Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

CHNG 1: NHNG KIN THC C BN V GIS Mc ch: Gip ngi hc nm bt mt s vn chnh sau: - Lch s pht trin GIS v nh ngha c GIS l g. - Cc thnh phn c bn v chc nng ca GIS. - M hnh d liu trong GIS. - Php chiu v h ta trong GIS. - ng dng GIS cho mt s lnh vc kinh t - x hi. 1. Lch s pht trin Thu thp d liu v tr phn b khng gian trn b mt t t lu l cc hot ng quan trng trong x hi loi ngi. T xa xa cc nh hng hi, cc nh a l thu thp d liu ny, sau cc ha vin can v li, t mu tr thnh bn . Ban u bn ch c s dng din t nhng v tr c th tr gip ngi ta nh hng trong khng gian da trn nhng hiu bit ca ngi xy dng bn . Bn vo giai on ny mang tnh ch quan, gn ng ph thuc nhiu kh nng, kin thc ca ngi xy dng nn n. n th k 18, nhu cu v qun l bin gii, lnh th tr nn cp bch th cc quc gia bt u thc hin cng tc v bn mt cch c h thng. Vn d liu bn mang tnh ton cu, v vy n phi c xc nh mt cch chnh xc v khch quan. S ra i cc phng php lp bn v tnh ton ta thng qua cc h li chiu l mt bc nhy vt ca bn hc, lc ny bn c thnh lp mt cch khoa hc, c h thng v vi chnh xc cao (Aronoft, 1989, Nguyn nh Dng, 1996, Burrough, 1998, Trn Minh, 2000... ) Th k 20, nhu cu v cc d liu nh hng khng, nh vin thm t ngt tng ln vi s ra i cc phng php chp nh lp th. Cng nh bt k ngnh khoa hc no khc, bc i u tin ca cng vic nghin cu l lit k, quan st, phn loi, v lu tr. Phng php phn loi nh khng th trnh c mt khi lng ln cc ch tiu cho cc d liu phc tp. M t nh lng rt kh khn do khi lng d liu v thiu vng cc ch tiu mu t quan trc thc a. Hn na, khng c b cng c ton hc tng ng m t cc gi tr nh lng bin thin. Nm 1930 xut hin ln u tin phng php thng k v phn tch chui. Tuy nhin ch n nhng nm 60, ngi ta mi c cng c my tnh thc hin c cc phng php trn. Bn hc c bt u pht trin trn my tnh, tuy nhin vo thi k ny n ch hn ch trong cng vic tr gip v v in bn . i vi ngnh bn truyn thng, my tnh khng thay i phng php lm bn - lu tr thng tin. T nm 1977, cc th nghim s dng my tnh trong cng tc bn c nhng bc tin r rt, c th k n nhng u th ca n so vi cc phng php lp bn truyn thng, l: Tng ng k tc lm vic vi bn Gi thnh h Lm cho bn gn gi vi mc ch s dng ca ngi dng C th lm bn khi khng cn k xo hoc vng k thut vin C cc kh nng biu din khc nhau cho cng mt d liu D dng cp nht d liu mi

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

C kh nng phn tch tng hp cc d liu thng k v bn Hn ch s dng bn in hn ch tc hi lm gim cht lng d liu C kh nng thnh lp cc bn m rt kh lm bng tay nh: bn 3 chiu.

Do c nhiu cng vic trng nhau v c nhiu cng vic phi phi hp t nhiu ngnh (lin ngnh) c gii quyt bng mt h thng chung, lin kt nhiu dng x l s liu khng gian. Thc t th cc h thng k trn u ch ra rng cn phi pht trin mt tp cc cng c thu thp, lu tr, tm kim, bin i v hin th cc d liu khng gian t th gii thc nhm phc v thc hin mc ch c th. Tp cc cng c k trn c gi l H thng Thng tin a l (Geographical information system GIS). T nhng nm cui thp nin 80 ca th k 20, GIS mi bt u thm nhp vo Vit Nam qua cc d n hp tc quc t. Tuy nhin, cho n gia thp nin 90, GIS mi c c hi pht trin ti Vit Nam. GIS ngy cng c nhiu ngi bit n nh mt cng c h tr qun l trong cc lnh vc qun l ti nguyn thin nhin, gim st mi trng, qun l t ai, qun l quy hoch pht trin kinh t x hi Hin nay, nhiu c quan nh nc v doanh nghip v ang tip cn cng ngh thng tin a l (cng ngh GIS) gii quyt nhng bi ton ca c quan mnh. 2. nh ngha GIS Thut ng GIS c s dng rt thng xuyn trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh a l, k thut tin hc, cc h thng tch hp s dng trong cc ng dng mi trng, ti nguyn, trong khoa hc v x l d liu khng gian... Chnh v nhng cch tip cn khc nhau, nhiu nh khoa hc c nhng nh ngha GIS khc nhau Xut pht t lnh vc a l, a cht, mi trng, ti nguyn, cc nh khoa hc s dng GIS cho cc cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh nh ngha: - H thng thng tin a l l tp hp a dng cc cng c dng thu thp, lu tr, truy cp, bin i v th hin d liu khng gian ghi nhn c t th gii thc tin (Burroughs, 1986). - H thng thng tin a l l h thng c chc nng x l cc thng tin a l nhm phc v vic quy hoch, tr gip quyt nh trong mt lnh vc chuyn mn nht nh (Pavlidis, 1982). - H thng thng tin a l l h thng s dng c s d liu tr li cu hi v bn cht a l ca cc thc th a l (Goodchild, 1985; Peuquet, 1985). T nhng chc nng cn c ca mt h thng thng tin a l, mt s nh khoa hc nh ngha: - H thng thng tin a l l h thng qun tr c s d liu trn my tnh thu thp, lu tr, truy cp, phn tch v th hin d liu khng gian (NCGIA = National Center for Geographic Information and Analsis,1988). - H thng thng tin a l l mt h thng cha hng lot chc nng phc tpp da kh nng ca my tnh v cc ton t x l thng tin khng gian (Tomlinson and Boy, 1981; Dangemond, 1983). 2
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

- H thng thng tin a l l mt h thng bao gm bn kh nng x l d liu a l sau: (1) nhp d liu, (2) qun l d liu (bao gm lu tr v truy xut), (3) gia cng v phn tch d liu, (4) xut d liu (Stan Aronoff, 1993). - H thng thng tin a l l mt h thng t ng thu thp, lu tr, truy vn, phn tch v hin thin d liu khng gian (Clarke, 1995). Theo quan im h thng thng tin, mt s nh khoa hc nh ngha: - H thng thng tin a l l mt h thng thng tin c bit vi c s d liu gm nhng i tng, nhng hot ng hay nhng s kin phn b trong khng gian c biu din nh nhng im, ng, vng trong h thng my tnh. H thng thng tin a l x l, truy vn d liu theo im, ng, vng phc v cho nhng hi p v phn tch c bit (Dueker, 1979). - H thng thng tin a l l mt h thng thng tin bao gm mt s ph h (subsystems) c kh nng bin i cc d liu a l thnh nhng thng tin c ch (Calkins v Tomlinson, 1977; Marble, 1984). - GIS l mt h thng thng tin a l c thit k lm vic vi d liu c tham chiu ta iah l. Ni cch khc, GIS l h thng gm h c s d liu vi nhng d liu c tham chiu khng gian v mt tp hp nhng thut ton lm vic trn d liu (Star v Estes, 1990). T nhng nh ngha trn cho thy h thng thng tin a l c nhng kh nng ca mt h thng my tnh (phn cng, phn mm v cc thit b ngoi vi) dng nhp, lu tr, truy vn, x l, phn tch v hin th hoc xut d liu. Trong , c s d liu ca h thng l nhng d liu v cc i tng, cc hot ng, cc s kin kinh t, x hi, nhn vn phn b theo khng gian. Ni cch khc, h thng thng tin a l l mt h thng my tnh gm phn cng, phn mn v cc thit b ngoi vi c kh nng tr li cc cu hi c bn: AI, CI G, U, KHI NO, NH TH NO v TI SAO? khi c xc nh trc mt hoc vi ni dung trong cc cu hi . Trong , cu tr li cho cc cu hi: AI, CI G xc nh cc i tng, cc hot ng, cc s kin cn kho st; cu tr li cho cu hi U xc nh v tr ca i tng, cc hot ng hoc cc s kin; cu tr li cho cu hi: NH TH NO hoc TI SAO l kt qu phn tch ca h thng thng tin a l. 3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca GIS H thng GIS c 5 thnh phn chnh (hnh 1.1), bao gm phn cng (hardware), phn mm (software), con ngi (people), d php liu (data) v phng (method). Nm thnh phn ny phi cn bng, hon chnh GIS c th hot ng hiu qu. Hnh 1.1: Thnh phn c bn ca GIS 3

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Phn cng: Gm my vi tnh, cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn s ho (DIGITIZER), my qut (SCANNER), my in (PRINTER), my v (PLOTTER), a CD. Ngy nay, phn mm GIS chy c trn nhiu chng loi phn cng khc nhau, t cc my ch trung tm (computer servers) ti cc my tnh desktop c s dng ring l hoc ni mng.

Hnh 1.2: Cc thit b phn cng phc v GIS c lp Phn mm: L tp hp cc cu lnh, ch th nhm iu khin phn cng ca my tnh thc hin mt nhim v xc nh, phn mm h thng thng tin a l c th l mt hoc t hp cc phn mm my tnh. Phn mm c s dng trong k thut GIS phi bao gm cc tnh nng c bn sau: - Nhp v kim tra d liu (Data input): Bao gm tt c cc kha cnh v bin i d liu dng bn , trong lnh vc quan st vo mt dng s tng thch. y l giai on rt quan trng cho vic xy dng c s d liu a l. - Lu tr v qun l c s d liu (Geographic database): Lu tr v qun l c s d liu cp n phng php kt ni thng tin v tr (topology) v thng tin thuc tnh (attributes) ca cc i tng a l (im, ng i din cho cc i tng trn b mt tri t). Hai thng tin ny c t chc v lin h qua cc thao tc trn my tnh v sao cho chng c th lnh hi c bi ngi s dng h thng. - Xut d liu (Display and reporting): D liu a ra l cc bo co kt qu qu trnh phn tch ti ngi s dng, c th bao gm cc dng: bn (MAP), bng biu (TABLE), biu , lu (FIGURE) c th hin trn my tnh, my in, my v... - Bin i d liu (Data transformation): Bin i d liu gm hai lp iu hnh nhm mc ch khc phc li t d liu v cp nht chng. Bin i d liu c th c thc hin trn d liu khng gian v thng tin thuc tnh mt cch tch bit hoc tng hp c hai. 4
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

- Tng tc vi ngi dng (Query input): Giao tip vi ngi dng l yu t quan trng nht ca bt k h thng thng tin no. Cc giao din ngi dng mt h thng tin c thit k ph thuc vo mc ch ca ng dng . Cc phn mm tiu chun v s dng ph bin hin nay trong khu vc Chu l ARC/INFO, MAPINFO, ILWIS, WINGIS, SPANS, IDRISIW,... Hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm my tnh chuyn bit cho GIS, bao gm cc phn mm nh sau:

Phn mm dng cho lu tr, x l s liu thng tin a l: ACR/INFO, SPAN,ERDAS-Imagine, ILWIS, MGE/MICROSTATION, IDRISIW, IDRISI, WINGIS, Phn mm dng cho lu tr, x l v qun l cc thng tin a l: ERMAPPER, ATLASGIS, ARCVIEW, MAPINFO,..

Tu theo yu cu v kh nng ng dng trong cng vic cng nh kh nng kinh ph ca n v, vic lu chn mt phn mm my tnh s khc nhau. D liu: D liu c s dng trong GIS khng ch l s liu a l (geo-referenced data) ring l m cn phi c thit k trong mt c s d liu (database). Nhng thng tin a l c ngha l s bao gm cc d kin v (1) v tr a l, (2) thuc tnh (attributes) ca thng tin, (3) mi lin h khng gian (spatial relationships) ca cc thng tin, v (4) thi gian. C 2 dng s liu c s dng trong k thut GIS l: - C s d liu bn : l nhng m t hnh nh bn c s ho theo mt khun dng nht nh m my tnh hiu c. H thng thng tin a l dng c s d liu ny xut ra cc bn trn mn hnh hoc ra cc thit b ngoi vi khc nh my in, my v.

D liu Vector: c trnh by di dng im, ng v din tch, mi dng c lin quan n 1 s liu thuc tnh c lu tr trong c s d liu. D liu Raster: c trnh by di dng li vung hay ch nht u nhau, gi tr c n nh cho mi s ch nh gi tr ca thuc tnh. S liu ca nh V tinh v s liu bn c qut (scanned map) l cc loi s liu Raster.

- S liu thuc tnh (Attribute): c trnh by di dng cc k t hoc s, hoc k hiu m t cc thuc tnh ca cc thng tin thuc v a l. Trong cc dng s liu trn, s liu Vector l dng thng s dng nht. Tuy nhin, s liu Raster rt hu ch m t cc dy s liu c tnh lin tc nh: nhit , cao ...v thc hin cc phn tch khng gian (Spatial analyses) ca s liu. Cn s liu thuc tnh c dng m t c s d liu. C nhiu cch nhp s liu, nhng cch thng thng nht hin nay l s ho (digitizing) bng bn s ho (digitizer), hoc thng qua vic s dng my qut nh (Scanner). Con ngi: Con ngi l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng cho s pht trin mt d n v GIS, h l cc chuyn vin tin hc, cc chuyn gia v cc lnh vc khc nhau, chuyn gia GIS, thao tc vin GIS, pht trin ng dng GIS.

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Ngi s dng h thng l nhng ngi s dng GIS gii quyt cc vn khng gian. H thng l nhng ngi c o to tt v lnh vc GIS hay GIS chuyn dng. Nhim v ch yu ca h l s ha bn , kim tra li, son tho, phn tch cc d liu th v u ra cc gii php cui cng truy vn d liu a l. Thao tc vin h thng c trch nhim vn hnh h thng hng ngy ngi s dng h thng lm vic hiu qu. Cng vic ca h l sa cha khi chng trnh b tc nghn hay l cng vic tr gip nhn vin thc hin cc phn tch c phc tp cao. i khi h cn c trch nhim hun luyn ngi dng, h cng l ngi c kinh nghim nh ngi s dng h thng. H hiu bit v cu hnh phn mm v phn cng c th yu cu nng cp. H cn lm vic nh qun tr h thng, qun tr c s d liu (CSDL), an ton CSDL trnh h hng mt mt d liu. Nh cung cp GIS c trch nhim cung cp phn mm, cp nht phn mm, phng php nng cp cho h thng. i khi tham gia hun luyn ngi dng GIS thng qua cc hp ng vi qun tr h thng. Nh cung cp d liu c th l t chc Nh nc hay t nhn. Thng thng cc cng ty t nhn cung cp d liu sa i t d liu cc c quan Nh nc cho ph hp vi ng dng c th. Thng thng cc c quan Nh nc cung cp d liu c xy dng cho chnh nhu cu ca h, nhng d liu ny c th c s dng trong cc c quan, t chc khc. Ngi pht trin ng dng l nhng lp trnh vin c o to. H xy dng cc giao din ngi dng, lm gim kh khn khi thc hin cc thao tc c th trn cc h thng GIS chuyn nghip. Phn ln, lp trnh GIS bng ngn ng macro do nh cung cp GIS xy dng ngi pht trin ng dng c kh nng ghp ni vi cc ngn ng my tnh truyn thng. Chuyn vin phn tch h thng GIS l nhm ngi chuyn nghin cu thit k h thng. Phn ln h l i ng chuyn nghip, c trch nhim xc nh mc tiu ca h GIS trong c quan, hiu chnh h thng, xut k thut phn tch ng n, m bo tch hp thng li h thng trong c quan. Phng php: L vic phn tch d liu khng gian nh to vng m, phn tch vng ln cn, phn tch thng k khng gian; phn tch v ghi cc d liu thuc tnh v bin, tp hn Ngoi ra, GIS cn s dng cc phng php ni suy khng gian da trn im, vng, s dng phng php o v tnh ton, chuyn h ta nhm mc ch tr li nhng cu hi c t ra hay bi ton cn gii quyt. 4. Chc nng ca h GIS 4.1. Nhp d liu (thu thp d liu) Nhp d liu l qu trnh m ha d liu thnh dng c th dng trn my tnh v ghi d liu vo c s d liu (CSDL) GIS. Nhp d liu l mt cng vic i hi thi gian v cng sc v kinh ph (gi thnh xy dng CSDL ban u thng l 5 - 10 ln gi thnh phn cng v phn mm). Tuy nhin, to mt CSDL chnh xc v y l mt giai on cn thit v quan trng i vi vic vn hnh h GIS. D liu li s

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

c dng nhiu ln nn vic b nhiu cng sc, kinh ph l iu hon ton hp l v cn thit. Ta c th chia vic nhp d liu theo phng thc nhp hay theo ngun d liu: Theo phng thc nhp - Nhp t bn phm v nhp ta (COGO - coordinate geometry) - Nhp t bn s ha (digitizer) - Nhp bng my qut (scanner) - Nhp trc tip t cc tp tin hin hu - Nhp t cc thit b vin thm Theo ngun d liu - Ngun t liu bn (bn s, bn giy) - Ngun t liu vin thm - Ngun d liu o c, iu tra thc t Cc bn hin c Quan trc o c ngoi nghip D liu vin thm

Bn phm/ chut

Bn s ho

Cc tp vn bn

Cc my qut

Cc phng tin a t bng t

Nhp s liu Hnh 1.3: M hnh nhp liu trong GIS Ta gi s rng ta khng b phu thuc lm vo cc thit b, nn tin li, ta s xem xt cch nhp d liu theo ngun d liu V d: Nhp d liu theo cc ngun d liu a. D liu ngun l bn s Quy trnh: - Kim tra cht lng d liu ( chnh xc, phn gii) - Kim tra tnh thch hp (format d liu, mc chi tit, tnh cp nht, tnh tng thch v c s ton) - Thc hin cc chuyn i (ta , li chiu) nu cn 7
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

- Cho hin th, chn la v rt trch nhng yu t cn thit. S dng bn s c sn c th cc mc khc nhau nh: + S dng trn vn layer +Chn trch ra mt s i tng trong layer ty theo yu cu Hon chnh.

b. D liu ngun l bn giy a s d liu hin nay l cc bn , s trn giy. Mun a vo s dng trong h GIS ta cn phi qua mt s thao tc nhp Quy trnh:

- Kim tra cht lng d liu ( chnh xc, t l)

- Kim tra tnh thch hp (tnh cp nht, t l, li chiu) - S ha bn (chuyn d liu t dng giy sang dng s). C th c hai cch: + Dng digitizer + Dng scanner * Lu : vic la chn cch thc s ho ph thuc vo . Thit b hin c . Cu trc d liu ta mun c. V mi phn mm ch lm vic c vi mt cu trc d liu nht nh, nn tu theo phn mm ta s dng, ta s chn cch nhp. Nhp bng Digitizer s cho ra d liu vector, nhp bng Scanner s cho d liu raster. Ngoi ra cng cn lu rng ta c th raster ho (chuyn t vector sang raster) hoc vector ho (chuyn t raster sang vector) khi cn thit. - Nhp d liu thuc tnh i km - Kim tra & hon chnh c. Ngun d liu o c, iu tra thc t Trong thc t, ngoi cc d liu bn c sn, ta cn c th c nhng d liu do o c, iu tra thc t nh: - o c ta (my kinh v, ton c in t, GPS). V d ta cc tr in, chiu di v hng ca ng dy - o c cao - o, quan trc cc thuc tnh. V d chiu di dy, chiu cao tr, s dy mc vo tr - iu tra, thng k. V d cc ch s in k - V.v.. Quy trnh: - T cc s liu v ta , s liu o c, ta xy dng c cc d liu khng gian - T cc s liu thng k, quan trc ta nhp vo d liu thuc tnh. 8
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Vic quyt nh nhp d liu khng gian hay thuc tnh trc ph thuc vo c im s liu hin c. iu quan trng l phi m bo mi lin kt gia hai thnh phn cho tng i tng * Lu : cc kt qu o c, quan trc, iu tra thc a c th c lu tr sn dng s (file trong ton c in t, file bng tnh. Khi ta c th chuyn trc tip cc file ny vo m khng cn g th cng. V d, MapInfo c th ly cc d liu thuc tnh c nh dng .XLS (Excel), .DBF (Foxbase), .MDB (Access), .TXT (vn bn ASCII) Cc gi tr , s liu thng k To

i tng khng gian

Gi tr thuc tnh

m bo mi lin kt
Hnh 1.4: M hnh nhp liu t d liu iu tra t thc t d. Ngun d liu vin thm D liu vin thm l d liu thu thp c t khang cch xa nh vin thm rt a dng v chng loi, phn gii, sng - nh my bay - nh v tinh Dng s (digital) Dng nh (hard copy)

Tu theo c im, phn giid liu vin thm c th c dng xy dng v cp nht d liu a l. c th a vo s dng, cn phi qua qu trnh x l nh, gii on nh. y l mt qu trnh i hi nhiu phng tin, kinh nghim. Tuy nhin, d liu vin thm rt c hiu qu cp nht nhanh, thung xuyn cc d liu trn pham vi rng. D liu vin thm X l nh D liu khng gian (raster)

Gii on nh

D liu thuc tnh

Hnh 1.5: M hnh nhp liu t ngun vin thm 4.2. Lu tr v qun l D liu trong GIS l mt dng d liu kh phc tp (c phn khng gian v phn thuc tnh, chia thnh nhiu layer theo ni dung) v thng c s lng ln. V vy, vic qun l d liu GIS l mt vn ln cn gii quyt. Cc d liu khng gian c th dng raster hay vector tu phn mm. i vi d liu thuc tnh th khuynh hng hin nay l dng m hnh quan h.

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

D liu khng gian

D liu thuc tnh

Vector

Raster

M hnh quan h

Hnh 1.6: M hnh lu tr v qun l d liu Ngi ta s dng nhiu phng thc qun l CSDL GIS khc nhau tu theo iu kin c th: . . . . Cc phn mm ng dng GIS truy xut d liu c lu tr trong cc tp tin d liu khng gian v phi khng gian. Cc phn mm ng dng GIS truy xut d liu t 2 CSDL ring l CSDL khng gian v CSDL thuc tnh S dng h qun tr CSDL thuc tnh c sn lm nng ct, pht trin thm phn qun l CSDL khng gian Ngay t u pht trin h qun tr CSDL c kh nng x l d liu khng gian v phi khng gian trong cng mt CSDL.

Phan mem ng dung Gis

Phan mem ng dung Gis

Phan mem ng dung Gis

Phan mem ng dung Gis

Phan mem cho quan ly d lieu khong gian

DBMS cho quan ly d lieu thuoc tnh

Phan m rong DBMS do ngi DBMS e cha d lieu khong gian dung thiet ke DBMS tren th trng

C s d lieu khong gian & thuoc tnh

C s d lieu khong gian

C s d lieu thuoc tnh

C s d lieu khong gian & thuoc tnh

C s d lieu khong gian & thuoc tnh

Hnh 1.7: M hnh cng c lu tr v qun l d liu 4.3. Phn tch d liu Chc nng phn tch khng gian l im c bit ca GIS, lm cho n khc vi nhiu h thng tin khc. Cc chc nng phn tch ca GIS rt nhiu v khc nhau. Ngi ta c th phn chia cc chc nng phn tch ca GIS :

10

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

- Theo kt qu t uc/ bi ton cn gii quyt (th hin, th hin mt , th hin cp phn cp, tm kim trong phm vi, xc nh bin ng) (kiu chia ca ESRI) -Theo i tng thao tc (d liu thuc tnh, d liu khng gian, d liu thuc tnh kt hp d liu khng gian)- (theo tc gi Stan Aronoff) -Theo nguyn l hot ng (php ln cn, php ni suy, php lin kt) Mt phn mm GIS c th m bo hoc khng bo m tt c cc chc nng phn tch. Hn na phn mm GIS thng ch cung cp cng c, lnh thao tc c th. Ngi s dng trc ht phi hiu r GIS c th lm c g (tc l GIS c th c cc chc nng phn tch g?), sau hiu r phn mm c th mnh dng c c cc chc nng/ lnh no gii quyt vic , sau l kt hp nhiu thao tc/ lnh khc nhau thc hin bi ton phn tch khng gian trong GIS Rt nhiu khi mt phn mm khng th p ng tt c cc yu cu, thao tc, ta s cn s dng phi hp cc cng c/ phn mm khc h tr mt giai on no i n kt qu mong mun (Mi phn mm thng c mt th mnh v hn ch ring). Ta cn lm g?

GIS lm c g? Phn mm ta dng c cc chc nng thc hin ?

Thao tc c th- Lm nh th no ? Hnh 1.8: Cch t bi ton cho GIS gii quyt Trong cc phn tip theo sau, ta s ln lt xem cc chc nng c bn ca GIS. Trong chng mc c th, ta xt c th xem chc nng y c c th ho trong MapInfo nh th no (qua v d). Vic vn dng MapInfo gii quyt cc bi ton tng hp phi l mt qu trnh di sau , khi ngi s dng bit r v s dng nhun nhuyn cc cng c/ cu lnh trong MapInfo. Ngi s dng s linh ng vn dng, kt hp cc lnh, thao tc c th i n kt qu mong mun. Cc chc nng phn tch c bn

Lm vic vi d liu khng gian

Cc chc nng x l d liu khng gian l nhng chc nng bin i d liu khng gian nh: - Chuyn i format (raster ho, vector ho, chuyn format gia cc phn mm). V d: d liu c xy dng trong phn mm ArcView c format .SHP, nu ta mun s dng trong MapInfo th phi thc hin chuyn i (cng c Universal Translator)

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Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

- Chuyn i hnh hc (cc php nn chnh v d nh nn nh theo im khng ch, dch chuyn ta ) - Chuyn i li chiu (chuyn i cc h ta , li chiu m bn s dng) - Hiu chnh hnh hc tng cc i tng (lm trn , rp bin..) - Nn chnh ta : a v ta ng (dng cc im khng ch, dch chuyn)(chuyn i hnh hc) - Xut ra mt phn mm trung gian (v d AutoCAD) ri import v vi yu cu chn li chiu (projection) thch hp. (chuyn i format + chuyn i li chiu)

Lm vic vi d liu thuc tnh

Cc d liu thuc tnh trong GIS thng c qun l theo m hnh quan h (dng bng). Ta c th thc hin cc x l, phn tch vi d liu thuc tnh ny nh lm vic vi mt c s d liu thng thng Chnh sa: * Chnh sa cu trc bng d liu * Chnh sa ni dung d liu thuc tnh Truy vn: * Truy vn n * Truy vn vi SQL

Lm vic vi d liu khng gian kt hp thuc tnh

Cc chc nng x l, phn tch d liu khng gian kt hp vi thuc tnh l mt im c bit ca GIS nh v hin th Thc hin cc php o c Phn loi hin th Cc php chng lp (Overlay) bao gm: php hp (Union), php giao (Intersect) v php ng nht (Identity). Tm kim trong phm vi Ni suy To vng m 4.4. Xut (trnh by) d liu Trnh by d liu Xut qua cc format khc (internet, bitmap) Xut in 5. M hnh d liu GIS C 3 cch m hnh d liu trong GIS: 12
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

- Modelling with vector data: m hnh d liu vector - Modelling with taster data: m hnh d liu raster - Modelling with triangulated data: m hnh TIN 5.1. M hnh d liu vector M hnh d liu vector xem cc s vt, hin tng l tp cc thc th khng gian c s v t hp ca chng. Trong m hnh 2D th cc thc th c s bao gm: im (point), ng (line), vng (polygon). Cc thc th s ng c hnh thnh trn c s cc vector hay ta ca cc im trong mt h trc ta no . Loi thc th c s c s dng ph thuc vo t l quan st hay mc khi qut. Vi bn c t l nh th thnh ph c biu din bng im (point), ng i, sng ngi c biu din bng ng (line). Khi t l thay i ko theo s thay i v thc th biu din. Thnh ph lc ny s c biu din bi vng c ng ranh gii. Khi t l ln hn, thnh ph c th c biu din bi tp cc thc th to nn cc i tng nh ca, ng s, cc trnh tin ch, Ni chung m hnh d liu vector s dng cc on thng hay cc im ri rc nhn bit cc v tr ca th gii thc. Trong m hnh vector ngi ta tru tng ho cc s vt hin tng v gi chng l cc feature (nh phn nh ngha mc 2.1). Cc feature c biu din bng cc i tng hnh hc: point, line, polygon. Cc biu din ny p dng cho nhng i tng n c hnh dng v ng bao c th. Trong cch biu din ny, ngi ta nh ngha: Feature: l mt i tng trn bn c hnh dng v v tr xc nh, c cc thuc tnh cng vi hnh vi c th. Feature Class: l mt tp cc feature c cng kiu tc l tp cc point, line, hay polygon. Cc feature class tng ng vi mt lp trn bn . Feature Dataset: l tp cc feature class hay tp hp cc lp trn cng mt h ta . Feature dataset tng ng vi mt bn . 5.1.1. Cc thnh phn d liu: Trong feature dataset, mi point c lu di mt ta n tng ng, line c lu di mt chui cc im c ta x, y cho trc, polygon c lu thnh mt tp cc im c ta x, y xc nh nhng on thng v ng kn. Points biu din cc feature khng c min bao hay di, nhiu khi n biu din cc feature c kch thc qu nh so vi t l ca bn .

Hnh 1.9:

Hnh 1.10:

13

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Lines dng biu din cc feature c chiu di xc nh nhng khng c min bao hay nhng feature rt hp so vi t l bn .

Hnh 1.11: Polygons c dng biu din cc feature c min bao xc nh: rung t, ao, h hay cc n v hnh chnh

Hnh 1.12:

5.1.2. Cc php ton phn tch khng gian trn m hnh Vector GIS cung cp rt nhiu php ton phn tch khng gian trn m hnh d liu vector. Cc php ton ny da trn c s so snh lgic tp cc i tng ny vi tp i tng khc. a. Buffer (hnh 1.13) Cho trc mt i tng v mt gi tr khong cch, php ton buffer s to ra mt vng m l mt polygon bao ph xung quanh tt c cc im m khong cch t chng n i tng nh hn hoc bng khong cch ra.

Hnh 1.13: Kt qu buffer

b. Difference (hnh 1.14) Cho trc hai i tng giao nhau l i tng c s v i tng so snh. Php ton difference s to ra mt i tng mi trong gi nguyn phn ca i tng c s khng nm trong i tng so snh.

Hnh 1.14: Kt qu Difference c. Clip (hnh 1.15) Cho trc mt i tng v mt hnh ch nht. Php ton clip s to ra mt i tng mi bng cch ct i tng u vo theo hnh ch nht. Hnh 1.15: Kt qu Clip
Phm Vn Thng

14

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

d. Intersect (hnh 1.16) Cho trc hai i tng. Php ton intersect s to ra mt i tng mi chnh l phn giao gia hai i tng.

Hnh 1.16: Kt qu Intersect e. Convex hull (hnh 1.17) Cho trc mt i tng, php ton convex hull s to ra mt i tng mi l mt polygon bng cch ni tt c cc im bin ca i tng . Ni cch khc, y l polygon nh nht bao kn i tng. Hnh 1.17: Kt qu Convex hull f. Symmetric difference (hnh 1.18) Php ton symmetric difference s tin hnh so snh v tr hai i tng v to ra mt i tng mi t hai i tng ban u v b i phn giao gia chng. g. Cut (hnh 1.19) Cho mt ng cong v mt i tng, php ton cut s tch i tng ny thnh hai phn na phi v na tri theo hng ca ng cong. Point v multipoint khng c p dng. Line v polygon phi ct ng cong. Hnh 1.18: Kt qu Symmetric difference

h. Union (hnh 1.20)

Hnh 1.19: Kt qu Cut

Php ton ny tin hnh so snh v tr tng i ca hai i tng v tr v mt i tng trn c s hp hai i tng ban u.

Hnh 1.20: Kt qu Union 15

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

M hnh d liu vector cho ta nhiu thao tc hn trn cc i tng so vi m hnh raster. Vic tnh din tch, o khong cch ca cc i tng c thc hin bng cc tnh ton hnh hc t ta ca cc i tng thay v vic tnh ton trn cc im nh ca m hnh raster. Cc thao tc trong m hnh ny ni chung thng chnh xc hn. Th d, tnh din tch, chu vi ca mt vng no trn c s a gic s chnh xc hn vic m cc im nh trn bn c cc php chiu khc nhau. Mt s thao tc m hnh ny cng thc hin nhanh hn nh tm ng i trong mng li giao thng da trn l thuyt th. Tuy nhin, mt s thao tc khc th m hnh ny s chm hn so vi m hnh raster, chng hn khi thc hin np chng cc lp ca bn , cc thao tc vng m. M hnh d liu vector hnh thnh trn c s quan st i tng ca th gii thc. Quan st cc c trng theo hng i tng l phng php t chc thng tin trong cc h GIS nh hng cc h thng qun tr CSDL. Chng ti u trong vic lu tr s liu bn v ch cn lu cc ng bin ca cc c trng m khng cn phi lu ton b vng ca chng. Do cc thnh phn ha biu din cc c trng ca bn lin kt trc tip vi cc thuc tnh ca CSDL nn ngi dng d dng tm kim v hin th cc thng tin t CSDL. 5.2. M hnh d liu raster M hnh raster biu din cc c trng a l bng cc im nh (pixel). D liu raster gn lin vi d liu dng nh hoc d liu c tnh lin tc cao. D liu raster c th biu din c rt nhiu cc i tng t hnh nh b mt t n nh chp t v tinh, nh qut v nh chp. nh dng d liu raster Hnh 1.21 rt n gin nhng h tr rt nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau. 5.2.1. Ngun d liu raster nh chp t v tinh, nh chp t my bay, nh qut, nh chp. Trong nh chp t v tinh l cch ly d liu tn km nht nhng li c ngha to ln trong vic nghin cu tnh hnh bin i ca cc s vt trn tri t theo thi gian. nh chp t my bay gip ta v bn mt cch chi tit.

Hnh 1.22:

Hnh 1.23:

16

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Ngoi ra ta cn raster cn c th c to ra bng cch chuyn i t nhiu ngun d liu khc nh vector hay TIN. 5.2.2. Cc thnh phn d liu Raster c to nn bi mt mng 2 chiu cc im nh hay cell. Cell l mt n v ng nht biu din mt vng xc nh trn tri t. Cc cell u c cng kch thc. Gc ta ca h c t ti cell nm ti nh gc tri. Mi cell c xc nh bi ch s dng v ch s ct, ng thi n cha mt s

Hnh 1.24:

nguyn (hoc s thc) biu din kiu hay gi tr thuc tnh xut hin trn bn . Kch thc ca cell trong raster ph thuc nhiu vo phn gii d liu. Cell phi c kch thc nh c th thu thp c chi tit d liu, nhng cng phi c kch thc ln c th phn tch d liu mt cch thun tin. Gi tr ca cell s nh ngha cc nhm, lp ti v tr ca cell. Cell ti nhng im c cng mt gi tr xc nh mt vng, min. Cc cell trong cng mt min khng cn phi lin kt vi nhau. Khi mt s nguyn c ch nh cho mt tp cc cell, th s nguyn ny c th l m phn bit gia cc nhm cell. iu ny to nn mt quan h mt - nhiu gia m v cc cell c cng gi tr. V d cc cell c gi tr l 400 c gn m l 4, cc cell c gi tr 500 c gn m l 5. M ny c th xut hin nhiu ln trong raster, nhng ch xut hin mt ln trong bng gi tr thuc tnh (hnh 1.24). Bng ny lu cc gi tr thuc tnh cho m, iu ny gip vic cp nht n gin hn. Mt thay i nh ca gi tr thuc tnh s lm thay i cch th hin ca hng trm i tng trn bn . Mi cell trong mt raster u c mt gi tr. Gi tr ny biu din mt trong bn kiu d liu sau: - Nominal (bin tn): mt gi tr thuc kiu d liu nominal s xc nh mt thc th t mt thc th khc. Nhng gi tr ny c phn loi to thnh cc nhm. Trong mi nhm, thc th a l s lin kt vi cell ti v tr ca cell . Nominal c dng trong rt nhiu kiu m nh m s dng t, kiu t trng. - Ordinal (bin th t): mt gi tr thuc d liu ordinal s xc nh v tr ca mt thc th so vi cc thc th khc nh thc th c t v tr th nht, th hai, hoc th ba. Nhng cc gi tr ny khng thit lp t l tng quan gia cc thc th. Chng ta khng th suy lun c thc th ny ln hn, cao hn hay nng hn thc th khc bao nhiu - Interval (bin thi gian): mt gi tr thuc d liu interval biu din mt php o trn mt t l nh thi gian trong ngy. Nhng gi tr ny nm trn mt t l xc nh v khng lin h vi mt im thc no. - Ratio (bin t l): mt gi tr thuc kiu ratio c th biu din mt php o trn mt t l vi mt im c nh v mang ngha. 17
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

5.2.3. Biu din Point, Line v Polygon trong raster Trong cu trc d liu raster, point c th c biu din bng mt cell. Line c biu din bi mt tp cc cell c hng xc nh, rng ca line bng chiu rng ca mt cell. Polygon c biu din bi mt dy cc cell nm k st nhau.

Hnh 1.25: Mc d ta c th xc nh cc point, line v polygon trong raster mt cch trc quan, nhng nu ta mun tng tc vi cc i tng ny hiu qu, cch tt nht l ta chuyn i chng t d liu raster sang d liu vector. S chuyn i ny gi l vector ho.

Hnh 1.26: Trn hnh v ta thy mt qu trnh chuyn i d liu t raster sang vector. phn gii ca nh chp s nh hng rt nhiu n chnh xc ca d liu vector. 5.3. Chuyn i c s d liu dng vector v raster Vic chn la cu trc d liu di dng vector hoc raster ty thuc vo yu cu ca ngi s dng. i vi h thng vector, th d liu c lu tr s chim din tch nh hn rt nhiu so vi h thng raster, ng thi cc ng contour s chnh xc hn h thng raster. Ngoi ra cng tu vo phn mm my tnh ang s dng m n cho php nn lu tr d liu di dng vector hay raster. Tuy nhin i vi vic s dng nh v tinh trong GIS th nht thit phi s dng di dng raster. Mt s cng c phn tch ca GIS ph thuc cht ch vo m hnh d liu raster, do vy n i hi qu trnh bin i m hnh d liu vector sang d liu raster, hay cn gi l raster ho. Bin i t raster sang m hnh vector, hay cn gi l vector ho, c bit cn thit khi t ng qut nh. Raster ho l tin trnh chia ng hay vng thnh cc vung (pixcel). Ngc li, vector ho l tp hp cc pixcel to thnh ng hay vng. Nu d liu raster khng c cu trc tt, th d nh v tinh th vic nhn dng i tng s rt phc tp. Nhim v bin i vector sang raster l tm tp hp cc pixel trong khng gian raster trng khp vi v tr ca im, ng, ng cong hay a gic trong biu din vector. Tng qut, tin trnh bin i l tin trnh xp x v vi vng khng gian cho trc th m hnh raster s ch c kh nng a ch ho cc v tr ta nguyn. Trong m hnh vector, chnh xc ca im cui vector c gii hn bi mt h thng ta bn cn v tr khc ca on thng c xc nh bi hm ton hc.

18

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Hnh 1.27: S chuyn i d liu gia raster v vector (Ngun : Tor Bernhardsen, 1992) 5.4. Thun li v bt li ca h thng d liu raster v vector Thun liM hnh RasterM hnh Vector- Cau truc d lieu n gian - Chong cac lp de dang, n gian - The hien bien oi khong gian de dang, n gian - Thao tac nhap lieu n gian, de thc hien cac thao tac x ly, nang cao chat lng anh - Thch hp vi d lieu anh vien tham, anh quet- D lieu co ong hn, chiem t bo nh - Hu hieu, thuan li trong cac bai toan phan tch khong gian - V tr oi tng c xac nh ro rang, chnh xac - Hnh xuat ra giong ban o ve, de x ly bang tayBt liM hnh RasterM hnh Vector- D lieu chiem nhieu bo nh - Kho dien at quan he khong gian topology - Hien th o hoa kho nhn hn (phu thuoc o phan giai)- Cau truc d lieu phc tap hn - Chc nang chong lp thc hien phc tap hn 19
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

5. 5. M hnh TIN Cc ng dng m hnh ho a hnh i hi phng php biu din cao so vi b mt nc bin. C rt nhiu m hnh biu din b mt thc hin cng vic ny, trong m hnh li tam gic khng u - gi tt l m hnh TIN c nh gi l hiu qu nht TIN c kh nng biu din b mt lin tc t nhng tp hp im ri rc. V mt hnh hc, TIN l tp cc im c ni vi nhau thnh cc tam gic. Hnh 1.28: Cc tam gic ny hnh thnh nn b mt 3 chiu. Cc im c lu tr cng vi gi tr gc chiu ca chng. Cc im ny khng cn phi phn b theo mt khun mu no v mt phn b cng c th thay i cc vng khc nhau. Mt im bt k thuc vng biu din s nm trn nh, cnh hoc trong mt tam gic ca li tam gic. Nu mt im khng phi l nh th gi tr hnh chiu ca n c c t php ni suy tuyn tnh (ca hai im khc nu im ny nm trn cnh hoc ca ba im nu im ny nm trong tam gic). V th m hnh TIN l m hnh tuyn tnh trong khng gian 3 chiu c th c hnh dung nh s kt ni n gin ca mt tp hp cc tam gic. Ta c th lu tr s ca TIN bng danh sch lin kt i hoc cu trc t phn. C hai phng php ny u m t cu trc hnh hc t p ca bn chia nh. S m t ny chp nhn tt c cc thao tc duyt cn thit t hiu qu. Trong m hnh TIN ta c th xy dng m hnh cu trc mng gii quyt cc bi ton v m t ng, v n l mt trng hp c bit ca bn chia nh.

Hnh 1.29: 20
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

ng i ny c lu vo khng gian nh trong mi tam gic t, cnh e v nh v s c mt bn ghi m t c trng ca chng. Bn ghi ca tam gic t c 3 trng con tr. Cc con tr ny tr n cc bn ghi ca cc cnh gn lin vi t. Bn ghi m t cnh e c 4 trng con tr, trong 2 con tr tr n hai tam gic gn lin vi n cn hai con tr khc tr n hai nh to nn n. Bn ghi ca nh v c ba trng lu gi tr, l ta x, y v gi tr hnh chiu ca n. Cc thnh phn ca TIN M hnh TIN c th biu din: point, line, polygon.

Hnh 1.30: Breaklines: l cc on thng ni vi nhau m b mt ca a hnh c s thay i t ngt. Exclusion area: biu din cc b mt c cng cao. Project boundary: c th tch b mt ra ngoi mt vng no . Vic ny rt quan trng trong tnh ton gi tr. Phng php xy dng TIN t mt tp cc im Bc 1: thu thp cc im cng vi ta x, y, z ca chng bng cc thit b chp, h thng GPS Thu thp cc ng breakline biu din khu vc m hnh dng b mt thay i t ngt. Xc nh cc min c cng cao so vi mt nc bin gi l Exclusion area. Bc 2: t cc d liu v im v ng trn, phn mm GIS s to ra mt mng cc tam gic ti u nht, tc l cc tam gic trong mng cng u cng tt. Hnh 1.31: M hnh phn b im ca TIN Bc 3: mi tam gic ta coi l mt b mt vi dc xc nh.

21

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Hnh 1.32: B mt im ca TIN Theo cch xy dng ny, ta c th tnh ton c cao (so vi mt bin) ti mt im c ta x, y bt k bng cch xc nh v tr tam gic u tin sau ni suy theo chiu cao ca n. M hnh TIN rt hiu qu trong xy dng b mt. Mt ca im trn b mt t l vi bin i ca a hnh. Nhng b mt bng phng tng ng vi mt im thp v nhng a hnh i ni c mt im cao. Phng php xy dng TIN t cc i tng hnh hc c bn Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cch xy dng TIN t point, breakline v polygon.

Hnh 1.33: M hnh TIN cc dng i tng 22

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Hin th b mt trong TIN C nhiu cch m t trc quan b mt trong TIN. Ta c th ng dng TIN trn bn 2 chiu trong ta dng mu sc th hin: cao, dc, hng. hin th 3 chiu, ta dng cc phn mm h tr nh ArcInfor ca ESRI. Phn mm cho php ta nhn cc b mt nhiu gc nhn khc nhau vi cc hnh nh, ng mc c gp thnh cc np. 6. H ta a l v h ta quy chiu V tr ca vt th trong khng gian u phi gn lin vi mt h ta . Trong GIS, biu din d liu khng gian ngi ta thng dng 2 h ta : h ta a l v h ta quy chiu. H ta a l l h ta ly mt cu ba chiu bao quanh tri t lm c s. Mt im c xc nh bng kinh v v ca n trn mt cu. H ta quy chiu l h ta hai chiu thu c bng cch chiu d liu bn nm trn h ta a l v mt mt phng. 6.1. H ta a l H ta a l s dng b mt hnh cu xc nh v tr ca mt im trn tri t. n v o ca h l . V y l h ta gn lin vi trc tri t nn xc nh v tr ca i tng ngi ta chia b mt tri t thnh cc ng kinh tuyn v v tuyn. Kinh tuyn l cc ng cong cch u nhau chy qua hai im cc Bc v Nam, v tuyn l cc ng trn song song c tm nm trn trc ca tri t. Giao im gia kinh tuyn v v tuyn to thnh cc li. Trong s cc kinh tuyn v v tuyn c hai ng quan trng nht c ly lm gc ta l: v tuyn c bn knh ln nht - chnh l ng xch o v kinh tuyn chy qua vng Greenland nc Anh. Giao im gia hai ng ny l gc ta . Hai ng ny cng ng thi chia tri t lm 4 phn bng nhau: na Bc v Nam nm pha trn v di ca ng xch o; na ng v Ty nm pha bn phi v tri ca kinh tuyn gc. Mt im nm trn mt cu s c hai gi tr ta l kinh v v c xc nh nh trong hnh v trn. Gi tr ny c th c o bng theo c s 10 hoc theo , pht, giy. Min gi tr ca v : -900 900 Kinh : -1800 1800 Ch : ch trn ng xch o th khong cch mt ca v tuyn mi bng khong cch mt trn kinh tuyn. Trn cc v tuyn khc khong cch ny khc nhau rt nhiu. Ngi ta tnh rng mt trn kinh tuyn di khong 111,321 km trong khi 600 23

Hnh 1.34: H ta a l (trc quan)

Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

trn v tuyn ch c di 55,802 km. Chnh v s khc nhau ny nn ta khng th o chnh xc c chiu di v din tch ca i tng khi d liu bn c chiu ln mt phng. Mt cu v mt Ellipsoid Trong h ta a l c hai b mt hnh cu c s dng l: mt cu (tuyt i) v mt Ellipsoid. V b mt ca tri t ca ta khng phi l hnh cu tuyt i m n gn vi hnh Ellipsoid nn mt Ellipsoid thng c dng biu din. Tuy nhin i khi ngi ta cng s dng mt cu cng vic tnh ton d dng hn. Khi t ln bn rt nh < 1:500.000, t l ny s khc bit gia d liu biu din bng mt cu v mt Ellipsoid l khng th phn bit c bng mt thng. Lc ny, mt cu c dng. Nhng khi t l > 1:1.000.000 th ngi ta cn thit phi dng mt Ellipsoid m bo chnh xc. Do , vic la chn mt cu hay mt Ellipsoid ph thuc vo mc ch ca bn v chnh xc d liu. Hnh 1.35: H mt cu v mt Elipsoid Nu mt cu da trn hnh trn th mt Ellipsoid li c c s l hnh Ellip. Hnh Ellip c xc nh bi hai bn trc m ta hay gi l: bn trc ln v bn trc nh. Ta cho Ellip xoay quanh bn trc nh ta s thu c hnh Ellipsoid. Kch thc v hnh dng ca Ellipsoid c xc nh bi bn trc ln a v bn trc nh b, hay bi a v h s dt f. f = (a - b) / a. V h s f rt nh nn ngi ta thng dng gi tr 1/f a = 6378137.0 m 1/f = 298.25722563 6.2. H ta quy chiu thun tin cho s dng ngi ta phi nghin cu cch th hin b mt tri t ln trn mt phng ca bn . Do phi thc hin php chiu b mt cong ca tri t ln mt phng v h ta quy chiu ra i. H ta ny lun ly h ta a l lm c s. H ta quy chiu c c trng bi hai trc x theo phng ngang v y theo phng thng ng. Gc ta l giao im ca hai trc Hnh 1.36: Mt phng h ta quy chiu

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Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

ny. Hai trc giao nhau ng thi chia mt phng lm 4 phn tng ng vi 4 phn trong h ta a l. Mt im trn mt c xc nh c xc nh bi cp gi tr (x, y). C rt nhiu php chiu b mt cong ca tri t ln mt phng song v c bn ta c th hiu nh sau. Ly mt mnh ba cun xung quanh b mt cu trong h ta a l theo mt hnh tr ng. T tm ca b mt cong ta v cc tia ct cc im giao gia kinh tuyn v v tuyn, ng thi ko di ct mt tr. Thc cht ca vic ny l chiu cc li ln b mt phng. M t ba ra ta c kt qu ca php chiu. Nhn vo tm ba ta nhn thy, cc li thay i kh nhiu (bin dng), co li hoc dn ra. Cng xa ng xch o th s bin dng cng ln. iu ny gy nn s thay i v hnh dng, kch thc, khong cch ca d liu khng gian.

Hnh 1.37: Minh ha cch chiu b mt cong ln mt phng Sau ngi ta dng cc cng thc ton hc tng ng ta ca b mt cong ln ta mt phng chiu. Cc php chiu khc nhau gy ra cc bin dng bn khc nhau nn vic s dng php chiu no l da vo mc ch ca bn v chnh xc ca d liu. Cc php chiu c bn: Trong phn ny ta s tm hiu ba php chiu c bn v thng c s dng nht l php chiu vi mt chiu: mt hnh nn, mt hnh tr v mt phng phng v. Bc u tin khi tin hnh php chiu ny l to ra mt hay mt tp cc im tip xc. Cc im tip xc ny c gi l cc tip im hay l tip tuyn (trong trng hp l ng thng). Cc im ny c vai tr rt quan trng, v bin dng ca php chiu trn nhng im ny bng khng. bin dng s tng khi khong cch gia im chiu v im tip xc tng. 25
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Mt hnh nn thc hin php chiu ny ngi ta cho dng mt mt hnh nn p ln b mt cu. ng thng tip xc gia mt nn v mt cu l mt v tuyn v c gi l v tuyn chun. Cc ng kinh tuyn sau khi chiu mt nn s thnh nhng ng thng ng, cc ng v tuyn s to thnh nhng ng trn. Sau khi thc hin php chiu, ngi ta s ct hnh nn dc theo mt kinh tuyn bt k, lc ny ta s c kt qu ca php chiu trn b mt nn. S giao nhau gia nhng ng thng v cung trn s to nn mt mt li. ng thng i din vi ng ct c gi l kinh tuyn trung tm. Cng xa v tuyn chun bin dng cng tng. Do tng chnh xc ngi ta ct b phn nh ca mt nn hay ta khng tin hnh chiu ln vng ny. Php chiu ny thng c dng cho vic chiu cc vng c cc v tuyn trung bnh chy qua v hng theo chiu ng - ty.

Hnh 1.38: Mt chiu hnh nn Mt hnh tr Ging nh php chiu mt nn, php chiu ny cng c mt ng thng tip tuyn. Khi s dng mt tr, ngi ta phn lm 3 loi tu thuc vo v tr tng i ca mt tr so vi mt cu: Hnh tr c t theo phng thng ng v tip xc vi mt cu theo mt v tuyn, thng l ng xch o. Gi l php chiu Mercator. Hnh tr c t theo phng nm ngang, ng thng tip xc l mt kinh tuyn. Gi l php chiu Transverse. Hnh tr t xin v tip xc vi mt cu theo mt ng trn c bn knh ln nht (bng vi bn knh ng xnh o). Gi l php chiu Oblique. Php chiu thng c s dng nht l Mercator. Trong php chiu ny, cc ng kinh tuyn s c chiu thnh nhng ng thng ng cch u nhau, cc ng v tuyn s tr thnh nhng ng nm ngang khong cch khng u nhau; tng dn v pha hai cc. Do bin dng s tng dn v pha hai cc. Sau khi thc hin php chiu, ngi ta s ct mt hnh tr dc theo mt kinh tuyn, tri ra trn mt phng ta s thu c kt qu. 26
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Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

Hnh 1.39: Mt chiu hnh tr Mt phng phng v L php chiu d liu bn ln mt mt phng tip xc vi mt cu. im tip xc ny c th l: nm ti hai cc, ti ng xch o, hoc ti mt v tr bt k nm gia. V tr ca im tip xc cho ta bit v tr tng i ca mt phng chiu vi mt cu v to nn ba kiu chiu khc nhau: polar, equatorial v oblique.

Hnh 1.40: Cc v tr ca mt phng phng v Mt phng chiu tip xc vi cc ca mt cu l kiu chiu n gin nht v cng hay dng nht. Trong php chiu ny, cc ng kinh tuyn s c chiu thnh mt chm ng thng giao nhau im cc, v tuyn l cc ng trn c cng tm l cc ca mt cu. Gc gia cc ng kinh tuyn c bo tn. 7. ng dng GIS vo mt s lnh vc V GIS c thit k nh mt h thng chung qun l d liu khng gian, n c rt nhiu ng dng trong vic pht trin th v mi trng t nhin nh l: quy hoch th, qun l nhn lc, nng nghip, iu hnh h thng cng ch, l trnh, nhn khu, bn , gim st vng bin, cu ho v bnh tt. Trong phn ln cc lnh vc ny, GIS ng vai tr nh l mt cng c h tr quyt nh cho vic lp k hoch hot ng. Khai thc Thy sn Trong lnh vc ny GIS gp phn gip cc nh qun l nh lng v quy hoch c bn cng, cng c, khu neo u tu c hay s lng tu ph hp vi ng trng v a phng. GIS gip gim st tu c hot ng trn bin v h tr thng tin 27
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

cho tu c chy trnh bo nhanh chng, chnh xc. Ngoi ra, GIS cn gip chng ta d bo c s di c ca c, d bo c ma v v vng khai thc cho tng i tng. Chng ta cn c th s dng GIS qun l cc khu bo tn bin, qun l h sinh thi ven bin, xy dng h thng qun l v nh gi ngh c, GIS cn h tr qun l ngun li v a dng sinh hc bin. Mi trng Theo nhng chuyn gia GIS kinh nghim nht th c rt nhiu ng dng pht trin trong nhng t chc quan tm n mi trng. Vi mc n gin nht th ngi dng s dng GIS nh gi mi trng, v d nh v tr v thuc tnh ca cy rng. ng dng GIS vi mc phc tp hn l dng kh nng phn tch ca GIS m hnh ha cc tin trnh xi mn t s lan truyn nhim trong mi trng kh hay nc, hoc s phn ng ca mt lu vc sng di s nh hng ca mt trn ma ln. Nu nhng d liu thu thp gn lin vi i tng vng v ng dng s dng cc chc nng phn tch phc tp th m hnh d liu dng nh (raster) c khuynh hng chim u th. Kh tng thu vn Trong lnh vc ny GIS c dng nh l mt h thng p ng nhanh, phc v chng thin tai nh l qut vng h lu, xc nh tm bo, d on cc lung chy, xc nh mc ngp lt, t a ra cc bin php phng chng kp thi... v nhng ng dng ny mang tnh phn tch phc tp nn m hnh d liu khng gian dng nh (raster) chim u th. Nng nghip Nhng ng dng c trng: Gim st thu hoch, qun l s dng t, d bo v hng ho, nghin cu v t trng, k hoch ti tiu, kim tra ngun nc. Dch v ti chnh GIS c s dng trong lnh vc dch v ti chnh tng t nh l mt ng dng n l. N tng c p dng cho vic xc nh v tr nhng chi nhnh mi ca Ngn hng. Hin nay vic s dng GIS ang tng ln trong lnh vc ny, n l mt cng c nh gi ri ro v mc ch bo him, xc nh vi chnh xc cao hn nhng khu vc c ri ro ln nht hay thp nht. Lnh vc ny i hi nhng d liu c s khc nhau nh l hnh thc vi phm lut php, a cht hc, thi tit v gi tr ti sn. Y t Ngoi tr nhng ng dng nh ga, qun l m GIS hay c dng, GIS cn c th p dng trong lnh vc y t. V d nh, n ch ra c l trnh nhanh nht gia v tr hin ti ca xe cp cu v bnh nhn cn cp cu, da trn c s d liu giao thng. GIS cng c th c s dng nh l mt cng c nghin cu dch bnh phn tch nguyn nhn bc pht v ly lan bnh tt trong cng ng. Chnh quyn a phng Chnh quyn a phng l mt trong nhng lnh vc ng dng rng ln nht ca GIS, bi v y l mt t chc s dng d liu khng gian nhiu nht. Tt c cc c quan ca chnh quyn a phng c th c li t GIS. GIS c th c s dng trong vic tm kim v qun l tha t, thay th cho vic h s giy t hin hnh. Nh 28
Phm Vn Thng

Chng 1: Nhng kin thc c bn v GIS

cm quyn a phng cng c th s dng GIS trong vic bo dng nh ca v ng giao thng. GIS cn c s dng trong cc trung tm iu khin v qun l cc tnh hung khn cp. Bn l v phn phi Phn ln siu th vng ngoi c xc nh v tr vi s tr gip ca GIS. GIS thng lu tr nhng d liu v kinh t-x hi ca khch hng trong mt vng no . Mt vng thch hp cho vic xy dng mt siu th c th c tnh ton bi thi gian i n siu th, v m hnh ho nh hng ca nhng siu th cnh tranh. GIS cng c dng cho vic qun l ti sn v tm ng phn phi hng ngn nht. Giao thng GIS c kh nng ng dng ng k trong lnh vc vn ti. Vic lp k hoch v duy tr c s h tng giao thng r rng l mt ng dng thit thc, nhng gi y c s quan tm n mt lnh vc mi l ng dng nh v trong vn ti hng hi, v hi in t. Loi hnh c trng ny i hi s h tr ca GIS. Cc ngnh in, nc, gas, in thoi... Nhng cng ty trong lnh vc ny l nhng ngi dng GIS linh hot nht, GIS c dng xy dng nhng c s d liu l ci thng l nhn t ca chin lc cng ngh thng tin ca cc cng ty trong lnh vc ny. D liu vecto thng c dng trong cc lnh vc ny. nhng ng dng ln nht trong lnh vc ny l Automated Mapping v Facility Management (AM-FM). AM-FM c dng qun l cc c im v v tr ca cc cp, valve... Nhng ng dng ny i hi nhng bn s vi chnh xc cao. Mt t chc d c nhim v l lp k hoch v bo dng mng li vn chuyn hay l cung cp cc dch v v nhn lc, h tr cho cc chng trnh an ton cng cng v h tr trong cc trng hp khn cp, hoc bo v mi trng, th cng ngh GIS lun ng vai tr ct yu bng cch gip cho vic qun l v s dng thng tin a l mt cch hiu qu nhm p ng cc yu cu hot ng v mc ch chng trnh ca t chc .

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Phm Vn Thng