bad Graphing Distorting the axis Using a different scale Using objects as bars in graphs

3.

4.

Ex 1) Minimum wage has increased as follows over the years: 2000 - $4.70/hr 2001 - $4.80/hr Use graphs to show this data from A) a workers point of view
Minimum Wage
5 4

2002 - $4.90/hr B)

2003 - $5.00/hr

governments point of view

Minimum Wage
5 4.9

4.8
2 1 0 20 00 20 01 Year 20 02 20 03

4.7

4.6 20 00 20 01 Year 20 02 20 03

By changing the scale you can change the look of the graph. The graph in B shows a better increase even though it is the same data. Ex 2) The points scored on a video game were as follows: Michael - 100 points, Jason - 150 points, and Becky - 200 points. Present this data in such a way that it shows the girls extremely better at video games than boys.

Video games
20 0 17 5 15 0 12 5 10 0 75 Mich eal Jaso n player Becky

Even though Beckys score is only double Micheals score, the scale makes the difference in the scores appear much larger. Note: The above example can also be done using objects (circles for balls) as bars. Assign pages 399-402 #s 3-11, 14, 15, 16

7.3 Probability of Independent events Probability is a number that shows how likely it is that an event will happen. It may be expressed as a fraction, decimal or a percent. Experimental Probability The probability based on the outcomes of an experiment. Ex) You toss a coin 100 times and get 59 heads. The experimental probability of getting heads is 59%

Theoretical Probability The probability based on mathematical principles. It is the number of favorable outcomes divided by the number of possible outcomes. Ex) You toss a coin 100 times. The theoretical probability of getting heads is 50%.

Independent Event is an outcome or event that is not influenced by another event. Examples rolling a die and flipping a coin spinning a spinner and picking a card flipping 2 coins picking a card, replacing it and picking a second card A tree diagram or table can be used to list all outcomes to find their probabilities Ex) You toss a regular dice and toss a coin. Show all the possible outcomes using: A) A table Heads H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 Tails T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 B) A Tree Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6

i) What is the probability of tossing a head and rolling a 6? 1 P( H 6) 12 ii) What is probability of tossing a Tail and an even number? 3 1 P(T even #) 12 4

A tree diagram or table is not the best method when there are many possible outcomes. It is easier to use a rule. If two or more events are independent, the probability of the two events is the product of each event. P( A and B) = P(A) P (B) Ex) A bag contains 5 white marbles and 4 red marbles. If the first marble is replaced what is the probability of selecting: A) 2 white marbles?

5 5 25 P(2white) P(W ) P(W ) 9 9 81

B) a red followed by a white marble

P ( RW ) P ( R ) P (W )
Assign pages 411-413 #s 3-15

4 5 20 9 9 81