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BI TP QUANG PH LASER TRN LP CAO HC QUANG IN T K18

Bi 1: Mt dch chuyn bc x c php ca mt ion quang cho trc trong cht rn c thi gian sng l 10ns. Hy xc nh m rng ng u ca n v gi tr ti nh g(v) ca dng vch ph ng u v khng ng u. Gii 1 Theo h thc bt nh Heisenberg: .t 2 m rng ng u ca dch chuyn bc x: 1 1 1 = = = 1, 6.107 ( Hz ) = 16( MHz ) (Nhc: 1 MHz = 106 Hz) 9 9 2 .t 2.3,14.10.10 6, 28.10 Gi tr ti nh ca dng vch ph ng u c xc nh da vo cng thc ng vin Lorentzian: v 2 g ( v) = 2 2 v v v0 ) + ( 2 Ti v = v0: v v v 4 2 2 g ( v0 ) = = 2 2 = . = 2 2 2 ( v ) .v v v 2 ( v0 v0 ) + 2 2 2 2 = = 4.108 Hz 1 7 3,14.1, 6.10 5, 024.107 Gi tr ti nh ca dng vch ph khng ng u c xc nh da vo cng thc ng vin Gaussian:

0 2 ln 2 2 v /2 .ln 2 g ( v) = e v

v v

Ti v = v0:
0 2 ln 2 2 v /20 .ln 2 2 ln 2 2 0 2 ln 2 2 g ( v0 ) = e = e = v v v

v v

2 0, 693 7 8 1 = 1, 25.10 .0, 4698 = 5,8725.10 Hz 7 1, 6.10 3,14

1 2

Bi 2: Mt php o Quang pht quang ca vt liu khi bn dn CdS c rng vng cm Eg = 2,42(eV). C hai ngun laser l: laser Ar+ (1 = 514,5 nm) v laser He-Ne (2 = 632,8 nm). Laser no s cho kt qu ph pht quang tt hn nu cng sut ca 2 laser nh nhau? Gii thch v sao? Gii Nu cng sut ca hai laser nh nhau, th laser Ar+ (1 = 514,5 nm) s cho kt qu ph pht quang tt hn laser He-Ne (2 = 632,8 nm). Gii thch: Nng lng tng ng ca hai ngun laser l: 1240 1240 = = 2, 4101( eV ) + Laser Ar+ (1 = 514,5 nm): E1 = 1 ( nm ) 514,5 1240 1240 = = 1,9595 ( eV ) + Laser He-Ne (2 = 632,8 nm): E2 = 2 ( nm ) 632,8 Mt khc, rng vng cm Eg ca vt liu khi bn dn CdS l: 2,42eV. * Nu bn dn CdS l tinh khit, tc l khng b pha tp v khng b ln tp cht, th vi hai ngun laser trn, ch c ngun laser Ar+ (xem nh E1 Eg) mi c kh nng kch thch cc in t thc hin dch chuyn t vng ha tr ln vng dn, khi cc in t ti hp mi pht ra bc x, y chnh l ph pht quang c trng cho vt liu CdS m ta s ghi nhn c. Cn vi ngun laser He-Ne th nng lng photon ti khng b hp thu (do E2 < Eg), do vy khng cho ph pht quang c trng cho CdS.

* Nu bn dn CdS khng tinh khit, tc l b pha tp hoc b ln tp cht, dng hai ngun laser trn u s cho bit thng tin v cc tp cht da vo ph pht quang. Tuy nhin, ngun laser c nng lng cao hn ( y l laser Ar+) s cho bit nhiu thng tin hn v n c kh nng kch thch in t nhy ln cc mc su hn m i vi ngun laser nng lng thp hn khng th no kch thch c.

Tm li, vi hai ngun laser c cng sut nh nhau, ngun laser c nng lng cao hn s cho kt qu ph pht quang tt hn. Bi 3: Dng ngun laser Ar+ ( = 400 nm) kch thch mt mu vt liu pht quang. Cng sut ca laser P = 100 W. Gi s hiu sut pht quang = 0,1; h s hnh hc k g = 10-3 v cng pht quang c th pht hin c l 103 photon/giy. Xc nh mt quang ti thiu ca php o quang pht quang. Gii (Ghi ch thm: Theo gi thit: = 400 nm; P = 100 W; = 0,1; k g = 10-3; (Iem)min = 103 photon/giy) Nng lng ca mi photon ti: 1240 1240 E0 = = = 3,1( eV ) = 3,1.1, 6.1019 ( J ) = 4,96.1019 ( J ) ( nm ) 400 Cng nh sng ti: P 100.106 I0 = = 2.1014 (photon/giy) E0 4,96.1019 Mt quang ti thiu ca php o quang pht quang: (I ) 103 = 5.108 ( OD ) min = em min = 14 3 I0kg 0,1.2.10 .10

LI GII MT S CU HI TRONG CC THI QUANG PH LASER

1/ a> Quang ph laser (Hp th, Bc x, Phn x v Tn x) cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin g? Gii thch v sao quang ph laser li c dng l hm Lorentzian hoc l hm Gaussian. b> Mt dch chuyn bc x ca mt ion quang trong vt rn c thi gian sng l 10ns. Xc nh m rng ng u v gi tr ti nh ca dng vch ph ng u v khng ng u. Gii a> Quang ph laser (Hp th, Bc x, Phn x v Tn x) cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin:

4 * V mt nh tnh: + i vi cht bn dn, cho bit rng vng cm ca cht bn dn, t bit c vt liu phn tch l cht bn dn g (Hp thu, Bc x). + Cho bit s hin din ca cc tp cht, cc sai hng, khuyt tt c trong mu (Hp thu, bc x). + Cu trc ha hc, thnh phn ha hc, trng thi lin kt, trng thi dao ng phn t hay nguyn t ca mu (Tn x). + Trng thi b mt, cu trc b mt, cc lin kt trn b mt ca mu (Phn x). * V mt nh lng: + Nng tp cht, mt khuyt tt, sai hng c trong mu (Hp thu, Bc x). + Loi cu trc, thnh phn phn trm hay hm lng ca cht ha hc c trong mu v mc lin kt phn t hay nguyn t hay mc dao ng ca phn t (Tn x). + Mc lin kt, g gh, bm dnh b mt ca mu (Phn x). Gii thch Quang ph laser li c dng l hm Lorentzian hoc l hm Gaussian:

Ta bit rng, ph xut hin l do s dch chuyn bc x ca in t t mt mc nng lng cao v mc nng lng thp hn (hay s dch chuyn hp thu t mt mc nng lng thp ln mc nng lng cao hn). nh ph l tng l 1 vch thng (hnh a). Tuy nhin, trong thc t, nh ph khng phi l mt vch thng m lun c mt m rng nht nh ( m rng Lorentzian (hnh b) hay m rng Gaussian (hnh c)). iu ny c th c gii thch t nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg: 1 .t 2 Tc l mc nng lng cng cao th thi gian sng ca in t trn mc cng thp v ngc li. Ni cch khc, mi mc nng lng khng phi l mt mc duy nht m l gm nhiu mc nh st

5 nhau, vi mc nng lng cng cao th s tch mc ny cng nhiu. V vy m Quang ph laser ghi nhn c lun c 1 m rng nht nh, c dng l hm Lorentzian hoc l hm Gaussian. b> (Ging bi 1 trang 1 BI TP QUANG PH LASER TRN LP) 2/ Nu nhng u im khi dng ngun sng laser kch thch trong cc php o quang ph. Gii Ngun sng laser c 4 tnh cht ni bt, l: cng ln, n sc cao, tnh nh hng cao v c tnh kt hp. Khi dng ngun sng laser kch thch trong cc php o quang ph s c nhng u im sau: + V ngun sng laser c cng ln nn pht quang t mu cng c cng ln, d dng ghi nhn, c bit l i vi nhng hp cht pht quang yu. + V ngun sng laser c tnh n sc cao nn d dng thc hin tr ph trong trng hp ph ca laser xut hin trong ph ca mu vt ghi nhn c. + c bit tnh kt hp v khng gian v thi gian ca ngun sng laser gip cho ph ghi nhn c phn gii tt, d dng phn bit hai nh ph st nhau, ng thi, c th pht hin c nhng qu trnh xy ra rt nhanh (v d hin tng hp thu 2 photon,...). + Tnh nh hng ca ngun laser to iu kin thun li khi thao tc, b tr, iu chnh h quang hc khi o c, trnh hao ph, mt mt. Ni chung, s dng ngun sng laser kch thch gip tng ng k chnh xc trong cc php o quang ph. 3/ T ph Quang pht quang vi ngun kch thch laser ( = 300 nm) v ph hp thu ca tinh th nano ZnO trong ethanol, bit rng rng vng cm ca vt liu khi ZnO l 3,37 eV. Hy bin lun kt qu t ph trn.

Gii Ngun laser kch thch ( = 300 nm) tng ng vi nng lng 4,13 eV.

6 + Trc ht, t ph hp thu (ng bn phi), nu ko di ng thng i qua b hp th th giao im ca n vi trc honh s cho bit rng vng cm ca tinh th nano ZnO. Gi tr ny vo khong 3,45 eV, tc ln hn rng vng cm ca vt liu khi ZnO (Eg = 3,37 eV). Nh vy, vic thu nh kch thc tinh th ZnO n mc nano lm tng rng vng cm. + ng bn tri tng ng vi ph pht quang. Ta c th thy 2 nh ph ti hai v tr nng lng bc x l 2,2 eV v 3,4 eV, trong , nh 2,2 eV cao gn gp 3 ln nh 3,4 eV, tc l cng bc x 2,2 eV ln gn gp 3 ln cng bc x 3,4 eV. - nh ph 3,4 eV tng ng vi dch chuyn in t t y vng dn v nh vng ha tr. Dch chuyn ny cho bit rng vng cm ca tinh th nano ZnO l 3,4 eV. Ta thy gi tr ny nh hn so vi gi tr rng vng cm thu c t ph hp thu (3,45 eV). S khc bit ny c th l do hiu ng dch chuyn Stokes, mt phn nng lng hp thu chuyn sang cho phonon (dao ng mng tinh th) nn ph pht quang lun b dch v pha nng lng thp so vi ph hp thu. - nh ph 2,2 eV tng ng vi dch chuyn nh hn nng lng vng cm, tc l dch chuyn c s tham gia ca mc tp cht (hay mc by do sai hng hoc khuyt tt mng) nm gia vng cm. Mc khc, cng ca nh ph ny li ln hn nhiu so vi nh 3,4 eV nn c th ni rng nng tp cht (hay sai hng) l tng i nhiu, lm cho dch chuyn vng-tp cht gi vai tr ch o so vi dch chuyn vng-vng. Cc qu trnh hp thu v pht quang c th c biu din bng gin vng nng lng nh di y:

4/ Vt liu TiO2 c ng dng nhiu trong thc tin, vi cu trc tinh th ca n c cc dng sau: v nh hnh, Brookite, Anatase, Rutile (xem phn tham kho bn di). Ty thuc vo mc ch ng dng, v d nh dng v nh hnh c th ng dng trong truyn dn sng phng, dng anatase c th ng dng trong xc tc quang, ng dng trong x l mi trng, dng Rutile c th ng dng trong cng nghip, v.v... T ph Raman kho st theo nhit ca mu bt TiO 2 tng hp t phng php sol-gel. Hy bin lun kt qu t ph Raman. Cc dng cu trc tinh th ca TiO2

Cc dng cu trc ca tinh th TiO2

Gii + nhit t 100 n 3000C, mu kt tinh dng v nh hnh. + Khi nung n nhit 4000C, xut hin cc nh ph c trng cho cu trc anatase + 6000C, vn c nh c trng cho cu trc anatase nhng cng yu hn, th hin mt cu trc anatase b gim + n 7000C, bn cc nh ph ca cu trc anatase, cn xut hin thm cc nh ph th hin cu trc rutile nhng vi cng yu. Nh vy, 7000C, mu th hin cu trc hn hp anatase v rutile. + 10000C, th hin cc nh ph c trng cho cu trc rutile c cng mnh. Kt lun:

8 Mu bt TiO2 nhit di 3000C th hin cu trc v nh hnh; t 4000C n 10000C th hin cu trc c trng ca anatase hay cu trc hn hp ca anatase v rutile; trn 1000 0C, c s chuyn i hon ton t cu trc anatase sang cu trc rutile. 5/ Mt laser Ar+ hot ng ti bc sng 488 nm, khong cch gia 2 gng l 1,5 m v b rng ca vch ph l = 5.10 9 Hz. Xc nh s tch tn s gia nhng mode k nhau v xc nh s mode N. Gii S tch tn s v gia nhng mode k nhau c tnh theo cng thc: c 3.108 v = = = 108 ( Hz ) = 100 ( MHz ) 2 L 2.1,5 S mode N: v 5.109 N= = = 50 v 108

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