International Library of Psychology Philosophy and Scientific Method Contributions to Analytical PsychologyInternational Library of Psychology, Philosophy, and Scientific Method GENERAL EDITOR—C. K. OGDEN, M.A. (Magdalene College, Cambridge) Putosormtcat Stupms. 5 by G. E, Moore, Litt.D. Tue Misuse of Minp) st A Karin STEPHEN Conruict aNpDream* 2) | by W. H.R. Rivers, ERS. Tracratus Locico-PitLosor#icus . | by L. Wirrcensren Psycuowocicar Tyess*. se 1 byC.G. Juno, M.D. Scienmimic Taoucnt® +) by C.D. Broan, Litt. Tue Meanie or Mraninc 2 Oopen and I, A. Ricuarps Inptvipuat Psycotocy . by ALFRED ADLER Specutations (Preface by Jacch Epstein) ._ by T. E, Hutue ‘Tur PsycHoLoGy or REASONING* . by Evcenio RIGNANO Tue Pumosoeny or “As Ir” by H. Varmncer Tue Nature oF INTELLIGENCE by L, L. THurstowe gece 9 TELEPATHY AND CLAIRVOYANCE —. . « by R. TiscHner Tus Growra oF THz Minp® . . + by K, Korrxa Tre Mentatity oF Apes a . «by W. Koner Psycuotocy oF Revicrous Mysticism. by J. H. Leusa Tus Puitosoruy or Muste Paixcrpues or LITERARY Criticisit Metariysica, Founparions oF Science Troucut AND THE Brain® 5. Puysigue AND CHARACTER® PsycuoLocy or Emotion: . PROBLEMS OF PERSONALITY . ‘Tue History oF MATERIALISM Prrsonauity* : Epucationat Psycuotocy* | Lancuacg anp THouGHT oF THE CHILD* ‘Sex AnD REPRESSION IN SAVAGE SOCIETY COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY =. CHARACTER AND THE UNcoNscious* SoctaL Lire in THe ANtMaL WoRLD How Animais Fino tHetR Way AsouT by W. Pous, F.RS. by I. A. RicHARDS by E. A. Burtr, Ph.D. by H. Pitron by Exwasr Mnerccrnee by J.T. MacCurpy, M.D. in honour of Morton Prince + by F. A. Lance ‘ R.G. Gorvon, M.D. + by CHARLES Fox 7 by J. Pracer by B. Mauinowskt, D.Sc. by P. Masson-OurseL « by J. H. van DER Hoop +. + by FLAtverpes by E. Rasaup Tue Socitinsects . . et by W. Morton WHEELER Turorertcat Biowocy |) lt by J. von Urxkunt Possisuity® ce ‘Scorr BucHANAN ‘Tue TECHNIQUE OF Controversy . . by B. B. Bocostovsxy Tue Syuporic Process. 5 st + by JF. Markey PourticaL PLURAL : by K.C. Hsta0 by Liane Cur-Cuao by W. M. Manstox History or CHINESE PoLiricat Tuovont InrecRative Psycuotocy* . + Pato’s Tueory or Ermics + byR.C. Lovce Hisrorica Intropucrion To MopERN Povcnovocy” 1 by G. Murpuy Creative IMAGINATION. =. se by June E. Downey Covour ax Corour THzorirs CuristiNé LADD-FRANKLIN Brovoctea Privcteuzs. . + + by J, H, Woopcer Tue TRauMA oF Brett . ‘Tre Statistical METHOD IN Economics Tue Art oF INTERROGATION . |. ‘Tne Growru or Reason 5 Howan Sptzcu by Orto Rank by P. S. Florence by E.R. Hawittow by FRANK Lorimer by Sir Ricuard Pacer FOUNDATIONS oF GEOMETRY AND INDUCTION : ww Nicop ‘Tux MewraL DeveLorMenr oF THE CHILD ae K. Buacer Eweric IMacERY : : + tp ER Jaanscu ‘Tux Founpations or Maruemarics +. by BB Rawsey ‘Tus Putosoriy op THe Unconscious by E. von Haxtuaxn Quruines or Greex Puiosopuy - | byE. Zerier Tue PsvcHoLocy oF CHiLpREN’s DRAWINGS by Hutca Enc by Jerkuy BentHaw by S. ZockERMAN by B.A. KIRKPATRICK dy E. A. WesterMaRck « by Bruno PErerMann _ by K. Vossier Tue Tuzory or Lecistation =. ‘Tae Soctat Lire or Monkeys ‘SctENcES OF Man 1x THE Maxino Ermicay Retativiry . ‘Tue Gestatt THrory +: ‘Tue Spit oF Lancuace + Tue Nature or Learninc * 1 by Gronce Huwpnzxy ‘Tue Ipivipuat AND THE Communrry by Wan Kwet Ltao Crmmz, Law, AND SociAL SCIENCE. . by JEROME MICHAEL and M. J. ADLER Dynamic SoctaL RESEARCH . by J. J. Hapen and E; C Lnepewax Srezcu Disorpers oe by S. M, Stincurraty Te Nature or MATHEMATICS =| by Max Brack ‘Tue NevRAL BAsis oF THouGHT by G. G. Campion” Sir Grarron ELtiot Suit Law ann Socran Sciences.» by HUNTINGTON Carrns Piato’s THEory of KNowLeoce* . 9. |. by FM, CoRNFORD InFANr SPEECH poof ff by MM. Lewis AN ExamiNation or Locicat Posrrivism. | |. by J. R. Watnaara Ipgo.ocy anp Urorra oe ‘KARL Mannan Logican Syntax orLancuace 5 5 StL Rupour CaRNaP Communication. G66 oe Kart BRrirrox Cuaries Peirce’s Empreicisut =. 2 + by Justus Bucuier Tue Cup's Discovery or DEATH - by SyLVIA ANTHONY ‘Asterisks denote that other books by the same author are included in the series.Contributions to Analytical Psychology By C..G. JUNG Translated by H. G. and Cary F. BAYNES LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Lrp. BROADWAY HOUSE, 68-74 CARTER LANE, E.C.4First Published 1928 Reprinted Fuly 1942 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY LUND HUMPHRIES LONDON BRADFORDCONTENTS PAGE On PsycuicaL ENERGY . . . 7 . : iz I. General discussion of the ee view-point in psychology . (a) Introduction . . I (b) The possibility of measurement of payehic quantity . 4 1. The subjective system of values . 7 2,, The, objective measure of quantity . 9 II. The application of the energic standpoint. fae (a) The psychological theory of enerey le (6) The conservation of energy . - (c) Entropy : : ag: (@) ‘ Energism’ and dynamism . 30) III. The furldamental concepts of the ibidetheory 34 (@) Progression and regression : ca ga (6) Extraversion and introversion . . » 44 (c) The transformation of libido. . +. 45 (@) Symbol-making . : : : 50. IV. The primitive concept of libido . : : + 7° SPIRIT AND LIFE . ‘ . 5 : 7 gy Published in Form und Sinn, Augsburg, November, 1926. MIND AND THE EaRTH . : : 7 - 99 Published in Die: Erdbedingtheit dey Seele. Contribution to Count Keyserling’s symposium on Mensch und Erde. Otto Reichl, Darmstadt, 1927. ANALYTICAL PsyCHOLOGY AND WezranscHauunG . I4I A lecture delivered in Karlsruhe, 1927. Woman in EvuroPe e . : e - 164 Published in Europdische Revue, oa 1927. MarriaGE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP . - 89 vvi CONTENTS Tue Love-PROBLEM OF THE STUDENT Lecture delivered to students of the University of Zurich, 1924. On THE Revation OF ANALYTICAL PsycHOLOGY TO Portic ART. . . - : : A paper read before the Gesellschaft fiir deutsche Sprache und Literatur, in Zurich, May, 1922. English transla- tion in British Journal of Psychology (Medical Section), v. iii, pt. 3, 1923. Published in Count Keyserling’s Ehebuch. Niels Kamp- mann, Heidelberg, 1925. English version: Harcourt, Brace and Co., New York. London: Jonathan Cape, Ltd. : THE PsycHoLocicaL FOUNDATIONS OF BELIEF IN SPIRITS Read at a General Meeting of The Society for Psychical Research on 4th July, rgr9. (Published in the Pro- ceedings of the Society, pt. Ixxix, v. 31.) . InsTINCT AND THE UNCONSCIOUS. 7 . A contribution to the Symposium presented at the Joint Meeting of the British Psychological Society, the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, in London, 12th July, 1919. (Published in British Journal of Psychology, v. x, No. 1, 1919.) THE QUESTION OF THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF “ ABREACTION’ . Published in The British Journal of Psychology (Medical Section), vol. ii, pt. i, October, rg2r. PsycHOLOGICAL TYPES. : : : Lecture given at the International Congress of Education at Territet, 1923. Contribution to a symposium entitled Problems of Personality on the occasion of Professor Morton Prince’s 60th birthday. London: Kegan Paul & Co. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. PAGE 204 225 270 282 295CONTENTS ANALYTICAL PsycHOLOGY AND EpucaTION : Lecture I given at the International Congress of Educa- tion at Territet, 1923. . . . . : Lecture II. do. London, 1924 - Lecture III. do. London, 1924 Lecture IV. do. London, 1924. (Lectures II, III, and IV published in German under the title Analytische Psychologie und Erziehung, Niels Kampmann, Heidelberg, 1926.) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNconscious IN INDI- VIDUAL EDUCATION . . 7 . : : Lecture given at the International Congress of Education at Heidelberg, 1925. INDEX . 7 : 7 7 7 7 7 : vii PAGE 313 313 329 343 362 383 403TRANSLATORS’ FOREWORD On a few brief lines of explanation and editorial acknowledgment are necessary in launching this second English collection of Dr Jung’s essays. The first paper in the book, ‘‘ On Psychical Energy,” was framed soon after the author had finished the Psychology of the Unconscious. It was, however, pressed aside by the greater importance of the type-problem. The author’s brilliant study on psychological types intervened, and this paper, originally entitled “‘ The Theory of the Libido ”, was taken up again only last summer. It is a work of the first importance, and readers who have suffered fatigue in the restricted purlieus of psycho- analytical literature will feel again in this paper the exhilaration of a wide scientific horizon. The papers immediately following this essay, namely “Spirit and Life, Mind and the Earth”, “ Analytical Psychology and ‘Weltanschauung’”, and “‘ Woman, in Europe”, represent Jung’s latest work, and they all reveal how far his psychological outlook has extended beyond the characteristic confines of psycho-analytic theory. Besides these latest contributions, there are included several other papers delivered by Jung to various bodies both in this country and on the Continent, dealing with a variety of problems and aspects of modern life. Since many of these papers were in the nature of an explanatory outline of his ideas to a lay audience, a certain amount of overlapping and repetition was unavoidable. However, what repetition there is will prove to be an asset to all those students who wish to get a thorough grasp of Jung’s psychological conceptions. i With regard to the “ Love Problem of the Student”, it should be borne in mind that this paper was written and ixx TRANSLATORS’ FOREWORD intended for students of Ziirich University who sought the author’s practical counsel rather than a scientific disquisition. Two earlier papers, written in 1919-20, namely “ Instinct and the Unconscious ”’ and “ The Psychological Foundations of the Belief in Spirits”, are technical papers of the highest significance; they are magnificent examples of Jung’s psychological common sense. Both the fields dealt with in these two essays have for years been the happy hunting- ground of pseudo-scientific speculation, and nowhere was there greater need for a caustic clarity of thought. The paper on “ The Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetic Art” was read before a literary society in Ziirich, and this sensitive approach to the intricate problems of art shows that there can be a valuable Liaison between psychology and art, from which the latter has much to gain and nothing to fear. The last six papers of this collection belong to a class by themselves. They were delivered at three meetings of the International Congress of Education, 1923-24-25, and deal with the relation of analytical psychology to educational problems, It will be seen from these lectures that analytical psychology has much to contribute towards the solution of these problems. If educationists would accept Jung as a guide the causes of child-neurosis would not be sought by analytical interference in the child’s psychology, but rather in the atmos- phere engendered in the home by the attitude of the parents, both to the children and to their own problems. In no other field is Jung’s wisdom more urgently needed. We wish to tender acknowledgment to Dr T. W. Mitchell for his kind permission to include the three papers published first in the British Journal of Psychology (Medical Section). ‘We must also acknowledge indebtedness to the Council of the Society of Psychical Research for permission to include the “ Psychological Foundations of Belief in Spirits”. We have to thank Messrs Harcourt, Brace and Co., of New York, forTRANSLATORS’ FOREWORD xi permission to use the essay “‘ Marriage as a Psychological Relationship ”, which first appeared in English in Keyserling’s Book of Marriage. The translation of this essay is our own, having been completed before the publication of the Book of Marriage. Further acknowledgment is due to Prince Rohan, editor of the Europaische Revue, for the privilege of using the article “ Die Frau in Europa ’’ (Woman in Europe). We must also thank Mrs Beatrice Ensor who on behalf of the Inter- national Congress of Education sanctioned the inclusion of the six lectures in this volume. Of this series, the three delivered in London are not translations, but were drafted in English by the author and revised by Mr Roberts Aldrich. We are very much indebted to Miss A. M. Bodkin for her valuable help in working over the English of a number of the papers, and to Mr. J. M. Thorburn for suggestions concerning technical terminology in the paper “ On Psychical Energy ”’. Readers of this volume of essays and lectures will find pleasure in the fact that Jung has held resolutely to the task he originally set himself when he first began his training as a psychiatrist. He resolved at that time to make his psychological field cover the full complexity of experience rather than to take advantage of the tempting but illusory simplifications of the laboratory. : H. G. Baynes. Cary F. BAyNEs.ON PSYCHICAL ENERGY I. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE ENERGIC VIEW-POINT IN PSYCHOLOGY a, Introduction Tue theory of libido which I have advanced} has met with many misunderstandings and, in some quarters, complete repudiation ; it may therefore not be amiss if I again take up the fundamental concepts of this theory. It is a generally recognized truth that physical events can be looked at in two ways, that.is, from the mechanistic and from the energic standpoint. The mechanistic view is purely causal; from this standpoint an event is conceived as the result of a cause, in the sense that immutable substances change their relationships to one another according to fixed laws. The energic view-point on the other hand is in essence final; the event is traced from effect to cause on the assumption that energy forms the essential basis of changes in phenomena, that it maintains itself as a constant throughout these changes, and finally leads to an entropy, a condition of general equilibrium. The flow of energy has a definite direction (goal), in that it follows the fall of potential in a way that cannot be reversed. The idea of energy is not that of a substance moved in space ; it is a concept abstracted from 1 Compare Jung, Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido. (Psychology of the Unconscious. London: Kegan Paul, 1919.) * Compare Mechanik & Energetik. Wundt, Grundz. der Psych., Bd. iii, p. 692 ff With regard to the dynamistic view, see Ed. v. Hartmann, Weltanschauung der modernen Physik, pp. 202 £. * I avoid the expression ‘teleological’ in order to escape the misunderstanding that attaches to the current conception of teleology, that is, the assumption that teleology contains the idea of an anticipated end or goal. 12 ON PSYCHICAL ENERGY relations of movement. The concept, therefore, is not founded on substances themselves, but on their relations; while the moving substance itself is the basis of the mechanistic theory. Both view-points are indispensable for the comprehension of physical phenomena, and therefore both have attained a general recognition. Meanwhile, because of the close juxtaposition of the mechanistic and energic view-points, a third conception has gradually grown up which is mechanistic as well as energic ; although, logically speaking, the ascent from cause to effect, the progressive causal action, cannot at the same time be the regressive choice of a means to an end? It is not possible to conceive that the same group of facts could be both causal and final in character, for the one view excludes the other. There are the two different standpoints, the one reversing the other; for the principle of finality is the logical reverse of the principle of causality. The concept of finality is not only logically possible ; it is also an indispensable, explanatory principle, since no explanation of nature that is purely mechanistic suffices, as the example of modern physics shows. If indeed our concepts were exclusively those of substances moving 1 “Final causes and mechanical causes are mutually exclusive, because a function having one meaning cannot at the same time be one with many meanings.” (Wundt, Grundz. der Psych., Bd. iii, p. 728) Tt seems to me inadmissible to speak of final causes, since this is a hybrid concept, born of the mixing of the causal and final view- points. For Wundt the causal series has two parts and one meaning, te. cause M and effect E, but the final series is threefold and of several meanings, i.e. the goal A, the means M’, and the achievement of the goal E’. This construction I hold also to be a hybrid notion, in that the idea of the setting of a goal is a causally conceived completion of the actual final series M’-E’, which is likewise two- fold and with one meaning. In so far as the final standpoint is only the converse of the causal (Wundt), M’-E’ is simply the reverse picture of the sequence M-E. The principle of finality recognizes no cause set at the beginning, for the final standpoint is not a causal one and has no concept of causality, just as the standpoint of causality has no concept of a goal, or end to be fulfilled.ON PSYCHICAL ENERGY 3 in space, then there would be only a causal explanation ; . but we have also to deal conceptually with movement relations, which demand an energic point of view. If this were not so, there would have been no need to invent a theory of energy. The predominance of the one or of the other standpoint depends less upon the gbjective behaviour of things than upon the psychological attitude of the investigator. The tendency to feel oneself into objects (Eimfiihlung) leads to a mechanistic view, while the tendency to abstract oneself from objects (Abstraction) leads to the energic view. Both tendencies are liable to the error in thought of hypostasizing their principles because of the so-called objective facts of experience. They make the mistake of assuming that the subjective concept is identical with the behaviour of things, that, for example, causality as we experience it in ourselves is also to be found objectively in this behaviour. This error is a very common one and leads to incessant conflicts with the opposite principle ; for, as was said, it is impossible to think of the decisive factor being causal and final both at the same time. But this insupportable contradiction comes -about only through the illegitimate and thoughtless pro- jection into the object itself of what is a mere way of looking at things. Our ways of looking at things can only be kept free from contradictions when it is realized that they belong to the psychological sphere, and are only hypothetically projected into the objective behaviour of things. The principle of causality bears without contradiction its logical Teverse, but the facts do not; hence causality and finality must preclude each other in the object. After the well- + The conflict between the energic concept and the mechanistic concept is a case similar to the ancient problem of the universalia. Certainly it is true that the individual thing is all that comes under the observation of the senses, and thus far the universal is only a nomen, a word. But at the same time the similarities, that is the connexions of things, have to be taken into account, and thus far the universal is a reality. (Abelard’s relative realism) Psychological Types, p. 62.