#

Concept/ Command

1 kernel

2 shell

3 IO Redirection 4 ^D (Control-D) 5 | or pipe

6 ls

7 Filenames 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Description - kernel is the operating system. - In Linux, the operating system and other related executables are cleanly separated; so, the operating system is a small component and is called as "kernel". - there are many executables that reside outside the kernel. one such executable is "shell" which is the command processor - shell is the command processor in Linux. - This is one of the executables that reside outside the kernel and processes the commands like ls, grep etc., - Apart from the standard Input (keyboard), Output (console), any Linux command can be appended with a Input, Output and Error file name - this redirection of Input, Output and Error resulting a command processing, is a default feature provided by "Shell" and can be used with any Linux command - End Of File delimitter, that needs to be used to indicate the end of input while inputting data through the standard input ie., keyboard - | or pipe command is used to feed the ouput of one command as the input of the next command and so on..

- to list the names of files in a directory - can contain any character, can be of any length - there is nothing like "extension" in Linux ie., MyProgram.java is just a file name and .java is not an extension unlike in windows

Syntax

Input Output Error --------------------------------------------------------------< > 0> 1> 2>

-l -> long form ie., shows permissions, ownership and size -ld -> doesn't look inside the directory so that we can see the directory's permissions -lrt -> lists the most recently modified files last -a -> lists the hidden files also

Example

$ java MyCommand < data.file | grep -I total > output.file