Tonghop WCDMA

LI CAM OAN
Trong k lm n tt nghip, em tm hiu ti n trong cc sch tham

kho, cc trang tp ch v cc trang web c ghi mc "ti liu tham kho" pha trang
cui ca n tt nghip, v em hon thnh n vi ti Cng ngh WCDMA
v gii php nng cp mng GSM ln WCDMA. Em xin cam oan n ny khng
sao chp cc n c t trc.
Nng, Ngy thng nm 2007
Ngi cam oan :
Trng Vn Ho
M C L C
CHNG 1 : GII THIU CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG CHNG 1 : GII THIU CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
Gii thiu chng 1 chng 1....1 ....1
Gii thiu chng 2:......................................................................................................9
2.1.c im chung........................................................................................................9
2.2.Kin trc ca h thng GSM.................................................................................10
2.2.1.Kin trc mng....................................................................................................10
2.2.1.1.Phn h trm gc (BSS)...................................................................................11
2.2.1.2.Phn h chuyn mch (SS)..............................................................................12
2.2.1.3.Phn h khai thc v h tr (OSS)...................................................................13
2.2.2.Kin trc a l....................................................................................................14
2.2.2.1.Vng mng : Tng i v tuyn cng (Gateway - MSC)...............................14
2.3.2.2.Vng phc v MSC/VLR................................................................................14
2.3.2.3.Vng nh v LA (Location Area)...................................................................14
2.3.2.4.Cell...................................................................................................................15
2.3.K thut v tuyn s trong GSM...........................................................................15
2.3.1.M ha knh........................................................................................................15
2.3.1.1.M khi.............................................................................................................16
2.3.1.2.M xon............................................................................................................17
2.4.2.iu ch...............................................................................................................18
2.4.3.Phng php a truy cp trong GSM.................................................................21
2.4.4.Giao tip v tuyn...............................................................................................22
2.4.Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM (Radio Resoucre Management)....................23
2.5.1.Qun l di ng MM (Mobility Manegement)...................................................23
2.5.2.Qun l cp nht v tr.........................................................................................23
2.5.3.Qun l chuyn giao (Handover)........................................................................24
2.5.Cc th tc thng tin..............................................................................................24
2.5.1.ng nhp thit b vo mng..............................................................................24
2.5.2.Chuyn vng.......................................................................................................25
2.5.3.Thc hin cuc gi..............................................................................................25
2.5.3.1.Cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh........................................25
2.5.3.2.Cuc gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng........................................26
2.5.3.3.Cuc gi t thit b di ng n thit b di ng............................................27
2.5.4.Kt thc cuc gi................................................................................................27
2.6.Nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA...............................................................................27
2.6.1.S cn thit nng cp mng GSM ln 3G..........................................................27
2.6.2.Gii php nng cp..............................................................................................28
Gii thiu chng.........................................................................................................31
Chng ny trnh by cc kin trc,cu trc d liu GPRS v gii php nng
cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM.Sau l EDGE v cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p
dng EDGE trn mng GSM.......................................................................................31
3.1.Kin trc mng GPRS............................................................................................31
3.1.1.Node GSN...........................................................................................................32
3.1.1.1.Cu trc............................................................................................................32
3.1.1.2.Thuc tnh ca node GSN................................................................................33
3.1.1.3.Chc nng .......................................................................................................33
3.2.2.Mng Backbone...................................................................................................35
3.2.3.Cu trc BSC trong GPRS..................................................................................35
3.3.Cu trc d liu GPRS...........................................................................................36
3.4.Cc gii php nng cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM Vit Nam..............................38
3.4.1.Gii php ca hng Alcatel (Php).....................................................................38
3.4.2.Gii php ca hng Ericson (Thy in)...........................................................39
3.4.3.Gii php ca hng Motorola (M)....................................................................39
3.4.4.Gii php ca hng Siemen (c)......................................................................40
3.5.EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution).................................................41
3.5.1.Tng quan............................................................................................................41
3.5.2.K thut iu ch trong EDGE...........................................................................41
3.5.3.Giao tip v tuyn...............................................................................................42
3.5.3.1.Truyn dn chuyn mch gi EDGE EGPRS..............................................42
3.5.3.2.Truyn dn chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD..............................................43
3.5.4.Cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p dng EDGE trn mng GSM.....................44
3.5.4.1.K hoch ph sng (Coverage Planning)........................................................44
3.5.4.2.K hoch tn s (Frequency Planning)............................................................45
3.5.4.3.iu khin cng sut........................................................................................45
3.5.4.4.Qun l knh....................................................................................................45
Gii thiu chng.........................................................................................................47
4.1.Cu trc mng W-CDMA......................................................................................48
UE (User Equipment).......................................................................................49
4.1.1.Giao din v tuyn..............................................................................................51
4.1.1.1.Giao din UTRAN CN, IU...........................................................................51
4.1.1.2.Giao din RNC RNC, IUr.............................................................................52
4.1.1.3.Giao din RNC Node B, IUb........................................................................53
4.2.Cc gii php k thut trong W-CDMA................................................................53
4.2.1.M ha..............................................................................................................53
4.2.1.1.M vng.........................................................................................................53
4.2.1.2.M xon.....................................................................................................55
4.2.1.3.M Turbo......................................................................................................55
4.2.2.iu ch BIT/SK v QPSK.............................................................................56
4.2.2.1.iu ch BIT/SK.......................................................................................56
4.2.2.2.iu ch QPSK................................................................................................57
4.3.Tri ph trong W-CDMA......................................................................................59
4.3.1.Gii thiu.......................................................................................................59
4.3.2.Nguyn l tri ph DSSS.............................................................................60
4.3.3.M tri ph....................................................................................................61
4.4.Truy nhp gi.........................................................................................................63
4.4.1.Tng quan v truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA................................................63
4.4.2.Lu lng s liu gi ......................................................................................63
4.4.3.Cc phng php lp biu gi........................................................................64
4.4.3.1.Lp biu phn chia theo thi gian...............................................................65
4.4.3.2.Lp biu phn chia theo m........................................................................65
Bng tra cu t vit tt Bng tra cu t vit tt
A
ACCH Associated Control Channels
Knh iu khin lin kt.
AI Acquisition Indicator
Ch th bt.
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
H thng in thoi di ng tin tin.
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
Yu cu lp li t ng.
AS Access Stratum
Tng truy nhp.
B
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
Knh qung b iu khin.
BCH Broadcast Channel
Knh qung b.
BER Bit Error Ratio
T s bit li.
BSC Base Station Controler
B iu khin trm gc.
BSS Base Station Subsystem
Phn h trm gc.
BTS Base Tranceiver Station
Trm v tuyn gc.
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
Kha dch pha nh phn.
C
CCCH Common Control Channel
Knh iu khin chung.
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
a truy cp chia theo m.
C/I Carrier to Interference ratio
T s sng mang trn nhiu.
CCCH Common Control Chanel
Knh iu khin chung.
CCPCH Common Control Physical Chanel
Knh vt l iu khin chung.
CPCC Common Power Control Chanel
Knh iu khin cng sut chung.
CPCH Common Packet Chanel.
Knh gi chung.
CPICH Common Pilot Chanel
Knh hoa tiu chung.
CR Chip Rate
Tc chip (tng ng vi tc tri ph ca knh).
CS Circuit Switch
Chuyn mch knh.
D
DCA Dynamic Chanel Allocation
Phn b knh ng.
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
Knh iu khin dnh ring.
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Chanel
Knh iu khin vt l ring.
DPCH Dedicated Physical Chanel
Knh vt l ring.
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Chanel
Knh s liu vt l ring.
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Chanel
Knh lu lng ring.
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
Thit b u cui s liu.
DSCH Downlink Shared Chanel
Knh dng chung ng xung.
E
EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution.
Tng tc truyn dn
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
Vin Tiu chun vin thng chu u.
F
FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel
Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh.
FACH Forward Access Chanel
Knh truy nhp ng xung.
FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling Chanel
Knh bo hiu ng ln nhanh.
FCCCH Forward Common Control Chanel
Knh iu khin chung ng xung.
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel
Knh hiu chnh tn s.
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
Ghp knh song cng phn chia theo tn s.
FDMA Frequence Division Multiple Access
a truy cp phn chia theo tn s
FDCCH Forward Dedicated Control Chanel
Knh iu khin ring ng xung.
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
Kho iu ch dch tn.
G
GOS Grade Of Service
Cp phc v.
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
Thng tin di ng ton cu
GPS Global Position System
H thng nh v ton cu.
GPRS General Packet Radio Services
Dch v v tuyn gi chung.
H
Handover Chuyn giao.
HH Hard Handoff
Chuyn giao cng.
HSCSD Hight Speed Circuit Switched Data
H thng chuyn mch knh tc cao.
I
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication
Tiu chun thng tin di ng ton cu.
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t.
IP Internet Protocol
Giao thc Internet.
IS-54 Interim Standard 54
Tiu chun thng tin di ng TDMA ca M (do AT&T xut).
IS-136 Interim Standard 136
Tiu chun thng tin di ng TDMA ci tin ca M (AT&T).
IS-95A Interim Standard 95A
Tiu chun thng tin di ng TDMA ci tin ca M (Qualcomm)
ISDN Integrated Servive Digital Network
Mng s a dch v.
ITU-R International Mobile Telecommunication Union Radio Sector
Lin minh vin thng quc t - b phn v tuyn.
IWF InterWorking Function
Chc nng tng tc mng
L
LAC Link Access Control
iu khin truy nhp lin kt.
LAI Location Area Indentify
Nhn dng vng v tr.
LLC Logical Link Control
iu khin lin kt logic.
LR Location Registration
ng k v tr.
M
ME Mobile Equipment
Thit b di ng.
MS Mobile Station
Trm di ng.
MTP Message Transfer Part
Phn truyn bn tin.
MSC Mobile Service Switching Center
Tng i di ng.
N
NAS Non-Access Stratum
Tng khng truy nhp.
Node B L nt logic kt cui giao din IuB vi RNC.
NSS Network and Switching Subsystem
H thng chuyn mch
O
ODMA Opportunity Driven Multiplex Access
a truy cp theo c hi.
OM Operation and Management
Khai thc v bo dng.
P
PAGCH Paging and Access
Knh chp nhn truy cp v nhn tin.
PCCC Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code
M xon mc ni song song.
PCCH Paging Contrlo Chanel
Knh iu khin tm gi.
PCH Paging Channel
Knh nhn tin.
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Chanel
Knh gi chung vt l.
PCS Personal Communication Services
Dch v thng tin c nhn.
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
Mng di ng mt t cng cng.
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
Mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng.
Q
QPSK
Kha dch pha vung gc.
R
RACH Random Access Channel
Knh truy cp ngu nhin.
RRC Radio Resource Control
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn.
S
SCH Synchronization Channel
Knh ng b.
SDCCH Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel
Knh iu khin dnh ring.
SDMA Space Division Multiple Access
a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian
T
TACH Traffic and Associated Channel
Lnh lu lng v lin kt.
TCH Traffic Channel
Knh lu lng.
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian
TDD Time Division Duplex
Ghp song cng phn chia thi gian.
U
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu.
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunnication System
V
VA Voice Activity factor
H s tch cc thoi.
VBR Variable Bit Rate
Tc kh bin.
W
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiplex Access
a truy cp phn chia theo m bng rng.

Li gii thiu
Li gii thiu
ng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng ngh nh in t, tin hc...
cng ngh thng tin di ng trong nhng nm qua pht trin rt mnh m cung
cp cc loi hnh dch v a dng p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng.
K t khi ra i vo cui nm 1940 cho n nay thng tin di ng pht trin qua
nhiu th h v tin mt bc di trn con ng cng ngh.
Trong th k 21, th gii chng kin s bng n v nhu cu truyn thng
khng dy c v s lng, cht lng v cc loi hnh dch v. Tuy nhin, theo nh
gi th cng ngh truyn thng khng dy hin thi vn cn qu chm v khng p
ng c cc yu cu v dch v mi c bit l cc dch v truyn s liu a
C
phng tin. iu ny i hi cc nh khai thc phi c c cng ngh truyn thng
khng dy nhanh hn v tt hn. p ng yu cu , ngay t nhng nm u ca
thp k 90 ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu, hoch nh h thng thng tin di ng
th h ba. ITU-R ang tin hnh cng tc tiu chun ha cho h thng thng tin di
ng ton cu IMT-2000, cn chu u ETSI ang tin hnh tiu chun ha phin
bn ny vi tn gi l UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunnication System). Mc
tiu trc mt l tng tc bit truyn t 9.5Kbps ln 2Mbps. Cng ngh ny s
nng cao cht lng thoi, v dch v d liu s h tr truyn thng a phng tin
n cc thit b khng dy.
C nhiu chun thng tin di ng th h ba c xut, trong chun W-
CDMA c ITU chp thun v hin nay ang c trin khai mt s khu vc.
H thng W-CDMA l s pht trin tip theo ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th
h hai s dng cng ngh TDMA nh GSM, PDC, IS-136...W-CDMA s dng cng
ngh CDMA ang l mc tiu hng ti ca cc h thng thng tin di ng trn ton
th gii, iu ny cho php thc hin tiu chun ha giao din v tuyn cng ngh
truyn thng khng dy trn ton cu.
Hin nay, mng thng tin di ng ca Vit Nam ang s dng cng ngh GSM,
tuy nhin mng GSM khng p ng c cc yu cu v dch v mi cng nh i
hi cht lng dch v ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng. Do vic nghin cu v
trin khai mng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA l mt iu tt yu. Xut pht
t nhng suy ngh nh vy nn em quyt nh chn ti: " Cng ngh W-CDMA
v gii php nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA".
Ni dung n gm 4 chng :
Chng 1: Gii thiu cc h thng thng tin di ng
Chng ny trnh by tng quan v qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng
tin di ng v s cn thit ca vic xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba.
Chng 2: Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trnh by kin trc mng GSM v cc k thut v tuyn s p dng trong mng
GSM. xut cc gii php nng cp h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 ln th h
ba v khi qut l trnh nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA.
Chng 3 : Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS v EDGE
Gii thiu v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) v dch v v tuyn gi chung
nng cao (EDGE). Cc gii php k thut trong bc tin trin t GSM sang GPRS
v hiu qu t c. Gii php GPRS cho mng GSM Vit Nam.
Chng 4 : Cng ngh W-CDMA
Gii thiu cng ngh thng tin di ng th h 3 W-CDMA. Cc gii php k
thut khi nng cp mng GPRS & EDGE ln W-CDMA.
Trong qu trnh lm ti, em c gng rt nhiu song do kin thc hn ch
nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, sai lm. Em rt mong nhn c s ph
bnh, hng dn v s gip ca Thy c, bn b.
Em xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca Thy Nguyn Vn Phng cng cc
Thy c trong khoa em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny.
Nng, ngy......thng......nm 2007
Sinh vin : Trng Vn Ho

Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng
CHNG 1
GII THIU V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
Gii thiu chng 1:
Thng tin di ng l mt lnh vc rt quan trng trong i sng x hi. X hi
cng pht trin, nhu cu v thng tin di ng ca con ngi cng tng ln v thng tin
di ng cng khng nh c s cn v tnh tin dng ca n. Cho n nay, h
thng thng tin di ng tri qua nhiu giai on pht trin, t th h di ng th h
1 n th h 3 v th h ang pht trin trn th gii - th h 4. Trong chng ny s
trnh by khi qut v cc c tnh chung ca cc h thng thng tin di ng.
1.1. H thng thng tin di dng th h 1
H thng di ng th h 1 ch h tr cc dch v thoi tng t v s dng k
thut iu ch tng t mang d liu thoi ca mi ngi, v s dng phng
php a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Hnh 1.1 m t phng php a truy
cp FDMA vi 5 ngi dng. Hnh 1.1(a) l ph ca h thng FDMA. y, bng
thng ca h thng c chia thnh cc bng c rng W
ch
. Gia cc knh k nhau
c mt khong bo v trnh chng ph do s khng n nh ca tn s sng mang.
Khi mt ngi dng gi yu cu ti BS, BS s n nh mt trong cc knh cha s
dng v ginh ring cho ngi dng trong sut cuc gi. Tuy nhin, ngay khi cuc
gi kt thc, knh c n nh li cho ngi khc. Khi c nm ngi dng xc nh
v duy tr cuc gi nh hnh 1.1(b), c th n nh knh nh trn hnh 1.1(c).
c im:
- Mi MS c cp pht i knh lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn.
- Nhiu giao thoa do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l ng k.
- BTS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi mi MS.
H thng FDMA in hnh l h thng in thoi di dng tin tin (Advanced
Mobile phone System - AMPS).
H thng di ng th h 1 s dng phng php a truy cp n gin. Tuy
nhin h thng khng tho mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi dng v c dung
Trang 1

Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
Tn s
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
lng v tc . V cc khuyt im trn m ngui ta a ra h thng di dng th h
2 a im hn th h 1 v c dung lng v cc dch v c cung cp.
Trang 2
Ph
Tn s
Bng tn h thng
Khong bo v
Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh N

..........
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
Thi gian
Knh 2
Tn s
Knh 1
Knh 3
Thi gian
Ngi dng 1,4
Ngi dng 2,5
Ngi dng 3
Hnh 1.1 Khi nim v h thng FDMA:
(a) Ph tn ca h thng FDMA; (b) M hnh khi u v duy tr
cuc gi vi 5 ngi dng; (c) Phn b knh.
Bng tn
Tn s
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
Tn s
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
1.2. H thng thng tin di dng th h 2
Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca thu bao, h thng thng tin di ng th h
2 c a ra p ng kp thi s lng ln cc thu bao di ng da trn cng
ngh s.
Tt c h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng iu ch s. V chng s
dng 2 phng php a truy cp:
- a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA).
- a truy cp phn chia theo m (CDMA).
1.2.1 a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA
Ph quy nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh cc di tn lin lc, mi di
tn lin lc ny dng chung cho N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi
gian trong chu k mt khung. Cc thu bao khc dng chung knh nh ci xen thi
gian, mi thu bao c cp pht cho mt khe thi gian trong cu trc khung. Hnh
1.2 cho thy qu trnh truy cp ca mt h thng TDMA 3 knh vi 5 ngi dng.
c im :
Trang 3
Hnh 1.2 Khi nim v h thng TDMA:
(a) Ph tn ca h thng TDMA; (b) M hnh khi u v duy tr cuc gi
vi 5 ngi dng; (c) Phn b knh (khe), vi gi thit dng TDMA 3 knh.
Thi gian
Bng tn h thng
Ph
Thi gian
Tn s
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
Thi gian chim knh
Tn s
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
- Tn hiu ca thu bao c truyn dn s.
- Lin lc song cng mi hng thuc cc di tn lin lc khc nhau,
trong mt bng tn c s dng truyn tn hiu t trm gc n cc my di
ng v mt bng tn c s dng truyn tuyn hiu t my di ng n trm
gc. Vic phn chia tn nh vy cho php cc my thu v my pht c th hot ng
cng mt lc m khng s can nhiu nhau.
- Gim s my thu pht BTS.
- Gim nhiu giao thoa.
H thng TDMA in hnh l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu (Global
System for Mobile - GSM).
My in thoi di ng k thut s TDMA phc tp hn k thut FDMA. H
thng x l s i vi tn hiu trong MS tng t c kh nng x l khng qu 106
lnh trong mt giy, cn trong MS s TDMA phi c kh nng x l hn 50x106
lnh trn giy.
1.2.2 a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA
Thng tin di ng CDMA s dng k thut tri ph cho nn nhiu ngi s
dng c th chim cng knh v tuyn ng thi tin hnh cc cuc gi, m khng s
gy nhiu ln nhau. Nhng ngi s dng ni trn c phn bit vi nhau nh dng
mt m c trng khng trng vi bt k ai. Knh v tuyn CDMA c dng li
mi (cell) trong ton mng, v nhng knh ny cng c phn bit nhau nh m
tri ph gi ngu nhin (Pseudo Noise - PN).
c im:
- Di tn tn hiu rng hng MHz.
- S dng k thut tri ph phc tp.
- K thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng
trng hiu qu hn FDMA, TDMA.
- Vic cc thu bao MS trong dng chung tn s khin cho thit b truyn dn v
tuyn n gin, vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn vn , chuyn giao tr
thnh mm, iu khin dung lng rt linh hot.
Trang 4
Bng tn h thng
Ph
Tn s
Hnh 1.3 Khi nim v h thng CDMA:
(a) ph tn; (b) m hnh khi u v duy tr cuc gi vi 5 ngi dng;
(c) phn b knh.
Tn s
Thi gian
Ngi dng
1
Ngi dng
5
Ngi
dng 2
Ngi
dng 3
Ngi dng
4
Thi gian
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 1
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 5
Ngi dng 4
Thi gian chim knh
Thoi,
s liu
14,4 kbps
1.3. H thng thng tin di ng th h 3
H thng thng tin di ng chuyn t th h 2 sang th h 3 qua mt giai on trung
gian l th h 2,5 s dng cng ngh TDMA trong kt hp nhiu khe hoc nhiu
tn s hoc s dng cng ngh CDMA trong c th chng ln ph tn ca th h
hai nu khng s dng ph tn mi, bao gm cc mng c a vo s dng
nh: GPRS, EDGE v CDMA2000-1x. th h th 3 ny cc h thng thng tin di
ng c xu th ho nhp thnh mt tiu chun duy nht v c kh nng phc v tc
bit ln n 2 Mbit/s. phn bit vi cc h thng thng tin di ng bng hp
hin nay, cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 gi l cc h thng thng tin di ng
bng rng.
Nhiu tiu chun cho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 IMT-2000 c
xut, trong 2 h thng W-CDMA v CDMA2000 c ITU chp thun v
Trang 5
Thoi,
s liu
14,4 kbps
a vo hot ng trong nhng nm u ca nhng thp k 2000. Cc h thng ny
u s dng cng ngh CDMA, iu ny cho php thc hin tiu chun ton th gii
cho giao din v tuyn ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3.
- W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l s nng cp ca
cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng cng ngh TDMA nh: GSM, IS-
136.
- CDMA2000 l s nng cp ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng
cng ngh CDMA: IS-95.
Hnh 1.4 trnh by l trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng t 2G n 3G.
Yu cu i vi h thng thng tin di ng th h 3:
Trang 6
Hnh 1.4 L trnh pht trin t 2G n 3G
UMTS
WCDMA
GPRS GSM EDGE
TDMA
cdmaOne CDMA 2000
Thoi,
s liu
14,4 kbps
Thoi,
s liu
9.6
kbps
Thoi,
s liu
9.6
kbps
D liu
115 kbps
D liu
384 kbps
Thoi, d
liu 384
kbps - 2M
Thoi 2X, D liu 153 kbps / 3,09 M
3G
2G
2,5G
GSM 1X
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Thng tin di ng th h th 3 xy dng trn c s IMT-2000 c a
vo phc v t nm 2001. Mc ch ca IMT-2000 l a ra nhiu kh nng mi
nhng cng ng thi bo m s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng th h
2.
- Tc ca th h th ba c xc nh nh sau:
+ 384 Kb/s i vi vng ph sng rng.

+ 2 Mb/s i vi vng ph sng a phng.
- Cc tiu ch chung xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba (3G):
+ S dng di tn quy nh quc t 2GHz nh sau:
ng ln : 1885-2025 MHz.
ng xung : 2110-2200 MHz.
+ L h thng thng tin di ng ton cu cho cc loi hnh thng tin v tuyn:
Tch hp cc mng thng tin hu tuyn v v tuyn.
Tng tc vi mi loi dch v vin thng.
+ S dng cc mi trng khai thc khc nhau: trong cng s, ngoi ng,
trn xe, v tinh.
+ C th h tr cc dch v nh:
Mi trng thng tin nh o (VHE: Virtual Home Environment) trn c
s mng thng minh, di ng c nhn v chuyn mng ton cu.
m bo chuyn mng quc t.
m bo cc dch v a phng tin ng thi cho thoi, s liu chuyn
mch theo knh v s liu chuyn mch theo gi.
+ D dng h tr cc dch v mi xut hin.
1.4. H thng thng tin di ng th h tip theo
H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 sang th h 4 qua giai on trung gian l
th h 3,5 c tn l mng truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao HSDPA. Th h 4 l
cng ngh truyn thng khng dy th t, cho php truyn ti d liu vi tc ti
a trong iu kin l tng ln ti 1 cho n 1.5 Gb/giy. Cng ngh 4G c hiu l
chun tng lai ca cc thit b khng dy. Cc nghin cu u tin ca NTT
Trang 7
DoCoMo cho bit, in thoi 4G c th nhn d liu vi tc 100 Mb/giy khi di
chuyn v ti 1 Gb/giy khi ng yn, cho php ngi s dng c th ti v truyn
ln hnh nh ng cht lng cao. Chun 4G cho php truyn cc ng dng phng
tin truyn thng ph bin nht, gp phn to nn cc nhng ng dng mnh m cho
cc mng khng dy ni b (WLAN) v cc ng dng khc.
Th h 4 dng k thut truyn ti truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDM, l k thut nhiu tn hiu c gi i cng mt lc nhng trn nhng tn s
khc nhau. Trong k thut OFDM, ch c mt thit b truyn tn hiu trn nhiu tn s
c lp (t vi chc cho n vi ngn tn s). Thit b 4G s dng my thu v tuyn
xc nhn bi phn mm SDR (Software - Defined Radio) cho php s dng bng
thng hiu qu hn bng cch dng a knh ng thi. Tng i chuyn mch mng
4G ch dng chuyn mch gi, do , gim tr thi gian truyn v nhn d liu.
Kt lun chng 1:
Chng 1 trnh by mt cch khi qut v nhng nt c trng cng nh
s pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 1, 2 v 3, ng thi s lc
nhng yu cu ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3.
Th h th nht l th h thng tin di ng tng t s dng cng ngh truy
cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Tip theo l th h th hai s dng k thut s
vi cc cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v phn chia theo m
(CDMA). V hin nay l th h th ba ang chun b a vo hot ng.
H thng thng tin di ng th h th ba vi tn gi IMT-2000 khng nh
c tnh u vit ca n so vi cc th h trc cng nh p ng kp thi cc nhu
cu ngy cng tng ca ngi s dng v tc bit thng tin v tnh di ng. Tuy
cha xc nh chnh xc kh nng di ng v tc bit cc i nhng d on c th
t tc 100 km/h v tc bit t 110 Mbit/s. Th h th t c tc ln ti 34
Mbit/s ang c nghin cu a vo s dng.

Trang 8
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
CHNG 2
MNG GSM V GII PHP NNG CP LN 3G
Gii thiu chng 2:
Nm 1982, CEPT (Hip hi bu chnh vin thng chu u) bt u a ra
chun vin thng k thut s chu u ti bng tn 900MHz, tn l GSM (Global
System for Mobile communication h thng thng tin di ng ton cu).
Nm 1986, CEPT lp nhiu phng th nghim ti Paris la chn cng
ngh truyn pht. Cui cng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA)
v a truy cp phn chia theo tn s c la chn (FDMA). Hai k thut ny
kt hp to nn cng ngh pht cho GSM. Cc nh khai thc ca 12 nc chu u
cng k bn ghi nh Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) quyt tm gii thiu
GSM vo nm 1991. Cho n hin nay mng thng tin di ng GSM ang l mt h
thng s dng ph bin nht trn th gii.
Trong chng ny s cp n c im ,cu trc mng GSM v gii php
nng cp ln 3G.
2.1. c im chung
GSM c thit k c lp vi h thng nn hon ton khng ph thuc vo
phn cng, m ch tp trung vo chc nng v ngn ng giao tip ca h thng. iu
ny to iu kin cho nh thit k phn cng sng to thm tnh nng v cho php
cng ty vn hnh mng mua thit b t nhiu hng khc nhau.
- GSM vi tiu chun thng s ton Chu u mi, s gii quyt s hn ch dung
lng hin nay. Thc cht dung lng s tng 2 3 ln nh vic s dng tn s tt
hn v k thut nh, do vy s thu bao c phc v s tng ln.
- Lu ng l hon ton t ng, ngi s dng dch v c th em my di ng
ca mnh i s dng nc khc. H thng s t ng cp nht thng tin v v tr.
Ngi s dng cng c th gi i v nhn cuc gi n m ngi gi khng bit v
tr ca mnh. Ngoi tnh lu ng quc t, tiu chun GSM cn cung cp mt s tnh
Trang 9
nng nh thng tin tc cao, faxcimile v dch v thng bo ngn. Cc my in
thoi di ng s ngy cng nh hn v tiu th t cng sut hn cc th h trc
chng.
- Tiu chun GSM c thit k c th kt hp vi ISDN v tng thch vi
mi trng di ng. Nh vy tng tc gia hai tiu chun ny m bo.
- GSM vic ng k thu bao c ghi module nhn dng thu bao SIM
(Subscribe Identity Module). Card thu bao ch c s dng vi mt my. H thng
kim tra l ng k thu bao ng v card khng b ly cp. Qu trnh ny c t
ng thc hin bng mt th tc nhn thc thng qua mt trung tm nhn thc.
- Tnh bo mt cng c tng cng nh vic s dng m s ngn chn
hon ton vic nghe trm v tuyn. cc nc iu kin tng i tt, cht lng
ting GSM ngang bng vi h thng tng t. Tuy nhin, cc iu kin xu do
tn hiu yu hay do nhiu giao thoa nng, GSM c cht lng vt tri.
2.2. Kin trc ca h thng GSM
2.2.1. Kin trc mng
H thng GSM c chia thnh h thng trm gc BSS (Base Station
Subsystem) v h thng chuyn mch NSS (Network and Switching Subsystem). Mi
h thng ni trn cha mt s khi chc nng, thc hin tt c cc chc nng
ca h thng. Cc khi chc nng c thc hin bi cc thit b phn cng khc
nhau.
Trang 10
2.2.1.1. Phn h trm gc (BSS)
H thng c thc hin nh l mt mng gm nhiu v tuyn cnh nhau
m bo ton b vng ph ca vng phc v. Mi c mt trm v tuyn gc (BTS)
lm vic tp hp cc knh v tuyn. Cc knh ny khc vi cc knh lm vic ca
k cn trnh nhiu giao thoa. BTS c iu khin bi b iu khin trm gc
BSC. Cc BSC c phc v bi trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng (MSC).
Mt BSC iu khin nhiu BTS.
BSS ni vi MS thng qua giao din v tuyn v cng ni n NSS. Mt b
phn TRAU (Transcoder/Rate Adaption Unit) thc hin m ho v gii m ng thi
iu chnh tc cho vic truyn s liu.
H thng GSM s dng m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection). C 3 giao
din ph bin trong m hnh OSI: giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS, giao din A
gia MSC v BSC v giao din A-bis gia BTS v BSC.
i v tuyn gc BTS : Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b pht thu, anten v x
l tn hiu c th cho giao din v tuyn. C th coi BTS l cc modem v tuyn
phc tp c thm mt s cc chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l
TRAU (Transcoder and rate adapter unit: khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc ).
TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ha v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM
MS
Hnh 2.1- M hnh h thng GSM
OSS
SS
AUC
HLR EIR VLR
MSC
ISDN
PSPDN
PSTN
PLMN
CSPDN
BSS
BSC
BTS
Trang 11
c tin hnh, y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s
liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng c th t n cch xa BTS v thm
ch trong nhiu trng hp c t gia cc BSC v MSC.
i iu khin trm gc BSC : BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v
tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa BTS v MS. Cc lnh ny ch yu l cc
lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao (handover). Mt pha
BSC c ni vi BTS cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca SS. Trong thc t BSC l mt
tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton ng k. Vai tr ch yu ca n l qun l cc
knh giao din v tuyn v chuyn giao (handover). Mt BSC trung bnh c th
qun l ti vi chc BTS ph thuc vo lu lng ca cc BTS ny. Giao din gia
BSC vi MSC c gi l giao din A, cn giao din gia n vi BTS c gi l
giao din Abis.
2.2.1.2. Phn h chuyn mch (SS)
NSS trong GSM l mt mng thng minh. NSS qun l giao din gia ngi s
dng mng GSM vi ngi s dng mng vin thng khc, n bao gm:
Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC (Mobile Service Switching
Centre): Thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi
vic thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip
vi h thng con BSS, mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi. MSC lm nhim v giao
tip vi mng ngoi gi l MSC cng. Vic giao tip vi mng ngoi m bo
thng tin cho nhng ngi s dng mng GSM i hi cng thch ng (cc chc
nng tng tc IWF: interworking function). Chng hn SS c th s dng mng
bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS No7), mng ny m bo hot ng tng tc gia
cc phn t ca SS trong mt hay nhiu mng GSM. MSC thng l mt tng i ln
iu khin trm gc (BSC).
Chc nng tng tc mng IWF (InterWorking Function): L cng giao tip
gia ngi dng mng GSM vi cc mng ngoi nh PSPDN, CSPDN kt ni
MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng vi cc c im truyn dn ca
Trang 12
GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny c gi l cc chc nng tng tc bao
gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. N cho php kt ni vi cc
mng: PSPDN (mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi) hay CSPDN (mng s liu
cng cng chuyn mch theo mch), n cng tn ti khi cc mng khc ch n thun
l PSTN hay ISDN. IWF c th c thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c
th thit b ring, trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m.
Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Register): cha tt c cc
thng tin v thu bao, v cc thng tin lin quan n v tr hin hnh ca thu bao,
nhng khng chnh xc. HLR c trung tm nhn thc AUC (Authentication Center)
v thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identity Register). AUC qun l bo
mt d liu cho vic nhn thc thu bao. EIR cha cc s liu phn cng ca thit
b.
Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visitor Location Register): VLR l c s d
liu th hai trong mng GSM. N c ni n mt hoc nhiu MSC, c nhim v
lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v
ca MSC tng ng v ng thi lu gi s liu v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn
cp nht cho MSC vi mc chnh xc hn HLR.
MSC cng (GMSC): SS c th cha nhiu MSC, VLR, HLR. thit lp
mt cuc gi n ngi s dng GSM, trc ht cuc gi phi c nh tuyn n
mt tng i cng c gi l GMSC m khng cn bit n hin thi thu bao ang
u. Cc tng i cng c nhim v ly thng tin v v tr ca thu bao v nh
tuyn cuc gi n tng i ang qun l thu bao thi im hin thi (MSC tm
tr).
2.2.1.3. Phn h khai thc v h tr (OSS)
H thng khai thc v h tr c ni n tt c cc thit b h thng chuyn
mch v ni n BSC. N cung cp h tr t tn km cho khch hng m bo
cng tc bo dng khai thc ti ch. OSS c cc tnh nng chnh nh sau :
- M hnh mng logic c my tnh ha.
Trang 13
- Cc khai thc nh hng theo hnh ng.
- Cc chc nng qun l iu khin theo thc n.
- Cc phng tin thu thp s liu v x l.
Mc ch chnh ca OSS l m bo theo di tng quan h thng v h tr cc
hot ng bo dng ca cc c quan khai thc v bo dng khc nhau.
2.2.2. Kin trc a l
Trong mi mng in thoi, kin trc a l l nn tng quan trng xy dng
quy trnh kt ni cuc thoi n ng ch. Vi mng di ng iu ny cng quan
trng hn do ngi dng lun lun thay i v tr nn kin trc phi c kh nng theo
di c v tr ca thu bao.
2.2.2.1. Vng mng : Tng i v tuyn cng (Gateway - MSC)
Cc ng truyn gia mng GSM/PLMN v mng PSTN/ISDN khc hay cc
mng PLMN khc s mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc
gi vo mng GSM/PLMN s c nh tuyn n mt hay nhiu tng i gi l
tng i v tuyn cng (GMSC). GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho
GSM/PLMN. y l ni thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi cho cc cuc
gi kt cui di ng. N cho php h thng nh tuyn cc cuc gi n nhn cui
cng ca chng l cc thu bao di ng b gi.
2.3.2.2.Vng phc v MSC/VLR
Vng phc v l mt b phn ca mng do MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt
cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng s ni n MSC vng
phc v m thu bao di ng ang . Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN s c chia
thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR.
2.3.2.3.Vng nh v LA (Location Area)
Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v. Vng nh
v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR m trm di ng c th di chuyn
t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR iu khin
VLR
Trang 14
vng nh v ny. Trong vng nh v mt thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b
tm thu bao di ng b gi. Vng nh v c th c mt s v ph thuc mt hay
vi BSC nhng n ch ph thuc mt MSC/VLR.
2.3.2.4.Cell
Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s . l vng bao ph v tuyn c mng
nh danh bng nhn dng ton cu (CGI Cell Global Indentify). Trm di ng t
nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC).
2.3. K thut v tuyn s trong GSM
2.3.1. M ha knh
Trong truyn dn s ngi ta thng o cht lng ca tn hiu bng t s li
bit (BER). T s BER cng nh th cht lng truyn dn cng cao, tuy nhin do
ng truyn dn lun thay i nn khng th gim t s ny xung khng. Ngha l
ta phi chp nhn mt s lng li nht nh. M ha knh c s dng pht
hin v hiu chnh li trong lung bit thu nhm gim t s li bit BER. t c
iu ny ngi ta b sung cc bit d vo lung thng tin. Nh vy ta phi gi i
nhiu bit hn cn thit cho thng tin, nhng b li ta c th t c an ton
chng li tt hn.
Cng thc tnh dung lng knh Shannon :
Hnh 2.2. Phn vng mt vng phc v MSC thnh cc vng nh v v cc
LA
4
LA
3
LA
1
LA
2
Cell
MS
VLR
Trang 15
,
_
,
_
+
N
S
B
B N
P
B C 1 log 1 log
2
0
2
Trong :
C : Dung lng knh.
B : Bng thng truyn dn (Hz).
P : Cng sut tn hiu thu (W).
N
0
: Mt cng sut nhiu n bin (W/Hz).
Cng sut thu c ti my thu:
P = E
b
R
b

Trong :
Eb: nng lng bit trung bnh.
Rb : tc bit truyn dn.
Phng trnh c th c chun ha:
,
_
+
B N
R E
B
C
b b
og
0
1 log
Vi
B
C
l hiu sut bng thng.
B m ha knh m ha d liu thng tin ngun ra mt chui m khc pht
ln knh truyn. C th chia m ha knh thnh hai loi : m khi (Block code) v m
xon (Convolutional code).
2.3.1.1. M khi
M khi l m sa sai truyn thng (Forward Error Correction FEC), n cho
php mt s bits li c sa sai m khng cn truyn li. Trong m khi, cc bits
parity c thm vo khi bits thng tin to nn cc t m khc hoc khi m.
b m ha khi, k bits thng tin c m ha ra thnh n bits. Tng cc bits (n k)
c cng vo cc bits thng tin vi mc ch pht hin sai v sa sai.
Trang 16
m khi ta b sung bit kim tra vo mt s bit thng tin nht nh, nguyn tc
ny c m t nh sau :
Trong m ha khi cc bit kim tra trong khi ch ph thuc vo cc bit thng
tin khi bn tin.
2.3.1.2. M xon
m ha xon, b m ha to ra khi cc bit m khng ch ph thuc vo cc
bit ca khi bn tin hin thi c dch vo b m ha m cn ph thuc vo cc bit
ca cc khi trc. Cc chui thng tin c chia ra thnh cc khi ring l v m
ha l mt chui bits thng tin c sp xp thnh mt chui lin tc ti u ra ca
b m ha. Vi cng mt phc tp th li m ha ca m chp ln hn m
khi.
Hnh 2.3. M ha khi
B M HA KHI
Thng tin Thng tin Kim tra
Khi bn tin Khi m
Trang 17
Mt m xon c sinh ra bng cch cho chui thng tin i qua cc thanh ghi
dch trng thi hu hn. Thanh ghi dch ny cha n (k bits) tng v pht ra mt hm
i s tuyn tnh da trn vic pht ra cc a thc. D liu ng vo c dch vo v
theo thanh ghi dch k bits ti mi thi im. S bits u ra vi mi chui d liu ng
vo k bits l n bits. T l m Rc =k/n. H s N c gi l chiu di bt buc v cho
thy s bits d liu ng vo ph thuc vo ng ra hin hnh. N quyt nh th mnh
v phc tp ca m.
2.4.2.iu ch
Mc tiu chnh ca s pht trin h thng thng tin di ng s l vic s dng
tt hn ph tn s c. Vi mc tiu trn k thut iu ch v gii iu ch bng
hp l cc k quan trng. GSM s dng phng php iu ch kha dch pha cc
tiu Gauss GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). Phng php iu ch ny
tha mn c cc yu cu t ra :
- Ph cng sut u ra hp : m bo yu cu cng sut ngoi bng pht x vo
cc knh ln cn nh hn 60 80 dB trong cc knh yu cu. iu ny l cn thit
trnh nhiu cc knh ln cn gy ra trong qu trnh truyn lan.
- Xc sut li qu trnh truyn lan nh : Ch tiu ny b nh hng bi m
mi trng cng nh tp m nhit v nhiu. V th yu cu cng sut my pht phi
thp v ti s dng cng knh trong vng a l phi cao.
EncodedSequence
1
+
1
k Data
bits
k 1
2
+
n
+
N Stages
k 1 k
Hnh 2.4 S khi tng qut ca b m ha chp.
Trang 18
- Ch s khuch i tuyn tnh nh : Yu cu ny rt cn thit tit kim ngun
v ci thin hiu qu tng ra.
- Ngun sng mang nhiu tn s : Yu cu ny cn thit cho php thm nhp
bt c knh v tuyn no c n nh. B tng hp tn s kha pha vi tn s trung
tm c th lp trnh c thng c s dng cho mc ch ny.
GMSK l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha,
thc hin bng cch ni dy chuyn mt b lc Gauss v b iu ch MSK. MSK
chnh l phng php iu ch FSK lin tc (CPFSK) trong trng hp h s iu
ch bng 0.5.
FSK l phng php iu tn, n bin i thng tin thnh cc tn hiu tn s
trong sng mng, sau truyn i. C th s dng b VCO (Voltage Controlled
Oscillator) thc hin FSK.
Tn hiu iu ch c pha thay i lin tc gi l FSK lin tc (CPFSK). CPFSK
tho mn iu kin trc giao khi lng thay i pha trn mt m bng s nguyn ln
0.5. Trong trng hp c bit CPFSK c h s iu ch bng 0.5 c gi l kha
dch tn cc tiu MSK.
Gi s sng mang c iu ch i vi MSK c dng nh sau :
S(t) = A.cos (
0
t +
t
+
0
)
Trong :
A : Bin khng thay i.
0
= 2f (rad/s) : Tn s gc ca sng mang.
FSK m gi tr
VCO
Tn hiu m mc
Hnh 2.5. Cu to nguyn l b FSK
Trang 19
t
: Gc pha ph thucvo lung s a ln iu ch.
0
: Pha ban u.
Lc ny ta s c gc pha
t
nh sau :
t
= k
i
i
(t-iT)
Trong :
k
i
= 1 nu d
i
= d
i-1
k
i
= -1 nu d
i
d
i-1
i
(t) = t/2T, T l khong thi gian ca bit.
d
i
l chui bit a ln iu ch.
Ta thy MSK nu bit iu ch thi im xt ging nh bit thi im trc

t
s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 /2, ngi li nu bit iu ch thi im xt
khc bit trc th
t
s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 -/2.
S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h
sau:
= d(t)/dt
Trong :
(t) =
0
t + t +
0

Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc ton s 0) ta c tn s
nh sau:
1
= 2f
1
=
0
+T/2
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin (1,0,1,0...) th ta c:
2
= 2f
2
=
0
- T/2
thu hp ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch lung bit a ln iu ch c a
qua b lc Gauss. GSM b lc Gauss c s dng BT = 0.3, trong B l
Trang 20
rng bng tn. Vy rng bng tn 3dB c th tnh nh sau:
B.T = 0.3 hay B = 0.3/T = 0.3/ (1/271 x10
3
) = 81 Khz
2.4.3.Phng php a truy cp trong GSM
giao din v tuyn MS v BTS lin lc vi nhau bng sng v tuyn. Do ti
nguyn v tn s c hn m s lng thu bao li khng ngng tng ln nn ngoi
vic s dng li tn s, trong mi cell s knh tn s c dng chung theo kiu
trung k. H thng trung k v tuyn l h thng v tuyn c s knh sn sng phc
v t hn s ngi dng kh d. X l trung k cho php tt c ngi dng s dng
chung mt cch trt t s knh c hn v chng ta bit chc rng xc sut mi thu
bao cng lc cn knh l thp. Phng thc s dng chung cc knh gi l a truy
nhp.
Hin nay, ngi ta s dng 5 phng php truy cp knh vt l:
FDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc
knh tn s khc nhau.
TDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc
khe thi gian khc nhau.
CDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo m) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc chui
m khc nhau.
PDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo cc tnh) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc
s phn cc khc nhau ca sng v tuyn.
SDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo
cc anten nh hng bp sng hp.
GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp l FDMA v TDMA. Di tn
935 960MHz c s dng cho ng ln v 890 915MHz cho ng xung
(GSM 900). Di thng tn mt knh l 200KHz, di tn bo v bin cng rng
200KHz nn ta c tng s knh trong FDMA l 124. Mt di thng TDMA l mt
khung c tm khe thi gian, mt khung ko di trong 4.616ms. Khung ng ln tr
Trang 21
3 khe thi gian so vi khung ng xung, nh tr ny m MS c c th s dng mt
khe thi gian c cng s th t c ng ln ln ng xung truyn tin bn
song cng.
Cc knh tn s c s dng GSM nm trong dy tn s quy nh 900Mhz
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
F
L
= 890,2 + 0,2.(n-1) MHz
F
U

= F
L
(n) + 45 MHz
1 n 124
T cng thc trn F
L
l tn s na bng thp, F
U
l tn s na bng cao,
0,2MHz l khong cch gia cc knh ln cn, 45Mhz l khong cch thu pht, n s
knh tn v tuyn. Ta thy tng s knh tn s c th t chc cho mng GSM l 124
knh. cho cc knh ln cn khng gy nhiu cho nhau mi BTS ph mt ca
mng phi s dng cc tn s cch xa nhau v cc ch c s dng li tn s
khong cch cho php.
Truyn dn v tuyn GSM c chia thnh cc cm (Burst) cha hng trm
bit c iu ch. Mi cm c pht i trong mt khe thi gian 577s trong
mt knh tn s c rng 200 Khz ni trn. Mi mt knh tn s cho php t chc
cc khung thm nhp theo thi gian, mi khung bao gm 8 khe thi gian t TS0 n
TS7.
2.4.4.Giao tip v tuyn
Giao tip v tuyn l khi nim dng ch cu trc truyn dn gia trm di
ng v trm thu pht gc. GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp
FDMA v TDMA. Trong FDMA c 124 knh vi di tn 935 960MHz s dng cho
ng ln v 890 915MHz cho ng xung. Mi knh c c trng bi mt tn
s (sng mang) gi l knh tn s RFCH (Radio chanel) cho mi hng thu pht v
c gn cho mt khung thi gian trong TDMA, mi khung c chia ra 8 khe thi
gian truyn dn thng tin theo hai hng. Nh vy ta c tng s knh GSM 900
l 992.
Trang 22
Mt cp RFCH (thu v pht) ti mt khe thi gian c gi l mt knh vt l.
Mt knh nhn theo quan im ni dung tin tc c gi l knh logic (logical
chanel). Cc knh logic c sp xp ln cc knh vt l theo mt nguyn tc nht
nh.
2.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM (Radio Resoucre Management)
Khi mt MS ang trong cuc gi th c ngha mt ng truyn dn tin tc v
mt ng bo hiu gia MS vi MSC neo ang c duy tr. S duy tr bt
u t lc MS ri b trng thi ch bc vo trng thi truyn tin n lc tr v li
trng thi ch. V pha c s h tng ca PLMN, ng truyn dn tuy duy tr lin
tc nhng c th thay i nhiu, nht l chuyn giao. Chc nng RRM lin quan n
vic qun l ng truyn dn, c ba chc nng qun l chnh l nh v, chuyn giao
v di ng.
2.5.1.Qun l di ng MM (Mobility Manegement)
Lp qun l di ng c xy dng trn lp RR m nhn cc chc nng xut
hin do s di chuyn ca t bo cng nh vn nhn thc v bo mt. Thu bao di
ng c thng bo cuc gi n bng thng ip ngn gi qua knh chp thun
truy cp v nhn tin (PAGCH) ca mt cell. Qun l di ng cung cp kh nng khi
ng cuc gi trong h thng mng ny v phn phi n n h thng cc mng
khc.
2.5.2.Qun l cp nht v tr
Thu bao lun c lin kt vi mng di ng mt t PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network) thng tr ca n. Khi di chuyn n s lin kt vi mng PLMN
tm tr. Chng ta c th nhn dng cuc gi t PLMN tm tr t v tr ca MS.
Trong qu trnh x l chn la PLMN, MM thng tm cell trong PLMN
thng tr. Nu khng c dch v hin hnh, user c th chn ch t ng (tm
kim mng ) hoc ch thao tc bng tay (tm kim user) tm c PLMN ph
hp. Trong trng hp dch v gii hn, MM tip tc kim tra ch 30 sng mang
mnh nht. Dch v gii hn lun quan tm n vng ph sng ti bin gii ca cc
Trang 23
quc gia ln cn.
2.5.3.Qun l chuyn giao (Handover)
Trong lc cuc gi din ra, hai thu bao cng trn mt knh thoi. Khi mt
MS di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca trm gc cha n th tn hiu thu tr nn
yu. cuc gi khng b ngt, trm gc hin hnh s yu cu mt th tc chuyn
giao cuc gi n mt knh tn s mi mt trm gc mi m khng gy ra ngt
cuc gi hoc bt u mt cuc gi mi. Cng c th chuyn giao xy ra khng phi
do tn hiu yu m ci thin chung v nhiu. Chuyn giao ny s gip cho MS hot
ng thng tin trong vng ti u nht theo quan im phng v nhiu mc d tn hiu
trc chuyn giao vn mnh. Loi chuyn giao th ba l chuyn giao lu thng. V
mt l do no m dung lng trong mt cell tng t bin, gii ta nghn mch
cell ta thc hin chuyn giao thu bao sang cell k cn.
C hai tiu chun chuyn giao sau y :
- Tiu chun 1 : Lin quan n s sm nh thi. Nu cell mi ng b vi cell
c th MS c th tnh ra s sm nh thi mi, l chuyn giao ng b. Trng
hp chuyn giao d b th c MS v BTS mi u khi to s sm nh thi.
- Tiu chun 2 : Lin quan n v tr im chuyn mch c s h tng PLMN.
C th chuyn giao xy ra gia cc cell do mt BSC qun l, gia cc BSC do MSC
qun l v gia cc MSC.
2.5. Cc th tc thng tin
2.5.1. ng nhp thit b vo mng
Khi mt thu bao khng trng thi gi, n s qut 21 knh thit lp trn tng
s 416 knh. Sau n chn mt knh mnh nht v kha knh ny. Sau 60s qu
trnh t nh v c lp li.
Khi thu bao bt ln, thit b d tn s GSM tm knh iu khin. Sau ,
thit b o cng ca tn hiu t cc knh v ghi li. Cui cng chuyn sang kt
ni vi knh c tn hiu mnh nht.
Trang 24
2.5.2. Chuyn vng
V GSM l mt chun chung nn thu bao c th dng in thoi h GSM ti
hu ht cc mng GSM trn th gii. Trong khi di chuyn thit b lin tc d knh
lun duy tr tn hiu vi trm l mnh nht. Khi tm thy trm c tn hiu mnh hn,
thit b s t ng chuyn sang trm mi, nu trm mi nm trong LA khc thit b
s bo cho mng bit v tr mi ca mnh.
Ring trong ch chuyn vng quc t hoc chuyn vng gia mng ca hai
nh khai thc dch v khc nhau th qu trnh cp nht v tr i hi phi c s chp
thun v h tr t cp nh khai thc dch v.
2.5.3. Thc hin cuc gi
2.5.3.1. Cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh
Trnh t thit lp cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh nh sau :
1. Thit b gi yu cu mt knh bo hiu.
2. BSC/TRC s ch nh knh bo hiu.
3. Thit b gi yu cu cuc gi cho MSC/VLR. Thao tc ng k trng thi tch
cc cho thit b vo VLR, xc thc, m ha, nhn dng thit b, gi s c gi cho
mng, kim tra xem thu bao c ng k dch v cm gi ra u c thc hin trong
GSM/PLMN PSTN
1
2
3
4 4
1
2
3
4
BSC/TRC MSC/VLR
Thit b
u cui
Hnh 2.9. Gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh
5 6
Trang 25
bc ny.
4. Nu hp l MSC/VLR bo cho BSC/TRC mt knh ang ri.
5. MSC/VLR chuyn tip s c gi cho mng PSTN.
6. Nu my c gi tr li, kt ni s thit lp.
2.5.3.2. Cuc gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng
im khc bit quan trng so vi gi t thit b di ng l v tr ca thit b
khng c bit chnh xc. Chnh v th trc khi kt ni, mng phi thc hin cng
vic xc nh v tr ca thit b di ng.
1. T in thoi c nh, s in thoi di ng c gi n mng PSTN. Mng
s phn tch v nu pht hin ra t kha gi mng di ng, mng PSTN s kt ni vi
trung tm GMSC ca nh khai thc thch hp
2. GMSC phn tch s in thoi di ng tm ra v tr ng k gc trong HLR
ca thit b v cch thc ni n MSC/VLR phc v.
Hnh 2.10. Gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng
GSM/PLMN PSTN
HLR
GMSC
BSC/TRC
MSC/VLR
Tng i ni
b
1 1
2
5
5 6
4
7 11
8
8
8
9
10
11
Trang 26
3. HLR phn tch s di ng gi n tm ra MSC/VLR ang phc v cho thit
b. Nu c ng k dch v chuyn tip cuc gi n, cuc gi s c tr v GMSC
vi s in thoi c yu cu chuyn n.
4. HLR lin lc vi MSC/VLR ang phc v.
5. MSC/VLR gi thng ip tr li qua HLR n GMSC.
6. GMSC phn tch thng ip ri thit lp cuc gi n MSC/VLR.
7. MSC/VLR bit a ch LA ca thit b nn gi thng ip n BSC qun l
LA ny.
8. BSC pht thng ip ra ton b vng cc thuc LA.
9. Khi nhn c thng ip thit b s gi yu cu ngc li.
10. BSC cung cp mt khung thng ip cha thng tin.
11. Phn tch thng ip ca BSC gi n tin hnh th tc bt trng thi ca
thit b ln tch cc, xc nhn, m ha, nhn din thit b.
12. MSC/VLR iu khin BSC xc lp mt knh ri, chung. Nu thit b di
ng chp nhn tr li, kt ni c thit lp.
2.5.3.3. Cuc gi t thit b di ng n thit b di ng
Qu trnh din ra tng t nh gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng, ch
khc im giao tip vi mng PSTN ca in thoi c nh s c thay th bng
MSC/VLR khc.
2.5.4. Kt thc cuc gi
Khi MS tt my pht, mt tn hiu c bit (tn hiu n tone) c pht n
cc trm gc v hai bn cng gii phng cuc gi. MS tip tc kim tra tm gi thng
qua knh thit lp mnh nht.
2.6. Nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA
2.6.1. S cn thit nng cp mng GSM ln 3G
p ng c cc dch v mi v truyn thng a phng tin trn phm vi
WCDMA
Trang 27
ton cu ng thi m bo tnh kinh t, h thng GSM s c nng cp tng bc
ln th h ba. Thng tin di ng th h ba c kh nng cung cp dch v truyn thng
multimedia bng rng trn phm vi ton cu vi tc cao ng thi cho php ngi
dng s dng nhiu loi dch v a dng. Vic nng cp GSM ln 3G thc hin theo
cc tiu ch sau :
- L mng bng rng v c kh nng truyn thng a phng tin trn phm vi
ton cu. Cho php hp nht nhiu chng loi h thng tng thch trn ton cu.
- C kh nng cung cp rng bng thng theo yu cu nhm h tr mt di
rng cc dch v t bn tin nhn tc thp thng qua thoi n tc d liu cao
khi truyn video hoc truyn file. Ngha l m bo cc kt ni chuyn mch cho
thoi, cc dch v video v kh nng chuyn mch gi cho dch v s liu. Ngoi ra
n cn h tr ng truyn v tuyn khng i xng tng hiu sut s dng mng
(chng hn nh tc bit cao ng xung v tc bit thp ng ln).
- Kh nng thch nghi ti a vi cc loi mng khc nhau m bo cc dch
v mi nh nh s c nhn ton cu v in thoi v tinh. Cc tnh nng ny s cho
php m rng ng k vng ph sng ca cc h thng di ng.
- Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c bo m s pht
trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng. Tng thch vi cc dch v trong ni b IMT-
2000 v vi cc mng vin thng c nh nh PSTN/ISDN. C cu trc m cho php
a vo d dng cc tin b cng ngh, cc ng dng khc nhau cng nh kh nng
cng tn ti v lm vic vi cc h thng c.
2.6.2. Gii php nng cp
C hai gii php nng cp GSM ln th h ba : mt l b hn h thng c, thay
th bng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba; hai l nng cp GSM ln GPRS v tip
n l EDGE nhm tn dng c c s mng GSM v c thi gian chun b tin
ln h thng 3G W-CDMA. Gii php th hai l mt gii php c tnh kh thi v tnh
kinh t cao nn y l gii php c a chung nhng nc ang pht trin nh
nc ta.
WCDMA
Trang 28
Giai on u ca qu trnh nng cp mng GSM l phi m bo dch v s
liu tt hn, c th h tr hai ch dch v s liu l ch chuyn mch knh
(CS : Circuit Switched) v ch chuyn mch gi (PS : Packet Switched). thc
hin kt ni vo mng IP, giai on ny c th s dng giao thc ng dng v
tuyn (WAP : Wireless Application Protocol). WAP cha cc tiu chun h tr truy
cp internet t trm di ng. H thng WAP phi c cng WAP v chc nng kt ni
mng.
Trong giai on tip theo, tng tc s liu c th s dng cng ngh s
liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD : High Speed Circuit Switched Data) v
dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS : General Packet Radio Protocol Services). GPRS
s h tr WAP c tc thu v pht s liu ln n 171.2Kbps. Mt u im quan
trng ca GPRS na l thu bao khng b tnh cc nh trong h thng chuyn mch
knh m cc ph c tnh trn c s lu lng d liu s dng thay v thi gian
Hnh 2.11. Cc gii php nng cp h thng 2G ln 3G
GSM
HSCSD
WCDMA
Data Speed
171.2Kbp
s
9.6Kbps
2Mbps
2002
GPRS
Hnh 2.12. L trnh nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA
Trang 29
truy cp.
Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh vo s kt hp cc khe thi gian,
tuy nhin k thut ny vn da vo phng thc iu ch nguyn thu GMSK nn
hn ch tc truyn. Bc nng cp tip theo l thay i k thut iu ch kt hp
vi ghp khe thi gian ta s c tc truyn d liu cao hn, chnh l cng ngh
EDGE.
EDGE vn da vo cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vi tc
ti a t c l 384Kbps nn s kh khn trong vic h tr cc ng dng i
hi vic chuyn mch linh ng v tc truyn d liu ln hn. Lc nay s thc
hin nng cp EDGE ln W-CDMA v hon tt vic nng cp GSM ln 3.
Kt lun chng 2:
Chng 2 trnh by kin trc mng GSM v cc k thut v tuyn s p dng
trong mng GSM. xut cc gii php nng cp h thng thng tin di ng th h 2
ln th h ba v khi qut l trnh nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA.
Chng tip theo s trnh by dch v v tuyn gi a nng GPRS.
Trang 30
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
CHNG 3
GII PHP GPRS TRN MNG GSM
Gii thiu chng
Dch v v tuyn gi a nng GPRS l mt chun ca vin nh chun chu u
ETSI. y l mt k thut mi p dng cho mng thng tin di ng GSM. N cung
cp dch v d liu gi bn trong mng PLMN v giao tip vi mng ngoi qua cng
u ni trc tip nh TCP/IP, X.25iu ny cho php cc thu bao di ng GPRS
c th d dng truy nhp vo mng internet, intranet v truyn d liu vi tc ln
n 171Kbps. Trong mng GPRS, mt MS ch c dnh ti nguyn v tuyn khi n
c s liu cn pht v thi im khc nhng ngi s dng c th s dng chung
mt ti nguyn v tuyn. Nh vy m hiu qu s dng bng tn tng ln ng k.
Chng ny trnh by cc kin trc,cu trc d liu GPRS v gii php nng cp
ln GPRS cho mng GSM.Sau l EDGE v cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p
dng EDGE trn mng GSM.
3.1.Kin trc mng GPRS
GPRS c pht trin trn c s mng GSM sn c. Cc phn t ca mng
GSM ch cn nng cp v phn mm, ngoi tr BSC phi nng cp phn cng. GSM
lc u c thit k cho chuyn mch knh nn vic a dch v chuyn mch gi
vo mng i hi phi b sung thm thit b mi. Hai node c thm vo lm
nhim v qun l chuyn mch gi l node h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN) v node h
tr GPRS cng (GGSN), c hai node c gi chung l cc node GSN. Node h tr
GPRS dch v (SGSN) v node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN) thc hin thu v pht cc
gi s liu gia cc MS v cc thit b u cui s liu c nh ca mng s liu cng
cng (PDN). GSN cn cho php thu pht cc gi s liu n cc MS cc mng
thng tin di ng GSM khc.
Trang 31
GGSN
GGSN
GGSN
GGSN
SGSN
SGSN
Another
PLMN
BTS
BTS
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
SOG
SOG
PCU
PCU
HLR
HLR
AUC
AUC
SMS-SC
SMS-SC
Frame
Relay
BGw
BGw
TCP/IP
X.25
Backbone
GGSN
MS
Um
A bis
A
Gs
Gb
Gb
Gr
Gi
Gi
Gn
Gp
Gn
Gn
BTS
BTS
Hnh 3.1. Cu trc mng GPRS
3.1.1.Node GSN
3.1.1.1.Cu trc
Cc node GSN c xy dng trn nn tng h thng chuyn mch gi hiu sut
cao. Nn tng ny kt hp nhng c tnh thng c trong thng tin d liu nh tnh
c ng v nng lc cao, nhng thuc tnh trong vin thng nh vng chc v kh
nng nng cp. Nhng c tnh k thut nn tng ca h thng ny l :
Da trn nhng chun cng nghip cho c phn cng ln phn mm.
H thng c th h tr s kt hp mt vi ng dng trong cng mt node,
ngha l n c th chy trn SGSN, GGSN hay kt hp c SGSN/GGSN trn phn
cng.
Phn lu thng v iu khin phn chia chy trn nhiu b x l khc nhau.
C ba loi x l c dng l :
Trang 32
- B x l ng dng trung tm (AP/C) cho cc chc nng trung tm v dng
chung nh OM.
- B x l ng dng (AP) qun l cc chc nng c trng ring bit ca
GPRS.
- B x l thit b (DP) chuyn dng trong qun l lu lng ti mt vi kiu
giao din no nh IP thng qua giao din ATM.
Ngoi ra cu trc phn mm ca GSN cng c chia ra thnh cc phn h bao
gm cc phn h nng ct v cc phn h ng dng h tr v qun l h thng.
3.1.1.2.Thuc tnh ca node GSN
Cc node GSN thng l cc Router c dung lng ln. Trong cc GGSN c
thm cng BG chia s cc giao din vt l n cc mng ngoi v n mng
backbone. Mt BG c th qun l nhiu mng PLMN.
Chc nng tnh cc thc hin trong cc SGSN v GGSN c kt hp vi cc
thit b khc cung cp cho nh qun l mng kh nng tnh cc a dng nh :
tnh cc theo lng d liu, theo thi gian cuc gi, theo kiu dch v, theo ch
n
Kh nng cp pht ng a ch IP cho php nh qun l mng s dngv ti s
dng li mt s lng a ch IP gii hn dng cho mng PLMN. iu ny s hn
ch ti a tng s a ch IP cp cho mi PLMN.
Cung cp cc chc nng bo mt trong GSN thng qua cc th tc xc nhn c
chn lc.
Qun l lu lng trong SGSN : Trong mt chu k thi gian, cc gi d liu c
tr cp 1 theo QoS s c phn pht trc bt k gi d liu no c tr cp 2.
Lu lng n v i t cc MS trong cng mt mc tr s c x l theo kiu hng
i.
3.1.1.3.Chc nng
Trang 33
Node h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN)
SGSN c cc chc nng chnh sau :
- Qun l vic di chuyn ca cc u cui GPRS bao gm vic qun l vo
mng, ri mng ca thu bao, mt m, bo mt ca ngi s dng, qun l v tr hin
thi ca thu bao v.v
- nh tuyn v truyn cc gi d liu gia cc my u cui GPRS. Cc lung
c nh tuyn t SGSN n BSC thng qua BTS n MS.
- Qun l trung k logic ti u cui di ng bao gm vic qun l cc knh lu
lng gi, lu lng nhn tin ngn SMS v tn hiu gia cc my u cui vi mng.
- X l cc th tc d liu gi PDP (Packet Data Protocol) bao gm cc thng s
quan trng nh tn im truy nhp, cht lng dch v khi kt ni vi mt mng d
liu khc bn ngoi h thng.
- Qun l cc ngun knh ti nguyn BSS.
- Cung cp cc file tnh cc dnh cho d liu gi.
- Qun l truy nhp, kim tra truy nhp cc mng d liu ngoi bng mt m v
s xc nhn.
Node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN)
trao i thng tin vi mng d liu ngoi SGSN phi thng qua node h tr
GPRS cng l GGSN. V mt cu trc GGSN c v tr tng t nh gate MSC.
Thng thng GGSN l mt Router mnh c dung lng ln. Chc nng chnh ca
GGSN l :
- H tr giao thc nh tuyn cho d liu my u cui.
- Giao tip vi cc mng d liu gi IP bn ngoi .
- Cung cp chc nng bo mt mng.
- Qun l phin GPRS theo mc IP, thit lp thng tin n mng bn ngoi.
- Cung cp d liu tnh cc (CDRs).
Trang 34
3.2.2.Mng Backbone
Mng Backbone kt h mt s giao din chun d liu chun dng kt ni
cc gia node SGSN, GGSN v cc mng d liu bn ngoi. C hai loi mng
backbone :
- Mng intra-backbone : Kt ni cc phn t trong cng mt PLMN nh cc
node SGSN, GGSN.
- Mng inter-backbone : Dng kt ni gia cc mng intra-backbone ca hai
PLMN khc nhau thng qua cng BG (Border Gateway).
Nh vy mng Backbone gii quyt vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS. L
do chnh m h thng h tr vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS l cho php
roaming gia cc thu bao GPRS. Cc thu bao roaming s c mt a ch PDP c
cp pht bi mng PLMN ch, mt router chuyn tip gia mng PLMN ch v
mng PLMN m thu bao di chuyn n. nh tuyn ny c dng cho c thu bao
hon thnh hay bt u truyn d liu. Thng tin c truyn i thng qua cc
cng bin BG.
3.2.3.Cu trc BSC trong GPRS
nng cp mng GSM ln GPRS, ngoi vic nng cp phn mm ta cn b
Hnh 3.2. Mng Backbone
Trang 35
sung vo trong BSC mt phn cng gi l khi kim sot gi (PCU). PCU c nhim
v x l vic truyn d liu gi gia my u cui v SGSN trong mng GPRS.
PCU qun l cc lp MAC v RLC ca giao din v tuyn, cc lp dch v
mng ca giao din Gb (giao din gia PCU v SGSN). N bao gm phn mm trung
tm, cc thit b phn cng v cc phn mm vng (RPPs). Chc nng ca RPP l
phn chia cc khung PCU gia cc giao din Gb v A-bis, chng c th c thit lp
lm vic vi mt giao din A-bis hay vi c hai giao din A-bis v Gb. Gii php
b sung PCU vo BSC l mt gii php hiu qu v mt chi ph h thng.
V truyn dn th giao din A-bis c s dng li cho c chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi trn GPRS, nhng giao din gia BSS v SGSN li da trn giao
din m Gb. Thng qua A-bis, cc ng truyn dn v bo hiu hin ti ca GSM
c s dng li trong GPRS nn em li hiu sut h thng cao v hiu qu trong
gi thnh. Giao din Gb mi l mt xut mi nhng n c th nh tuyn lu
thng Gb mt cch trong sut thng qua MSC.
3.3.Cu trc d liu GPRS
D liu GPRS phi c chun ha theo dng cu trc d liu GSM truyn
qua mng GSM.
GMSC GGSN
SGSN MSC
BSC PCU
MS
Gb
Hnh 3.3. Giao din Gb m kt ni PCU vi SGSN
Trang 36
- Phn tiu v d liu c sp xp li thnh n v d liu th tc mng (N-PDU)
ti lp mng.
- N-PDU c nn v phn on thnh n v d liu th tc mng con (SN-
PDU) lp SNDCP nh giao thc SNDCP.
- Cc d liu SN-PDU c ghp li thnh cc khung LLC c cc kch thc
khc nhau. Kch thc ti a ca mt khung LLC l 1600 octets.
- Ton b khung LLC c phn on thnh cc khi d liu RLC, kch c khi
ph thuc vo cch iu ch CS. D liu trn c a vo trng thng tin, thm
phn tiu khi v bit BCS.
- D liu RLC c a qua b m ha knh CS cho khung chun 456bit/20ms,
ghp xen nh b to lon (interleaving) v cui cng l nh dng burst to thnh
cc burst chun 114bit. Sau cc burst c iu ch qua b iu ch GMSK ri
khuch i v truyn i trong khng gian.
Trang 37
Header Data
SNDCP
Header
Segmented N-PDU
Frame
Header
Information Field BCS
Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal Burst
Block
Header
Information
Field
BCS
Block
Header
Information
Field
BCS
Block
Header
Network Layer
Control Compression
Data Compression
Segmented
Chamel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formating
SNDCP Layer
LLC Layer
RLC/MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Hnh 3.8. Cu trc d liu GPRS
3.4.Cc gii php nng cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM Vit Nam
Hin ti mng di ng GSM Vit Nam c hai nh khai thc chnh l
MobilePhone (VMS) v VinaPhone (GPC).
Mng di ng MobilePhone do cng ty VMS qun l khai thc s dng thit b
ca cc hng sau :
- Khu vc min Bc do hng Alcatel (Php) cung cp ton b thit b trn
mng t thit b chuyn mch (MSC) n thit b v tuyn BSC, BTS.
- Khu vc min Nam do hng Ericson (Thy in) cung cp thit b h
thng ton mng t MSC, BSC n BTS.
Mng VinaPhone do cng ty GPC qun l, thit b s dng c thng nht c
hai min do cc hng sau cung cp :
- Thit b chuyn mch MSC, OMCS do hng Siemen (c) cung cp.
- Thit b v tuyn BSS bao gm BSC, BTS, OMSC do hng Motorola
(M) cung cp.
Vic a dch v GPRS p dng trn mng GSM Vit Nam s c nhiu gii
php ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau.
3.4.1.Gii php ca hng Alcatel (Php)
Gii php ca hng Alcatel tp trung cc im chnh sau :
Trm BTS khng thay i phn cng, ch thay i phn mm.
BSC gi nguyn khng thay i.
t thm mt server chuyn mch gi MFS (A935) phn Transcoder. Server
ny lm chc nng ca khi PCU v x l giao tip Pb h tr cho BSC trong vic
chuyn d liu t BTS n SGSN.
SGSN : S dng thit b ca hng Cisco gm c mt server SGSN, mt server
tnh cc v mt router truy nhp IP lm h thng truyn d liu backbone.
Trang 38
GGSN : S dng router ca hng Cisco.
HLR, SMS v NMC c nng cp phn mm h tr cho dch v GPRS.
Gii php ca Alcatel l thm vo cc thit b server, router ca hng Cisco m
Alcatel lin kt, khng s dng thit b c chng, nn d dng p dng vi mng
GSM c quy m va hoc nh.
3.4.2.Gii php ca hng Ericson (Thy in)
Gii php ca hng Ericson gm mt s im sau :
Trm BTS vi thit b RBS 200 ch cn nng cp phn mm khng b sung
phn cng.
BSC c b sung thm phn cng PCU (Packet Control Unit) v phn mm
p ng yu cu ca GPRS.
HLR cng c b sung phn mm h tr cho vic truy cp, qun l GPRS
v chuyn tin ngn SMS.
MSC/VLR cng c nng cp phn mm h tr cho vic qun l thu bao
GPRS class A v B.
Ring SGSN v GGSN c lp t trong AXB-250, mt dng tng i mi
truyn d liu ca Ericson.
Nh vy gii php ca Ericson l c tng i d liu AXB-250, phn cng thm
vo cho BSC v nng cp phn mm cc phn t cn li ca mng GSM nh BTS,
HLR, MSC/VLR.
3.4.3.Gii php ca hng Motorola (M)
Hng Motorola a ra gii php thc hin GPRS nh sau :
Trm BTS khng thay i.
BSC c b sung thm phn cng PCU v phn mm h tr cho vic chuyn
d liu n SGSN.
Trang 39
Cc phn t khc c t thit b GSN gm c :
- Ngn SGSN : Mi ngn c 3 card SGSN v mt card tn hiu s 7 cung cp
cho 10.000 thu bao, phn cng SGSN da trn c s ca phn cng hng Compact
PCI.
- Ngn GGSN : Chun l Router 7206 ca hng Cisco. Mi ngn c kh nng
cung cp dch v cho 15.000 thu bao.
- Ngn CommHub : Da trn c s ca Router 5500 ca hng Cisco. Ngn ny
lm nhim v mng Backbone ca GPRS trn cc giao tip Gi, Gn, Gp.
- Ngn ISS : Da trn c s ca Server Dual-T 1125 ca hng SUN Nestra.
Server ny c b nh trn 100Gb m nhn cc chc nng : cng tnh cc, ng b
mng, a ch IP ng v bo mt.
Gii php ca Motorola l s dng phn cng b sung BSC v lp t thit b
GSN cho mng da trn cc router chuyn dng ca cc hng Cisco, Compact, Sun
Nestra. Dung lng ca GPRS Motorola tng i ln, do c th m rng thm cc
t ca GSN v cc thit b ca cc hng chuyn dng c dung lng cao.
3.4.4.Gii php ca hng Siemen (c)
Gii php ca hng Siemen bao gm cc im chnh :
Khng thm phn cng BTS ch nng cp phn mm.
BSC b sung thm phn cng PCU v phn mm h tr.
HLR nng cp b sung thm h tr GPRS.
Cc phn t khc c ch to theo cng ngh ca Siemen v lp t t SGN
gi l EWSX (36190) gm :
- SGSN v GGSN ch to theo cng ngh ca Siemen.
- Phn chuyn mch v mng backbone da trn c s k thut ATM.
- C b x l chnh (Main Processor) iu khin hot ng ton b thit b
trong t.
Trang 40
Tm li, gii php ca Siemen l sn xut ring bit thit b chuyn mch gi
EWSX cho SGSN v GGSN cn BTS v HLR nng cp phn mm, BSC thm phn
cng PCU.
3.5.EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)
3.5.1.Tng quan
Gii php nng cp mng GSM ln GPRS tng tc truyn d liu ln n
170Kbps nhng vn cha p ng c yu cu ca cc dch v truyn thng a
phng tin. Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh s kt hp ca cc khe
thi gian. Tuy nhin do vn s dng k thut iu ch nguyn thu GMSK nn tc
truyn d liu cn hn ch. Cng ngh EDGE s kt hp vic ghp khe thi gian vi
vic thay i k thut iu ch GMSK bng 8PSK, iu ny s gip tng tc
truyn d liu trong mng GPRS ln 2 n 3 ln.
3.5.2.K thut iu ch trong EDGE
tng tc truyn d liu trong EDGE ngi ta s dng k thut iu ch
8PSK thay th cho GMSK trong GSM.
Dng tn hiu iu ch ca 8PSK :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1
t w
T
i
t w
T
i
E t s
o o S
sin
2
8
1 2
sin cos
2
.
8
1 2
cos .

Trong :
w
o
: Tn s gc sng mang.
E
S
: Nng lng tn hiu.
T : Chu k tn hiu.
A : Hng s.
Gin tn hiu iu ch :
8PSK
- Cu hnh
i t
nh i trm.
Trang 41
S dng iu ch 8PSK c tc bit gp ba ln tc bit ca iu ch GMSK,
do tc truyn d liu ca EDGE gp ba ln so vi GSM. Tuy nhin iu ch
8PSK trong EDGE thay i theo thi gian nn vic thit k cc b khuch i rt
phc tp. Hiu sut cng sut ca iu ch 8PSK ch bng 4/7 ca iu ch GMSK
nn cng sut ca my thu pht EDGE phi ln gn gp i so vi GSM. iu ny
nh hng n vic ch to thit b u cui v cc trm thu pht cng sut nh nh
Micro BTS, Pico BTS...
Do phn ln cc dch v tc cao u nm ng xung nn hn ch tnh
phc tp cho my my u cui, ngi ta a ra gii php : ng ln s pht tn
hiu s dng iu ch GMSK nhm hn ch tnh phc tp cho my u cui cn
ng xung s dng iu ch 8PSK.
3.5.3.Giao tip v tuyn
Trong cng ngh EDGE ngoi vic thay th k thut iu ch, cc thng s vt
l khc ca giao din v tuyn tng t nh trong GSM. Th tc v tuyn ca EDGE
chnh l cc th tc c s dng trong GSM/GPRS. iu ny hn ch ti thiu vic
xy dng thm cc th tc mi cho EDGE. Tuy nhin h tr cho vic truyn d
liu tc cao, mt vi th tc s c thay i cho ph hp. C hai dng truyn d
liu ca EDGE cn xem xt l : truyn chuyn mch gi v truyn chuyn mch
knh.
3.5.3.1.Truyn dn chuyn mch gi EDGE EGPRS
I
Q
I
Q
GMSK
8PSK
- Cu hnh
i t
nh i trm.
Hnh 3.1212. Gin tn hiu hai loi iu ch
Trang 42
Hin ti GPRS cung cp tc truyn d liu t 9,6Kbps n 21,4Kbps cho mt
khe thi gian. EDGE s cho php truyn vi tc t 11,2Kbps n 59,2Kbps cho
mt khe thi gian v nu ghp nhiu khe s cho tc truyn ti a l 384Kbps.
m bo tc truyn cng nh bo v thng tin, th tc kim sot knh v tuyn
LLC trong EDGE s c mt s thay i c bn xoay quanh vic ci tin mu RLC v
s tng hp ng kt ni v gia tng tc d phng.
S tng hp ng kt ni l vic la chn m hnh iu ch v m ha ph
hp vi cht lng ng truyn v tuyn. S gia tng tc d phng cng l mt
bin php m bo cht lng dch v. Tng ng vi mi mu m ha, thng tin s
c thit lp v gi i vi m ha t nht t tc cao nht. Tuy nhin nu b
phn gii m b sai, nhiu bit m s c thm vo v gi cho n khi no vic gii
m thnh cng. D nhin, vic thm m s lm cho tc truyn gim v tr truyn
dn tng.
EGPRS cung cp mu tng hp kt ni v gia tng d phng lm c s cho
vic o lng cht lng ng truyn nhm m bo vic khai thc dch v truyn
dn vi tr ngn hn v gim yu cu b nh.
3.5.3.2.Truyn dn chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD
Chun GSM hin ti c th cung cp truy nhp v tuyn truyn dn trong sut
v khng trong sut. Truyn trong sut yu cu tc bit c nh hng dy t 9,6 n
64 Kbps, cn truyn khng trong sut thay i t 4,8 n 57,6Kbps. Tc thc t
ca truyn khng trong sut ph thuc vo cht lng knh v kt qu ca vic
truyn li khi sai st.
EDGE khng nh hng g n vic truyn ny trong h thng chuyn mch
GSM nn tc bit cng khng thay i. Tuy nhin cc thnh phn trong m ha
knh s c mt s thay i c tc cao hn.
Trong tng lai khi EDGE s dng dch v thi gian thc thng qua giao thc
internet th s c tc ng mnh khng nhng trn truy nhp v tuyn m c trn
trng chuyn mch truyn thng.
Trang 43
3.5.4.Cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p dng EDGE trn mng GSM
EDGE ch yu tc ng n phn truy xut v tuyn ca mng GSM c th l
trm thu pht v tuyn gc BTS, i kim sot gc BSC nhng khng nh hng n
cc ng dng v giao tip da vo chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cc giao
tip ang tn ti c gi li thng qua trung tm chuyn MSC v cc node h tr
GPRS (SGSN, GGSN).
Trong EDGE tc bit s c tng ln n 384Kbps. Tc ny ch yu nh
hng n giao tip khng gian c th l lm gim kh nng phn tn thi gian v
vn tc di chuyn ca my u cui. Mt khc giao tip A-bis gia trm thu pht v
BSC trong GSM ch t tc 16Kbps, vi EDGE tc ny phi t n 64Kbps
nn phi gn nhiu khe thi gian cho knh thoi. gii quyt vn ny ta c th
s dng m ha knh CS3, CS4 cho php t n tc 28,8Kbps. Trong giao tip
gia MSC v BSC tc cho php l 64Kbps nn MSC khng cn c s thay i.
Cc node chuyn mch gi ca GPRS l SGSN v GGSN s dng cc giao thc
chuyn mch gi s khng nh hng n tc cao ca EDGE nn cng khng cn
thay i c phn cng ln phn mm.
Tm li, do thay i cch iu ch tng tc truyn nn vic thay i cc
phn t trong mng GSM tng thch vi EDGE ch yu xy ra cc my u
cui, trm thu pht gc BSS. Cc h thng chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi nh
MSC, SGSN, GGSN s khng cn phi thay i.
c th thc hin EDGE trn mng GSM hin ti, vic cn thit l phi tin
hnh tng bc thng qua cc k hoch ph sng, k hoch tn s, qun l knh, iu
khin cng sut khng lm nh hng n vic khai thc.
3.5.4.1.K hoch ph sng (Coverage Planning)
Trong EDGE, nu t l sng mang trn nhiu thp s khng lm rt mch nh
trong GSM m ch lm gim tm thi tc truyn d liu EDGE. Mt t bao EDGE
s ng thi phc v cho nhiu ngi s dng vi tc yu cu khc nhau. Tc
bit trong trung tm t bo s cao v b gii hn bin t bo.
Trang 44
3.5.4.2.K hoch tn s (Frequency Planning)
Hin nay mng GSM ang dng mu s dng li tn s 4/12. Tuy nhin vic p
dng cc tnh nng nhy tn, mu a s dng li tn s MRP v truyn khng lin tc
DTX th thng s s dng li c th thp hn hoc l 3/9.
i vi EDGE nh k thut tng hp ng kt ni nn vn c th s dng
mu tn s 3/9 v vic nh hng t s nhiu cng knh khng tc ng ln n cht
lng mng.
3.5.4.3.iu khin cng sut
Cc h GSM hin nay ang s dng tnh nng iu khin cng sut t ng
my u cui v trm thu pht v tuyn gc BTS. Tnh nng ny cho php gim cng
sut khi thu bao tin li gn trm v tng cng sut khi thu bao ri xa trm hay c
vt cn gia my u cui v trm BTS. Vic t ng iu chnh cng sut s lm
tng tui th h thng v pin my u cui ng thi nng cao cht lng cuc gi
do cn bng cng sut ng ln v ng xung cng nh hn ch nhiu giao thoa
gia hai knh k cn. EDGE cng h tr chc nng ny mc d c th c mt s
im khc bit so vi GSM.
3.5.4.4.Qun l knh
Sau khi a vo s dng EDGE, mt s t bo s bao gm hai kiu thu pht :
GSM chun v EDGE.
Mi knh vt l trong t bo c th l :
- Thoi GSM v d liu chuyn mch knh.
- D liu gi GPRS.
- D liu chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD.
- D liu gi EDGE, cho php hn hp gia GPRS v EGPRS.
Kt lun chng 3:
Trang 45
Trong GPRS tc truyn d liu khng ph thuc vo tc d liu ca tng
knh c th m c th thay i. Mt ngi s dng GPRS c th s dng n 8 khe
thi gian t c tc hn 100kbps. Tuy nhin y l tc cc i, nu nhiu
ngi s dng th tc bit s thp hn.
Giao din v tuyn GPRS s dng cc tnh nng c bn ca giao din v tuyn
GSM. Nh vy c dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi u c th s dng
cng sng mang. Tuy nhin mng ng trc ca GPRS c thit k sao cho n
khng ph thuc vo giao din v tuyn.
Chng 3 ny gii thiu v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) v dch v v
tuyn gi chung nng cao (EDGE). Cc gii php k thut trong bc tin trin t
GSM sang GPRS v hiu qu t c. Gii php GPRS cho mng GSM Vit
Nam.Chng tip theo s trnh by v cng ngh WCDMA
Trang 46
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
CHNG 4
CNG NGH DI NG TH H BA W-CDMA
Gii thiu chng
Cng ngh EDGE l mt bc ci tin ca chun GPRS t tc truyn d
liu theo yu cu ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Tuy nhin EDGE vn da trn cu
trc mng GSM, ch thay i k thut iu ch v tuyn kt hp vi dch v chuyn
mch v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) nn tc vn cn hn ch. iu ny gy kh khn
cho vic ng dng cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin i hi vic chuyn mch
linh ng v tc truyn d liu ln hn. gii quyt vn ny, gii php a ra
l nng cp EDGE ln chun di ng th h ba W-CDMA.
W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h ba (3G) gip
tng tc truyn nhn d liu cho h thng GSM bng cch dng k thut CDMA
hot ng bng tn rng thay th cho TDMA. Trong cc cng ngh thng tin di ng
th h ba th W-CDMA nhn c s ng h ln nht nh vo tnh linh hot ca lp
vt l trong vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau c bit l dch v tc bit thp v
trung bnh.
* W-CDMA c cc tnh nng c s sau :
- Hot ng CDMA bng rng vi bng tn 5MHz.
- Lp vt l mm do tch hp c tt c thng tin trn mt sng mang.
- H s ti s dng tn s bng 1.
- H tr phn tp pht v cc cu trc thu tin tin.
Nhc im chnh ca W-CDMA l h thng khng cp php trong bng TDD
pht lin tc cng nh khng to iu kin cho cc k thut chng nhiu cc mi
trng lm vic khc nhau.
H thng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA c th cung cp cc dch v vi
tc bit ln n 2MBit/s. Bao gm nhiu kiu truyn dn nh truyn dn i xng v
khng i xng, thng tin im n im v thng tin a im. Vi kh nng , cc h
thng thng tin di ng th h ba c th cung cp d dng cc dch v mi nh : in
Trang 47
thoi thy hnh, ti d liu nhanh, ngoi ra n cn cung cp cc dch v a phng tin
khc.
Cc nh khai thc c th cung cp rt nhiu dch v i vi khch hng, t cc dch v
in thoi khc nhau vi nhiu dch v b sung cng nh cc dch v khng lin quan
n cuc gi nh th in t, FPT
4.1.Cu trc mng W-CDMA
H thng W-CDMA c xy dng trn c s mng GPRS. V mt chc nng c th
chia cu trc mng W-CDMA ra lm hai phn : mng li (CN) v mng truy nhp v
tuyn (UTRAN), trong mng li s dng ton b cu trc phn cng ca mng
GPRS cn mng truy nhp v tuyn l phn nng cp ca W-CDMA. Ngoi ra hon
thin h thng, trong W-CDMA cn c thit b ngi s dng (UE) thc hin giao din
ngi s dng vi h thng. T quan im chun ha, c UE v UTRAN u bao gm
nhng giao thc mi c thit k da trn cng ngh v tuyn W-CDMA, tri li
mng li c nh ngha hon ton da trn GSM. iu ny cho php h thng W-
CDMA pht trin mang tnh ton cu trn c s cng ngh GSM.
KBit/s
i xng Khng i xng a phng
im n im a im
a phng tin di ng Qung b
Truyn hnh hi
ngh
(Cht lng cao)
Truyn hnh hi
ngh
(Cht lng thp)
m thoi hi
ngh
in thoi
Truy
nhp
Internet
WWW
Th
in t
FTP
in
thoi
IP
vv
Y t t xa
Th ting
Truy nhp c s d liu
Mua
hng
theo
Catalog
Video
Video
theo
yu
cu
Bo
in
t
Karaoke
ISDN
Xut bn
in t
Th in t FAX
Cc dch v
phn phi
thng tin
Tin tc
D bo
thi tit
Thng tin
lu lng
Thng tin
ngh ngi
Truyn
hnh di
ng
Truyn
thanh di
ng
Ting
S liu
H.nh
1.2
2.4
9.6
16
32
64
384
2M
Hnh 4.1 Cc dch v a phng tin trong h thng thng tin di ng th h ba
Trang 48
UE (User Equipment)
Thit b ngi s dng thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi s dng vi h thng.
UE gm hai phn :
- Thit b di ng (ME : Mobile Equipment) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng
cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu.
- Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha thng
tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc kha
nhn thc v mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho u cui.
UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network)
Mng truy nhp v tuyn c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy
nhp v tuyn. UTRAN gm hai phn t :
- Nt B : Thc hin chuyn i dng s liu gia cc giao din I
ub
v U
u
. N cng
tham gia qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
- B iu khin mng v tuyn RNC : C chc nng s hu v iu khin cc ti
nguyn v tuyn trong vng (cc nt B c kt ni vi n). RNC cn l im truy
cp tt c cc dch v do UTRAN cung cp cho mng li CN.
L p m ng
v tuy n
L p m ng
truy n t i
Trang 49
PLMN,PST
NISDN
Internet
Cc
mng
ngoi
MSC/
VLR
GMSC
GGSN SGSN
HLR
CN
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
I
Ub
I
Ur
UTRAN
I
U
USIM
USIM
C
U
UE
U
U
Hnh 4.3. Cu trc ca UMTS
CN (Core Network)
- HLR (Home Location Register) : L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng
tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng. Cc thng tin ny bao gm : Thng tin
v cc dch v c php, cc vng khng c chuyn mng v cc thng tin v dch
v b sung nh : trng thi chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln chuyn hng cuc gi.
- MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Location Register) : L
tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh cho
UE ti v tr ca n. MSC c chc nng s dng cc giao dch chuyn mch knh. VLR
c chc nng lu gi bn sao v l lch ngi s dng cng nh v tr chnh xc ca UE
trong h thng ang phc v.
- GMSC (Gateway MSC) : Chuyn mch kt ni vi mng ngoi.
- SGSN (Serving GPRS) : C chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng cho
cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS).
- GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) : C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch
phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc mng ngoi
- Mng CS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
- Mng PS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc giao din v tuyn
- Giao din C
U
: L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny
tun theo mt khun dng chun cho cc th thng minh.
- Giao din U
U
: L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h
thng v v th m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS.
- Giao din I
U
: Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN, n cung cp cho cc nh khai
thc kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
- Giao din I
Ur
: Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh sn xut
khc nhau.
- Giao din I
Ub
: Giao din cho php kt ni mt nt B vi mt RNC. I
Ub
c tiu
L p m ng
v tuy n
L p m ng
truy n t i
Trang 50
chun ha nh l mt giao din m hon ton.
4.1.1.Giao din v tuyn
Cu trc UMTS khng nh ngha chi tit chc nng bn trong ca phn t mng
m ch nh ngha giao din gia cc phn t logic. Cu trc giao din c xy dng
trn nguyn tc l cc lp v cc phn cao c lp logic vi nhau, iu ny cho php
thay i mt phn ca cu trc giao thc trong khi vn gi nguyn cc phn cn li.
4.1.1.1.Giao din UTRAN CN, I
U
Giao din I
U
l mt giao din m c chc nng kt ni UTRAN vi CN. Iu c hai
kiu : Iu CS kt ni UTRAN vi CN chuyn mch knh v Iu PS kt ni UTRAN
vi chuyn mch gi.
Cu trc I
U
CS
I
U
CS s dng phng thc truyn ti ATM trn lp vt l l kt ni v tuyn, cp
quang hay cp ng. C th la chn cc cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau nh SONET,
STM-1 hay E1 thc hin lp vt l.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin : Gm RANAP trn nh giao din SS7 bng
rng v cc lp ng dng l phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP, phn truyn bn
Gi ao th c
ng d ng
M ng
bo hi u
M ng
s l i u
M ng
bo hi u
ALCAP
Lu ng
s l i u
Pha iu
khin mng
truyn ti
Pha ngi s
dng mng
truyn ti
Pha ngi s
dng mng
truyn ti
L p v t l
L p m ng
v tuy n
L p m ng
truy n t i
Hnh 4.5. M hnh tng qut cc giao din v tuyn ca UTRAN
Trang 51
tin MTP3-b, v lp thch ng bo hiu ATM cho cc giao din mng SAAL-NNI.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin mng truyn ti : Gm cc giao thc bo
hiu thit lp kt ni AAL2 (Q.2630) v lp thch ng Q.2150 nh cc giao thc
SS7 bng rng.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha ngi s dng : Gm mt kt ni AAL2 c dnh
trc cho tng dch v CS.
Cu trc I
U
PS
Phng thc truyn ti ATM c p dng cho c pha iu khin v pha ngi
s dng.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin I
U
PS : Cha RANAP v vt mang bo hiu
SS7. Ngoi ra cng c th nh ngha vt mang bo hiu IP ngn xp ny. Vt mang
bo hiu trn c s IP bao gm : M3UA (SS7 MTP3 User Adaption Layer), SCTP
(Simple Control Transmission Protocol), IP (Internet Protocol) v ALL5 chung cho c
hai tu chn.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin mng truyn ti I
U
PS : Pha iu khin mng
truyn ti khng p dng cho I
U
PS. Cc phn t thng tin s dng nh a ch v
nhn dng bo hiu AAL2 ging nh cc phn t thng tin c s dng trong CS.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha ngi s dng Iu PS : Lung s liu gi c ghp
chung ln mt hay nhiu AAL5 PVC (Permanent Virtual Connection). Phn ngi s
dng GTP-U l lp ghp knh cung cp cc nhn dng cho tng lung s liu gi.
Cc lung s liu s dng truyn ti khng theo ni thng v nh a ch IP.
4.1.1.2.Giao din RNC RNC, I
Ur
I
Ur
l giao din v tuyn gia cc b iu khin mng v tuyn. Lc u giao din
ny c thit k h tr chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, trong qu trnh pht trin
tiu chun nhiu tnh nng c b sung v n nay giao din I
Ur
phi m bo 4
chc nng sau :
- H tr tnh di ng c s gia cc RNC.
- H tr knh lu lng ring.
Trang 52
- H tr knh lu lng chung.
- H tr qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ton cu.
4.1.1.3.Giao din RNC Node B, I
Ub
Giao thc I
Ub
nh ngha cu trc khung v cc th tc iu khin trong bng cho
cc tng kiu knh truyn ti. Cc chc nng chnh ca I
Ub
:
- Chc nng thit lp, b sung, gii phng v ti thit lp mt kt ni v tuyn u
tin ca mt UE v chn im kt cui lu lng.
- Khi to v bo co cc c th , node B, kt ni v tuyn.
- X l cc knh ring v knh chung.
- X l kt hp chuyn giao.
- Qun l s c kt ni v tuyn.
4.2.Cc gii php k thut trong W-CDMA
4.2.1.M ha
4.2.1.1.M vng
M khi l b m ha chia dng thng tin thnh nhng khi tin (message) c k bit.
Mi tin c biu din bng mt khi k thnh phn nh phn u = (u
1
,u
2
,..,u
n
), u c gi
l vector thng tin. C tng cng 2
k
vector thng tin khc nhau. B m ha s chuyn
vector thng tin u thnh mt b n thnh phn v = (v
1
,v
2
,...,v
n
) c gi l t m. Nh
vy ng vi 2
k
vector thng tin s c 2
k
t m khc nhau. Tp hp 2
k
t m c chiu di
n c gi l mt m khi (n,k). T s R = k/n c gi l t s m, R chnh l s bit
thng tin a vo b gii m trn s bit c truyn. Do n bit ra ch ph thuc vo k bit
thng tin vo, b gii m khng cn nh v c th c thc hin bng mch logic t
hp. M vng l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn tnh.
M vng l phng php m ha cho php kim tra d vng (CRC Cyclic
Redundance Check) v ch th cht lng khung cc khung bn tin.
M ha m vng (n,k) dng h thng gm ba bc :
(1). Nhn a thc thng tin u(x) vi x
n-k
.
Mi lin kt
g = 1 : C lin kt
g = 0 : Khng lin kt
Trang 53
(2). Chia x
n-k
.u(x) cho a thc sinh g(x), ta c phn d b(x).
(3). Hnh thnh t m b(x) + x
n-k
Tt c ba bc ny c thc hin bng mch chia vi thanh ghi dch (n-k) tng
c hm hi tip tng ng vi a thc sinh g(x).
Nguyn l hot ng :
Bc 1 : Cng ng cho thng tin qua mch, k ch s thng tin u
0,
u
1
,...,u
n-k
c dch vo mch t thit b u cui nhn trc u(x) vi x
n-k
.
Ngay sau khi thng tin c a vo mch th n-k ch s cn li trong thanh ghi
l nhng con s kim tra chn l.
Bc 2 : Ct t ng hi tip bng cch iu khin cho cc cng g
i
h
(khng cho thng tin qua).
Bc 3 : Dch cc con s kim tra chn l v a ra ng truyn. Cc
ch s kim tra ny kt hp vi k ch s thng tin to thnh vector m.
S mch m ha vng :
Mi lin kt
g = 1 : C lin kt
g = 0 : Khng lin kt
Trang 54
4.2.1.2.M xon
M xon (Convolutional Code) (n,k,m) cng c n u ra, k u vo nh m khi
(n,k) nhng n u ra ca m xon ph thuc khng ch vo k u vo ti thi gian
m cn ph thuc vo m khi bn tin trc . M xon (n,k,m) c xy dng bi
mch dy. Mch ny dng thanh ghi dch m bit lm b nh, cc u ra ca cc phn t
nh c cng vi nhau theo quy lut nht nh to nn chui m, sau cc chui
ny c ghp xen vi nhau to nn chui m u ra.
4.2.1.3.M Turbo
M ha Turbo ch c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba khi
hot ng tc bit cao vi yu cu t s li bit BER nm trong khong 10
-3
n 10
-6
.
B m ha turbo thc cht l b m xon mc ni song song PCCC (Parallel
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
b
1
b
1
b
1
b
1
+
+
+
+
b
0
b
0
b
0
b
0
+
+
+
+
b
2
b
2
b
2
b
2
+
+
+
+
G
2
G
2
G
2
G
2
G
n-k-1
G
n-k-1
G
n-k-1
G
n-k-1
+
+
+
+
b
n-k-1
b
n-k-1
b
n-k-1
b
n-k-1
Thng tin
x
n+k
.u(x)
Thng tin
x
n+k
.u(x)
Thng tin
x
n+k
.u(x)
Thng tin
x
n+k
.u(x)
Cc s kim
tra chn l
Cc s kim
tra chn l
Cc s kim
tra chn l
Cc s kim
tra chn l
+
+
+
+
Mt khu ca thanh ghi dch
Cng XOR
Cng XOR
Cng XOR
Cng XOR
Mi lin kt
g = 1 : C lin kt
g = 0 : Khng lin kt
g
g
g
g Hnh v 4.6. Mch m ha vng vi a thc sinh
g(x) = 1 + g
1
x + g
2
x
2
+ ...+ g
n-k-1
x
n-k-1
+ x
n-k
Cng
Cng
Cng
Cng
Trang 55
Concatenated Convolutional Code) vi cc b m ha thnh phn 8 trng thi c s
dng.
4.2.2.iu ch BIT/SK v QPSK
4.2.2.1.iu ch BIT/SK
Trong mt h thng iu ch BIT/SK (BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying) cp tn
hiu s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) c s dng biu din cc gi tr nh phn. Ta c
( ) [ ] + + t f
T
E
t s
c
b
b
i
. 2 cos .
2
) (
Trong :
T
b
: rng bng thng.
E
b
: Nng lng ca mt bit.
( ) t
: Gc pha thay i theo tn hiu iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
( ) ( ) 2 , 1 , 0 , . 1 i T t i t
b

Mt cp sng sin i pha 180
0
nh trn gi l mt cp tn hiu i cc.
Lung s tc bit R
b
c a qua b chuyn i v tn hiu NRZ (01, 1-1),
sau nhn vi sng mang c tn hiu iu ch BIT/SK.
Chn mt tn hiu l c s l trc chun:
Hnh 4.7. S nguyn l iu ch BPSK
Lung s c
hai
R
b
= 1/T
b
S
i
(t)
c
b
f
T
b
E
. 2 cos
2
NRZ
Trang 56
( ) t f
T
t u
c
b
2 cos .
2
) (
1

Ta c :
( ) ( ) t u t d E t S
b i 1
. ) (
Khong cch gia hai tn hiu :
Xc sut li trong BPSK:
,
_
0
2
2
1
N
E
erfc P
b
e
Vi :
Eb l nng lng ca bit .
N0 mt xc sut nhiu trng.
4.2.2.2.iu ch QPSK
Tn hiu iu ch QPSK c dng:
( ) ( )
'
> <
+ +
T t t
T t i t f
T
E
t S
c
QPSK
; 0 , 0
0 ,
4
1 2 . 2 cos
2
) (

Trong
E
b
: Nng lng mt bit.
T
b
: Thi gian mt bit.
E = 2E
b
: Nng lng tn hiu pht i trn mt k hiu.
T = 2T
b
: Thi gian ca mt k hiu.
f
c
: Tn s sng mang, : gc pha ban u.
Trang 57
0
b
E
b
E
Hnh 4.8 Khong cch gia hai tn hiu BPSK
i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Bin i lng gic ta c phng trnh dng tng ng nh sau :
( )
( ) ( )
'
> <

1
]
1
T t t
T t t f i
T
E
t S
c
QPSK
; 0 , 0
0 , . 2 cos
4
. 1 2 cos
2
Nu ta chn Q
1
v Q
2
l cc hm nng lng c s trc giao chun :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) T t t f
T
t Q
T t t f
T
t Q
c
c

0 , . 2 cos
2
0 , . 2 sin
2
2
1
Ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch QPSK bng bn im trong khng gian tn

hiu vi cc to xc nh nh sau :
( )
( )
. 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ,
4
. 1 2 cos
4
. 1 2 sin
2
1
'
1
]
1

1
]
1

i
i E Q
i E Q
S
QPSK
Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v ta ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK trong

khng gian tn hiu th hin bng sau :
Cp bit vo
0 t T
Pha ca tn hiu
QPSK
im tn hiu
S
i
To cc im tn hiu
Q
1
Q
2
00
/4
S
1
+ 2 / E + 2 / E
01
3/4
S
2
+ 2 / E - 2 / E
11
5/4
S
3
- 2 / E - 2 / E
10
7/4
S
4
- 2 / E + 2 / E
Xc sut li trong QPSK:
,
_
0
,
2
N
E
Q P
b
QPSK e
Ta thy xc sut li ca BPSK v QPSK l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, vi QPSK th
Trang 58
hiu sut bng thng gp 2 ln BPSK. Bng thng ca QPSK xp x bng Rb.
4.3.Tri ph trong W-CDMA
4.3.1.Gii thiu
Trong cc h thng thng tin vic s dng hiu qu bng tn l vn c quan
tm hng u. Cc h thng c thit k sao cho rng bng tn cng nh cng tt.
Trong W-CDMA tng tc truyn d liu, phng php a truy cp kt hp
TDMA v FDMA trong GSM c thay th bng phng php a truy cp phn chia
theo m CDMA hot ng bng tn rng (5MHz) gi l h thng thng tin tri ph.
i vi cc h thng thng tin tri ph (SS : Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn ca tn
hiu c m rng trc khi c pht. Tuy rng bng tn tng ln rt nhiu nhng
lc ny nhiu ngi s dng c th dng chung mt bng tn tri ph, do m h
thng vn s dng bng tn c hiu qu ng thi tn dng c cc u im ca tri
ph. pha thu, my thu s khi phc tn hiu gc bng cch nn ph ngc vi qu
trnh tri ph bn my pht.
C ba phng php tri ph c bn sau :
- Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS : Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin
tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip
cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit
- Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS : Frequency Hopping Spreading Spectrum) : H thng
FHSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp cc tn s. Mu nhy
tn c dng m ngu nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian mt chip T
C
c c nh
khng i . Tc nhy tn c th thc hin nhanh hoc chm, trong h thng nhy tn
nhanh nhy tn thc hin tc cao hn tc bit ca bn tin, cn trong h thng
nhy tn thp th ngc li.
- Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS : Time Hopping Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin
tri ph bng cch nn mt khi cc bit s liu v pht ngt qung trong mt hay nhiu
khe thi gian. Mu nhy tn thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian c s dng
truyn dn trong mi khung.
Trong h thng DSSS, tt c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v
Trang 59
pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc
ly ra tn hiu bng cch nn ph. Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng nhiu ph rng,
cng sut thp ging tp m. Trong cc h thng FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng
c n nh mt m ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no dng chung tn s
hoc khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh b xung t. Ni cch khc DSSS l
kiu h thng ly trung bnh, FHSS v THSS l kiu h thng trnh xung t. H thng
thng tin di ng cng ngh CDMA ch s dng DSSS nn ta ch xt k thut tri ph
DSSS.
4.3.2.Nguyn l tri ph DSSS
Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS : Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin
tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip
cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit
Tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin v tc bit c tnh theo cng thc sau :
R
C
= 1/T
C
R
b
= 1/T
b
Trong :
R
C
: tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin.
R
b
: tc bit.
T
C
: thi gian mt chip.
T
b
: thi gian mt bit.
Trang 60
4.3.3.M tri ph
Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng c to ra bng cch s dng cc chui m gi
tp m PN (Pseudo Noise). M gi tp m cn c gi l m gi ngu nhin do c cc
tnh cht thng k ca tp m trng AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) v c
biu hin ngu nhin, bt xc nh. Tuy nhin my thu cn bit m ny to bn sao
mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht gii m bn tin. V th m gi ngu
nhin phi hon ton xc nh.
M gi ngu nhin c to ra bng cc b thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn
tnh (LFSR : Linear Feedback Shift Register) v cc cng XOR.
Mt chui thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to m
T
b
= T
n
T
b
= T
n
T
c
T
b
: Thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht
T
n
: Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph
T
C
: Thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph
Hnh 4.9. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)
c
i
S
i
(1) S
i
(2)
g
1
g
2
g
m-1
c
i-m
n b
iu ch
S
i
(m)
Hnh 4.10. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN
S
i
(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i.
g
i
= 0 : kha m, g
i
= 1 : kha ng.
Trang 61
tuyn tnh bc m (m > 0) :
( )
0 1
1
1
... g x g x g x g x g
m
m
m
m
+ + + +

(vi g
m
= g
0
= 1).
x
m
: n v tr.
Gi s ta np chui gi tr khi u cho thanh ghi dch :
S
0
= {S
0
(1), S
0
(1), S
0
(m)}
Gi tr u ra trong (m -1) xung ng h u tin l :
C
0
= S
0
(m)
C
1
= S
0
(m-1)
.
C
m-1
= S
0
(1)
Ti xung ng h th i (i > m-1) ta c trng thi ca thanh ghi dch :
S
i
(m) = S
i-1
(m-1) = S
i-2
(m-2) = = S
i-m+1
(1) (*)
S
i-m+1
(1) = g
1
.S
i-m
(1) + g
2
.S
i-m
(2) + + S
i-m
(m) (g
m
= 1)
=> S
i
(m) = g
1
.S
i-m
(1) + g
2
.S
i-m
(2) + + S
i-m
(m)
p dng cng thc (*), ta c :
S
i
(m) = g
1
.S
i-1
(m) + g
2
.S
i-2
(m) + + S
i-m
(m)
Gi tr u ra ti xung th i chnh l gi tr phn t nh S
i
(m) ca thanh ghi dch :
=> C
i
= g
1
.C
i-1
+ g
2
.C
i-2
+ + C
i-m
Hay :
C
i+m
= g
1
.C
i+m-1
+ g
2
.C
i+m-2
+ + C
i
Tc ca mch nh trn b hn ch v tc do tng thi gian tr trong cc
thanh ghi v cc cng loi tr ng hi tip. hn ch thi gian tr, nng cao tc
ca mch to m ngu nhin ta c th s dng s mch sau :
Trang 62
4.4.Truy nhp gi
4.4.1.Tng quan v truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA
Truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA cho php cc vt mang khng phi thi gian thc
s dng ng cc knh chung, ring v dng chung. Vic s dng cc knh khc nhau
c iu khin bi b lp biu gi PS (Packet Scheduler). B lp biu gi thng
c t RNC v ti y vic lp biu gi c th thc hin hiu qu cho nhiu ,
ngoi ra y cng xem xt cc kt ni chuyn giao mm.
B lp biu gi c cc chc nng chnh sau :
- Phn chia dung lng ca giao din v tuyn gia cc ngi s dng.
- Phn chia cc knh truyn ti s dng cho truyn dn s liu ca tng ngi
s dng.
- Gim st cc phn b gi v ti h thng.
4.4.2.Lu lng s liu gi
Truy nhp gi s dng cho cc dch v khng theo thi gian thc, nhn t quan
im giao din v tuyn n c cc thuc tnh in hnh sau :
- S liu gi c dng cm, tc bit yu cu c th bin i rt nhanh.
- S liu gi cho php tr ln hn cc dch v thi gian thc. V th s liu gi l
lu lng c th iu khin c xt theo quan im mng truy nhp v tuyn.
- Cc gi c th c pht li bi lp iu khin kt ni v tuyn (RLC). iu ny
cho php s dng cht lng ng truyn v tuyn km hn v t s li khung cao
hn so vi cc dch v thi gian thc.
S
i
(1) S
i
(2)
g
2
g
m-1
c
i
n b
iu ch
S
i
(m)
Hnh 4.11. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN tc cao
S
i
(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i.
g
i
= 0 : kha m, g
i
= 1 : kha ng.
g
1
Trang 63
Lu lng gi c c trng bi cc thng s sau :
- Qu trnh n ca phin.
- S cuc gi n phin.
- Thi gian c gia cc cuc gi.
- S gi trong mt cuc gi gi.
- Khong thi gian gia hai gi trong mt cuc gi gi.
- Kch thc gi.
4.4.3.Cc phng php lp biu gi
Chc nng lp biu gi l phn chia dung lng giao din v tuyn kh dng gia
cc ngi s dng. B lp biu gi c th quyt nh tc bit phn b v thi gian
phn b. Thut ton lp biu gi trong W-CDMA c thc hin theo hai phng
php : phn chia theo m v phn chia theo tn s. Trong phng php phn chia theo
m, khi c nhu cu tng dung lng th tc bit phn b cho ngi s dng s gim
i. Trong phng php phn chia theo thi gian biu dung lng c dnh cho mt s
t ngi theo tng thi im, nh vy ngi s dng c th c tc bit cao nhng ch
c th s dng trong thi gian ngn. Trong trng hp s ngi s dng tng th phi
i truyn dn lu hn. Thc t qu trnh lp biu gi l s kt hp ca hai phng
php trn.
Phin dch v gi
Cuc gi gi
Thi gian
c
Thi gian
Kch thc gi
Hnh 4.26. c trng ca mt phin dch v gi
Trang 64
4.4.3.1.Lp biu phn chia theo thi gian
Khi b lp biu phn chia thi gian phn b cc tc gi, cn xt n hiu nng
v tuyn. Thng thng cc dch v tc bit cao i hi t nng lng bit hn, v th
phn chia theo thi gian c u im l E
b
/N
o
thp hn. Ngoi ra thi gian tr trung bnh
trong phng php ny l ngn hn so vi phng php phn chia theo m.
Nhc im chnh ca phng php phn chia thi gian l :
- Thi gian truyn dn ngn trong khi vic thit lp v gii phng kt ni i hi
thi gian di thm ch n vi khung.
- Vic s dng phn b theo thi gian b hn ch bi di tc cao do hn ch
cng sut ca MS ng ln.
- Phng php ny s dng cc tc bit cao v to ra lu lng dng cm, iu
ny dn n s thay i cao cc mc nhiu so vi lp biu phn chia theo m.
4.4.3.2.Lp biu phn chia theo m
Trong lp biu phn chia theo m tt c ngi s dng c n nh mt knh khi
h cn chng. Nu nhiu ngi s dng gi yu cu lu lng th tc bit phi thp
hn lp biu theo thi gian.
Cc u im chnh ca phng php ny l :
- Trong lp biu phn chia theo m, vic thit lp v gii phng s gy ra t tn tht
dung lng hn do tc bit thp v thi gian truyn dn lu hn. Do tc bit thp
vic phn b ti nguyn lp biu gi phn chia theo m i hi nhiu thi gian hn
lp biu gi phn chia theo thi gian. iu ny cho php d bo c mc nhiu.
- Lp biu phn chia theo m c th l tnh hoc ng. Trong lp biu tnh, tc
bit c phn b duy tr c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Trong lp biu ngs, tc
bit c th thay i ph hp vi lu lng gi.
- Phng php lp biu ny i hi cc kh nng ca MS thp hn.
4.5.Quy hoch mng WCDMA
M u
Trang 65
Qu trnh lan truyn tn hiu t trm gc BTS n my di ng MS, cng sut tn
hiu b suy hao do mi trng truyn dn, tp nhiu t nhng thit b khc, tp nhiu
bn thn thit b... Phn ny trnh by cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh truyn lan tn
hiu, a ra m hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn, s mc tn hiu tnh ton ng
truyn, dung lng mng
4.5.1 Suy hao ng truyn trong qu trnh truyn lan tn hiu
Cc iu kin ng truyn dn rt quan trng trong vic thc hin thit b u
cui cng nh thit k cu hnh . Trong s ba thnh phn ca iu kin truyn dn, suy
hao ng truyn do khong cch, pha inh che chn, pha inh a ng th suy hao
ng truyn do khong cch v pha inh che chn xc nh cu hnh v c lng
vng ph sng. Thnh phn pha inh a ng, yu t lm thay i mc tn hiu thu
mt cch nhanh chng, nh hng ti cc thit k thit b u cui, bao gm vic la
chn cc k thut b pha inh.
4.5.1.1. Tp m v can nhiu
Tp m v can nhiu gii hn rt nhiu di hot ng ca cc thit b v tuyn.
Trong cc h thng a ngi dng hay nhng h thng v tuyn dng chung mt bng
thng th vn ny li cng quan trng. m bo vic thit k h thng vi mc tn
hiu thu c th chp nhn c, ngi ta phi bit r c tnh tp m v nhiu v t
a ra cc phng php nh gi c cht lng ca h thng v ton tuyn thng tin.
4.5.2. M hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn
4.5.2.1. M hnh Hata - Okumura
M hnh ny l quan h thc nghim c rt ra t bo co k thut ca
Okumura cho php s dng cc kt qu vo cc cng c tnh ton. Bo co ca
Okumura bao gm mt chui cc lu c s dng lp m hnh thng tin v
tuyn. Da trn cc o lng c thc hin bi Y.Okumura Tokyo ti tn s 1920
MHz, cc o lng ny va khp vi m hnh ton hc ca M.Hata.
Trong m hnh ny, ban u suy hao ng truyn c tnh bng cch tnh h
s iu chnh anten cho cc vng th l hm ca khong cch gia trm gc, trm di
ng v tn s. H s ny c a vo suy hao khng gian t do. Kt qu c iu
chnh bng cc h s cho cao anten trm gc v trm di ng. Ngoi ra, cc h s
Trang 66
iu chnh c cp cho hng ph, cc vng ngoi , cc vng m v cc a hnh
khng u.
M hnh ch p dng cho 4 thng s tha iu kin:
Tn s sng mang f
c
: 150 1500 (Mhz)
Khong cch t trm gc d : 1 20 (km)
cao anten trm gc h
b
: 30 200 (m)

cao anten trm di ng h
m
: 1 10 (m)
Tu theo tng vng phc v khc nhau, suy hao tuyn L
p
tng ng mi vng khc
nhau.
- Vng thnh ph:
L
p
(dB) = 69,55 + 26,16lgf
c
+ (44,9 6,55lgh
b
)lgr 13,82lgh
b
- a(h
m
) (4.1)
Trong : a(h
m
) l h s hiu chnh cho cao anten di ng (dB) c tnh
trong 2 trng hp khc nhau:
+ i vi thnh ph nh v trung bnh:
a(h
m
) (dB)= (1,11lgf
c
-0,7)h
m
(1,56lgf
c
0,8) (4.2)
+ i vi thnh ph ln:
8.29[lg(1,54h
m
)]
2
1,1 (f
c
200 MHz) [dB] (4.3)
3,2[lg11,75h
m
)]
2
4,97 (f
c
400 MHz) [dB] (4.4)
Nh vy bn knh cell c tnh :

( ) [ ]
b
m b c p
h
h a h f L
r
lg . 55 , 6 9 , 44
lg . 82 , 13 lg . 16 , 26 55 , 69
lg
+ +
(4.5)
- Vng ngoi :
Vi vng ngoi h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh ph l:
L
no
(dB)= L
p
- 2
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
4 , 5
28
lg
2
c
f
(4.6)
- Vng nng thn:
Vi vng nng thn h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh ph l:
L
nt
(dB)

= L
p
4,78.(lgf
c
)
2
+18,33(lgf
c
) - 40,94 (4.7)
Cc php o ca Okumura ch ng cho cc kiu to nh Tokyo v cn c s
liu c kh nng d on cc nhn t mi trng trn c s tnh cht vt l ca cc
Trang 67

a(h
m
) ={
to nh xung quanh my thu di ng. Ngoi ra, do k thut Okumura dng hiu
chnh mt t bt thng v cc c im khc ca ng truyn c th nn cn c cc
din gii thit k. iu ny lm cho m hnh Hata-Okumura khng ph hp cho vic s
dng my tnh.
4.5.2.2 M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami (hay COST 231)
M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami cha 3 phn t: tn hao khng gian t do, nhiu x
mi nh v tn hao tn x, tn hao do nhiu vt chn.

Cc thng s a vo cng thc m hnh c gii thiu hnh 4.2.
Trong :
w: b rng ng ph (m)
b: c ly gia cc dy nh ph chn ng truyn sng (m)
: gc ti ca sng trn mt phng phng v so vi trc ng

h
m
: chiu cao anten trm di ng (m)
h
b
: chiu cao anten trm gc (m)
d: khong cch trm di ng v trm gc (m)
hr: chiu cao to nh (m)
M hnh ch p dng cho 4 thng s tha iu kin:
Trang 68
Hnh 4.2 Cc tham s trong m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami.

h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1

d
h
2

Anten trm gc
Anten trm di ng
To nh
w
b
h
r

Hng di chuyn

Hng sng
Di ng
Tn s sng mang f
c
: 800 2000 (Mhz)
Khong cch t trm gc d : 0,02 5 (km)
cao anten trm gc

h
b
: 4 50 (m)

cao anten trm di ng h
m
: 1 3 (m)
Cc biu thc s dng cho m hnh nh sau:
'
+
> + + +
0 ,
0 ,
msd rts f
msd rts msd rts f
p
L L L
L L L L L
L (4.8)
Trong :
L
f
: l tn hao khng gian t do, c xc nh:
L
f
(dB) = 32,4 +20lgr + 20lgf
c
(4.9)
L
rts
: l nhiu x mi nh - ph v tn hao tn x, c xc nh:
L
rts
(dB) = (-16,7) -10lgW + 10lgf
c
+ 20lgh
m
+ L
o
(4.10)
vi: h
m
= h
r
- h
m
(m)
L
o
l sai s do tn x v nhiu x, c xc nh bi:

'
90 55 ), )( 55 ( 114 , 0 4
55 35 ), )( 55 ( 075 , 0 5 , 2
35 0 ), ( 646 , 9
dB
dB
dB
Lo
L
msd
: l tn hao cc vt che chn, c xc nh:
L
msd
= L
bsh
+ k
a
+ k
d
lgr + k
f
lgf
c
9lgb (4.11)
vi:
'
<
> +
r b
r b b
bsh
h h
h h h
L
, 0
), 1 lg( . 18

'
<

>
) , 500 ( , 6 , 1 54
) , 500 ( , 8 , 0 54
) ( , 54
r b b
r b b
r b
a
h h r r h
h h r h
h h
k

'
<
r b
r b
m
b
d
h h
h h
h
h
k
, 18
,
15
18
Trang 69

,
_
+ 1
925
5 , 1 4
c
f
f
k
vi thnh ph ln.

,
_
+ 1
925
7 , 0 4
c
f
f
k
vi thnh ph trung bnh.
Vi trng hp tia nhn thng (LOS):
L
p
(dB) = 42,6 + 26lgr + 20lgf
c

(2.12

)
Vi trng hp tia khng nhn thng (NLOS):
L
p
(dB) = 32,4 + 20lgr + 20lgf
c
+ L
rts
+ L
msd

(4.13)
Nh vy bn knh cell tnh theo m hnh Walfisch Ikegami l :
( )
( )
d
c f a m bsh ori p
k
f k b k h W L L L
r
+
+ + +
20
7 , 15 lg 30 lg 9 lg 20 lg 10
lg
(4.14)

C th s dng cc gi tr mc nh sau cho m hnh:
b = 20 50m; W = b/2; = b/2; h
r
= 3 x (s tng) + h
nn
vi: h
nn
= 3 m cho nc nh c cao, 0 m cho nc nh phng.
Ta tnh ton tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Hata v Walfisch-Ikegami theo
cc s liu di y v so snh kt qu:
f
c
= 880 MHz h
r
= 30 m
h
m
= 1,5 m = 90
h
b
= 30 m b = 30 m
nc nh = 0 m W = 15 m
Tn hao ng truyn d on theo m hnh Hata thp hn 13-16 dB so vi m
hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. Tuy nhin, m hnh Hata b qua nh hng ca rng ng
ph, nhiu x ph v cc tn hao tn x. Cc nh hng ny c xt n m hnh
Walfisch-Ikegami.
M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami s c s dng cho phng n tnh ton thit k v m
hnh ny thch hp vi iu kin vi mi trng th Vit Nam, tnh ton d dng
bng chng trnh trn my tnh.
Trang 70
Vng ph sng s c tnh ton da trn din tch cn ph sng v bn knh ca cell
bng cch p dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. Cht lng dch v v dung lng phc
v ca h thng s tnh ton da trn phng trnh tnh dung lng cc ca ng
truyn hng ln. T s tnh ton c s trm BTS cn thit p ng dung
lng ca h thng.
4.5.2.3 Quan h gia suy hao ng truyn dn v vng ph sng
Hnh 4.3 cho thy quan h gia suy hao ng truyn truyn sng v khong
cch thu c bi cng thc Hata - Okumura, trong gi thit cao anten ca BS v
MS tng ng l 100m v 1,5m. S dng s ny, c th tnh c mt khong cch
m suy hao ng truyn L max p l 50%.
Khong cch
Tn hao ng truyn (dB)
M hnh Hata M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami
1
2
3
4
5
126,16
136,77
142,97
147,37
150,79
139,45
150,89
157,58
162,33
166,01
Trang 71
200
1000
180
160
140
120
Chiu cao antenBS:100m Chiu
cao anten MS: 1,5m
1,5 GHz
900 MHz
450 MHz
1 10 100
Khong cch (km)
Hnh 4.3 Quan h gia suy hao ng truyn dn v vng ph sng
Bng 4.1 So snh tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Hata v Walfisch-Ikegami
4.5.2.4. Mt s khi nim cn quan tm
- n v lu lng Erlang: Mt n v lu lng Erlang l mt mch thng tin
hot ng trong mt gi.
- Cp phc v (G
0
S): i lng biu th s % cuc gi khng thnh cng i vi
h thng tiu hao cn trong h thng i G
0
S l s % thu bao thc hin s gi tr li.
i vi h thng hot ng bnh thng, cp phc v c nh gi bng xc sut tc
nghn l 0,02 khi khi to cuc gi trong gi cao im. y l gi tr tr trung bnh.
- Din tch cell: sau khi tnh c bn knh cell ta c th xc nh din tch cell
theo bng sau
Loi cell Din tch cell Din tch sector
Trn R
2
R
2
/3
Lc gic 2.598R
2
2.598R
2
/3
Bng 4.2: Cng thc tnh din tch cell
- BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts): S ln gi ca thu bao trong gi cao im
- H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu tiu hao: Gi thit v h thng m cc
thu bao khng h gi li khi cuc gi khng thnh cng.
- H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu i: Gi thit v h thng m cc thu
bao s kin tr gi li cho n khi thnh cng.
- Vng ph sng: H thng phi phc v mt vng nht nh. Tuy nhin do a
hnh phc tp nn ph sng khng c 100% vi 2 l do:
+ Cng sut pht x phi rt mnh cc my thu a im b chn khut vn
lm vic c. Nh vy gi thnh thit b phi ln v gi cc ca thu bao phi cao.
+ Cng sut pht cng ln th cng kh kim sot s giao thoa sng gia cc
my thu pht cng mt tn s cc cell ln cn. Vic ti s dng li tn s l mt c
th ca mng cellular. Khi s thu bao tng th ta chia nh thm cc cell v mun c
nhiu thu bao c dng chung mt tn s th cng sut phi gim nh thch hp.
Trang 72
V vy cc h thng thng tin c gng bao ph 90% din tch trong vng bng
phng v 75% din tch trong vng i ni hoc c nhiu vt che khut.
- Tng ch khi chia sector: l thng s b chnh v mc can nhiu tng ln do cc
sector khc gy nn cho sector xt. Gi l tng ch khi chia sector v vic tng sector
lm tng s ngi dng. Khi s sector mt mt bng tng ln, th mi sector nh i
lm gim can nhiu mi sector gy ra cho sector khc. Nhng s sector gy nhiu cho
sector xt li tng ln.
- Mt dn s: y l mt n v xc nh s lng khch hng tim nng
c th s s dng dch v trn mt n v din tch.
4.5.3. Dung lng kt ni v tuyn
H thng CDMA c li th hn hn so vi cc h thng khc nh FDMA,
TDMA l kh nng m rng dung lng thu bao. Dung lng ca h thng CDMA
ph thuc vo iu kin a l, mc nhiu, cc c tnh truyn sng v mt s iu kin
khc. thit k tnh ton s knh ca h thng WCDMA ta dng phng php sau:
+ T s nng lng tn hiu trong mi bit vi mt ph cng sut nhiu
(Eb/No) quyt nh c tnh kt ni gia trm gc v u cui . Mc tp m l s kt
hp ca tp m nn v nhiu gy ra bi u cui ca h thng khc. V vy s lng
cuc gi ng thi trong mi sector hoc b hn ch bi t s Eb/No. Gii hn ca
knh lu lng vt l kt ni gia trm gc v trm u cui tnh theo cng thc sau:
N =
S
bochinh
o o
b
G
f
I N
E
.
1
.
1
1
.
R
W
+
1
]
1
+
(4.15)
Trong :

S
G
: Tng ch di qut ha

bochinh
o o
b
I N
E
1
]
1
+
l t s
o o
b
I N
E
+
trong iu kin iu khin cng
sut khng hon ho.
Trang 73

bochinh
o o
b
I N
E
1
]
1
+
=
( )
2
0
2
.
e
e
I N
E
o
b

+
(4.16)
Vi:

: Hng s c gi tr 0,1ln10

e
: Phng sai iu khin cng sut

W : rng di tn sng mang (Hz)
R :Tc truyn (bps)

: H s tch cc thoi
f : t s nng lng nhiu t cell khc n cell xt
Gi tr N thay i ph hp vi cc gi tr gi nh ca mi tham s. Vy N tu
thuc vo phng php v gi nh tnh ton nh gi hiu nng c th ng dng
c trong mi trng hot ng. Gi tr tnh ton N trn l s lng knh ln nht
c th cho php s dng kt ni ng thi gia u cui v sector hoc Ommi-Cell
trong trng hp khng c chuyn v mm.
Do s lng knh lu lng hot ng trong mi sng mang WCDMA c
tnh nh sau:
Ns = N x ti ca (cell) (4.17)
4.5.4 Suy gim ng truyn ln nht cho php
Suy gim ng truyn ln nht cho php xc nh nh sau:
L
a
= P
m
P
min
+ G
b
L
c
L
b
L
h
(4.18)
Vi :
P
min
= N
0
+ F
b
+ (E
b
/N
0
)
req
+ 10lgB.
Trong :
L
a
: Tn hao ng truyn cho php.
P
m
: Cng sut pht x hiu dng ca MS.
P
min
: Cng tn hiu ti thiu yu cu.
G
b
: H s khuch i ca Anten pht BS.
Trang 74
L
c
: Tn hao cp Anten thu BS.
L
b
: Tn hao c th.
L
h
: Tn hao truy nhp ta nh.
B : Tc bit (Bps)
N
0
: Tp m nn ca BS.
F
b
: H s tp m my thu.
E
b
/N
0
: d tr cn thit ca anten pht BS.

4.5.5.Ti u mng
Ti u mng l qu trnh phn tch cu hnh v hiu nng mng nhm ci thin
cht lng mng tng th v m bo ti nguyn ca mng c s dng mt cch c
hiu qu.
Giai on u ca qu trnh ti u l nh ngha cc ch th hiu nng chnh. Chng
gm cc kt qu o h thng qun l mng v s liu o thc t xc nh cht
lng dch v. Vi s gip ca h thng qun l mng ta c th phn tch hiu nng
qu kh, hin ti v tng lai. Ta c th phn tch hiu nng ca cc thut ton qun l
ti nguyn v tuyn v cc thng s ca chng bng cch s dng cc kt qu ca ch
th hiu nng chnh.
Trong h thng thng tin di ng th h ba vic ti u ha mng rt quan trng v
mng th h ba cung cp nhiu dch v a dng. iu chnh t ng phi cung cp cu
tr li nhanh cho cc iu khin thay i lu lng trong mng. Trong giai on u
ca qu trnh xy dng mng W-CDMA ch c mt s thng s l c iu chnh t
ng v v th cn phi duy tr qu trnh ti u ha ca h thng GSM
Kt lun chng 4
Trong tnh ton thc t, ngoi vic ly mt s tham s ca nh cung cp thit b,
mt phn ln cc tham s khc cn ly theo cc gi tr in hnh. iu ny dn n kt
qu thit k dng mc nh c mng s b. Tuy nhin, trong thc t vic trin khai
mt h thng thng tin (lp mi hoc m rng) lun cn c thm bc hiu chnh, ti
u mng sau khi lp t, chy th da trn cc kt qu o t thc t.
Trang 75
Ngoi ra, vic tnh ton s dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami cha tnh n cc
tn hao do cy ci v kt qu ch tnh cho dch v thoi m cha tnh cho dch v
truyn d liu, ng thi vic quy hoch theo dung lng cha m bo ti u v
phng din vng ph.
.
Trang 76
Bt u
- Tnh bn knh Cell
- Tnh din tch Cell
In kt qu
In kt qu
Phn m phng
PHN M PHNG
Phn ny gii thiu lu thut ton m phng - tnh ton cc bc quy hoch mng
di ng v cng cc ca s giao din chng trnh m phng vit bng ngn ng
Visual Basic 6.0.
1. Lu tnh ton
1.1.Lu thut ton tng qut
Sai
Bt u
Thc hin tnh
ton
Kim tra thng s
nhp
ng
In kt qu
Kt thc
Nhp cc thng s yu
cu
Bt u
- Tnh bn knh Cell
- Tnh din tch Cell
In kt qu
In kt qu
Trang 77
Phn m phng
1.2.lu thut ton chi tit
Bt u
- Tnh bn knh Cell
- Tnh din tch Cell
In kt qu
Kim tra thng s
nhp
Sai
ng
Kim tra thng s
nhp
Sai
ng
Tnh suy hao ng truyn
cho php i vi vng ph
ca cell
In kt qu
Nhp cc thng s truyn sng (chn
m hnh truyn sng Walfisch-
Ikegami cho Tp nh v trung bnh)
Nhp:
- Thng s truyn dn
- Thng s trm BTS
- Thng s trm MS
Trang 78
Phn m phng

Trang 79
Phn m phng
2. Kt qu chng trnh
2.1.Giao din chnh
Trang 80
Phn m phng
2.2.Tnh suy hao ng truyn :
Trang 81
Phn m phng
2.3. Tnh kch thc Cell :
Trang 82
Phn m phng
2.4. Tnh dung lng knh :
Trang 83
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI
Trc s bng n v nhu cu truyn thng khng dy c v s lng, cht lng
v cc loi hnh dch v, cng ngh GSM ang c pht trin c th h tr v
p ng. Tuy nhin, tc ca mng GSM hin thi vn cn qu chm v khng p
ng c, iu ny i hi cc nh khai thc phi c c cng ngh truyn thng
khng dy nhanh hn v tt hn. Vic s dng h thng chuyn mch knh tc
cao (HSCSD) s nng c tc d liu trn mng GSM ln n 57.6KBps, tuy
nhin cng ngh ny vn cha p ng thch ng yu cu v mt k thut. Gii php
GPRS, EDGE trn mng GSM v sau nng cp ln W-CDMA l mt gii php
kh thi v thch hp vi cc nc ang pht trin nh nc ta v c th tn dng
c c s h tng mng GSM ng thi c qu u t tin ln 3G.
Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh vo s kt hp
cc khe thi gian, tuy nhin k thut ny vn da trn phng thc iu ch GMSK
nn hn ch tc truyn. Gii php dch v v tuyn gi chung nng cao EDGE
khc phc c hn ch ny bng cch thay th phng thc iu ch GMSK bng
8PSK, iu ny gip nng cao tc ca mng GPRS ln 2 n 3 ln. Kh khn ch
yu lin quan n cc k thut v tuyn trn my u cui do vic thay i k thut
iu ch. Tuy nhin EDGE l vn hot ng da trn trn c s chuyn mch knh
v chuyn mch gi hn ch tc 384KBps nn s kh khn trong vic ng dng
cc dch v i hi vic chuyn mch linh ng hn v tc truyn d liu ln hn.
Lc ny gii php a ra l nng cp ln h thng WCDMA. Vic nng cp cc h
thng thng tin di ng ln th h ba c th p ng c cc yu cu hin ti. Trong
tng lai, khi m cng ngh 3G khng p ng c yu cu th cng ngh thng tin
di ng th h t l gii php tip theo vi tc ln ti 34Mbps. im mu cht
trong thng tin di ng th h t l thay i phng php a truy cp kinh in bng
cc phng php a truy cp cho hiu sut cao hn nh phng php a truy cp
phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA), a truy cp phn chia theo c hi
Trang 84
(ODMA)...
Trong khun kh ti em tm hiu tng qut gii php nng cp mng GSM
ln W-CDMA. Do c nhiu chun nng cp cng nh nhiu gii php nng cp ca
cc tp on vin thng khc nhau nn ti ch a ra c nhng bc c bn
nht trong l trnh nng cp v kin trc h thng v k thut v tuyn s trn c s
l thuyt m khng th i su vo cc gii php chi tit. ng thi vic a ra gii
php CDMA bng thng rng ti u cho GSM Vit Nam cha thc hin c.
Trang 85
Trang 86

Tonghop WCDMA

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Tonghop WCDMA

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LI CAM OAN

Trong k lm n tt nghip, em tm hiu ti n trong cc sch tham

Ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch QPSK bng bn im trong khng gian tn

Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v ta ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK trong

: gc ti ca sng trn mt phng phng v so vi trc ng

: Phng sai iu khin cng sut

: d tr cn thit ca anten pht BS.

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