Chng 1 GIAO NHN VN TI HNG HO BNG NG BIN

I. 1. 2. 3. II. 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. III. 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. IV. 1. 2.

ng bin Chng t s dng i vi hng xut khu Chng t pht sinh trong giao nhn hng nhp khu Khi qut chung v vn ti ng bin c im kinh t k thut ca vn ti ng bin. Tc dng ca vn ti ng bin i vi bun bn quc t. C s vt cht k thut ca vn ti ng bin Cc phng thc thu tu chuyn ch hng ho. Phng thc thu tu ch Khi nim v c im ca tu ch Phng thc thu tu ch Vn n ng bin (Ocean Bill of Lading - B/L) Phng thc thu tu chuyn Khi nim v c im ca tu chuyn Phng thc thu tu chuyn Hp ng thu tu chuyn Giao nhn hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin Khi qut chung v giao nhn. nh ngha v giao nhn v ngi giao nhn Quyn hn v ngha v ca ngi giao nhn Trch nhim ca ngi giao nhn Giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu ti cng bin C s php l, nguyn tc giao nhn hng ho XNK ti cng. Nhim v ca cc c quan tham gia giao nhn hng ho XNK Trnh t giao nhn hng ho XNK ti cc cng bin Cc loi chng t c lin quan n giao nhn, vn chuyn hng ho xut nhp khu bng

Vn ti ng bin ra i kh sm so vi cc phng thc vn ti khc. Ngay t th k th V trc cng nguyn con ngi bit li dng bin lm cc tuyn ng giao thng giao lu cc vng cc min, cc quc gia vi nhau trn th gii. Cho n nay vn ti bin c pht trin mnh v tr thnh ngnh vn ti hin i trong h thng vn ti quc t.

I. Khi qut chung v vn ti ng bin 1. c im kinh t k thut ca vn ti ng bin. * Vn ti ng bin c th phc v chuyn ch tt c cc loi hng ho trong bun bn quc t .* Cc tuyn ng vn ti trn bin hu ht l nhng tuyn ng giao thng t nhin. * Nng lc chuyn ch ca vn ti ng bin rt ln. Nhn chung nng lc chuyn ch ca cng c vn ti ng bin (tu bin) khng b hn ch nh cc cng c ca cc phng thc vn ti khc. * u im ni bt ca vn ti ng bin l gi thnh thp. Tuy nhin, vn ti ng bin c mt s nhc im: - Vn ti ng bin ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin t nhin. - Tc ca tu bin cn thp v vic tng tc khai thc ca tu bin cn b hn ch T nhng c im kinh t k thut ni trn ca vn ti ng bin, ta c th rt ra kt lun mt cch tng qut v phm vi p dng nh sau: + Vn ti ng bin thch hp vi chuyn ch hng ho trong bun bn quc t. + Vn ti ng bin thch hp vi chuyn ch hng ho c khi lng ln, chuyn ch trn c ly di nhng khng i hi thi gian giao hng nhanh chng. 2. Tc dng ca vn ti ng bin i vi bun bn quc t. * Vn ti ng bin l yu t khng tch ri bun bn quc t * Vn ti ng bin thc y bun bn quc t pht trin * Vn ti ng bin pht trin gp phn lm thay i c cu hng ho v c cu th trng trong bun bn quc t.* Vn ti ng bin tc ng ti cn cn thanh ton quc t. 3 - C s vt cht k thut ca vn ti ng bin * Cc tuyn ng bin L cc tuyn ng ni hai hay nhiu cng vi nhau trn tu bin hot ng ch khch hoc hng ho * Cng bin l ni ra vo neo u ca tu bin, l ni phc v tu v hng ho trn tu v l u mi giao thng quan trng ca mt quc gia c bin. * Phng tin vn chuynPhng tin vn ti bin ch yu l tu bin, tu bin c hai loi: tu bun v tu qun s. Tu bun l nhng tu bin c dng vo mc ch kinh t trong hng hi. Tu ch hng l mt loi tu bun chim t l cao nht trong i tu bun. II. Cc phng thc thu tu chuyn ch hng ho.Trong hng hi quc t c hai hnh thc thu tu ph bin. + Phng thc thu tu ch (liner charter) + Phng thc thu tu chuyn (voyage charter) 1. Phng thc thu tu ch 1.1. Khi nim v c im ca tu ch a. Khi nim tu ch

Tu ch l tu chy thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng nht nh, gh qua nhng cng nht nh theo mt lch trnh nh trc. Tu ch hot ng trn tuyn ng nht nh nn ngi ta cn gi l tu nh tuyn. Lch chy tu thng c cc hng tu cng b trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng phc v khch hng. b. c im tu ch Cn c vo hot ng ca tu ch, chng ta c th rt ra nhng c im c bn ca tu ch nh sau: * Tu ch thng ch hng bch ho c khi lng nh. * Cu to ca tu ch phc tp hn cc loi tu khc .* iu kin chuyn ch do cc hng tu quy nh v in sn trn vn n ng bin pht hnh cho ngi gi hng. 1.2. Phng thc thu tu ch a. Khi nim v thu tu ch Thu tu ch hay ngi ta cn gi l lu cc tu ch (liner booking note). Thu tu ch l ch hng (shipper) trc tip hay thng qua ngi mi gii (broker) yu cu chuyn tu (ship owner) ginh cho mnh thu mt phn chic tu chuyn ch hng ho t cng ny n cng khc. Mi quan h gia ngi thu vi ngi cho thu trong phng thc thu tu ch c iu chnh bng mt chng t c gi l vn n ng bin. Ni dung ca vn n ng bin do hng tu quy nh sn b. Trnh t cc bc tin hnh thu tu ch Quy tnh thu tu ch c th khi qut thnh cc bc c th nh sau: + Bc 1: Ch hng thng qua ngi mi gii, nh ngi mi gii tm tu hi tu vn chuyn hng ho cho mnh. + Bc 2: Ngi mi gii cho tu hi tu bng vic gi giy lu cc tu ch (liner booking note)Giy lu cc thng c in sn thnh mu, trn c cc thng tin cn thit ngi ta in vo khi s dng, vic lu cc tu ch c th cho mt l hng l v cng c th cho mt l hng ln thng xuyn c gi. Ch hng c th lu cc cho c qu, c nm bng mt hp ng lu cuc vi hng tu. + Bc 3: Ngi mi gii vi ch tu tho thun mt s iu khon ch yu trong xp d v vn chuyn. + Bc 4: Ngi mi gii thng bo cho ch hng kt qu lu cc vi ch tu. + Bc 5: Ch hng n lch tu vn chuyn hng ho ra cng giao cho tu. + Bc 6: Sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu, ch tu hay i din ca ch tu s cp cho ch hng mt b vn n theo yu cu ca ch hng.Qua cc bc tin hnh thu tu ch chng ta thy ngi ta khng k hp ng thu tu. Khi ch hng c nhu cu gi hng bng tu ch ch cn th hin trn giy lu cc vi hng tu v khi hng tu ng nhn hng ch th khi nhn hng, hng tu s pht hnh vn n cho ng gi hng. Vn n khi pht hnh ngha l ch tu c trch nhim thc hin vic vn chuyn l hng

1.3. Vn n ng bin (Ocean Bill of Lading - B/L) Vn n ng bin l chng t chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin do ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh cho ngi gi hng sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu hoc sau khi nhn hng xp. a. Cc chc nng ca vn n Theo iu 81 B Lut hng hi, vn n c 3 chc nng chnh sau y: Th nht, vn n l bng chng v vic ngi vn chuyn nhn ln tu s hng ho vi s lng, chng loi, tnh trng nh ghi r trong vn n vn chuyn n ni tr hng. Thc hin chc nng ny, vn n l bin lai nhn hng ca ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi xp hng. Nu khng c ghi ch g trn vn n th nhng hng ho ghi trong ng nhin c tha nhn c Tnh trng bn ngoi thch hp (In apperent good order and condition). iu ny cng c ngha l ngi bn (ngi xut khu) giao hng cho ngi mua (ngi nhp khu) thng qua ngi chuyn ch v ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ho nh th no th phi giao cho ngi cm vn n gc mt cch hp php nh ghi trn vn n cng d hng. Th hai, vn n gc l chng t c gi tr, dng nh ot v nhn hng hay ni n gin hn vn n l chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng ho ghi trong vn n. V vy, vn n c th mua bn, chuyn nhng c. Vic mua bn, chuyn nhng c th c thc hin nhiu ln trc khi hng ho c giao. C mi ln chuyn nhng nh vy, ngi cm vn n gc trong tay l ch ca hng ho ghi trong vn n, c quyn i ngi chuyn ch giao hng cho mnh theo iu kin quy nh trong vn n ti cng n. Th ba, vn n ng bin l bng chng xc nhn hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin c k kt.Trong trng hp thu tu chuyn, trc khi cp vn n ng bin, ngi thu tu v ngi cho thu tu k kt vi nhau mt hp ng thu tu chuyn (charter party). Khi hng ho c xp hay c nhn xp ln tu, ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng vn n ng bin. Vn n c cp xc nhn hp ng vn ti c k kt. Trong trng hp thu tu ch th khng c s k kt trc mt hp ng thu tu nh thu tu chuyn m ch c s cam kt (t pha tu hay ngi chuyn ch) s dnh ch xp hng cho ngi thu t. S cam kt ny c ghi thnh mt vn bn, gi l giy lu cc (booking note). Vy vn n c cp l bng chng duy nht xc nhn hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin c k kt. Ni dung ca vn n l c s php l gii quyt mi tranh chp xy ra sau ny gia ngi pht hnh v ngi cm gi vn n. b. Tc dng ca vn n Vn n ng bin c nhng tc dng ch yu sau y: Th nht, vn n l c s php l iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi xp hng, nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch. Th hai, vn n l cn c khai hi quan v lm th tc xut nhp khu hng ho thnh trch nhim ca mnh nh quy nh trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng (vn n).

Th t, vn n cng cc chng t khc ca hng ho lp thnh b chng t thanh ton tin hng. Th nm, vn n l chng t quan trng trong b chng t khiu ni ngi bo him, hay nhng ngi khc c lin quan. Th su, vn n cn c s dng lm chng t cm c, mua bn, chuyn nhng hng ho ghi tren vn n ....... c. Phn loi vn n Vn n ng bin rt a dng, phong ph, c s dng vo nhng cng vic khc nhau tu theo ni dung th hin trn vn n. Trong thc tin bun bn quc t, c rt nhiu cn c phn loi vn n, c th nh sau: - Nu cn c vo tnh trng xp d hng ho th vn n c chia thnh 2 loi: vn n xp hng (shipped on board bill of lading) v vn n nhn hng xp (received for shipment bill of lading). - Nu cn c vo quyn chuyn nhng s hu hng ho ghi trn vn n th vn n li c chia thnh 3 loai: vn n ch danh (straight bill of lading), vn n v danh hay cn gi l vn n xut trnh (bill of lading to bearer) v vn n theo lnh (bill of lading to order of...) - Nu cn c vo ph ch ca thuyn trng trn vn n, ngi ta li c vn n hon ho (Clean bill of lading) v vn n khng hon ho (unclean of lading). - Nu cn c vo hnh trnh ca hng ho th vn n li c chia thnh: vn n i thng (direct bill of lading), vn n ch sut (through bill of lading) v vn n vn ti lin hp hay vn n a phng thc (combined transport bill of lading or multimodal transport bill of lading). - Nu cn c vo phng thc thu tu chuyn ch li c vn n tu ch (liner bill of lading) v vn n tu chuyn (voyage bill of lading) hay vn n container (container of lading). - Nu cn c vo gi tr s dng v lu thng ta c vn n gc (original bill of lading) v vn n copy (copy of lading). Ngoi ra cn c Surrendered B/L Seaway bill, Congen bill... Tuy nhin theo B lut hng hi Vit nam vn n c k pht di 3 dng: vn n ch danh, vn n theo lnh, vn n xut trnh. Ni dung ca vn nVn n c nhiu loi do nhiu hng tu pht hnh nn ni dung vn n cng khc nhau. Vn n c in thnh mu, thng gm 2 mt, c ni dung ch yu nh sau: Mt th nht thng gm nhng ni dung: - S vn n (number of bill of lading) - Ngi gi hng (shipper)- Ngi nhn hng (consignee) - a ch thng bo (notify address) - Ch tu (shipowner) - C tu (flag) - Tn tu (vessel hay name of ship) - Cng xp hng (port of loading) - Cng chuyn ti (via or transhipment port) - Ni giao hng (place of delivery)

- Tn hng (name of goods) - K m hiu (marks and numbers) - Cch ng gi v m t hng ho (kind of packages and discriptions of goods) - S kin (number of packages) - Trng lng ton b hay thtch (total weight or mesurement) - Cc ph v chi ch (freight and charges) - S bn vn n gc (number of original bill of lading) - Thi gian v a im cp vn n (place and date of issue) - Ch k ca ngi vn ti (thngl masters signature) Ni dung ca mt trc vn n do ngi xp hng in vo trn c s s liu trn bin lai thuyn ph. Mt th hai ca vn n Gm nhng quy nh c lin quan n vn chuyn do hng tu in sn, ngi thu tu khng c quyn b sung hay sa i m mc nhin phi chp nhn n. Mt sau thng gm cc ni dung nh cc nh ngha, iu khon chung, iu khon trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch, iu khon xp d v giao nhn, iu khon cc ph v ph ph, iu khon gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch, iu khon min trch ca ngi chuyn ch... Mt hai ca vn n mc d l cc iu khon do cc hng tu t quy nh, nhng thng ni dung ca n ph hp vi quy nh ca cc cng c, tp qun quc t vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin. e. Qui tc quc t iu chnh vn n ng bin Hin nay c 2 ngun lut quc t chnh v vn ti bin, l: - Cng c quc t thng nht mt s th l v vn n ng bin, gi tt l Cng c Brussels 1924 v hai Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Brussels 1924 l : + Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Brussels 1924 gi tt l ngh nh th 1968. (Visby Rules - 1968) + Ngh nh th nm 1978 - Cng c ca Lin hp quc v vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin, gi tt l Cng c Hamburg 1978 f. Nhng lu khi s dng vn n ng bin Vn n ng bin l mt chng t quan trng trong giao nhn vn chuyn, bo him, thanh ton v khiu ni (nu c). Trong thc tin s dng vn n pht sinh nhiu tranh chp gy nh hng n cc bn lin quan do cc bn cha thc s hiu hoc c nhng cch hiu khc nhau v gi tr php l ca vn n, v ni dung v hnh thc ca vn n... V vy khi lp v s dng vn n cn lu nhng im sau y: * Gi tr php l ca vn n Theo thng l Hng hi Quc t (cng c Brussels 1924, iu 1 khon b) v B lut Hng hi Vit nam (iu 81 khon 3) th vn n l c s php l iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch.

Khi xy ra thiu ht, h hng, tn tht.... vi hng ho cng n th ngi nhn hng phi ng ra gii quyt vi ngi chuyn ch cn c vo vn n. Trn l thuyt th nh vy nhng trong thc t c rt nhiu tranh chp pht sinh xung quanh vn ny. C th l:Trong thng mi hng hi quc t thng lu hnh ph bin 2 loi vn n: vn n loi thng thng (gi l Conline bill) v vn n cp theo hp ng thu tu (gi l Congen bill). im khc nhau c bn ca 2 loi vn n ny l: Conline bill chc y mi quy nh iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch nh phm vi trch nhin, min trch, thi hiu t tng, ni gii quyt tranh chp v lut p dng, mc gii hn bi thng, cc quy nh v chuyn ti, gii quyt tn tht chung, nhng trng hp bt kh khng.... Thng thng loi vn n ny c y 3 chc nng nh iu 81 B lut Hng hi Vit nam quy nh.Ngc li, Congen bill c cp pht theo mt hp ng thu tu chuyn no . Loi ny thng ch c chc nng l mt bin nhn ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn nhn ln tu s hng ho c thu ch nh ghi trn . Ni dung ca loi vn n ny rt ngn gn v bao gi cng phi ghi r: phi s dng cng vi hp ng thu tu (to be used with charter parties). Ngoi ra trong vn n loi ny bao gi cng c cu: mi iu khon, mi quy nh min trch nhim cho ngi chuyn ch ghi trong hp ng thu tu k c cc iu khon lut p dng v trng ti phi c p dng cho vn n (All terms and conditions, leberties and exceptions of the charter party, dated as overleaf, including the law and abitration clause, are herewwith incorporated).Trong trng hp xy ra mt mt. h hng, thiu ht hoc chm giao hng... cng d hng th ch phi s dng vn n gii quyt tranh chp (nu l Conline bill), nhng s phi s dng c vn n v hp ng thu tu (nu l Congen bill). y c th xy ra kh nng c mu thun gia quy nh ca vn n v quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Lc ny u tin p dng nhng quy nh ca vn n gii quyt tranh chp. Trong trng hp c vn n v hp ng u khng c quy nh g (kh nng th 2) th p dng lut do vn n ch ra trc, lut do hp ng ch ra sau nhng phi xt n cc mi quan h lin quan.Vn l ch cc doanh nghip Vit nam hay mua hng theo iu kin CIF hoc C&F th hp ng thu tu do ngi bn k vi ch tu, ngi mua (ngi nhn hng) Vit nam kh lng bit c. h gi bn, thng l bng cch h gi cc (phn F trong gi C&F vCIF) ngi bn hng nc ngoi sn sng chp nhn nhng quy nh kht khe ca ch tu, khng c cc quy nh v lut p dng v trng ti. C khi h thu c nhng tu gi, c, rch nt hay hng hc. Nu c h hng mt mt thit hi v hng ho th vic khiu ni ch tu rt kh khn v ngi mua hng khng c hp ng thu tu trong tay hoc c nhng hp ng ton nhng quy nh bt li cho ngi mua hng. i khi ly c hp ng thu tu t ngi bn th thi hiu t tng khng cn na hoc hp ng quy nh tranh chp (nu c) s xt x theo lut Anh v trng ti hng hi London.... Nhng quy dnh ny ht sc bt li cho ngi mua Vit nam. * Vn n l loi vn n ch (Master bill of lading) hay vn n nh (house bill lading).

Vn n ch hay vn n ng bin l vn n do ngi chuyn ch chnh thc (effective carrier) pht hnh cn vn n nh hay vn n th cp do ngi chuyn ch khng chnh thc (contracting carrier) hay cn gi l ngi giao nhn pht hnh trn c s vn n ch. y l c s php l iu chnh quan h gia ngi cung cp dch v giao nhn kho vn vi khch hng.Mun phn bit mt vn n l Master bill hay House bill phi cn c vo ni dung v hnh thc cu vn n.Th nht, vn n ng bin thng c dn chiu mt s cng c quc t ph bin nh Hague Rules, Hague Visby Rules hoc Hamburge Rules. Ngc li, trn th gii khng c mt cng c no iu chnh vn n th cp. Th hai, vn n ng bin ch quy nh cc quyn v ngha v ngi vn ti bin lin quan ti vic bc xp, chuyn ch, d hng v tr hng pht sinh t hp ng thu tu. Ngc li vn n th cp cn cha ng nhng quy nh php l v chuyn ch bng ng b, ng sng, ng st. V vy, khng gian php l ca vn n th cp rng hn vn n ng bin. Th ba, trong vn n th cp thng ghi a im nhn hng ch (place of receip) v a im tr hng (place of delivery) ch khng n thun cng bc hng v cng d hng. Th t, vn n ng bin bao gi cng ghi r: bc hng ln tu (shipped on board) hoc nhn bc ln tu (received for shipment). Ngc li, vn n th cp thng ghi: nhn vn chuyn (taken in charge for transport) v c th ch bng ng bin, ng sng, ng b... Th nm, trong vn n ng bin, ngi gi hng gi l shipper cn trong vn n th cp, ngi gi hng gi l congignor. Trong vn n ng bin lun ghi ngi nhn hng (consignee) hoc ch danh hoc theo lnh nhng trong vn n th cp lun ghi l: hng c giao nhn theo lnh (consigned to order of....) Th su, vn n ng bin lun c chc nng l chng t nhn quyn nh ot hng ho nhng vi vn n th cp, tnh cht ny c hay khng do hai bn tho thun khi pht hnh. Th by, ngi chuyn ch ng bin khng chu trch nhim v hng n chm nhng ngi giao nhn li phi chu trch nhim v vic ny.C khi h phi n gp I s tin cc cho thit hi do giao hng chm. Th tm, thi hiu khiu ni trong vn n ng bin l 1 nm, trong khi vn n th cp ch l 9 thng. S thi gian chnh lch l dnh cho ngi giao nhn khiu ni li ngi vn ti chnh thc. Th chn, vn n ng bin ch cn 1 con du v 1 ch k v n ch c cp sau khi hng bc ln tu. Trong khi , vn n th cp do c pht hnh khi nhn hng ch nn phi c thm 1 con du v 1 ch k na xc nhn rng hng c bc ln tu (ngy cp vn n th cp v ngy bc hng c th khc nhau). Tuy nhin trong thc t s phn bit gia 2 loi vn n ny ch l tng i. iu quan trng l khi c mt vn n trong tay phi xem xt xem n l loi g v ai l ngi pht hnh khi c tn tht c th gii quyt kp thi, ng i tng. * Ni dung v hnh thc ca vn n - V ni dung

:+ Mc s lng, trng lng, bao b, k m hiu m t hng ho phi ghi ph hp vi s lng hng thc t xp ln tu v phi ghi tht chnh xc.Khi nhn hng theo vn n, phi lu s hng thc nhn so vi s hng ghi trong vn n, nu thy thiu, sai hoc tn tht th phi yu cu gim nh khiu ni ngay. Nu tn tht khng r rt th phi yu cu gim nh trong 3 ngy k t ngy d hng. + Mc ngi nhn hng: Nu l vn n ch danh th phi ghi r h tn v a ch ngi nhn hng, nu l vn n theo lnh th phi ghi r theo lnh ca ai (ngn hng, ngi xp hng hau ngi nhn hng). Ni chung, mc ny ta nn ghi theo yu cu ca th tn dng (L/C) nu p dng thanh ton bng tn dng chng t. + Mc a ch ngi thng bo: Nu L/C yu cu th ghi theo yu cu ca L/C, nu khng th trng hay ghi a ch ca ngi nhn hng. + Mc cc ph v ph ph: phi lu n n v tnh cc v tng s tin cc.Nu cc tr trc ghi: Freight prepaidNu cc tr sau ghi: Freight to collect hay Freight payable at destination.C khi trn vn n ghi : Freight prepaid as arranged v ngi chuyn ch khng mun tit l mc cc ca mnh. + Mc ngy k vn n: Ngy k vn n thng l ngy hon thnh vic bc hng ho ln tu v phi trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C. + Mc ch k vn n: Ch k trn vn n c th l trng hng tu, i l ca hng tu. Khi i l k th phi ghi r hay ng du trn vn n ch l i l (as agent only) .- V hnh thcHnh thc ca vn n do cc hng t la chn v pht hnh s dng trong kinh doanh. V vy, mi hng khc nhau pht hnh vn n c hnh thc khc nhau. Tuy nhin hnh thc pht hnh khng quyt nh gi tr php l ca vn n. Nhng hnh thc th hin ca vn n:Hnh thc ph bin nht l loi vn n ng bin thng thng, ch s dng trong chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin (trn vn n ch ghi ?Bill of lading?. Loi vn n ny l loi vn n truyn thng ang dn c thay th bi loi vn n pht hnh dng cho nhiu mc ch, nhiu phng thc chuyn ch. l: - Loi vn n dng cho c vn ti n phng thc v a phng thc: trn vn n ghi: bill of lading for combined transport shipment or port shipment. Loi chng t ny c hiu l vn n ng bin v c th chuyn nhng c tr phi ngi pht hnh nh du vo Seaway bill, non negotiable - Vn n dng cho c lu thng v khng lu thng: bill of lading not negotiable unless consigned to order (vn n ny khng chuyn nhng c tr phi pht hnh theo lnh)....Nh vy nhn vo hnh thc vn n chng ta khng bit c n l loi no, gi tr php l nh th no. Mun xc nh c th ta li phi xem xt n cc ni dung th hin trn vn n .i. Giy gi hng ng bin (seaway bill)Vn n l mt trong nhng chng t quan trng nht ca mua bn quc t khi hng ho c vn chuyn bng ng bin. Tuy vy, dn dn vn n bc l nhiu nhc im nh:

Th nht, nhiu khi hng ho n cng d hng nhng ngi nhn khng c vn n (B/L) nhn hng v thi gian hnh trnh ca hng ho trn bin ngn hn thi gian gi bill t cng xp hng n cng d hng. Th hai, B/L khng thch hp vi vic p dng cc phng tin truyn s liu hin i t ng (fax, teleax...) bi vic s dng B/L trong thanh ton, nhn hng.... i hi phi c chng t gc. Th ba, vic in n B/L i hi nhiu cng sc v tn km bi ch in mt sau ca B/L thng rt nh, khong 0,3mm chng lm gi .Th t, vic s dng B/L c th gp ri ro trong vic giao nhn hng ho (nu n v b mt cp) v B/L l chng t s hu hng ho....Nh vy mt loi chng t mi c th thay th c cho B/L v c chc nng tng t nh B/L ra i. l giy gi hng ng bin (seaway bill). S dng seaway bill c th khc phc c nhng tn ti ht sinh ca B/L. Th nht, khi s dng seaway bill ngi nhn hng c th nhn c hng ho ngay khi tu n cng d hng ho m khng nht thit phi xut trnh vn n ng bin gc v seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho. Hng ho s c ngi chuyn ch giao cho ngi nhn hng trn c s nhng iu kin ca ngi chuyn ch hoc mt t chc qun l hng ho ti cng n .Th hai, seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho, do ngi ta khng nht thit phi gi ngay bn gc cho ngi nhn hng cng n m c th gi bn sao qua h thng truyn s liu t ng. Nh vy ng thi vi vic xp hng ln tu, ngi xut khu c th gi ngy lp tc seaway bill cho ngi nhn hng trong vng vi pht. Ngi nhn hng cng nh ngi chuyn ch khng phi lo lng khi giao nhn m khng c chng t. Th ba, khi s dng seaway bill, vic in cc iu khon bng ch rt nh mt sau c thay th bng vic dn chiu n cc iu kin, quy nh lin quan n vn chuyn mt trc bng mt iu khon ngn gn. Mt khc ngi chuyn ch ch cn pht hnh 1 bn gc seaway bill trong khi phi pht hnh ti thiu 1 b 3 bn gc nu s dng B/L. Th t, seaway bill cho php giao hng cho mt ngi duy nht khi h chng minh h l ngi nhn hng hp php. iu ny gip cho cc bn hu quan hn ch c rt nhiu ri ro trong vic giao nhn hng, khng nhng th, v seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho nn khi b mt hay tht lc th cng khng ra hu qu nghim trng no. Tuy nhin, seaway bill khng phi l khng c nhng hn ch nh seaway bill cn tr mua bn quc t (v seaway bill l rt phc tp v kh khn khi ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng l nhng ngi xa l, mang quc tch khc nhau; lut quc gai ca mt s nc v cng c quc t cha tha nhn seaway bill nh mt chng t giao nhn hng.... Vit nam, vic p dng seaway bill vn cn rt mi m, mc d c c s php l p dng seaway bill. Mc C - iu 80 B lut Hng hi Vit nam quy nh :

Ngi vn chuyn v ngi giao nhn hng c th tho thun vic thay th B/L bng giy gi hng hoc chng t vn chuyn hng ho tng ng v tho thun v ni dng, gi tr ca cc chng t ny theo tp qun Hng hi quc t. 2. Phng thc thu tu chuyn 2.1. Khi nim v c im ca tu chuyn a.Khi nim tu chuyn Tu chuyn l tu khng chy thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng nht nh, khng gh qua nhng cng nht nh v khng theo mt lch trnh nh trc. b. c im ca tu chuyn Cn c vo hot ng ca tu chuyn, chng ta c th rt ra nhng c im ca tu chuyn nh sau :* i tng chuyn ch ca tu chuynTu chuyn thng chuyn ch nhng loi hng c khi lng ln, tnh cht ca hng ho chuyn ch tng i thun nht v thng ch y tu. * Tu vn chuyn Tu vn chuyn theo phng thc chuyn thng c cu to mt boong, ming hm ln thun tin cho vic bc hng. * iu kin chuyn ch Khc vi tu ch, i vi tu chuyn, iu kin chuyn ch, cc ph, chi ph d hng ho ln xung .... c quy nh c th trong hp ng thu tu do ngi thu v ngi cho thu tho thun .* Cc ph Cc tu chuyn khc vi cc tu ch, cc tu chuyn do ngi thu v ngi cho thu tho thun a vo hp ng, n c th bao gm c chi ph xp d hoc khng tu quy nh. Cc tu chuyn thngbin ng hn cc tu ch * Th trng tu chuyn Th trng tu chuyn thng c ngi ta chia ra lm cc th trng khu vc cn c vo phm vi hot ng ca tu 2.2. Phng thc thu tu chuyn a. Khi nim phng thc thu tu chuyn: Thu tu chuyn (Voyage) l ch tu (Ship-owner) cho ngi thu tu (Charterer) thu ton b hay mt phn chic tu chuyn ch hng ha t cng ny n cng khc. Trong phng thc thu tu chuyn, mi quan h gia ngi thu tu (ch hng) vi ngi cho thu tu (ch tu) c iu chnh bng mt vn bn gi l hp ng thu tu chuyn (Voyage charter party) vit tt l C/P. Hp ng thu tu do hai bn tho thun k kt. b.Trnh t cc bc tin hnh thu tu chuyn Thu tu chuyn c th chia ra thnh su bc nh sau: + Bc 1: Ngi thu tu thng qua ngi mi gii (Broker) yu cu thu tu vn chuyn hng ho cho mnh.

 bc ny ngi thu tu phi cung cp cho ngi mi gii tt c cc thng tin v hng ho nh: tn hng, bao b ng goi, s lng hng, hnh trnh ca hng.... ngi mi gii c c s tm tu.+ + Bc 2: Ngi mi gii cho hi tu Trn c s nhng thng tin v hng ho do ngi thu tu cung cp, ngi mi gii s tm tu, cho tu thu cho ph hp vi nhu cu chuyn ch hng ho. + Bc 3: Ngi mi gii m phn vi ch tuSau khi cho hi tu, ch tu v ngi mi gii s m phn vi nhau tt c cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu nh iu kin chuyn ch, cc ph, chi xp d.... +Bc 4: Ngi mi gii thng bo kt qu m phn vi ngi thu tu: Sau khi c kt qu m phn vi ch tu, ngi mi gii s thng bo kt qu m phn cho ngi thu tu ngi thu tu bit v chun b cho vic k kt hp ng thu tu. + Bc 5: Ngi thu tu vi ch tu k kt hp ng Trc khi k kt hp ng ngi thu tu phi r sot li ton b cc iu khon ca hp ng. Hai bn s gch b hoc b sung nhng iu tho thun cho ph hp v thu tu chuyn, hp ng mu mi ch nu nhng nt chung. + Bc 6: Thc hin hp ng. Sau khi hp ng c k kt, hp ng thu tu s c thc hin. Ngi thu tu vn chuyn hng ho ra cng xp ln tu. Khi hng ho c xp ln tu, ch tu hoc i l ca tu s cp vn n cho ngi thu tu, vn n ny c gi l vn n theo hp ng thu tu (bill of lading to charter party) 2.3. Hp ng thu tu chuyn a. Khi qut v hp ng thu tu chuyn Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt dng ca hp ng thu tu, chng ta c th a ra khi nim v hp ng thu tu chuyn nh sau: Hp ng thu tu chuyn l hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin, trong ngi chuyn ch cam kt s chuyn ch hng ho t mt hay mt s cng ny n mt hay mt s cng khc giao cho ngi nhn cn ngi thu tu cam kt s thanh ton cuc ph theo ng nh tho thun ca hp ng. Ngi chuyn ch (carrier) trong hp ng thu tu chuyn c th l ch tu (ship-owner) nhng cng c th khng phi l ch tu m ch l ngi thu tu ca ngi khc kinh doanh ly cc. Cn ngi thu tu chuyn ch hng ho c th l ngi xut khu v cng c th l ngi nhp khu theo iu kin v c s giao hng c p dng trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Song trn thc t ngi thu tu v ngi cho thu tu rt t khi trc tip k hp ng vi nhau. Trong thu tu ni chung v thu tu chuyn ni ring, ngi ta hay thng qua i l hoc ngi mi gii tin hnh vic thu tu.

Ngi mi gii hay i l thng l nhng ngi c chuyn mn, am hiu v th trng thu tu, lut hng hi, tp tc ca cc cng... chnh v vy khi thay mt cho ngi thu hay ngi cho thu tu k kt hp ng chuyn ch s bo m quyn li cho ngi u thc tt hn. b. Mi quan h gia hp ng thu tu chuyn vi vn n Khi chuyn ch hng ho bng tu chuyn, chng ta cn phn bit hp ng thu tu (C/P) vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu. Hai loi chng t ny u lin quan ti hng ho chuyn ch nhng c s khc nhau. Theo thng l Hng hi quc t v b lut Hng hi ca Vit nam (iu 61-1), hp ng thu tu l c s php l xc nh trch nhim v nghia v gia ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. Sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu, ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h c ngha v k pht vn n (B/L) cho ngi giao hng. Ngi giao hng (ngi bn) dng vn n c c s i tin ngi mua. Trong lut Hng hi quc t cng nh iu 81-3 b lut Hng hi Vit nam th vn n l c s php l iu chnh quan h gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng cng n. Nh vy, khi chuyn ch hng ho c bn theo iu kin CIF hay CFR ngi chuyn ch tr thnh ch th ca hai mi quan h php l khc nhau v c lp vi nhau. Theo cun Carriage by sea (trang 350 - London 1973) ca lut s ngi Anh (Carver) th ngi nhn hng nhn vn n t ngi bn hng v vn n quy nh trch nhim ca ch tu vi ngi cm gi vn n ( cng ch), n c lp vi hp ng thu tu, tr trng hp hai bn quy nh r trong vn n c ghi ch v a ni dung hp ng thu tu vo . Chnh v vy mc d ngi cm gi vn n c th nhn bit qua vn n rng c tn ti mt hp ng thu tu nh th nhng vn n khi chuyn cho ngi nhn hng (ngi cm gi vn n) th n s to ra mt hp ng mi rng buc ch tu vi ngi c vn n theo cc iu kin ghi trn vn n. Thng thng, trong hp ng thu tu quy nh nu c tranh chp s gii quyt ti Trng ti nc no. Ngc li trong vn n cng c iu khon trng ti ni r khi c tranh chp gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng, tranh chp s c gii quyt u, theo lut no (thng dn chiu ti quy tc Hague -Visby). Nh vy khng th ly iu khon trng ti trong hp ng thu tu gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh t vn n v ngc li (tr vn n c quy nh p dng iu khon ca hp ng thu tu) v iu khon trng ti trong hai chng c php l ny iu chnh hai loi quan h v ch th php l khc nhau Thc t trong qu trnh chuyn ch, nu c tranh chp pht sinh th ngi ta s gii quyt tranh chp da vo vn n hoc da vo hp ng thu tu tu theo cc trng hp sau y: + Trng hp 1: Ngi nhn hng ng thi l ngi k hp ng thu tu, khi c tranh chp pht sinh i vi ngi chuyn ch s ly hp ng thu tu gii quyt tranh chp. + Trng hp 2: Ngi nhn hng khng phi l ngi k hp ng thu tu, khi c tranh chp pht sinh i vi ngi chuyn ch s ly vn n gii quyt tranh chp

+ Trng hp 3: Vn n chuyn nhng cho ngi khc, khi c tranh chp pht sinh gia ngi chuyn ch vi ngi cm vn n s ly vn n gii quyt tranh chp. + Trng hp 4: Vn n c dn chiu n cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu th s ly cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu gii quyt tranh chp. i vi loi vn n ny thng trn vn n ngi ta ghi r vn n dng vi hp ng thu tu - Bill of lading to be used with charter party,. c. Ngun lut iu chnh hp ng thu tu. Hp ng thu tu chuyn l kt qu m phn gia ngi thu v ngi cho thu tu. Trong hp ng ngi ta quy nh rt r v c th quyn li v ngha v ca ngi thu v ngi cho thu bng cc iu khon ghi trn hp ng. Chnh v th, trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng nu c tranh chp xy ra gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu ngi ta s ly hp ng gii quyt cc tranh chp. Tt c cc iu khon quy nh trong hp ng u c gi tr php l iu chnh hnh vi gia cc bn. Cc iu khon ny buc cc bn k kt phi thc hin ng nh ni dung ca n. Bn no thc hin khng ng nhng quy nh ca hp ng c ngha l vi phm hp ng. Khi vi phm nhng iu khon cam kt, bn vi phm s phi chu hon ton trch nhim i vi nhng hu qu do hnh ng vi phm ca mnh gy ra.Ngun lut iu chnh CP l lut quc gia ch khng phi cc quy tc quc t iu chnh vn n. Trong cc mu hp ng thu tu chuyn u c iu khon quy nh rng nu c nhng tranh chp pht sinh ngoi hp ng th s tham chiu n lut hng hi ca nc no ; tham chiu n lut hng hi nc no v x ti hi ng Trng ti no do hai bn tho thun. Thng cc mu hp ng thu tu chuyn dn chiu n lut hng hi Anh hoc M.d. Ni dung ch yu ca hp ng thu tu chuyn Hp ng thu tu chuyn l hp ng rt phc tp c nhiu iu khon khc nhau xc nh r trch nhim v quyn li ca cc bn. Hp ng thu tu chuyn c nhiu loi, song nhn chung ni dung ca hp ng bao gm cc iu khon ch yu sau y: * Ch th ca hp ng:Ch th ca hp ng thu tu chuyn bao gm: ch tu (hoc ngi chuyn ch) v ngi thu tu (ngi xut khu hoc ngi nhp khu). Trong hp ng thu tu cn ghi r tn, a ch ca cc bn. Nhng i l hoc ngi mi gii l ngi c u thc k hp ng thu tu th phi ghi r cui hp ng ch ch l i l - as Agent Only mc ch xc nh t cch ca ngi k hp ng. * iu khon v tu Tu l cng c vn chuyn hng ho nn iu khon ny ngi ta quy nh c th cc c trng c bn ca con tu m hai bn tho thun nh: tn tu, quc tch tu, cht lng, ng c, trng ti, dung tch, mn nc, v tr ca tu....Trng hp ch tu mun ginh c quyn thay th tu th bn

cnh tn con tu s ghi thm: hoc mt tu c thay th khc - or/and Subssitute sister ship. Khi phi thay th tu, ch tu phi bo trc cho ngi thu bit v m bo tu thay th phi c nhng c im k thut tng t nh tu quy nh trong hp ng. * iu khon v thi gian tu n cng xp hng L thi gian tu phi n cng xp hng nhn hng chuyn ch theo quy nh.Nh vy iu khon ny ch tu phi c trch nhim iu tu n cng xp hng ng thi gian quy nh trong t th sn sng nhn hng xp. C nhiu cch quy nh thi gian tu n cng xp hng nh: quy nh c th, quy nh khong hoc quy nh sau. Trng hp tu n trc thi gian quy nh, ngi thu tu khng nht thit phi giao hng, nhng nu giao hng thi gian s tnh vo thi gian lm hng, ngc li tu n m cha c hng giao th s ngy tu phi ch i s tnh vo thi gian lm hng. Khi k hp ng, tu c thu ang gn cng xp hng, hai bn c th tho thun theo cc iu khon sau:Prompt: Ngha l tu s n cng xp hng vi ba ngy sau khi k hp ng.Promptismo: Ngha l tu s xp hng ngay trong ngy k hp ng.Spot promt: Ngha l tu s xp hng ngay mt vi gi sau khi k hp ng.Ch tu phi thng bo cho ngi thu tu bit d kin thi gian tu n cng xp hng (extimated time of arrival- ETA)+ Ngy hu hp ng: Ngy hu hp ng thng l ngy cui cng ca thi gian tu phi n cng xp hng.Cng c trng hp ngi ta quy nh ngy hu hp ng mun hn mt cht.V mt php l vic tu n mun l vi phm hp ng, mi chi ph a tu n cng xp hng l ch tu phi t gnh chu. Song thc t khng phi tu n mun l ngi thu tu hu hp ng, vic hu hp ng hay khng ngi ta cn cn c vo tng trng hp c th * iu khon v hng ho: Khi thu tu chuyn ch mt khi lng hng ho nht nh, th hai bn phi quy nh r tn hng, loi bao b, cc c im ca hng ho. Ngi thu ch hai loi hng ho trn cng mt chuyn tu th ch ghi ch vo hoc trnh vic tranh chp sau ny. Quy nh nh vy c ngha l ngi i thu tu mun ginh quyn la chn hng (cargo option).V s lng hng ho, c th thu ch theo trng lng hoc theo th tch, tu c im ca mt hng. Rt t khi ngi ta quy nh chnh xc v s lng hng ho thu chuyn ch, m thng ghi km theo t l hn km (dung sai). Khi gi thng bo sn sng xp hng, thuyn trng s tuyn b chnh thc s lng hng ho chuyn ch. Ngi thu tu c trch nhim xp y ton b s lng hng ha c thng bo (Full and complete cargo).Nu giao v xp ln tu t hn s lng quy nh, ngi chuyn ch s thu tin cc khng (Dead freight). Ngc li, ngi chuyn ch khng nhn ht s lng quy nh th ngi thu tu c quyn li i bi thng nhng chi ph lin quan n vic tu b li hng. * iu khon v cng bc d Hai bn tha thun tn mt cng hoc mt vi cng xp hng (loading port). Cng bc d quy nh trong hp ng phi l cng an ton (safe port) i vi tu v mt hng hi v chnh tr x hi. m rng

quyn hn ca mnh v vic thay i cng xp d khi cn thit, ch tu thng a thm cu hoc ni no gn y m tu c th n c mt cch an ton v lun lun u ni vo hp ng (or so near thereto as ship may safely get and lie always afloat). Khi k kt hp ng, ta nn tha thun gch b bt on ny. Ring thut ng always afloa (lun lun u ni) nn thm vo or safe aground (chm t an ton) nht l khi cng bc/ d chu nh hng ca ph sa bi lp v thu triu. Trong trng hp cha xc nh c cng bc/ d th c th quy nh cng bc d theo s la chn ca ngi thu tu.Nu quy nh mt s cng bc d hoc khu vc cng bc d (Range of port), th phi quy nh thm th t a l ca cng xp d (port to be in Geographitical rotain) gim thi gian v chi ph i li ca tu, th t a l ca cng xp ph thuc vo lung tu chy v s la chn ca ch tu. S lng cng bc d c nh hng trc tip n mc cc thu tu. V vy, ngi thu tu cn c gng xc nh r cng xp d c th, trnh k kt chung chung v cng xp d * iu khon v cc ph thu tu: Cc ph thu tu chuyn (Freight) do ch tu v ngi thu tu thng lng v quy nh r trong hp ng thu tu. y l mt iu khon quan trng cua hp ng thu tu chuyn. Hai bn tho thun nhng ni dung sau :+ Mc cc (Rate of freight): l tin cc tnh cho mi n v cc (Freight unit). n v tnh cc c th l n v trng lng (tn ph thng, tn Anh, tn M) i vi hng nng (weight cargo) hay n v th tch (mt khi, cubic feet) i vi hng cng knh (meaurement cargo) hoc mt n v tnh cc khc nh: Standard (hng g), gallon (du m), Bushels (la m) v,v,,, mc cc thu bao (lumpsum freight) khng ph thuc vo loi v s lng hng ho chuyn ch m tnh theo n v trng ti hoc dung tch tu. Bn cnh mc cc thu tu, hai bn cn phi tho thun chi ph xp d thuc v ai. + S lng hng ho tnh tin cc: Tin cc c th tnh theo s lng hng ho xp ln tu cng g hng (intaken quantity) hay cn gi l tin cc tnh theo s lng hng ho ghi trn vn n (Bill of lading quantity), hoc tnh theo s lng hng giao ti cng (Delivery quantity). Khi chuyn ch hng ri, gi tr thp nh qung st, than vic cn li hng bn cng n rt tn km, nn trong hp ng thng quy nh cc ph tnh theo s lng ghi trn vn n nhng khu tr 1- 2% tng tin cc ph dng cho chi ph khng cn li hng (2% discount in lieu of weighting) + Thi gian thanh ton tin cc: cc ph thanh ton ti cng bc hng (Freight payable at port of loading), tc l ton b chi ph phi thanh ton khi k vn n(on signing of loading) hoc sau khi k vn n vi ngy. Cc ph thanh ton ti cng d hng (Freight payable at the port of desination) hay cn gi l cc ph tr sau (Freight to collect). Thi gian thanh ton cc ph cng d c th quy nh c th hn nh: cc ph tr trc khi d hng (Freight payable before breaking bulk); cc ph tr sau khi hng xong (Freight payable after complete of discharge); cc phi tr cng vi vic bc d hng trong mi ngy (Freight payable concurent with

discharge)v.v..Nhng cch tt nht l quy nh cc ph thu tu, cc ph tr trc mt phn, tr sau mt phn. Vi quy inh ny, ngi thu tu gi li c mt phn cc ph sau ny b tr vo vic tnh tin thng pht (nu c). V nguyn tc, ngi chuyn ch ch c thanh ton cc ph thu tu khi hng ho thc s c chuyn ch n cng d hng quy nh. Nhng trong vn n hoc hp ng thu tu thng ghi cu: cc ph c coi nh tin thu nhp v chuyn ch khi bc hng ln tu v tr khng ph thuc vo vic tu hoc hng ho b mt hay khng mt. (Freight to be considered as earned upon shipment and must be paid ship and/ or cargo lost or not lost). + Ngoi ra trong iu khon cc ph hai bn cn tho thun v a im thanh ton, t gi hi oi ca ng tin thanh ton, phng thc thanh ton, tin cc ph ng trc (advance freight)vv.... * iu khon v chi ph bc d: Chi ph bc d chim mt t trng kh ln trong gi cc chuyn ch hng ho. Trong trng hp thu tu chuyn bao gi cng c iu khon quy nh v phn chia chi ph bc d gia ch tu v ngi i thu tu, trong thc tin i thu tu, thng p dng nhiu cng thc mu v phn chia chi ph bc d. Song cc iu kin di y thng c p dng ph bin nht: + Theo iu kin min chi ph bc d hng (Free in = FI), tc l ch tu c min chi ph xp hng ln tu, nhng chu chi ph bc d hng khi tu. phn nh chnh xc v c th hn i vi chi ph sp t (Stowage) v san hng (Trimming) trong hm tu cn ghi Free in and Stowage (FI.S) hoc Free in and Trimming (FI.T)+ Theo iu kin min chi ph d hng (Free out = FO), tc l ch tu c min chi ph d hng khi tu, nhng phi chu chi ph bc hng ln tu. Ngi nhn hng phi chu ton b chi ph d hng t hm tu ln ca cng. C th thng ghi Cargo to be taken by receivers out of ships free expense to the vessel .+ Theo iu kin min c chi ph xp d hng (Free in and out - FIO) tc l ch tu c min chi ph bc d hng ln tu, ln chi ph d hng khi tu. Ngoi ra cn quy nh min thm c chi ph sp t, san hng bng cch ghi: FI.O.S hoc FI.O.T.Vic la chn iu kin v chi ph bc d no trong hp ng thu tu, trc ht phi ph thuc vo iu kin c s giao hng trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Mc ch ca vic la chn ny l phn nh r rng trch nhim ca cc bn trnh tr chi ph bc d hng hai ln (cho ngi chuyn ch v ngi bn hng); tr nhng chi ph khng thuc trch nhim ca mnh, thun li cho cng vic t chc bc d hng cng. * iu khon v thi gian bc d: L khong thi gian do hai bn tho thun dnh cho ngi i thu tu tin hnh cng vic bc d hng ln tu hoc d hng khi tu gi l thi gian cho php (allowed time). Nu ngi i thu tu hon thnh cng vic bc hng hoc d hng sm hn thi gian cho php, th c hng tin thng bc hoc d hng nhanh (Despatch money). Ngc li, ngi i thu tu hon thnh cng vic bc hoc d hng chm hn thi gian cho php, th b pht bc d hng chm (Demurrage)

. tnh thi gian cho php bc d hng, trong hp ng c th quy nh: mt s ngy c nh (v d: 15 ngy bc v 12 ngy d) hoc quy nh mc bc d trung bnh (loading/and/disharging rate) cho c tu trong mt ngy.Khi nim v ngy trong vic tnh thi gian bc d hng ca hp ng thu tu chuyn c hiu theo ngha sau y: + Ngy (days) l ngy theo lch. + Ngy lin tc (Runing days), nhng ngy k tip nhau trn lch k c ngy l, ngy ch nht. + Ngy lm vic (working days) l nhng ngy lm vic chnh thc ti cc cng do lut php ca tng nc quy nh. + Ngy lm vic 24 gi lin tc (Woking days of 24 consecutive hours) l ngy lm vic 24 gi, ch khng phi l ngy lm vic 8 gi. Mt ngy lm vic lin tc c tnh t na m hm trc n na m hm sau. + Ngy lm vic tt tri (Weather woking days) l nhng ngy thi tit tt cho php tin hnh cng vic bc hoc d hng. Ngy ma, gi, bo l thi tit xu khng th tin hnh bc hoc d hng nn khng tnh .+ Ngy ch nht (Sundays) l ngy ngh cui tun do lut php ca tng nc quy nh. Ngy ch nht thng l ngy ngh lm vic, nhng cng c th tin hnh bc d c, tu theo quy nh ca hp ng. + Ngy l (holidays) bao gm nhng ngy l quc gia v ngy l quc t. Trong ngy l ny thng ngh lm vic, nhng cng c th tin hnh bc d hng tu theo quy nh ca hp ng.T nhng khi nim v ngy ni trn, ta thy c thi gian cho php bc d hng khc hn so vi ngy tnh trn lch thng thng. Chng hn quy nh thi gian cho php bc d hng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn theo cc cch sau - Thi gian cho php bc v d hng l 10 ngy lm vic tt tri 24 gi lin tc, khng k ch nht v ngy l, tr phi c s dng(cargo to be loaded and discharge in 10 weather working days of 24 consecutive hours, Sundays, holidays excepted, unless used= WWD, S, H, E, X, U, U). - Thi gian cho php c th quy nh ring cho bc d hng, tc l tnh thng pht ring cho tng cng, hoc quy nh thi gian cho php chung c bc d hng, tc l sau khi hon thnh vic d hng mi tnh thng pht. Thi gian cho php bc d hng bt u tnh t khi no? Mc bt u tnh thi gian cho php bc d mi hp ng thu tu quy nh mt khc nhng u cn c vo thi gian a hoc chp nhn thng bo sn sng bc d theo quy nh ca hp ng. Trong hp ng cng phi quy nh r: thi gian tu phi ch bn u (time lost in waiting for berth) c tnh vo thi gian cho php bc d hay khng?Tin thng bc d nhanh (despatch money) l s tin m ch tu thng cho ngi i thu tu khi h hon thnh cng vic bc d hng trc th gian cho php. Tin pht bc d chm (Demurrage money) l tin m ngi i thu tu b pht khi h hon thnh vic bc d hng sau thi gian cho php.

Mc tin thng thng thng ch bng 1/2 mc tin pht. Nguyn tc ca pht bc d chm l Khi b pht th lun lun b pht (once on demurrag, always on demurrage), tc l mt khi pht th nhng ngy tip theo k c ngy ch nht, ngy l, ngy xu tri u b pht.Nhng tin thng li quy nh theo 2 trng hp: thng cho tt c thi gian tit kim c (all time saved) hoc ch thng cho thi gian lm vic tit kim c (working time saved). * iu khon v trch nhim v min trch ca ngi chuyn ch: Trong hp ng thu tu u quy nh ngi chuyn ch c trch nhim i vi nhng h hng, mt mt ca hng ho trong cc trng hp sau - Do thiu s cn mn hp l (Due Deligence) lm cho tu khng kh nng i bin. - Do xp t hng ho khng tt (Bad stowage), do bo qun hng ho khng chu o.Ngi chuyn ch cng c min trch nhim (exemptions from liabitily) i vi nhng h hng, mt mt ca hng ho do cc nguyn nhn v trng hp sau :- Do thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin, cp bin- Do n t ca tu v my mc- Do bn cht ca hng ho - Do chy, nhng khng do li ca s quan thu th trn tu.- Do chin tranh v cc hot ng b bt, tch thu ca chnh ph. * Cc iu khon khcTrong hp ng thu tu, c nhiu cc iu khon khc trong cn lu : iu khon v Trng ti (arbitration clause), iu khon v hai tu m v nhau cng c li (Both to blame conlison clause), iu kin thng bo tu ETA (expected time of arrival), iu khon kim m (tally clause). Cc loi hp ng mu: Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt vn bn php l k kt gia ch tu v ngi i thu tu chuyn ch hng ho. Hp ng thu tu chuyn k kt nhm thc hin hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. V vy ni dung, cc iu khon qui nh ca hp ng thu tu chuyn phi ph hp vi nhng quy nh v thu tu ca hp ng mua bn. Nghip v thu tu chuyn kh phc tp nh trnh by trn. Chnh v vy i n vic k kt hp ng ch tu cng nh ngi thu tu phi tn ph nhiu thi gian giao dch m phn. n gin ho cc th tc hnh chnh, gim bt thi gian giao dch m phn, ng thi hn ch cc tranh chp xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin, cc t chc hng hi quc t v quc gia, cc lut s quan tm c bit n vic tiu chun ho hp ng thu tu, pht hnh nhng hp ng thu tu chuyn mu s dng trong thu tu. Sau khi thng nht, ngi lp hp ng ch cn in thm nhng iu khon c th vo ch trng ng thi gch i nhng cu nhng t khng c tho thun v b sung theo nhng iu khng c trong mu. Hp ng thu tu chuyn mu ch mang tnh bt buc khi hai bn thng nht k kt quc t. III. Giao nhn hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin 1. Khi qut chung v giao nhn.

1.1. nh ngha v giao nhn v ngi giao nhn (freight forwarding and freight forwarder): Theo quy tc mu ca FIATA v dch v giao nhn, dch v giao nhn c nh ngha nh l bt k loi dch v no lin quan n vn chuyn, gom hng, lu kho, bc xp, ng gi hay phn phi hng ha cng nh cng nh cc dch v t vn hay c lin quan n cc dch v trn, k c cc vn hi quan, ti chnh, mua bo him, thanh ton, thu thp chng t lin quan n hng ho. Theo lut thng mi Vit nam th Giao nhn hng ho l hnh vi thng mi, theo ngi lm dch v giao nhn hng ho nhn hng t ngi gi, t chc vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm cc th tc giy t v cc dch v khc c lin quan gioa hng cho ngi nhn theo s u thc ca ch hng, ca ngi vn ti hoc ca ngi giao nhn khc. Ni mt cch ngn gn, giao nhn l tp hp nhng nghip v, th tc c lin quan n qu trnh vn ti nhm thc hin vic di chuyn hng ha t ni gi hng (ngi gi hng) n ni nhn hng (ngi nhn hng). Ngi giao nhn c th lm cc dch v mt cch trc tip hoc thng qua i l v thu dch v ca ngi th ba khc. 1.2. Quyn hn v ngha v ca ngi giao nhn iu 167 Lut thng mi quy inh, ngi giao nhn c nhng quyn v ngha v sau y:- Ngui giao nhn c hng tin cng v cc khon thu nhp hp l khc .- Thc hin y nghi v ca mnh theo hp ng - Trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, nu c l do chnh ng v li ch ca khch hng th c th thc hin khc vi ch dn ca khch hng, nhng phi thng bo ngay cho khch hng. - Sau khi k kt hp ng, nu thy khng th thc hin c ch dn ca khch hng th phi thng bo cho khch hng xin ch dn thm. - Phi thc hin ngha v ca mnh trong thi gian hp l nu trong hp ng khng tho thun v thi gian thc hin ngha v vi khch hng. 1.3. Trch nhim ca ngi giao nhn a. Khi l i l ca ch hng Tu theo chc nng ca ngi giao nhn, ngi giao nhn phi thc hin y cc ngha v ca mnh theo hp ng k kt v phi chu trch nhim v: + Giao hng khng ng ch dn + Thiu st trong vic mua bo him cho hng ho mc d c hng dn. + Thiu st trong khi lm th tc hi quan + Ch hng n sai ni quy nh + Giao hng cho ngi khng phi l ngi nhn + Giao hng m khng thu tin t ngi nhn hng + Ti xut khng theo nhng th tc cn thit hoc khng hon li thu + Nhng thit hi v ti sn v ngi ca ngi th ba m anh ta gy nn.Tuy nhin, chng ta cng cn ch ngi giao nhn khng chu trch nhim v hnh vi li lm ca ngi th ba nh ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi giao nhn khc... nu anh ta chng minh c l la chn cn thit

Khi lm i l ngi giao nhn phi tun th iu kin kinh doanh tiu chun (Standard Trading Conditions) ca mnh. b. Khi l ngi chuyn ch (principal) Khi l mt ngi chuyn ch, ngi giao nhn ng vai tr l mt nh thu c lp, nhn danh mnh chu trch nhim cung cp cc dch v m khch hng yu cu. Anh ta phi chu trch nhim v nhng hnh vi v li lm ca ngi chuyn ch, ca ngi giao nhn khc m anh ta thu thc hin hp ng vn ti nh th l hnh vi v thiu st ca mnh. Quyn li, ngha v v trch nhim ca anh ta nh th no l do lut l ca cc phng thc vn ti quy nh. Ngi chuyn ch thu khch hng khon tin theo gi c ca dch v m anh ta cung cp ch khng phi l tin hoa hng. Ngi giao nhn ng vai tr l ngi chuyn ch khng ch trong trng hp anh ta t vn chuyn hng ho bng cc phng tin vn ti ca chnh mnh (perfoming carrier) m cn trong trng hp anh ta, bng vic pht hnh chng t vn ti ca mnh hay cch khc, cam kt m nhn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch (ngi thu chuyn ch - contracting carrier). Khi ngi giao nhn cung cp cc dch v lin quan n vn ti nh ng gi, lu kho, bc xp hay phn phi ..... th ngi giao nhn s chu trch nhim nh ngi chuyn ch nu ngi giao nhn thc hin cc dch v trn bng phng tin ca mnh hoc ngi giao nhn cam kt mt cch r rng hay ng l h chu trch nhim nh mt ngi chuyn ch Khi ng vai tr l ngi chuyn ch th cc iu kin kinh doanh tiu chun thng khng p dng m p dng cc cng c quc t hoc cc quy tc do Phng thng mi quc t ban hnh. Tuy nhin, ngi giao nhn khng chu trch nhim v nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ho pht sinh t nhng trng hp sau y: - Do li ca khch hng hoc ca ngi c khch hng u thc - Khch hng ng gi v ghi k m hiu khng ph hp - Do ni t hoc bn cht ca hng ho - Do chin tranh, nh cng - Do cc trng hp bt kh khng .Ngoi ra, ngi giao nhn khng chu trch nhim v mt khon li ng l khch hng c hng v s chm ch hoc giao nhn sai a ch m khng phi do li ca mnh. 2. Giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu ti cng bin 2.1 C s php l, nguyn tc giao nhn hng ho XNK ti cng. a. C s php l: Vic giao nhn hng ho XNK phi da trn c s php l nh cc quy phm php lut quc t, Vit nam... .- Cc Cng c v vn n, vn ti; Cng c quc t v hp ng mua bn hng ho ....V d: Cng c Vienne 1980 v bun bn quc t - Cc vn bn quy phm php lut ca Nh nc Vit nam v giao nhn vn ti; Cc loi hp ng v L/C mi m bo quyn li ca ch hng XNK

V d: Lut, b lut, ngh nh, thng t + B lut hng hi 1990 + Lut thng mi 1997+ Ngh nh 25CP, 200CP,330CP + Quyt dnh ca b trng b giao thng vn ti: quyt nh s 2106 (23/8/1997) lin quan n vic xp d, giao nhn v vn chuyn hng ho ti cng bin Vit nam............ b. Nguyn tc: Cc vn bn hin hnh quy nh nhng nguyn tc giao nhn hng ho XNK ti cc cng bin Vit nam nh sau :- Vic giao nhn hng ho XNK ti cc cng bin l do cng tin hnh trn c s hp ng gia ch hng v ngi c ch hng u thc vi cng .- i vi nhng hng ho khng qua cng (khng lu kho ti cng) th c th do cc ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc giao nhn trc tip vi ngi vn ti (tu) (quy nh mi t 1991). Trong trng hp , ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc phi kt ton trc tip vi ngi vn ti v ch tho thun vi cng v a im xp d, thanh ton cc chi ph c lin quan. - Vic xp d hng ha trong phm vi cng l do cng t chc thc hin. Trng hp ch hng mun a phng tin vo xp d th phi tho thun vi cng v phi tr cc l ph, chi ph lin quan cho cng. - Khi c u thc giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu vi tu, cng nhn hng bng phng thc no th phi giao hng bng phng thc .- Cng khng chu trch nhim v hng ho khi hng ra khi kho bi, cng. - Khi nhn hng ti cng th ch hng hoc ngi c u thc phi xut trnh nhng chng t hp l xc nh quyn c nhn hng v phi nhn c mt cch lin tc trong mt thi gian nht nh nhng hng ho ghi trn chng t. V d: vn n gc, giy gii thiu ca c quan.... - Vic giao nhn c th do cng lm theo u thc hoc ch hng trc tip lm 2.2. Nhim v ca cc c quan tham gia giao nhn hng ho XNK a. Nhim v ca cng - K kt hp ng xp d, giao nhn, bo qun, lu kho hng ho vi ch hngHp ng c hai loi: + Hp ng u thc giao nhn + Hp ng thu mn: ch hng thu cng xp d vn chuyn, lu kho, bo qun hng ho - Giao hng xut khu cho tu v nhn hng nhp khu t tu nu c u thc - Kt ton vi tu v vic giao nhn hng ho v lp cc chng t cn thit khc bo v quyn li ca cc ch hng .- Giao hng nhp khu cho cc ch hng trong nc theo s u thc ca ch hng xut nhp khu .- Tin hnh vic xp d, vn chuyn, bo qun, lu kho trong khu vc cng - Chu trch nhim v nhng tn tht ca hng ho do mnh gy nn trong qu trnh giao nhn vn chuyn xp d

.- Hng ho lu kho bi ca cng b h hng, tn tht th cng phi bi thng nu c bin bn hp l v nu cng khng chng minh c l cng khng c li. - Cng khng chu trch nhim v hng ho trong cc trng hp sau: + Khng chu trch nhim v hng ho khi hng ra khi kho bi ca cng. + Khng chu trch nhim v hng ho bn trong nu bao kin, du xi vn nguyn vn + Khng chu trch nhim v h hng do k m hiu hng ho sai hoc khng r (dn n nhm ln mt mt) b. Nhim v ca cc ch hng xut nhp khu - K kt hp ng u thc giao nhn vi cng trong trng hp hng qua cng - Tin hnh giao nhn hng ho trong trng hp hng ho khng qua cng hoc tin hnh giao nhn hng ho XNK vi cng trong trng hp hng qua cng .- K kt hp ng bc d, vn chuyn, bo qun, lu kho hng ho vi cng - Cung cp cho cng nhng thng tin v hng ho v tu - Cung cp cc chng t cn thit cho cng cng giao nhn hng ho: * i vi hng xut khu: gm cc chng t: + Lc khai hng ho (cargo manifest): lp sau vn n cho ton tu, do i l tu bin lm c cung cp 24h trc khi tu n v tr hoa tiu + S xp hng (cargo plan) do thuyn ph ph trch hng ha lp, c cung cp 8h trc khi bc hng xung tu. * i vi hng nhp khu: + Lc khai hng ho + S xp hng + Chi tit hm tu ( hatch list) + Vn n ng bin trong trng hp u thc cho cng nhn hng Cc chng t ny u phi cung cp 24h trc khi tu n v tr hoa tiu. - Theo di qu trnh giao nhn gii quyt cc vn pht sinh - Lp cc chng t cn thit trong qu trnh giao nhn c c s khiu ni cc bn c lin quan - Thanh ton cc chi ph cho cng. c. Nhim v ca hi quan - Tin hnh th tc hi quan, thc hin vic kim tra, gim st, kim sot hi quan i vi tu bin v hng ho xut nhp khu - m bo thc hin cc quy nh ca Nh nc v xut nhp khu, v thu xut khu, thu nhp khu - Tin hnh cc bin php pht hin, ngn chn, iu tra v x l hnh vi bun lu, gian ln thng mi hoc vn chuyn tri php hng ho, ngoi hi, tin Vit nam qua cng bin 2.3. Trnh t giao nhn hng ho XNK ti cc cng bin a. i vi hng xut khu a.1. i vi hng ho khng phi lu kho bi ti cng

y l hng ho XK do ch hng ngoi thng vn chuyn t cc ni trong nc xut khu, c th ti cc kho ring ca mnh ch khng qua cc kho ca cng. T kho ring, cc ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc c th giao trc tip cho tu. Cc bc giao nhn cng din ra nh i vi hng qua cng. - a hng n cng: do cc ch hng tin hnh - Lm cc th tc xut khu, giao hng cho tu + Ch hng ngoi thng phi ng k vi cng v mng, a im, cu tu xp d + Lm cc th tc lin quan n xut khu nh hi quan, kim dch... + T chc vn chuyn, xp hng ln tu+ Lin h vi thuyn trng ly s xp hng + Tin hnh xp hng ln tu do cng nhn ca cng lm, nhn vin giao nhn phi theo di qu trnh gii quyt cc vn xy ra, trong phi xp hng ln tu v ghi vo tally sheet (phiu kim kin) + Lp bin lai thuyn ph ghi s lng, tnh trng hng ho xp ln tu (l c s cp vn n). Bin lai phi sch + Ngi chuyn ch cp vn n, do ch hng lp v a thuyn trng k, ng d. + Lp b chng t thanh ton tin hng c hp ng hoc L/C quy nh + Thng bo cho ngi mua bit vic giao hng v phi mua bo him cho hng ho (nu cn). + Tnh ton thng pht xp d hng nhanh chm (nu c) a.2. i vi hng phi lu kho bi ca cng i vi loi hng ny, vic giao hng gm hai bc ln: ch hng ngoi thng (hoc ngi cung cp trong nc) giao hng XK cho cng, sau cng tin hnh giao hng cho t * Giao hng XK cho cng bao gm cc cng vic: - Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc k kt hp ng lu kho bo qun hng ho vi cng - Trc khi giao hng cho cng, phi giao chi cng cc giy t: + Danh mc hng ho XK (cargo list) + Thng bo xp hng ca hng tu cp ( shipping order) nu cn + Ch dn xp hng (shipping note) - Giao hng vo kho, bi cng * Cng giao hng cho tu: - Trc khi giao hng cho tu, ch hng phi :+ Lm cc th tc lin quan n XK: hi quan, kim dch, kim nghim (nu c.... + Bo cho cng ngy gi d kin tu n (ETA), chp nhn NOR + Giao cho cng s xp hng- T chc xp v giao hng cho tu: + Trc khi xp, phi t chc vn chuyn hng t kho ra cng, ly lnh xp hng, n nh s mng xp hng, b tr xe v cng nhn v ngi p ti nu cn + Tin hnh bc v giao hng cho tu. Vic xp hng ln tu do cng nhn cng lm. Hng s c giao cho tu di s gim st ca i din hi quan.

Trong qu trnh giao hng, nhn vin kim m ca cng phi ghi s lng hng giao vo Tally Report, cui ngy phi ghi vo Daily Report v khi xp xong mt tu, ghi vo Final Report. Pha tu cng c nhn vin kim m v ghi kt qu vo Tally Sheet. Vic kim m cng c th thu nhn vin ca cng ty kim kin + Khi giao nhn xong mt l hoc ton tu, cng phi ly bin lai thuyn ph (Mate?s Receipt) trn c s lp vn n (B/L) - Lp b chng t thanh ton: Cn c vo hp ng mua bn v L/C, nhn vin giao nhn phi lp hoc ly cc chng t cn thit tp hp thnh b chng t, xut trnh cho ngn hng thanh ton tinhng. Nu thanh ton bng L/C th b chng t thanh ton phi ph hp mt cch my mc vi L/C v phi ph hp vi nhau v phi xut trnh trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C .- Thng bo cho ngi mua v vic giao hng v mua bo him cho hng ho (nu cn) - Thanh ton cc chi ph cn thit cho cng nh chi ph bc hng, vn chuyn, bo qun, lu kho.... - Tnh ton thng pht xp d, nu c a.3. i vi hng XK ng trong contaner: * Nu gi hng nguyn (FCL) - Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc in vo booking note v a cho i din hng tu xin k cng vi bn danh mc XK (cargo list) - Sau khi ng k booking note, hng tu s cp lnh giao v container ch hng mn - Ch hng ly container rng v a im ng hng ca mnh - Mi i din hi qian, kim nghim, kim dch, gim inh (nu c) n kim tra v gim st vic ng hng vo container. Sau khi ng xong, nhn vin hi quan s nim phong, kp ch container - Ch hng vn chuyn v giao container cho tu ti CY quy nh, trc khi ht thi gian quy nh (closing time) ca tng chuyn tu (thng l 8 ting trc khi tu bt u xp hng) v ly bin lai nhn container ch MR. - Sau khi container xp ln tu th mang MR i ly vn n * Nu gi hng l (LCL): - Ch hng gi booking note cho hng tu hoc i l ca hng tu, cung cp cho h nhng thng tin cn thit v hng XK. Sau khi booking note c chp nhn, ch hng s tho thun vi hng tu v ngy, gi, a im giao nhn hng. - Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc mang hng n giao cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ta CFS hoc ICD quy nh - Cc ch hng mi i din hi quan kim tra, kim ho, gim st vic ng hng vo container ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi gom hng. Sau khi hi quan nin phong kp ch container, ch hng hon thnh nt th tc bc container ln tu v yu cu cp vn n .- Ngi chuyn ch cp bin lai nhn hng hoc mt vn n chung ch

- Ngi chuyn ch xp container ln tu v vn chuyn n ni n b. i vi hng nhp khu b.1. i vi hng khng phi lu kho, bi ti cng. Trong trng hp ny, ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc ng ra giao nhn trc tip vi tu - c th tin hnh d hng, 24 gi trc khi tu n v tr hoa tiu, ch hng phi trao cho cng mt s chng t :+ Bn lc khai hng ho (2 bn) + S xp hng (2 bn) + Chi tit hm hng (2 bn) + Hng qu kh, qu nng (nu c) - Ch hng xut trnh vn n gc cho i din ca hng tu - Trc tip nhn hng t tu v lp cc chng t cn thit trong qu trnh nhn hng nh: + Bin bn gim nh hm tu (lp trc khi d hng) nhm quy trch nhim cho tu v nhng tn tht xy sau ny. + Bin bn d hng (COR) i vi tn tht r rt + Th d khng (LOR) i vi tn tht khng r rt + Bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu (ROROC) + Bin bn gim nh + Giy chng nhn hng thiu (do i l hng hi lp)............ - Khi d hng ra khi tu, ch hng c th a v kho ring mi hi quan kim ho. Nu hng khng c nim phong cp ch phi mi hi quan p ti v kho - Lm th tc hi quan - Chuyn ch v kho hoc phn phi hng ho. b2. i vi hng phi lu kho, lu bi ti cng * Cng nhn hng t tu: - D hng v nhn hng t tu (do cng lm) - Lp cc giy t cn thit trong qu trnh giao nhn (nhn vin giao nhn phi cng lp) - a hng v kho bi cng * Cng giao hng cho cc ch hng - Khi nhn c thng bo hng n, ch hng phi mang vn n gc, giy gii thiu ca c quan n hng tu nhn lnh giao hng (D/O - delivery order). Hng tu hoc i l gi li vn n gc v trao 3 bn D/O cho ngi nhn hng - Ch hng ng ph lu kho, ph xp d v ly bin lai - Ch hng mang bin lai np ph, 3 bn D/O cng ho n v phiu ng gi n vn phng qun l tu ti cng k xc nhn D/O v tm v tr hng, ti y lu 1 bn D/O - Ch hng mang 2 bn D/O cn li n b phn kho vn lm phiu xut kho. B phn ny gi 1D/O v lm 2 phiu xut kho cho ch hng

- Lm th tc hi quan qua cc bc sau: + Xut trnh v np cc giy t:. T khai hng NK. Giy php nhp khu. Bn k chi tit. Lnh giao hng ca ngi vn ti. Hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Mt bn chnh v mt bn sao vn n. Giy chng nhn xut x. Giy chng nhn phm cht hoc kim dch nu c. Ho n thng mi...................... + Hi quan kim tra chng t + Kim tra hng ho + Tnh v thng bo thu + Ch hng k nhn vo giythng bo thu (c th np thu trong vng 30 ngy) v xin chng nhn hon thnh th tc hi quan - Sau khi hi quan xc nhn hon thnh th tc hi quan ch hng c th mang ra khi cng v ch v kho ring b.3. Hng nhp bng container * Nu l hng nguyn (FCL) - Khi nhn c thng bo hng n (NOA) th ch hng mang vn n gc v giy gii thiu ca c quan n hng tu ly D/O - Ch hng mang D/O n hi quan lm th tc v ng k kim ho (ch hng c th ngh a c container v kho ring hoc ICD kim tra hi quan nhng phi tr v container ng hn nu khng s b pht) - Sau khi hon thnh th tc hi quan, ch hng phi mang b chng t nhn hng cng D/O n Vn phng qun l tu ti cng xc nhn D/O - Ly phiu xut kho v nhn hng * Nu l hng l (LCL): Ch hng mang vn n gc hoc vn n gom hng n hng tu hoc i l ca ngi gom hng ly D/O, sau nhn hng ti CFR quy nh v lm cc th tc nh trn. IV.Cc loi chng t c lin quan n giao nhn, vn chuyn hng ho xut nhp khu bng ng bin. Giao nhn hng ho XNK bng ng bin i hi rt nhiu loi chng t. Vic phn loi chng t c ngha quan trng trong qun l v s dng chng. n gin v tin theo di, chng ta c th phn thnh hai loi - Chng t dng trong giao hng xut khu - Chng t dng trong nhn hng xut khu

1. Chng t s dng i vi hng xut khu Khi xut khu hng ho bng ng bin, ngi giao nhn (NGN) c u thc ca ngi gi hng lo liu cho hng ho t khi thng quan cho n khi hng c xp ln tu. Cc chng t s dng trong qu trnh ny c th nh sau: - Chng t hi quan - Chng t vi cng v tu - Chng t khc 1.1. Chng t hi quan :- 01 bn chnh vn bn cho php xut khu ca b thng mi hoc b qun l chuyn ngnh (i vi hng xut khu c iu kin) i chiu vi bn sao phi np .- 02 bn chnh t khai hi quan hng xut khu - 01 bn sao hp ng mua bn ngoi thng hoc giy t c gi tr tng ng nh hp ng 01 bn giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh v giy chng nhn ng k m s doanh nghip (ch np mt ln khi ng k lm th tc cho l hng u tin ti mi im lm th tc hi quan). - 02 bn chnh bn k chi tit hng ho (i vi hng khng ng nht) a. T khai hi quan T khai hi quan l mt vn bn do ch hng, ch phng tin khai bo xut trnh cho c quan hi quan trc khi hng hoc phng tin xut hoc nhp qua lnh th quc gia.Thng l quc t cng nh php lut Vit nam quy nh vic khai bo hi quan l vic lm bt buc i vi phng tin xut hoc nhp qua ca khu quc gia. Mi hnh vi vi phm nh khng khai bo hoc khai bo khng trung thc u b c quan hi quan x l theo lut php hin hnh. b. Hp ng mua bn ngoi thng Hp ng mua bn ngoi thng l s tho thun gia nhng ng s c tr s kinh doanh cc nc khc nhau, theo bn xut khu c ngha v chuyn vo quyn s hu ca bn nhp khu mt ti sn nht nh gi l hng ho. Bn nhp khu c ngha v nhn hng v tr tin hng. c. Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh v giy chng nhn ng k m s doanh nghip Trc y doanh nghip XNK phi np giy php kinh doanh XNK loi 7 ch s do B Thng mi cp. Hin gi tt c cc doanh gnhip hi mt s iu kin (v php l, v vn....) l c quyn xut nhp khu trc tip. d. Bn k chi tit hng ho (cargo list) Bn k chi tit hng ho l chng t v chi tit hng ho trong kin hng. N to iu kin thun tin cho vic kim tra hng ho. Ngoi ra n c tc dng b sung cho ho n khi l hng bao gm nhiu loi hng c tn gi khc nhau v phm cp khc nhau. 1.2. Chng t vi cng v tu c s u thc ca ch hng. NGN lin h vi cng v tu lo liu cho hng ha c xp ln t. Cc chng t c s dng trong giai on ny gm: - Ch th xp hng (shipping note)

- Bin lai thuyn ph (Mates receipt)- Vn n ng bin (Ocean Bill of Lading) - Bn lc khai hng ho (Cargo Manifest)- Phiu kim m (Dock sheet & Tally sheet)- S xp hng (Ships stowage plan) a. Ch th xp hng: y l ch th ca ngi gi hng cho cng ty vn ti v c quan qun l cng, cng ty xp d, cung cp nhng chi tit y v hng ho c gi n cng xp ln tu v nhng ch dn cn thit. b. Bin lai thuyn ph Bin lai thuyn ph l chng t do thuyn ph ph trch v gi hng cp cho ngi gi hng hay ch hng xc nhn tu nhn xong hng. Vic cp bin lai thuyn ph l mt s tha nhn rng hng c xp xung tu, c x l mt cch thch hp v cn thn. Do trong qu trnh nhn hng ngi vn ti nu thy tnh trng bao b khng chc chn th phi ghi ch vo bin lai thuyn ph.Da trn c s bin lai thuyn ph, thuyn trng s k pht vn n ng bin l tu nhn hng chuyn ch c. Vn n ng bin Vn n ng bin l mt chng t vn ti hng ho bng ng bin do ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h cp cho ngi gi hng sau khi xp hng ln tu hoc sau khi nhn hng xp.Vn n ng bin l mt chng t vn ti rt quan trng, c bn v hot ng nghip v gia ngi gi hng vi ngi vn ti, gia ngi gi hng vi ngi nhn hng. N c tc dng nh l mt bng chng v giao dch hng ho, l bng chng c hp ng chuyn ch d. Bn khai lc hng ho . y l bn lc k cc loi hng xp trn tu vn chuyn n cc cng khc nhau do i l ti cng xp hng cn c vo vn n lp nn Bn lc khai phi chun b xong ngy sau khi xp hng, cng c th lp khi ang chun b k vn n, d sao cng phi lp xong v k trc khi lm th tc cho tu ri cng.Bn lc khai cung cp s liu thng k v xut khu cng nh nhp khu v l c s cng ty vn ti (tu) dng i chiu lc d hng e. Phiu kim m Dock sheet l mt loi phiu kim m ti cu tu trn ghi s lng hng ho c giao nhn ti cuTally sheet l phiu kim m hng ho xp ln tu do nhn vin kim m chu trch nhim ghi chpCng vic kim m ti tu tu theo quy nh ca tng cng cn c mt s chng t khc nh phiu ghi s lng hng, bo co hng ngy....Phiu kim m l mt chng t gc v s lng hng ho c xp ln tu. Do bn sao ca phiu kim m phi giao cho thuyn ph ph trch v hng ho mt bn lu gi, n cn cn thit cho nhng khiu ni tn tht v hng ho sau ny f. S xp hng y chnh l bn v v tr sp xp hng trn tu. N c th dng cc mu khc nhau nh du hng ca tng cng khc nhau d theo di, kim tra khi d hng ln xung cc cng.Khi nhn c bn ng k hng chuyn ch do ch hng gi ti, thuyn trng cng nhn vin iu s lp s xp hng

mc ch nhm s dng mt cch hp l cc khoang, hm cha hng trn tu cn bng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. 1.3. Chng t khc Ngoi cc chng t xut trnh hi quan v giao dch vi cng, tu, NGN c s u thc ca ch hng lp hoc gip ch hng lp nhng chng t v hng ho, chng t v bo him, chng t v thanh ton... Trong c th cp n mt s chng t ch yu sau: - Giy chng nhn xut x (Certificate of origin)- Ho n thng mi (Commercial invoice) - Phiu ng gi (Packing list)- Giy chng nhn s lng/trng lng (Certificate of quantity/weight) - Chng t bo him a. Giy chng nhn xut x Giy chng nhn xut x l mt chng t ghi ni sn xut hng do ngi xut khu k khai, k v c ngi ca c quan c thm quyn ca nc ngi xut khu xc nhn.Chng t ny cn thit cho c quan hi quan tu theo chnh sch ca Nh nc vn dng cc ch u i khi tnh thu. N cng cn thit cho vic theo di thc hin ch hn ngch. ng thi trong chng mc nht nh, n ni ln phm cht ca hng ho bi v c im a phng v iu kin sn xut c nh hng ti cht lng hng ho. b. Ho n thng mi sau khi giao hng xut khu, ngi xut khu phi chun b mt ho n thng mi. l yu cu ca ngi bn i hi ngi mua phi tr s tin hng c ghi trn ho n. c. Phiu ng gi phiu ng gi l bng k khai tt c cc hng ho ng trong mt kin hng. Phiu ng gi c s dng m t cch ng gi hng ho v d nh kin hng c chia ra lm bao nhiu gi, loi bao gi c s dng, trng lng ca bao gi, kch c bao gi, cc du hiu c th c trn bao gi... Phiu ng gi c t trong bao b sao cho ngi mua c th d dng tm thy, cng c khi trong mt ti gn bn ngoi bao b. d. Giy chng nhn s lng/trng lng y l mt chng th m ngi xut khu lp ra, cp cho ngi nhp khu nhm xc nh s trng lng hng ho giaoTuy nhin m bo tnh trung lp trong giao hng, ngi nhp khu c th yu cu ngi xut khu cp giy chng nhn s/trng lng do ngi th ba thit lp nh Cng ty gim nh, Hi quan hay ngi sn xut. e. Chng t bo himNGN Theo yu cu ca ngi xut khu c th mua bo him cho hng ho. Chng t bo him l nhng chng t do c quan bo him cp cho cc n v xut nhp khu xc nhn v vic hng ho c bo him v l bng chng ca hp ng bo him Chng t bo him thng c dng l n bo him (Insurance Policy) hoc giy chng nhn bo him (Insurance Certificate) 2. Chng t pht sinh trong giao nhn hng nhp khu

Khi nhn hng nhp khu, NGN phi tin hnh kim tra, pht hin thiu ht, mt mt, tn tht kp thi gip ngi nhp khu khiu ni i bi thng. Mt s chng t c th lm c s php l ban u khiu ni i bi thng, l: - Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu - Bin bn k khai hng tha thiu - Bin bn hng h hng v- Bin bn gim nh phm cht- Bin bn gim nh s trng lng - Bin bn gim nh ca cng ty bo him - Th khiu ni - Th d khng.......... a. Bin bn kt tan nhn hng vi tu (Report on receipt of cargo- ROROC) y l bin bn c lp gia cng vi tu sau khi d xong l hng hoc ton b s hng trn tu xc nhn s hng thc t giao nhn ti cng d hng qui nh.Vn bn ny c tnh cht i tch chng minh s tha thiu gia s lng hng thc nhn ti cng n v s hng ghi trn bn lc khai ca tu. V vy y l cn c ngi nhn hng ti cng n khiu ni ngi chuyn ch hay cng ty bo him (nu hng ho c mua bo him). ng thi y cng l cn c cng tin hnh giao nhn hng nhp khu vi nh nhp khu v cng l bng chng v vic cng hon thnh vic giao hng cho ngi nhp khu theo ng s lng m mnh thc t nhn vi ngi chuyn ch. b. Bin bn k khai hng tha thiu (Certificate of shortlanded cargo- CSC) Khi giao nhn hng vi tu, nu s lng hng ho trn ROROC chnh lch so vi trn lc khai hng ho th ngi nhn hng phi yu cu lp bin bn hng tha thiu. Nh vy bin bn hng tha thiu l mt bin bn c lp ra trn c s bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu v lc khai. c. Bin bn hng h hng b (Cargo outum report- COR) Trong qu trnh d hng ra khi tu ti cng ch, nu pht hin thy hng ho b h hng v th i din ca cng (cng ty giao nhn, kho hng). v tu phi cng nhau lp mt bin bn v tnh trng v ca hng ho. Bin bn ny gi l bin bn xc nhn hng h hng v do tu gy nn. d. Bin bn gim nh phm cht (Survey report of quality) y l vn bn xc nhn phm cht thc t ca hng ho ti nc ngi nhp khu (ti cng n) do mt c quan gim nh chuyn nghip cp. Bin bn ny c lp theo qui nh trong hp ng hoc khi c nghi ng hng km phm cht.e. Bin bn gim nh s lng/ trng lngy l chng t xc nhn s lng, trng lng thc t ca l hng c d khi phng tin vn ti (tu) nc ngi nhp khu. Thng thng bin bn gim nh s lng, trng lng do cng ty gim nh cp sau khi lm gim nh. f. Bin bn gim nh ca cng ty bo him. Bin bn gim nh ca cng ty bo him l vn bn xc nhn tn tht thc t ca l hng c bo him do cng ty bo him cp lm cn c cho vic bi thng tn tht. g.Th khiu ni

y l vn bn n phng ca ngi khiu ni i ngi b khiu ni tho mn yu sch ca mnh do ngi b khiu ni vi phm ngha v hp ng (hoc khi hp ng cho php c quyn khiu ni). h. Th d khng(Letter of reservation) Khi nhn hng ti cng ch, nu ngi nhn hng thy c nghi ng g v tnh trng tn tht ca hng ho th phi lp th d khng bo lu quyn khiu ni i bi thng cc tn tht v hng ho ca mnh. Nh vy th d khng thc cht l mt thng bo v tnh trng tn tht ca hng ho cha r rt do ngi nhn hng lp gi cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca ngi chuyn ch. Sau khi lm th d khng kp thi bo lu quyn khiu ni ca mnh, ngi nhn hng phi tin hnh gim nh tn tht ca hng ho v lp bin bn gim nh tn tht hoc bin bn hng v h hng lm c s tnh ton tin i bi thng. Tm li, Giao nhn vn ti hng ho xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin l nghip v phc tp trong bun bn quc t. Hp ng xut nhp khu ch c th thc hin c khi hot ng giao nhn vn ti c thc hin. Hp ng xut nhp khu l hp ng thay i quyn s hu song quyn s hu di chuyn nh th no phi cn n giao nhn v vn ti. Giao nhn v vn ti ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong bun bn quc t

Chng 2
GIAO NHN VN CHUYN BNG CONTAINER
I. 1. 2. 3. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I. Container 1. Khi nim container Thng 6 nm 1964, U ban k thut ca t chc ISO (International Standarzing Organization) a ra nh ngha tng qut v container. Cho n nay, cc nc trn th gii u p dng nh ngha ny ca ISO. Theo ISO - Container l mt dng c vn ti c cc c im: + C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, c s dng nhiu ln. + C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch bng mt hoc nhiu phng tin vn ti, hng ha khng phi xp d cng dc ng. + C thit b ring thun tin cho vic xp d v thay i t cng c vn ti ny sang cng c vn ti khc. + C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp hng vo v d hng ra. + C dung tch khng t hn 1m3 . 2. Tiu chun ha container phng thc chuyn ch container c pht trin v p dng rng ri i hi tin hnh nhiu tiu chun ho bn thn container. Ni dung tiu chun ha container gm c: - Hnh thc bn ngoi. - Trng lng container. - Kt cu mc, ca, kho container...... Container Khi nim container Tiu chun ha container Phn loi container Nghip v chuyn ch hng ha xut nhp khu bng container K thut ng hng vo container Phng php gi hng bng container Chng t vn chuyn hng ha bng container Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch container i vi hng ha. Cc ph trong chuyn ch hng ha bng container

Hin ti nhiu t chc th gii nghin cu tiu chun ha container, song t chc ISO vn ng vai tr quan trng nht. Nm 1967, tai Moscow, i din t chc tiu chun ha ca 16 nc l hi vin ISO chp nhn tiu chun ho container ca y ban k thut thuc ISO. Sau y l tham s k thut ca 7 loi container thuc xri1 theo tiu chun ca ISO: Trng K hiu Chiu cao Chiu rng Chiu di lng ti a (Tu) foot 1.A 1A.A 1.B 1.C 1.D 1.E 1.F 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 mm 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 foot 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 mm 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 2435 foot 40.0 40.0 29,1 19,1 9,9 6,5 4,9 mm 12.190 12.190 12.125 6.055 2.990 1.965 1.460 30 30 25 20 10 7 5 27,0 27,0 23,0 18,0 8,7 6,1 4,0 61,0 61,1 45,5 30,5 14,3 9,1 7,0 Trng lng tnh (Tu) Dung tch (m3)

Theo quy c, container loi 1C c chiu di 19,1 feet, trng lng ti a l 20 tn, dung tch cha hng 30,5 m3 c ly lm n v chun quy i cho tt c cc loi container khc. Loi container ny k hiu l TEU (Tweenty feet Equivalent Unit). 3 - Phn loi container Thc t container c phn thnh nhiu loi da trn cc tiu chun khc nhau, c th: + Phn loi theo kch thc. - Container loi nh: Trng lng di 5 tn v dung tch di 3m3 - Container loi trung bnh: Trng lng 5 - 8 tn v dung tch nh hn 10m3 . - Container loi ln: Trng lng hn 10 tn v dung tch hn 10m3. + Phn loi theo vt liu ng container Container c ng bng loi vt liu no th gi tn vt liu cho container: container thp, container nhm, container g dn, container nha tng hp ..... + Phn loi theo cu trc container. - Container kn (Closed Container) - Container m (Open Container) - Container khung (France Container) - Container gp (Tilt Container) - Container phng (Flat Container) - Container c bnh ln (Rolling Container)

+ Phn loi theo cng dng ca container Theo CODE R688 - 21968 ca ISO, phn loi theo mc ch s dng, container c chia thnh 5 nhm ch yu sau: Nhm 1: Container ch hng bch ha. Nhm ny bao gm cc container kn c ca mt u, container kn c ca mt u v cc bn, c ca trn nc, m cnh, m trn nc - m bn cnh, m trn nc - m bn cnh - m u; nhng container c hai na (half-heigh container), nhng container c l thng hi..... Nhm 2: Container ch hng ri (Dry Bulk/Bulker freight container) L loi container dng ch hng ri (v d nh thc ht, x phng bt, cc loi ht nh....). i khi loi container ny c th c s dng chuyn ch hng ha c ming trn mi xp hng v c ca container d hng ra. Tin li ca kiu container ny l tit kim sc lao ng khi xp hng vo v d hng ra, nhng n cng c im bt li l trng lng v nng, s ca v np c th gy kh khn trong vic gi an ton v kn nc cho container v nu np nhi hng vo nh qu th s gy kh khn trong vic xp hng c th t. Nhm 3: Container bo n/nng/lnh (Thermal insulated/Heated/Refrigerated/Reefer container) Loi container ny c sn, sn mi v ca p cht cch nhit hn ch s di chuyn nhit gia bn trong v bn ngoi container, nhiu container loi ny c thit b lm lnh hoc lm nng c t mt u hay bn thnh ca container hay vic lm lnh da vo nhng chic my kp c gn pha trc container hoc bi h thng lm lnh trc tip ca tu hay bi container. Nhiu container li da vo s lm lnh hn hp (khng ch nhit ). y l loi container dng cha hng mau hng (hng rau qu ....) v cc loi container hng ha b nh hng do s thay i nhit . Tuy nhin, v ch c lp cch in v nu c th tng thm ng thi lp cch in v my lm lnh ny cng gim dung tch cha hng ca container, s bo qun my mc cng yu cu i hi cao hn nu cc thit b my c t trong container. Nhm 4: Container thng cha (Tank container) Dng ch hng ha nguy him v hng ng ri (thc phm lng nh du n, ha cht, ch ho cht.....) Nhng thng cha bng thp c ch to ph hp vi kch thc ca ISO dung tch l 20ft hnh dng nh mt khung st hnh ch nht cha khong 400 galon (15410 lt) tu theo yu cu loi container ny c th c lp thm thit b lm lnh hay nng, y l loi container c ch to cho nhng hng ha c bit, n c u im l sc lao ng yu cu y v ht ht (rng) l nh nht v c th c s dng nh l kho cha tm thi. Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng khuyt tt, chng hn: - Gi thnh ban u cao. - Gi thnh bo dng cao. - Cc hng ha khi cho vo i hi phi lm sch thng cha(mi ln cho hng vo l mt ln lm sch thng cha) - Kh khn cho vn chuyn nn hng b ri nhiu (hao ph do bay hi, r r....)

- Trng lng v cao. Nhm 5: Cc container c bit ( Special container), container ch sc vt sng (Cattle Container). Nhng container ca ISO c lp t c nh nhng ngn chung cho sc vt sng v c th hoc khng th chuyn i thnh container ph hp cho mc ch chuyn ch hng ha bch ha. Loi container ny dng chuyn ch sc vt sng do vy nhc im chnh ca n l vn lm sch gia cc loi hng ha. Trong nhiu quc gia chnh l vn kim dch khi cc container rng dng ch sc vt sng quay tr li dng tip tc bc hng. II - Nghip v chuyn ch hng ha xut nhp khu bng container Chuyn ch hng ha XNK bng container ang tr nn ph bin trong vn ti quc t. Quy trnh k thut ca vic gi hng bng container i hi nghim ngt t khi ng hng, gi hng n khi d hng v giao cho ngi nhn hng. 1 . K thut ng hng vo container Theo tp qun quc t, vn chuyn hng ha bng container, ngi gi hng phi chu trch nhim ng hng vo container cng vi vic nim phong, kp ch container, ngi gi hng phi chu tt c chi ph cng nh cc chi ph c lin quan, tr trng hp hng ha gi khng ng nguyn container m li gi theo phng thc hng l. Chnh v vy, khi nhn container ca ngi gi, ngi chuyn ch khng th nm c c th v tnh hnh hng ha xp bn trong container m ch da vo li khai ca ch hng. Bi vy, h s khng chu trch nhim v hu qu ca vic ng xp hng bt hp l, khng ng k thut dn ti vic gy tn tht cho hng ha, cng c vn ti. Tnh hnh c im hng ho cn chuyn ch + Tnh hnh v c im ca loi kiu container s dng chuyn ch. - K thut xp, chn lt hng ha trong container. 1.1- c im ca hng ha chuyn ch Khng phi hng ha no cng ph hp vi phng thc chuyn ch bng container, cho nn vic xc nh ngun hng ph hp vi chuyn ch bng container c ngha quan trng trong kinh doanh. ng trn gc vn chuyn container, hng ha chuyn ch c chia lm 4 nhm: + Nhm 1: Cc loi hng hon ton ph hp vi chuyn ch bng container. Bao gm: hng bch ha, thc phm ng hp, dc liu y t, sn phm da, nha hay cao su, dng c gia nh, t si, vi vc, sn phm kim loi, chi, g... Nhng mt hng c ch bng nhng container tng hp thng thng, container thng gi hoc container bo n....tu theo yu cu c th ca c tnh hng ha. + Nhm 2: Cc loi hng ph hp vi iu kin chuyn ch bng container Bao gm: Than, qung, cao lanh... tc l nhng mt hng c gi tr thp v s lng bun bn ln. Nhng mt hng ny v tnh cht t nhin cng nh k thut hon ton ph hp vi vic chuyn ch bng container nhng v mt hiu qu kinh t li khng ph hp (t l gia cc v gi tr ca hng ha.)

+ Nhm 3: Cc loi hng ny c tnh cht l, ha c bit nh : hng d hng, hng ng lnh, sc vt sng, hng siu nng, hng nguy him c hi....Nhng mt hng ny phi ng bng container chuyn dng nh: container bo n, container thng gi, container phng, container ch sc vt.... + Nhm 4: Cc loi hng ph hp vi vn chuyn ch bng container nh: st hp, ph thi, st cun, hng siu trng, siu trng, t ti hng nng, cc cht phng x... 1.2 - Xc dnh v kim tra cc loi, kiu container khi s dng. Vic kim tra cn c tin hnh ngay lc ngi iu hnh chuyn ch giao container. Khi pht hin container khng t cc tiu chun k thut quy nh phi thng bo ngay cho ngi iu hnh chuyn ch, tuyt i khng chp nhn, hoc yu cu hon chnh hay thay i container khc. Nu kim tra thiu chu o, tip nhn container khng t yu cu k thut, trong qu trnh chuyn ch c tn tht xy ra do khim khuyt ca container, ngi gi hng phi t gnh chu mi hu qu pht sinh. Ni dung kim tra bao gm: - Kim tra bn ngoi container. Quan st v pht hin cc du vt co xc, h hng, khe nt, l thng, bin dng mo m do va p....Phi kim tra phn mi, cc nc lp ghp ca container v y l ch thng b b st nhng li l c cu trng yu ca container lin quan ti an ton chuyn ch. - Kim tra bn trong container Kim tra kn nc bng cch khp kn ca t bn trong quan st cc tia sng lt qua pht hin l thng hoc khe nt. Kim tra cc inh tn, riv xem c b h hng hay nh ln khng. Kim tra tm bc ph hoc cc trang thit b khc nh l thng gi, ng dn hi lnh.... - Kim tra ca container. Tnh hnh hot ng khi ng m cnh ca v cht m ca...bo m ca ng m an ton, nim phong chc chn v kn khng nc xm nhp vo. - Kim tra tnh trng v sinh container. Container phi c don v sinh tt, kh ro, khng b mi hi hay dy bn. ng hng vo container khng t tiu chun v sinh s gy tn tht cho hng ha ng thi d b t chi khi c quan y t nc gi hng kim tra pht hin. - Kim tra cc thng s k thut ca container Cc thng s k thut ca container c ghi trn v hoc trn bin chng nhn an ton. Thng s k thut ca container bao gm: + Trng lng ti a hay trng ti ton phn ca container (Maximum Gross Weight) khi container cha y hng n gii hn an ton cho php. N bao gm trng lng ti a cho php cng vi trng lng v container. + Trng ti tnh ca container (Maximum Payload) l trng lng hng ha ti mc ti a cho php trong container. N bao gm: trng lng hng ha, bao b, palet, cc vt liu dng chn lt, chng hng trong container. + Trng lng v container (Tare Weight) ph thuc vo vt liu dng ch to container.

+ Dung tch container (Container internal capacity) tc l sc cha hng ti a ca container. 1.3 - K thut cht xp, chn lt hng ha trong container Khi tin hnh cht xp hng ha vo container cn lu nhng yu cu k thut sau y: * Phn b u hng ha trn mt sn container. * Chn m v n lt hng ha trong container. * Gia c hng ha trong container * Hn ch v gim bt p lc hoc chn ng * Chng hin tng hng ho b nng, hp hi 2 . Phng php gi hng bng container Gi hng bng container khc vi phng php gi hng truyn thng. Trong gi hng bng container c ba cch gi hng: 2.1 - Gi hng nguyn container (FCL - Full container load) Cc hng tu ch nh ngha thut ng FCL nh sau: FCL l xp hng nguyn container, ngi gi hng v ngi nhn hng chu trch nhim ng gi hng v d hng khi container. Khi ngi gi hng c khi lng hng ng nht cha y mt container hoc nhiu container, ngi ta thu mt hoc nhiu container gi hng. Theo cch gi FCL/ FCL, trch nhim v giao nhn, bc d v cc chi ph khc c phn chia nh sau: a) Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng (Shipper) Ngi gi hng FCL s c trch nhim: Thu v vn chuyn container rng v kho hoc ni cha hng ca mnh ng hng. ng hng vo container k c vic cht xp, chn lt hng trong container. nh m k hiu hng v k hiu chuyn ch. Lm th tc hi quan v nim phong kp ch theo quy ch xut khu. Vn chuyn v giaocontainer cho ngi chuyn ch ti bi container (CY), ng thi nhn vn n do ngi chuyn ch cp. Chu cc chi ph lin quan n cc thao tc ni trn. Vic ng hng vo container cng c th tin hnh ti trm ng hng hoc bi container ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi gi hng phi vn chuyn hng ha ca mnh ra bi container v ng hng vo container. b) Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ( Carrier). Ngi chuyn ch c nhng trch nhim sau: Pht hnh vn n cho ngi gi hng. Qun l, chm sc, gi hng ha cht xp trong container t khi nhn container ti bi container (container yard) cng gi cho n khi giao hng cho ngi nhn ti bi container cng ch. Bc container t bi container cng gi xung tu chuyn ch, k c vic cht xp container ln tu. D container khi tu ln bi container cng ch. Giao container cho ngi nhn c vn n hp l ti bi container.

 Chu mi chi ph v thao tc ni trn. c) Trch nhim ca ngi nhn ch hng Ngi nhn ch hng cng ch c trch nhim: Thu xp giy t nhp khu v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng. Xut trnh vn n (B/L) hp l vi ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ti bi container. Vn chuyn container v kho bi ca mnh, nhanh chng rt hng v hon tr container rng cho ngi chuyn ch (hoc cng ty cho thu container). Chu mi chi ph lin quan n thao tc k trn, k c chi ph chuyn ch container i v bi cha container. 2.2 - Gi hng l (Less than container load) LCL l nhng l hng ng chung trong mt container m ngi gom hng (ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi giao nhn) phi chu trch nhim ng hng v d hng vo - ra container. Khi gi hng, nu hng khng ng nguyn mt container, ch hng c th gi hng theo phng php hng l. Ngi kinh doanh chuyn ch hng l gi l ngi gom hng (consolidator) s tp hp nhng l hng l ca nhiu ch, tin hnh sp xp, phn loi, kt hp cc l hng l ng vo container, nim phong kp ch theo quy ch xut khu v lm th tc hi quan, bc container t bi cha cng gi xung tu ch i, d container ln bi cha cng ch v giao cho ngi nhn hng l. a) Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng. Vn chuyn hng ha t ni cha hng ca mnh trong ni a n giao cho ngi nhn hng ti trm ng container (CFS - Container Freight Station) ca ngi gom hng v chu chi ph ny. Chuyn cho ngi gom hng nhng chng t cn thit lin quan n hng ha, vn ti v quy ch th tc hi quan. Nhn vn n ca ngi gom hng (Bill of Lading) v tr cc hng l. b) Trch nhim ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch hng l c th l ngi chuyn ch thc- tc l cc hng tu v cng c th l ngi ng ra t chc vic chuyn ch nhng khng c tu. + Ngi chuyn ch thc: L ngi kinh doanh chuyn ch hng ha l trn danh ngha ngi gom hng. H c trch nhim tin hnh nghip v chuyn ch hng l rnh ni trn, k pht vn n thc (LCL/LCL) cho ngi gi hng, bc container xung tu, vn chuyn n cng ch, d container ra khi tu, vn chuyn n bi tr hng v giao hng l cho ngi nhn hng theo vn n m mnh k pht cng i. + Ngi t chc chuyn ch hng l. L ngi ng ra t chc chuyn ch hng l, thng do cc cng ty giao nhn ng ra kinh doanh trn danh ngha ngi gom hng. Nh vy trn danh ngha, h chnh l ngi chuyn ch ch khng phi l ngi i l (Agent). H chu trch nhim sut qu trnh vn chuyn hng t khi nhn hng l ti cng gi cho n khi giao hng xong ti cng ch. Vn n ngi gom hng (House Bill of Lading). Nhng h

khng c phng tin vn ti t kinh doanh chuyn ch v vy ngi gom hng phi thu tu ca ngi chuyn ch thc t ch cc l hng l xp trong container v nim phong, kp ch. Quan h gia ngi gom hng lc ny l quan h gia ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch thc bc container ln tu, k pht vn n cho ngi gom hng (Vn n ch Master Ocean of Bill Lading), vn n cng ch, d container, vn chuyn n bi container v giao cho i l hoc i din ca ngi gom hng cng ch. c) Trch nhm ca ngi nhn hng l Thu xp giy php nhp khu v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng. Xut trnh vn n hp l vi ngi gom hng hoc i din ca ngi gom hng nhn hng ti bi tr hng cng ch. Nhanh chng nhn hng ti trm tr hng (CFS) 2.3 - Gi hng kt hp (FCL/LCL - LCL/FCL) Phng php gi hng ny l s kt hp ca phng php FCL v LCL. Tu theo iu kin c th, ch hng c th tho thun vi ngi chuyn ch p dng phng php gi hng kt hp. Phng php gi hng kt hp c th l: Gi nguyn, giao l (FCL/LCL) Gi l, giao nguyn (LCL/FCL) Khi giao hng bng phng php kt hp, trch nhim ca ch hng v ngi chuyn ch cng c s thay i ph hp. V d: Gi nguyn, giao l (FCL/LCL) th trch nhim ca ch gi v ngi chuyn ch khi gi nh l phng php gi nguyn nhng khi nhn, trch nhim ca ch nhn v ngi chuyn ch nh phng php gi hng l. 3- Chng t vn chuyn hng ha bng container 3.1. Vn n container theo cch gi FCL/FCL Chng t vn chuyn hng ha bng container gi l vn n container (Container Bill of Lading), do ngi chuyn ch hoc i dim ca h k pht cho ngi gi hng sau khi nhn container cha hng c nim phong kp ch chuyn ch. Thng thng vn n container c k pht trc khi container c xp ln tu, do d thuc dng vn n nhn hng xp (Received for Bill Lading). Nhn chung i vi loi vn n ny (nu thanh ton bng tn dng chng t - L/C) thng ngn hng khng chp nhn thanh ton tr khi trong tn dng th c ghi "chp nhn vn n nhn hng xp" (Received for Bill Lading Acceptable). V vy, khi container c bc ln tu, ngi gi hng nn yu cu ngi chuyn ch ghi ch thm trn vn n : "container c bc ln tu ngy ...." (Shipped on board, on...) v c k xc nhn. Lc ny vn n tr thnh "vn n xp hng" (Shipped on board Bill of Lading) v c ngn hng chp nhn lm chng t thanh ton. 3.2- Vn n container theo cch gi LCL/LCL.

Trong chuyn ch hng l, nu do ngi chuyn ch thc m nhim, h s k pht cho ngi gi hng vn n container hng l (LCL/LCL). Vn n ny c chc nng tng t nh vn n container theo cch gi nguyn (FCL/FCL). Nu ngi gi hng l do ngi gom hng ng ra t chc nhn hng v chuyn ch th s c hai loi vn n c k pht: + Vn n ca ngi gom hng (House Bill of Lading) Ngi gom hng trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch s k pht cho ngi ch hng l ca mnh. Trong vn n ny cng c y cc thng tin chi tit cn thit v ngi gi hng (ngi xut khu), ngi nhn hng (Ngi nhp khu). Ngi nhn hng l s xut trnh vn n ca ngi gom hng l cho i din hoc i l ca ngi gom hng ti cng ch c nhn hng. Vn n ngi gom hng vn c th dng trong thanh ton, mua bn v giao dch. Song trnh trng hp ngn hng khng chp nhn vn n ca ngi gom hng l chng t thanh ton, ngi xut khu nn yu cu ngi nhp khu ghi trong tn dng chng t "vn n ngi gom hng c chp nhn" (House Bill of Lading Acceptable). + Vn n thc ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch thc sau khi nhn container hng ha a ngi gom hng s k pht vn n cho ngi gom hng theo cch gi hng nguyn container (FCL/FCL). Trn vn n, ngi gi hng l ngi gom hng, ngi nhn hng l i din hoc i l ca ngi gom hng cng ch. 4- Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch container i vi hng ha. 4.1 - Phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch container c trch nhim "t bi container n bi container", iu ny c th ph hp vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch trong quy tc Hamburg nm 1978. i vi Hague, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch bt u t khi cu mc hng cng i v kt thc khi cu ri hng cng n". y, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch container c rng hn. 4.2. iu khon "khng bit tnh trng hng xp trong container'' Trong vic vn chuyn hng nguyn container (iu kin FCL/FCL), ngi gi hng t lo vic ng hng vo, cht xp, chn lt sau giao nguyn container c nim phong, kp ch cho ngi chuyn ch ch i. V vy, ngi chuyn ch thng ghi ch trn vn n cu "vic ng hng, cht xp, chn lt, kim m v nim phong container do ngi gi hng". Mc ch ca h nhm trnh trch nhim i vi hng ha cha trong container nu khi giao hng cng ch du nim phong, kp ch vn cn nguyn vn. 4.3. Xp hng trn boong. Ngi chuyn ch t cho mnh quyn xp hng cha trong container trn boong m khng b coi l vi phm hp ng vn ti. iu kin ny c quc t chp nhn v tu container c thit k thch hp ch container c trn boong nh c cc kt cu gi , cht xp chng buc thch hp c bit nn tu vn hot ng an ton. Theo quy tc Hague- Visby "Hng thng thng phi xp trong hm tu tr khi loi hng c bit v c s tho thun gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng".

4.4. Gii hn trch nhim bi thng. Gii hn bi thng ti a ca ngi chuyn ch c quy nh trong cc cng c c s khc nhau: Quy tc Hague - 1924 ( Hague Rulls - 1924) - Hng c k khai gi tr trn vn n, bi thng tho gi tr k khai. - Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thng khng qu 100 F cho mt n v hng ha hoc mt kin hng. - Hng vn chuyn bng container cha cp. Quy tc Visby ( Visby Rulls - 1968) - Hng ha c k khai gi tr mc bi thng theo gi tr k khai. - Hng ha khng k khai gi tr, mc bi thng l: + 10.000 fr cho mt n v hng ha hay mt kin hng. + 30 fr cho mt kg hng ha c b. - Hng vn chuyn bng container. + Kin hng ng trong container hay palet ... c k khai trn vn n s c coi l mt n v hng ha i bi thng. + Khng k khai trn vn n th mt container c coi l mt n v hng ha i bi thng. Ngh nh th SDR 1979 (SDR protocol 1979) - Hng c k khai gi tr bi thng theo gi tr k khai. - Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thng l: + 666,67 SDR cho mt n v hng ha hoc mt kin hng + 2 SDR cho 1kg hng ha c b. Quy tc Hambuge 1978 ( Hambuge Rulls 1978) - Hng ha c k khai gi tr, bi thng theo gi tr k khai. - Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thung l: + 835 SDR cho mt n v hng ha hoc mt kin hng. + 2,5 SDR cho mt kg hng ha c b. - Chm giao hng bi thng mt khon tin tng ng vi 2,5 ln tin cc s hng giao chm nhng khng vt qu tng tin cc ch hp ng chuyn ch. - Hng vn chuyn bng container quy nh ging nh Visby Rulls. B lut hng hi Vit Nam - 1990 - Gii hn bi thng quy nh ging nh Visby Rulls. - Hng vn chuyn bng container cha cp. 5. Cc ph trong chuyn ch hng ha bng container Trong chuyn ch hng ha bng container, cc ph container c n nh thnh biu cc nh biu cc ca tu ch. Cc ph vn chuyn container thng bao gm; chi ph vn ti ni a; chi ph chuyn ch container chng ng chnh.; chi ph bn, bi container cng xp, d; chi ph khc... Mc cc ph container ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau:

- Loi, c container (ln hay nh, chuyn dng hay khng chuyn dng). - Loi hng ha xp trong container, ngha l cn c vo cp hng hng ha. - Mc s dng trng ti container. - Chiu di v c im ca tuyn ng chuyn ch. Vn chuyn container ra i nhanh chng lm thay i nhiu mt trong vn ti ni a cng nh vn ti quc t. T iu kin giao nhn, trang thit b bc d, n phng thc vn chuyn u thay i. ph hp vi phng php vn chuyn tin tin ny, cc cng ty vn ti container a ra biu cc ca mnh phc v khch hng, cc container gm 3 loi: + Cc vn chuyn container tnh theo mt hng (CBR: Commodity Box Rate). y l mc cc khon gp cho vic chuyn ch mt container cha mt mt hng ring bit. Ngi chuyn ch cn c vo kh nng s dng trung bnh ca container m tnh ton d n nh mc cc (v d: 14 tn container loi 20 feet). Vi cch tnh ny nu ch hng ng thm c hng s c li. thng ch hng ln thch loi cc ny cn ch hng nh li khng thch. i vi ngi chuyn ch, cch tnh cc trn container n gin hn v gim c nhng chi ph hnh chnh. + Cc ph container tnh chung cho mi loi hng (FAK: Freight all kinds Rate) Theo cch tnh ny, mi mt hng u phi ng mt gi cc cho cng mt chuyn container m khng cn tnh n gi tr ca hng ha trong container. Ngi chuyn ch v c bn cn c vo tng chi ph d tnh ca chuyn i chia cho s container d tnh vn chuyn. o vi cc ph loi CBR, cc ph FAK hp l hn v n v xp, d hng v chim ch trn tu l container. i vi ngi chuyn ch p dng loi cc ny s n gim trong vic tnh ton. Nhng loi cc ny li cng c nhng bt cp ch ch hng c hng ha gi tr cao hn th li, cn ch hng c gi tr thp li bt li. + Cc ph hng ch l. Cc ph hng ch l, cng ging nh tu ch, loi cc ny c tnh theo trng lng, th tch hoc gi tr ca hng ha (tu theo s la chn ca ngi chuyn ch), cng vi cc loi dch v lm hng l nh ph bn bi container (container freight station charges), ph nhi, rt hng ra khi container (Less than container load charges). Chnh v th nn mc cc container hng l bao gi cng cao hn cc loi cc khc. Tm li, vn chuyn hng ha bng container gi v tr quan trng trong h thng vn ti phc v nn kinh t quc dn. y l phng thc vn ti tin tin ang mang li hiu qu cao trong chuyn ch c bit l vn chuyn bng ng bin. Chnh v vy, so vi lch s pht trin ca vn ti ng bin, vn ti container mi ra i song tc pht trin kh nhanh. to kh nng p dng phng thc chuyn ch hin i ny, nhiu nc trn th gii xy dng i tu chuyn dng c trng ti ln chuyn ch container. Xy dng cc cng container vi cc trang thit b xp d hin i, t ng ha cng vi h thng kho tng, bn bi y tin nghi nhm khai thc trit u th ca vn chuyn hng ha trong container bng ng bin.

Chng 3
GIAO NHN VN CHUYN HNG HO BNG VN TI A PHNG THC
I. 1. 2. 3. II. 1. 2. 3. III. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Khi qut v vn ti a phng thc Khi nim c im ca vn ti a phng thc quc t Cc hnh thc vn ti a phng thc trn th gii C s vt cht k thut trong vn ti a phng thc quc t. Cc phng thc vn ti trong vn ti a phng thc Cc u mi chuyn tip v thng tin trong vn ti a phng thc Th tc hi quan trong vn ti a phng thc T chc chuyn ch hng ha bng vn ti a phng thc quc t Ngun lut iu chnh vn ti a phng thc Ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc Chng t vn ti a phng thc Trch nhim ca MTO i vi hng ho

I. Khi qut v vn ti a phng thc 1. Khi nim Vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal transport) quc t hay cn gi l vn ti lin hp (Conbined transport) l phng thc vn ti hng ha bng t nht hai phng thc vn ti khc nhau tr ln, trn c s mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc t mt im mt nc ti mt im ch nh mt nc khc giao hng. 2. c im ca vn ti a phng thc quc t * Vn ti a phng thc quc t da trn mt hp ng n nht v c th hin trn mt chng t n nht (Multimodal transport document) hoc mt vn n vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal transport Bill of Lading) hay vn dn vn ti lin hp (Combined transport Bill of Lading). * Ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal Transport Operator - MTO) hnh ng nh ngi ch y thc ch khng phi nh i l ca ngi gi hng hay i l ca ngi chuyn ch tham gia vo vn ti a phng thc. * Ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc l ngi phi chu trch nhim i vi hng ha trong mt qu trnh vn chuyn t khi nhn hng chuyn ch cho ti khi giao xong hng cho ngi nhn k c vic chm giao hng ni n.

Nh vy, MTO chu trch nhim i vi hng ha theo mt ch trch nhim (Rigime of Liability) nht nh. Ch trch nhim ca MTO c th l ch trch nhim thng nht (Uniform Liabilitty System) hoc ch trch nhim tng chng (Network Liability System) ty theo s tho thun ca hai bn. * Trong vn ti a phng thc quc t, ni nhn hng ch v ni giao hng thng nhng nc khc nhau v hng ha thng c vn chuyn bng nhng dng c vn ti nh container, palet, trailer.... 3. Cc hnh thc vn ti a phng thc trn th gii 3.1. M hnh vn ti ng bin - vn ti hng khng (Sea/air) M hnh ny l s kt hp gia tnh kinh t ca vn ti bin v s u vit v tc ca vn ti hng khng, p dng trong vic chuyn ch nhng hng ho c gi tr cao nh in, in t v nhng hng ho c tnh thi v cao nh qun o, chi, giy dp. Hng ho sau khi c vn chuyn bng ng bin ti cng chuyn ti chuyn ti ngi nhn su trong t lin mt cch nhanh chng nu vn chuyn bng phng tin vn ti khc th s khng m bo c tnh thi v hoc lm gim gi tr ca hng ho, do vn ti hng khng l thch hp nht. 3.2. M hnh vn ti t - vn ti hng khng (Road - Air) M hnh ny s dng phi hp c u th ca vn ti t v vn ti hng khng. Ngi ta s dng t tp trung hng v cc cng hng khng hoc t cc cng hng khng ch n ni giao hng cc a im khc. Hot ng ca vn ti t thc hin on u v on cui ca qu trnh vn ti theo cch thc ny c tnh linh ng cao, p ng cho vic thu gom, tp trung hng v u mi l sn bay phc v cho cc tuyn bay ng di xuyn qua Thi bnh dng, i ty dng hoc lin lc a nh t Chu u sang Chu M... 3.3. M hnh vn ti ng st - vn ti t (Rail - Road) y l s kt hp gia tnh an ton v tc ca vn ti ng st vi tnh c ng ca vn ti t ang c s dng nhiu chu M v Chu u. Theo phng php ny ngi ta ng gi hng trong cc trailer c ko n nh ga bng cc xe ko goi l tractor. Ti ga cc trailer c ko ln cc toa xe v ch n ga n. Khi n ch ngi ta li s dng cc tractor ko cc trailer xung v ch n cc a im giao cho ngi nhn. 3.4. M hnh vn ti ng st-ng b-vn ti ni thu - vn ti ng bin (Rail /Road/Inland waterway/sea) y l m hnh vn ti ph bin nht chuyn ch hng ho xut nhp khu. Hng ho c vn chuyn bng ng st, ng b hoc ng ni thu n cng bin ca nc xut khu sau c vn chuyn bng ng bin ti cng ca nc nhp khu ri t vn chuyn n ngi nhn su trong ni a bng ng b, ng st hoc vn ti ni thu. M hnh ny thch hp vi cc loi hng ho ch bng container trn cc tuyn vn chuyn m khng yu cu gp rt lm v thi gian vn chuyn. 3.5. M hnh cu lc a (Land Bridge)

Theo m hnh ny hng ho c vn chuyn bng ng bin vt qua cc i dng n cc cng mt lc a no cn phi chuyn qua chng ng trn t lin i tip bng ng bin n chu lc khc. Trong cch t chc vn ti ny, chng vn ti trn t lin c v nh chic cu ni lin hai vng bin hay hai i dng. II . C s vt cht k thut trong vn ti a phng thc quc t. 1. Cc phng thc vn ti trong vn ti a phng thc 1.1. Vn ti container trong vn ti a phng thc. C th ni vic ra i ca vn ti container l mt cuc cch mng trong vn ti quc t, l chic cu ni kt ni cc phng thc vn ti thnh mt qun th thng nht phc v cho vic vn chuyn hng ho trong container. Qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho t kho ngi gi hng n kho cng xut hng sau vn chuyn n ga cng nhn v n kho ngi nhn hng thng c s tham gia ca vn ti t, ng st, ng sng, ng bin, hng khng. S tham gia ca cc dng vn ti trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho bng container to nn nhng mi quan h v tc ng ln nhau gia chng, c bit u mi vn ti (hng ho c chuyn t dng vn ti ny sang dng vn ti khc). Vic phi hp cht ch ca cc phng thc vn ti c mt ngha quan trng. t hiu qu kinh t cao cng nh p ng c yu cu ca ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn container vi s tham gia ca nhiu phng thc phi phi hp s dng hp l cc phng tin k thut cc im xp d, t chc hp l cc lung t, toa tu, m bo h thng thng tin thng sut qun l ton b qu trnh vn chuyn mt cch thng nht. 1.2. Vn ti ng b trong vn ti a phng thc. m bo an ton v cht lng trong vn chuyn hng ca h thng vn ti a phng thc trn ng b, cc tuyn ng phi tiu chun k thut. Tiu chun H.30 ngha l cu kh nng cho php t ch hng c ti trng 35 tn. Tiu chun ng cp 3 l mt ng c tri nha hoc b tng nha c th chu c trng ti ca cc loi xe t 20 tn tr xung. Trn cc tuyn ng b, m bo an ton cho xe c i li khi ch hng th khong khng t mt cu, mt ng ti vt cn thp nht (thanh ngang cu chy di y hm cu vt ng b, cng cu hm, cc loi ng ng, mng dn nc) phi tiu chun cao t 4,5m tr ln. Nhng tiu chun ca c s h tng ng b cn phi ch n c bn knh cong v dc ca ng. i vi cc tuyn min ni, bn knh cong ti thiu phi m bo l 25m, cn ng bng bn knh cong ca ng phi m bo ti thiu l 130m, dc khong 6-7%. Nh vy c s h tng ca vn ti ng b phi m bo nhng tiu chun quy nh mi em li hiu qu cho vn ti a phng thc. 1.3. Vn ti ng st trong vn ti a phng thc. C s h tng ca vn ti ng st lin quan n yu cu ca vn ti a phng thc l cc cng trnh ng st nh: ng ray, nh ga, thit b, bi cha hng. - Cc tuyn ng st: thng xy dng theo cc kh khc nhau: loi kh hp 1m v loi kh rng 1,435 m. Loi kh ng no cng thch ng c trong vn ti a phng thc .

- Thit b vn chuyn l cc toa xe ng st cn phi m bo tiu chun ti trng trc ti a. Sc ch ca toa xe ph thuc vo trc ca n, mt khc tc ng ti nn ng cng nh hng mc khc nhau tu theo s lng trc toa xe. - Trong cc i tng thuc c s h tng ca vn ti ng st cn c cc ga phn loi v cha hng, cc bi cha container ng st ni a. Cc bi cha hng cn phi trang b y phng tin v b tr khu vc chuyn ti thch hp khi xp cc container ln toa xe hoc khi d xung nhanh chng, thun tin vi thi gian ti thiu. Ton b din tch bi phi c tnh ton v sc chu ti, xc nh s container c th cht c, phn chia bi cha container. Nh vy, trong vn ti a phng thc th nhng yu cu tiu chun ho quan trng nht l s dng cc toa xe chuyn dng, cc thit b phc v thch hp trn cc ga v bi cha hng. 1.4. Vn ti bin trong vn ti a phng thc. Cng bin l mt cu ni giao thng, ni tp trung, ni giao lu ca tt c cc phng tin vn ti: ng st, ng sng, ng b, ng bin v c ng khng. Trong vn ti a phng thc, cc cng bin, c bit l cc bn container gi vai tr quan trng. T cc bn container, hng c chuyn t phng tin vn ti bin sang cc phng tin khc hoc lu li. Cc bn cng container khc hn cc bn khc ch: hng lu kho lu bi ti cng rt t m ch yu c chuyn i khi bn cng nhanh cng tt, ti nhng trm cha container hoc ti cc cng ni a 2. Cc u mi chuyn tip v thng tin trong vn ti a phng thc 2.1. Cng ni a (Inland Clearance Deport - ICD) Cng ni a c xem nh l mt yu t ca c s h tng trong h thng vn ti a phng thc. Cng ni a c t mt v tr cch xa cng bin, su trong t lin, vi chc nng: - Lm th tc hi quan (cc container khi nhp cng c chuyn ngay ti cng ni a lm th tc) - Ni chuyn tip cc container sang cc phng tin khc, ni gom hng l vo container. - Ni hon chnh th tc ch xut cng Vi nhng chc nng , cc cng container ni a cn c trang b nhng thit b chuyn dng phc v cho vic ng v d hng khi container 2.2. Bn container. Xy dng bn container chuyn dng i hi phi m bo ng yu cu v k thut, cng ngh v t chc. Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng xy dng bn container chuyn dng l cn mt din tch ln lm ni hot ng ca cc cn trc trn b, lm cc bi bo qun container, lm ng i li cho cc phng tin ng st, t, ni ca cc xe nng chuyn, ni lm xng phc v, ni lm nh ca ca c quan qun l v hnh chnh. Tu theo iu kin thc t v lu lng container cn thit d thng qua bn cng, cng nh nhng iu kin ring ca mi a phng m thit k din tch bn cng container cho ph hp.

 su ca bn cu tu i vi cng container c ln phi m bo cho tu container c sc ch ln (trn 2.000 TEU) vo lm hng. Kh nng tip nhn tu cng nh kh nng thng quan cc bn cng container phi tnh ton khng xy ra tnh trng tu phi ch xp d. Trn bn cng container chuyn dng thng c trang b cc thit b bc xp, nng chuyn c nng sut xp d cao. T hp c gii ho xp d container trn cc bn container chuyn dng c thit k ng b m bo qu trnh lm hng cho tu, bc xp, bo qun v phn loi trn c s mt s hp l. 2.3. Thit lp h thng truyn thng d liu (Electronic Data Interchange - EDI) H thng EDI l phng tin phc v cho vic x l, lu tr d liu v lin lc. Trong vn ti a phng thc, vic truyn thng tin d liu l rt cn thit. Do , mi nc cn phi thit lp mt h thng EDI khai thc v cp nht ti tt c cc i l trong nc c lin quan, m cn c th ni mng vi cc nc trong khu vc, cng nh vi mng ca h thng thng tin ton cu GII (Global International Infrastructure). Khi nim v EDI hin nay ang c gii thiu cho tt c cc nc pht trin, ni thit lp nhng mng EDI ln ni gia cc cng ty, cc b phn kim ton hoc nhng b phn c lin quan (hi quan, giao nhn, hng hng khng, nh khai thc vn ti container, cc ch tu). H thng EDI ang c cp n cc nc ang pht trin. Nhu cu tt yu m bo cho hot ng ca vn ti a phng thc t hiu qu l phi thit lp c h thng truyn tin d liu mi nc v ni mng vi nc khc. y l nhng yu t khng th thiu c trong vic pht trin c s h tng ca vn ti a phng thc. 3. Th tc hi quan trong vn ti a phng thc Cng c ca LHQ v vn ti a phng thc c mt ph lc gm 6 iu ni v th tc hi quan. iu 2 ca ph lc ny quy nh:" Hng ho trong vn ti a phng thc quc t ni chung khng phi kim tra hi quan tr trng hp phi thc hin nhng quy tc, iu l bt buc. thc hin iu ny, cc c quan hi quan thng thng t hn ch mc kim tra nim phong hi quan v cc bin php nim phong khc ti cc im xut nhp khu. Trn th gii c nhiu n lc n gin ho v tiu chun ho cc th tc hi quan nhm to iu kin cho bun bn pht trin. T nm 1921 c cng c v t do qu cnh Barcelona. n nm 1923 li c mt cng c quc t v n gin ho th tc hi quan v cc th tc khc. Hip c chung v thu quan v bun bn (GATT) 1974 cng c nhng iu khon tin b v hng ny. Nm 1950, hi ng hp tc hi quan c thnh lp di s bo tr ca LHQ, nhm phi hp hnh ng trong cng tc hi quan ca cc nc trn th gii. III - T chc chuyn ch hng ha bng vn ti a phng thc quc t. 1. Ngun lut iu chnh vn ti a phng thc. Vic chuyn ch hng ha bng vn ti a phng thc quc t cng phi c thc hin trn c s nhng quy phm php lut quc t. Quy phm php lut quc t iu chnh mi quan h trong vn ti a phng thc hin nay bao gm:

- Cng c ca LHQ v chuyn ch hng ha bng vn ti a phng thc quc t, 1980 (UN Convention on the International Multimodal Transport of Goods, 1980). Cng c ny c thng qua ti hi ngh ca LHQ ngy 24-5-1980 ti Geneva gm 84 nc tham gia. Cho n nay, cng c ny vn cha c hiu lc do cha s nc cn thit ph chun, gia nhp. - Quy tc ca UNCTAD v ICC v chng t vn ti a phng thc (UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents), s pht hnh 48, c hiu lc t 01- 01-1992. Bn quy tc l mt quy phm php lut tu nn khi s dng cc bn phi dn chiu vo hp dng . Cc vn bn php l trn quy nh nhng vn c bn trong vn ti a phng thc nh: nh ngha v vn ti a phng thc, ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc, ngi chuyn ch, ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng, vic giao, nhn hng, chng t vn ti a phng thc, trch nhim ca ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc i vi hng ha, trch nhim ca ngi gi hng, khiu ni v kin tng .... 2. Ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc. Trong phng thc vn ti a phng thc ch c mt ngi duy nht chu trch nhim v hng ho trong sut qu trnh chuyn ch, l ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal Transport Operator - MTO) 2.1. nh ngha Theo Cng c ca Lin hp quc, MTO "l bt k ngi no t mnh hoc thng qua mt ngi khc thay mt cho mnh, k mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc v hot ng nh l mt ngi u thc ch khng phi l mt ngi i l hoc ngi thay mt ngi gi hng hay nhng ngi chuyn ch tham gia cng vic vn ti a phng thc v m nhn trch nhim thc hin hp ng". Quy tc v chng t vn ti a phng thc ca Hi ngh Lin hp quc v bun bn v pht trin/Phng thng mi quc t nh ngha nh sau: "MTO l bt k mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc v nhn trch nhim thc hin hp ng nh l mt ngi chuyn ch". "Ngi chuyn ch l ngi thc s thc hin hoc cam kt thc hin vic chuyn ch hoc mt phn chuyn ch, d ngi ny vi ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc c l mt hay khng". 2. 2. Cc loi MTO - MTO c tu (Vessel Operating MTOs) bao gm cc ch tu bin, kinh doanh khai thc tu bin nhng m rng kinh doanh c dch v vn ti a phng thc. Cc ch tu ny thng khng s hu v khai thc cc phng tin vn ti ng b, ng st v ng hng khng m phi k hp ng chuyn ch trn cc chng nhm hon thnh hp ng vn ti a phng thc. - MTO khng c tu ( Non Vessel Operating MTOs) gm c: + Ch s hu mt trong cc phng tin vn ti khc khng phi l tu bin nh t, my bay, tu ho. H cung cp dch v vn ti a phng thc, do phi i thu cc loi phng tin vn ti no h khng c. + Nhng ngi kinh doanh dch v lin quan n vn ti nh bc d, kho hng.

+ Nhng ngi chuyn ch cng cng khng c tu, nhng ngi ny khng kinh doanh tu bin nhng li cung cp dch v vn ti a phng thc thng xuyn, k c vic gom hng trn nhng tuyn ng nht nh, ph bin M. + Ngi giao nhn ( Freight Forwarder). Hin nay ngi giao nhn c xu th khng ch lm i l m cn cung cp dch v vn ti, c bit l vn ti a phng thc. Phng thc ny thch hp vi cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit nam v khng i hi tp trung mt lng ln vn u t, hn na c th tp trung kh nng p ng tt hn nhu cu ca khch hng. 3. Chng t vn ti a phng thc. 3.1. nh ngha Theo Quy tc ca UNCTAD/ICC, chng t vn ti a phng thc l chng t chng minh cho mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc v c th c thay th bi mt th truyn d liu in t, nh lut php p dng cho php v c hnh thc c th lu thng hoc khng th lu thng, c ghi r tn ngi nhn. Theo Cng c ca LHQ, chng t vn ti a phng thc l mt chng t lm bng chng cho mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc, cho vic nhn hng ch ca ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc v cam kt ca anh ta giao hng theo ng nhng iu khon ca hp ng. 3.2. Hnh thc ca chng t vn ti a phng thc Khi MTO nhn trch nhim v hng ho, anh ta hoc ngi c u quyn s cp mt chng t vn ti a phng thc tu theo ngi gi hng la chn dng lu thng c hay khng lu thng c. - Chng t vn ti a phng thc lu thng c khi: + N c lp theo lnh hay cho ngi cm chng t + Nu lp theo lnh, n s chuyn nhng c bng k hu + Nu lp cho ngi cm chng t, n chuyn nhng c m khng cn k hu + Nu cp mt b nhiu bn gc phi ghi r s bn gc trong b + Nu cp cc bn sao, mi bn sao s ghi "khng lu thng c" - Chng t vn ti a phng thc c cp theo hnh thc khng lu thng c khi n ghi r tn ngi nhn hng 3.3. Ni dung ca chng t vn ti a phng thc Chng t vn ti a phng thc nhn chung c nhng ni dung c bn sau: - Tnh cht chung ca hng h, k m hiu cn thit nhn dng hng ho, mt s k khai r rng c s b, s lng, tt c cc chi tit do ngi gi hng cung cp. - Tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ho - Tn v a im kinh doanh chnh ca ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc - Tn ngi gi hng - Tn ngi nhn hng nu c ngi gi hng ch nh - a im v ngy m ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc nhn hng ch - a im giao hng - Ngy hay thi hn giao hng a im giao nu c tho thun r rng gia cc bn

- Ni r chng t vn ti a phng thc lu thng c hay khng lu thng c - Ni v ngy cp chng t vn ti a phng thc - Ch k ca MTO hoc ngi c anh ta u quyn - Tin cc cho mi phng thc vn ti, nu c tho thun r rng gia cc bn hoc tin cc k c loi tin mc ngi nhn hng phi tr hoc ch dn no khc ni ln tin cc do ngi nhn phi tr - Hnh thc d kin cc phng thc vn ti v cc a im chuyn ti nu bit khi cp chng t vn ti a phng thc. - iu ni v vic p dng cng c. - Bt c chi tit no khc m cc bn c th tho thun vi nhau v ghi vo chng t vn ti a phng thc nu khng tri vi lut php ca nc ni chng t vn ti a phng thc c cp. 3.4 . Cc loi chng t vn ti a phng thc. Cng c ca lin hip quc v chyn ch hng ho vn ti a phng thc quc t ngy 5/10/1980 cho n nay vn cha c hiu lc, cho nn cha c mu chng t vn ti a phng thc mang tnh cht quc t cc nc p dng. Song da vo bn quy tc v chng t vn ti a phng thc ca UNCTAD/ICC nhiu t chc quc t v vn ti, giao nhn cng son tho mt s mu chng t s dng trong kinh doanh. Sau y l mt s mu chng t vn ti a phng thc thng gp : a - Vn n FIATA (FIATA Negotiable Multimodal transpot Bill Lading - FB/L) y l loi vn n i sut do Lin on quc t cc hip hi giao nhn son tho cho cc hi vin ca Lin on s dng trong kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc. Vn n FIATA hin nay ang c s dng rng ri. FB/L l chng t c th lu thng v c cc ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton. FB/L c th dng trong vn ti ng bin. b - Chng t vn ti lin hp (COMBIDOC-Conbined transport document) COMBIDOC do BIMCO son tho cho ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc c tu bin s dng (VO.MTO). Chng t ny c phng thng mi quc t chp nhn, thng qua. c - Chng t vn ti a phng thc (MULTIDOC - Multimodal transport document) MULTIDOC do Hi ngh ca LHQ v bun bn v pht trin son tho trn c s cng c ca LHQ v vn ti a phng thc. Do cng c cha c hiu lc nn chng t ny t c s dng. d - Chng t va dng cho vn ti lin hp va dng cho vn ti ng bin (Bill of Lading for Conbined transport Shipment or port to port Shipment) y l loi chng t do cc hng tu pht hnh m rng kinh doanh sang cc phng thc vn ti khc nu khch hng cn. 4 . Trch nhim ca MTO i vi hng ho Trch nhim ca MTO nh quy nh ca cng c v bn quy tc gi l ch trch nhim p dng cho nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau trong mt hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc, tc l trong hnh

trnh vn ti a phng thc ch c mt c s trch nhim, mt thi hn trch nhim, mt gii hn trch nhim. Ngc li, nu trong mt hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc, trch nhim ca MTO li da trn c s nhiu ch trch nhim ca phng thc vn ti tham gia chuyn ch th gi l ch trch nhim tng chng (Network Liability System). 4.1 Thi hn trch nhim (Period of Responsibility) C cng c v bn Quy tc u quy nh: trch nhim ca ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc i vi hng ha bao gm khong thi gian t khi MTO nhn hng ch cho n khi giao xong hng. Trong , Cng c quy nh r hn: - MTO nhn hng ch t lc anh ta nhn hng t: + Ngi gi hng hay ngi thay mt ngi gi hng, hoc + Mt c quan c thm quyn hay mt bn th ba khc m theo lut l p dng ti ni nhn hng, hng ha phi c gi vn chuyn. - MTO giao hng xong bng cch: + Trao hng cho ngi nhn hng hoc + t hng ha di quyn nh ot ca ngi nhn hng ph hp vi hp ng vn ti a phng thc hay lut l hoc tp qun ca ngnh kinh doanh ring bit ni giao hng, trong trng hp ngi nhn khng nhn hng t ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc hoc + Giao hng cho mt c quan c thm quyn hay mt bn th ba khc m theo lut l p dng ni giao hng, hng ha phi giao cho ngi . 4.2 C s trch nhim (Basic of Liability) MTO phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi do mt mt hoc h hng ca hng ho, cng nh chm giao hng nu s c gy ra mt mt, h hng hoc chm giao hng xy ra khi hng ho cn thuc phm vi trch nhim ca MTO, tr phi MTO chng minh c rng anh ta, ngi lm cng hoc i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php hp l, cn thit ngn chn s c xy ra v hu qu ca n. Chm giao hng xy ra khi hng ho khng c giao trong thi hn tho thun. Nu khng tho thun thi gian nh vy th trong mt thi gian hp l m mt MTO cn mn c th giao, c tnh n hon cnh ca s vic. Nu hng ho khng c giao trong mt thi gian 90 ngy lin tc k t ngy ht thi hn tho thun hoc trong mt thi gian hp l ni trn th c th coi nh hng ho mt. 4.3. Gii hn trch nhim (Limit of Liability) Theo cng c v vn ti a phng thc th gii hn trch nhim ca MTO l 920 SDR cho mi kin hay n v hoc 2,75 SDR cho mi kg hng ho c b b mt tu theo cch tnh no cao hn. tnh ton s tin no cao hn s p dng cc quy tc sau y: - Khi container, pallet hoc cng c vn ti tng t c s dng ng gi hng ho th cc kin hoc cc n v chuyn ch c k khai vo chng t vn ti a phng thc v c ng gi vo cng c vn ti c coi l kin hoc n v. Nu nhng kin v n v khng c lit k vo vn ti a

phng thc th tt c hng o trong cng c vn ti c coi l mt kin hoc mt n v chuyn ch. - Trong trng hp bn thn cc cng c vn ti b mt mt hoc h hng th cng c vn ti , nu khng thuc s hu hoc khng do MTO cung cp, c coi l mt n v chuyn ch. Nu hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc khng bao gm vn ti ng bin hoc ng thu ni a th trch nhim ca MTO khng vt qu 8,33 SDR cho mi kg hng ho c b b mt hoc h hng. i vi vic chm giao hng th thi hn trch nhim ca MTO s l mt s tin tng ng vi 2,5 ln tin cc ca s hng giao chm nhng khng vt qu tng s tin cc theo hp ng vn ti a phng thc. Trong trng hp mt mt, h hng ca hng ho xy ra trn mt chng ng no ca vn ti a phng thc m trn chng ng li bt buc p dng mt cng c quc t hoc lut quc gia c quy nh mt gii hn trch nhim cao hn gii hn trch nhim ny th s p dng gii hn trch nhim ca cng c quc t hoc lut quc gia bt buc . MTO s mt quyn hng gii hn trch nhim nu ngi khiu ni chng minh c rng mt mt, h hng hoc chm giao hng xy ra l do hnh vi hoc li lm c ca MTO gy ra tn tht. Vi t cch ca mt ngi chuyn ch, MTO cn phi chu trch nhim v nhng hnh vi v li lm ca ngi lm cng hoc i l ca mnh, khi ngi lm cng hoc i l hnh ng trong phm vi cng vic oc giao. MTO cn chu trch nhim v hnh vi v li lm ca bt k ngi no khc m MTO s dng dch v nh th hnh vi v li lm l ca mnh Theo bn quy tc, trch nhim ca MTO i vi hng ho c thp hn cht t so vi cng c. Bn quy tc min trch nhim cho MTO, trong trng hp hng ho b mt mt, h hng hoc chm giao hng do nhng s sut, hnh vi, li lm ca thuyn trng, thu th, hoa tiu trong vic iu khin hoc qun tr tu (khi hng ho c vn chuyn bng ng bin hoc ng thu ni a) hoc do chy, tr trng hp ngi chuyn ch c li thc s hoc c . Gii hn trch nhim ca MTO theo bn quy tc cng thp hn: 666,67 SDR cho mi kin hoc n v hoc 2 SDR cho mi kg hng ho b mt hay h hng. Tm li, vn ti a phng thc l phng thc vn ti ang c pht trin mnh trn th gii c tc dng thc y s pht trin bun bn quc t, p ng c yu cu ca phng thc giao hng "t kho ngi bn n kho ca ngi mua". Vit Nam hng ho c vn chuyn theo hnh thc Vn ti a phng thc l cc loi hng c ng trong container, ch yu l nhng mt hng nh qun o may sn, hng nng sn, hng ng lnh v mt s mt hng tiu dng khc, cn hng ho nhp khu l cc nguyn liu gia cng nh: vi, si, len, d... hay cc my mc thit b...

Chng 4 VN TI HNG KHNG

c im ca vn ti hng khng - Cc tuyn ng vn ti hng khng hu ht l cc ng thng ni hai im vn ti vi nhau. - Tc ca vn ti hng khng cao, tc khai thc ln, thi gian vn chuyn nhanh. - Vn ti hng khng an ton hn so vi cc phng tin vn ti khc. - Vn ti hng khng lun i hi s dng cng ngh cao. - Vn ti hng khng cung cp cc dch v tiu chun hn hn so vi cc phng thc vn ti khc. - Vn ti hng khng n gin ho v v chng t th tc so vi cc phng thc vn ti khc. * Bn cnh u im trn, vn ti hng khng cng c nhng hn ch sau: - Cc vn ti hg khng cao. -Vn ti hng khng khng ph hp vi vn chuyn hng ho kng knh, hng ho c khi lng ln hoc c gi tr thp. - Vn ti hng khng i hi u t ln v c s vt cht k thut cng nh o to nhn lc phc v. 2. C s vt cht k thut ca vn ti hng khng a. Cng hng khng (air port) Cng hng khng l ni cng nh ct h cnh ca my bay, l ni cung cp cc iu kin vt cht k thut v cc dch v cn thit lin quan ti vn chuyn hng ho v hnh khch. Cng hng khng c cc khu vc lm hng xut, hng nhp v hng chuyn ti. b. My bay. My bay l cng c chuyn ch ca vn ti hng khng. My bay c nhiu loi. Loi chuyn ch hnh khch cng c th nhn chuyn ch hng di boong. Loi chuyn ch hng v loi ch kt hp c khch c hng. c. Trang thit b xp d v lm hng. Trang thit b xp d v lm hng cng hng khng cng a dng v phong ph. C cc trang thit b xp d v vn chuyn hng ho trong sn bay. c trang thit b xp d hng ho theo n v. Ngoi ra cn c cc trang thit b ring l nh pallet my bay, container my bay, container a phng thc... 3. Hng ho thng vn chuyn bng ng hng khng - Cc l hng nh - Hng ho i hi giao ngay, an ton v chnh xc - Hng ho c gi tr cao - Hng ho c c ly vn chuyn di

C s php l ca vn ti hng khng quc t

1.Cc iu c quc t v vn ti hng khng * Cng c Vc-sa-va 1929

Vn t hng khng quc t c iu chnh ch yu bi Cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc v vn t hng khng quc t c k ti Vc-sa-va ngy 12/10/1929 gi tt l Cng c Vc-sa-va 1929. * Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Vc-sa-va. Ngh nh th ny k ti Hague 28/91955, nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Hague 1955. * Cng c b sung cho cng c Vc-sa-va c k kt ti Guadalazala ngy 18/9/1961, nn gi tt l Cng c Guadalazala 1961. * Hip nh lin quan ti gii hn ca Cng c Vac-sa-va v ngh nh th Hague. Hip nh ny c thng qua ti Montreal 13/5/1966, nn gi tt l Hip nh Montreal 1966. * Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Vc-sa-va 12/10/1929 c sa i bi ngh nh th Hague 28/9/1995. Ngh nh ny k ti thnh ph Guatemala 8/3/1971, nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Guatemala 1971. * Ngh nh th b sung 1 Ngh nh th sa i cng c Vac-sa-va 1929. Ngh nh th ny c kt ti Montreal ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1975 nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Montreal 1975 s 1. * Ngh nh th b sung s 2 Ngh nh th sa i cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 c sa i bng Ngh nh th Hague 1955. Ngh nh th ny c k kt ti Montreal ngy 25/9/1975, nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Montreal 1975, bn s 2. * Ngh nh th b sung th 3 Ngh nh th sa di cng c Vac-sa-va 12/10/1929 c sa i bi cc ngh nh th ti Hague ngy 28/9/1955 v ti thnh ph Guatemala ngy 8/3/1971. Ngh nh th ny c k kt ti Montreal 25/9/1975, nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Montreal nm 1975, bn s 3. *Ngh nh th b sung s 4 Ngh nh th sa i cng c Warsaw 12/10/1929 c sa i bi ngh nh th Hague ngy 28/9/1955. Ngh nh th ny k kt ti Montreal, nn goil tt l Ngh nh th Montreal nm 1975, bn s 4. Cc cng c, hip nh, ngh nh th... ch yu sa i b sung gii hn trch nhim bi thng ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng i vi tai nn v hnh khch, thit hi v hng ho, hnh l v thi hn thng bo tn tht, khiu ni ngi chuyn ch... 2. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng a. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng theo cng c Vc-sa-va 1929 Khi ni ti trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng , cng c Vc-sa-va 1929 cp ti 3 ni dung : thi hn trch nhim , c s trch nhim , gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch . * Thi hn trch nhim Thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l iu khon quy nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch v mt thi gian v khng gian i vi hng ho .

Theo cng c Vc-sa-va, ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim i vi hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn bng my bay . Vn chuyn bng my bay bao gm giai on m hng ho nm trong s bo qun ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng cng hng khng, trong my bay, hoc bt c ni no nu my bay phi h cnh ngoi cng hng khng . Vn chuyn bng my bay khng m rng ti bt k vic vn chuyn no bng ng b , ng bin hoc ng sng tin hnh ngoi cng hng khng. Tuy nhin , nu vic vn chuyn nh vy xy ra trong khi thc hin hp ng vn chuyn bng my bay nhm mc ch ly hng , giao hoc chuyn ti hng th thit hi c coi l kt qu ca s kin xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn bng my bay . * C s trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng Theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 , ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v thit hi trong trng hp mt mt, thiu ht, h hng hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng khng . Ngi chuyn ch cng phi chu trch nhim v thit hi xy ra do chm trong qu trnh vn chuynr hng ho bng my bay . Tuy nhin , ngi chuyn ch khng phi chu trch nhim nu anh ta chng minh c rng anh ta v i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php cn thit trnh thit hi hoc khng th p dng c nhng bin php nh vy trong kh nng ca mnh . Ngi chuyn ch cng khng phi chu trch nhim bi thng nu anh ta chng minh c rng thit hi xy ra do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy hoc vn hnh my bay hoc trong mi phng tin khc m anh ta v i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php cn thit nhng thit hi vn xy ra . Nh vy theo cng c Vc-sa-va , ngi chuyn ch hng khng phi chu trch nhim bi thng trong hai trng hp sau : hng ho b mt mt h hi v hng ho b giao chm trong thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch . Nhng, theo cng c th ngi chuyn ch c hng min trch nhim khng phi bi thng khi tn tht ca hng ho l do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy vn hnh my bay hoc trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch hay ngi thay mt h c gng ht sc trong kh nng c th nhng tn tht v hng ho vn xy ra . * Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l iu khon quy nh s tin ln nht m ngi chuyn ch phi bi thng cho mt n v hng ho trong trng hp tnh cht v tr gi khng c k khai trn vn n hng khng. Theo cng c Vc-sa-va 1929, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch c gii hn mt khon 250 Frng/kg tr phi ngi gi hng c t k khai c bit tr gi ni giao hng, vo lc hng ho c giao cho ngi chuyn ch v mt khon ph b sung nu ngi chuyn ch yu cu. Trong trng hp tr gi hng ho c k khai trn vn n th gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l tr gi k khai trn vn n . Nu tr gi hng ho m ngi gi hng k khai trn vn n ln hn gi tr thc t ca hng ho lc giao hng th ngi chuyn ch ch phi bi thng ti gi tr ca hng ho lc giao hng nu h chng minh c nh vy .

ng Frng ni y l ng Frng Php c hm lng vng l 65,5 mg vng, tinh khit 900/1000 . Khon tin ny c th i ra bt k ng tin quc gia no theo s trn . Trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch c gy tn tht cho hng ho th h khng c hng gii hn trch nhim ni trn. b. Nhng sa i , b sung Cng c Vc-sa-va v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch Theo ngh nh th Hague 1955 th ngi chuyn ch khng c min trch i vi nhng tn tht v hng ho do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy v iu hnh my bay. Nhng theo Hague th ngi chuyn ch c min trnh nhim khi mt mt, h hi hng ho l do kt qu ca ni t , n t v phm cht ca hng ho chuyn ch (Mc XII , ngh nh th Hague). Cng c Guadalazara 1961 cp n trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng v ng chuyn ch thc s m Cng c Vc-sa-va cha cp ti . Theo Cng c Guadalazara th ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng l ngi k mt hp ng vn chuyn c iu chnh bng Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 vi ngi gi hng hay vi ngi thay mt ngi gi hng (mc I , khon b ). Ngi chuyn ch thc s l mt ngi khc, khng phi l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng, thc hin ton b hay mt phn hp ng vn chuyn (mc I khon c ). Cng c Guadalazara quy nh rng, c ngi chuyn ch thc s v ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng u phi chu trch nhim thc hin hp ng. Nhng khi bao gm c vn chuyn k tip th ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng c trch nhim i vi ton b qu trnh vn ti, ngi chuyn ch thc s ch c trch nhim i vi phn thc hin ca anh ta Khi khiu ni , ngi nhn hng c th la chn khiu ni tng ngi chuyn ch thc s hoc khiu ni ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng . Ngh nh th Guatemala 1971 quy dnh chi tit hn cch tnh trng lng hng ho xt bi thng. Theo ngh nh th Guatemala, trong trng hp hng ho b mt mt, h hi hoc giao chm mt phn th trng lng c xem xt tnh s tin m ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim bi thng l trng lng ca mt hay nhiu kin b tn tht. Nhng nu phn hng ho b mt mt, h hi hay giao chm li nh hng n gi tr ca kin khc ghi trong cng mt vn n hng khng th ton b trng lng ca mt kin hay nhiu kin khc y cng dc xem xt v gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch (mc VIII, khon 2b). iu ny khng c quy nh trong Cng c Vc-sa-va cng nh ngh nh th v cng c trc ngh nh th Guatemala. Cc ngh nh th Montreal 1975, s 1,2,3,4 quy nh mt s im khc sau y: - Gii hn trch nhim c th hin bng ng SDR ch khng phi ng Frng nh cng c Vc-sava 1929. Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch theo ngh nh th s 1 i vi hng ho l 17SDR/kg. - Vi nhng nc khng phi thnh vin ca Qu tin t quc t th c th i ng SDR ra tin t quc gia khi bi thng. Nu lut quc gia khng cho php nh vy th c th s dng gii hn trch nhim l 250 Fng vng/kg nh ni trn. - Tng thm nhng min trch sau y cho ngi chuyn ch hng khng khi hng ho mt mt, h hi do:

+ Thiu xt trong ng gi hng ho do ngi chuyn ch, ngi phc v hay ngi i l ca h thc hin. + Hnh ng chin tranh hoc xung t v trang. + Hnh ng do chnh quyn nhn dn thc hin c lin quan n xut nhp khu qu cnh.

Khiu ni v kin tng ngi chuyn ch hng khng

1. Khiu ni Khiu ni l vic lm cn thit v quan trng ca ngi i nhn hng khi hng ho b tn tht v giao chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Khiu ni m ng cho vic kin tng sau ny. Mun khiu ni c hiu qu th vic khiu ni phi tin hnh ng th tc v thi hn. iu 26, cng c Vc-sa-va quy nh nh sau ? Vic nhn hng m khng c khiu ni g ca ngi nhn hng l bng chng u tin rng hng ho v hnh l c giao trong iu kin tt v ph hp vi chng t vn chuyn. (Article 26 1. Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of luggage or goods without complaint is prima facie evidence that the same have been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of carriage.) Trong trng hp thit hi, ngi c quyn nhn hng phi khiu ni ngi vn chuyn ngay lp tc sau khi pht hin ra thit hi v chm nht l 7 ngy sau ngy nhn hng. Trng hp chm ch n khiu ni phi chm nht trong vng 7 ngy k t ngy nhn hng. Trng hp chm ch, n khiu ni phi lm chm nht trong vng 14 ngy k t ngy hng ho l ra phi t di quyn nh ot ca ngi nhn hng. Mi n khiu ni phi c lp thnh vn bn ng vi chng t vn chuyn hoc bng thng bo ring gi trong thi gian ni trn. Khng khiu ni vo trong thi gian ni trn th khng vic khi kin no c coi l hp php chng li ngi vn chuyn tr khi h gian ln. Theo ngh nh th Hague 1955, thi gian khiu ni ngi chuyn ch v tn tht hng ho v giao chm theo Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 l 7 ngy v 14 ngy c nng ln l 14 n 21 ngy k t ngy nhn hng. 2. Thi hn khiu ni ngi chuyn ch hng khng Theo cng c Vac-sa-va, quyn i thit hi b hu b, nu vic khi kin khng c thc hin trong vng 2 nm k t ngy my bay n a im n hoc k t ngy l ra my bay phi n hoc k t ngy vn chuyn chm dt (iu 29, khon 1, cng c Vac-xa-va 1929) (Article 29 1. The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.) 3. i tng khiu ni

Hnh trnh hng khng c th c nhiu ngi chuyn ch khc nhau, trong trng hp ny, ngi nhn hng, ngi gi hng c khiu ni nhng ngi chuyn ch sau y: + Ngi chuyn ch u tin + Ngi chuyn ch cui cng + Ngi chuyn ch m on chuyn ch ca h hng ho b tn tht 4. Ni kin Do tnh quc t ca vn ti hng khng, ngi i kin v b kin c th nhng nc khc nhau. V vy khi i kin phi xc nh ni kin ph hp. Theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 th tu s la chon ca nguyn n, th vic khi kin c th c tin hnh ti: + To n ca mt trong cc bn k cng c, hoc + To n, ni c nh ca ngi vn chuyn, hoc + Ni c tr s kinh doanh chnh ca ngi vn chuyn, hoc + Ni ngi vn chuyn c tr s m hp ng c k, hoc to n c thm quyn ti ni hng n. Nhng vn v th tc t tng do to n th l v kin iu chnh.

Vn n hng khng
Vn n hng khng (Airwaybill-AWB) 1. Khi nim v chc nng ca vn n hng khng Vn n hng khng (Airwaybill-AWB) l chc t vn chuyn hng ho v bng chc ca vic k kt hp ng v vn chuyn hng ho bng my bay, v iu kin ca hp ng v vic tip nhn hng ho vn chuyn ( Lut Hng Khng dn dng Vit Nam s 66/2006/QH11 ca Quc hi - Ban hnh ngy 12-07-2006). Vn n hng khng bao gm mt s chc nng nh sau: + L bng chc ca mt hp ng vn ti c k kt gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng + L bng chng ca vic ngi chuyn ch hng khng nhn hng + L giy chng nhn bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng hng khng + L chng t k khai hi quan ca hng ho + L hng dn cho nhn vin hng khng trong qu trnh phc v chuyn ch hng ho Khng ging nh vn ti ng bin, trong vn ti hng khng, ngi ta khng s dng vn n c th giao dch dc, hay ni cch khc vn n hng khng khng phi l chng t s ha hng ho nh vn n ng bin thng thng. Nguyn nhn ca iu ny l do tc vn ti hng khng rt cao, hnh trnh ca my bay thng kt thc v hng ho c giao ngay ni n mt khong thi gian di trc khi c th gi chng t hng khng t ngi xut khu qua ngn hng ca h ti ngn hng ca ngi xut khu ri ngn hng ca ngi nhp khu gi cho ngi nhp khu. V nhng l do trn m vn n hng khng thng khng c chc nng s hu hng ho. Vn n hng khng c th do hng hng khng pht hnh, cng c th do ngi khc khng phi do hng hng khng ban hnh. 2 Phn loi vn n

* Cn c vo ngi pht hnh, vn n c chia lm hai loi: - Vn n ca hng hng khng (Airline airway bill): Vn n ny do hng hng khng pht hnh, trn vn n c ghi biu tng v m nhn dng ca ngi chuyn ch ( issuing carrier indentification). - Vn n trung lp ( Neutral airway bill): Loi vn n ny do ngi khc ch khng phi do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh hnh, trn vn n khng c biu tng v m nhn dng ca ngi chuyn ch. Vn n ny thng do i l ca ngi chuyn ch hay ngi giao nhn pht hnh. *. Cn c vo vic gom hng, vn n c chia lm hai loi: - Vn n ch (Master Airway bill-MAWB): L vn n do ngi chuyn ch hng khng cp cho ngi gom hng c vn n nhn hng sn bay ch. Vn n ny dng iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch hng khng v ngi gom hng v lm chng t giao nhn hng gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gom hng. - Vn n ca ngi gom hng (House airway bill-HAWB): L vn n do ngi gom hng cp cho cc ch hng l khi nhn hng t h cc ch hng l c vn n i nhn hng ni n. Vn n ny dng iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi gom hng v cc ch hng l v dng nhn hng ho gia ngi gom hng vi cc ch hng l. Nhn chung, chng ta c th hnh dung qu trnh gom hng trong lnh vc hng khng nh sau: Ti sn bay ch, ngi gom hng dng vn n ch nhn hng t ngi chuyn ch hng khng, sau chia l hng, giao cho tng ngi ch hng l v thu hi vn n gom hng m chnh mnh pht hnh khi nhn hng u i. - Ni dung ca vn n hng khng Vn n hng khng c in theo mu tiu chun ca Hip hi vn ti hng khng quc t IATA (IATA standard form). Mt b vn n bao gm nhiu bn, trong bao gm 3 bn gc (cc bn chnh) v cc bn ph. Mi bn vn n bao gm 2 mt, ni dung ca mt trc ca cc mt vn n ging ht nhau nu khng k n mu sc v nhng ghi ch pha di khc nhau, v d bn gc s 1 th ghi ch pha di l bn gc s 1 dnh cho ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n, cn bn s 4 th li ghi l bn s 4, dng lm bin lai giao hng. Mt sau ca bn vn n khc nhau, nhng bn ph mt sau trng, cc bn gc l cc quy nh c lin quan n vn chuyn hng ho bng ng hng khng. a. Ni dung mt trc vn n Mt trc ca vn n bao gm cc ct mc trng ngi lp vn n in nhng thng tin cn thit khi lp vn n. Theo mu tiu chun ca IATA, nhng ct mc l:

+ S vn n (AWB number) + Sn bay xut pht (Airport of departure) + Tn v a ch ca ngi pht hnh vn n (issuing carrier?s name and address) + Tham chiu ti cc bn gc ( Reference to originals) + Tham chiu ti cc iu kin ca hp ng ( Reference to conditions of contract) + Ngi ch hng (Shipper) + Ngi nhn hng (Consignee) + i l ca ngi chuyn ch (Issuing carriers agent) + Tuyn ng (Routine) + Thng tin thanh ton (Accounting information) + Tin t (Currency) + M thanh ton cc (Charges codes) +Cc ph v chi ph (Charges) + Gi tr k khai vn chuyn (Declare value for carriage) + Gi tr khai bo hi quan (Declare value for customs) + S tin bo him (Amount of insurance) +Thng tin lm hng (Handing information)

+ S kin (Number of pieces) + Cc chi ph khc (Other charges) + Cc v chi ph tr trc (Prepaid) + Cc v chi ph tr sau (Collect) + k xc nhn ca ngi gi hng ( Shipper of certification box) + dnh cho ngi chuyn ch (Carrier of excution box) + ch dnh cho ngi chuyn ch ni n (For carrier of use only at destination) + Cc tr sau bng ng tin ni n, ch dng cho ngi chuyn ch (Collect charges in destination currency, for carrier of use only). b. Ni dung mt sau vn n Trong b vn n gm nhiu bn, ch c ba bn gc v mt s bn copy c nhng quy nh v vn chuyn mt sau. Mt hai ca vn n hng khng bao gm hai ni dung chnh: *Thng bo lin quan n trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch Ti mc ny, ngi chuyn ch thng bo s tin ln nht m h phi bi thng trong trng hp hng ho b tn tht trong qu trnh chuyn ch, tc l thng bo gii hn trch nhim ca mnh. Gii han trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch c quy nh y l gii hn c quy nh trong cc cng c, quy tc quc t hoc lut quc gia v hng khng dn dng. * Cc iu kin hp ng Ni dung ny bao gm nhiu iu khon khc nhau lin quan n vn chuyn l hng c ghi mt trc. Cc ni dung thng l: + Cc nh ngha, nh nh ngha v ngi chuyn ch, nh ngha v cng c Vac-sa-va 1929, nh ngha v vn chuyn, im dng tho thun... + Thi hn trch nhim chuyn ch ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng + C s trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng + Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng + Cc ph ca hng ho chuyn ch + Trng lng tnh cc ca hng ho chuyn ch +Thi hn thng bo tn tht + Thi hn khiu ni ngi chuyn ch + Lut p dng. Nhng quy nh ny thng ph hp vi quy nh ca cc cng c quc t v hng khng nh Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 v cc ngh nh th sa i cng c nh Ngh nh th Hague 1955, Ngh nh th Montreal... 3. Lp v phn phi vn n hng khng a. Trch nhim lp vn n

Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929, iu 5 v iu 6 quy nh nh sau: mi ngi chuyn ch c quyn yu cu ngi gi hng lp v giao cho mnh mt chng t gi l giy gi hng hng khng (n Ngh nh th Hague 1955 i tn l vn n hng khng), mi ngi gi hng c quyn yu cu ngi chuyn ch chp nhn chng t ny. Ngi gi hng phi lp giy gi hng hng khng thnh 3 bn gc v trao cng vi hng ho. Bn th nht ghi dnh cho ngi chuyn ch v do ngi gi hng k. Bn th hai dnh cho ngi nhn hng do ngi gi hng cng ngi chuyn ch cng k v gi km cng hng ho. Bn th ba do ngi chuyn ch k v ngi chuyn ch giao cho ngi nhn hng sau khi nhn hng ch. Ngi chuyn ch s k vo vn n vo lc nhn hng. Ch k ca ngi chuyn ch c th ng du, ch k ca ngi gi hng c th k hoc ng du. Theo yu cu ca ngi gi hng, nu ngi chuyn ch lp giy gi hng th ngi vn chuyn c coi l lm nh vy thay th cho ngi gi hng. Tr phi c chng c ngc li. Nh vy theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 th ngi gi hng c trch nhim lp vn n. Ngi gi hng phi c trch nhim v s chnh xc ca cc chi tit v nhng tuyn b c lin quan ti hng ho m anh ta ghi trn vn n. Ngi gi hng phi c trch nhim i vi tt c nhng thit hi m ngi chuyn ch hay bt k ngi no khc phi chu do nhng tuyn b c lin quan n hng ho c ghi trn vn n khng chnh xc, khng hon chnh, khng ng quy tc d vn n c ngi gi hng hay bt k ngi no thay mt ngi gi hng, k c ngi chuyn ch hay i l ca ngi chuyn ch c ngi gi hng u quyn lp vn n. Mt khc, ngi gi hng k vn n th ngi gi hng xc nhn rng anh ta ng vi nhng iu kin ca hp ng vn chuyn c ghi mt sau ca vn n. b. Phn phi vn n Khi pht hnh vn n cho mt l hng, ngi ta pht hnh vn n gm nhiu bn khc nhau. B vn n c th gm t 8 n 14 bn, thng thng l 9 bn, trong bao gi cng gm ba bn gc, hay cn gi l cc bn chnh (orginal), cn li l cc bn ph (copy), c nh s t 4 n 14. Vn n c phn phi nh sau: Bn gc s 3 dnh cho ngi gi hng, dng lm bng chng ca vic ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch v lm bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch. Bn ny c ch k ca c ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng. Bn s 9, dnh i l, bn ny c ngi i l hay ngi chuyn ch pht hnh gi li. Bn gc s 1, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch, mu xanh l cy, c ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n gi li nhm mc ch thanh ton v dng lm bng chng ca hp ng vn chuyn. Bn ny c ch k ca ngi gi hng. Bn gc s 2, dnh cho ngi nhn hg, mu hng, c gi cng l hng ti ni n cui cng v giao cho ngi nhn khi giao hng.

Bn s 4, l bin lai giao hng, c sn ni n cui cng. Bn ny c ch k ca ngi nhn hng v c ngi chuyn ch cui cng gi li lm bin lai giao hng v lm bng chng l ngi chuyn ch hon thnh hp ng chuyn ch. Bn s 5, dnh cho sn bay n, c sn sn bay n. Bn s 6, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch th 3, dng khi hng c chuyn ch ti sn bay th 3. Bn s 7, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch th 2, dng khi hng c chuyn ti ti sn bay th 2. Bn s 8, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch th 1, c b phn chuyn hng ho ca ngi chuyn ch u tin gi li khi lm hng. Bn s 10 n 14, l nhng bn ch dng cho chuyn ch khi cn thit.

Cc hng khng
1. Khi nim Cc (charge) l s tin phi tr cho vic chuyn ch mt l hng v cc dch v c lin quan n vn chuyn. Mc cc hay gi cc (rate) l s tin m ngi vn chuyn thu trn mt khi lng n v hng ho vn chuyn. Mc cc p dng l mc ghi trong biu cc hng ho c hiu lc vo ngy pht hnh vn n. 2. C s tnh cc Hng ho chuyn ch c th phi chu cc theo trng lng nh v nng, theo th tch hay dung tch chim ch trn my bay i vi hng ho nh v cnh knh, theo tr gi i vi nhng loi hng ho c gi tr cao trn mt n v th tch hay trng lng. Tuy nhin cc hng ho khng c nh hn cc ti thiu. Cc ph trong vn ti hng khng c quy nh trong cc biu cc thng nht. IATA c quy nh v quy tc, th l tnh cc v cho n hnh trong biu cc hng khng, vit tt l TACT (The Air Cargo Tariff), gm 3 cun: - Quy tc TACT (TACT rules), mi nm 2 cun: - Cc TACT, gm 2 cun, 2 thng ban hnh mt cun: gm cc ton th gii, tr Bc M v cc Bc M gm cc i, n v cc ni a M v Canada. 3. Cc loi cc * Cc hng bch ho (GCR- general cargo rate) L cc p dng cho hng bch ho thng thng vn chuyn gia hai im. Cc ny c gim nu

khi lng hng ho gi tng ln. Cc hng bch ho c chia lm hai loi: - i vi hng bch ho t 45 kg tr xung th p dng cc hng bch ho thng thng (GCR-N: normal general cargo rate) - i vi nhng l hng t 45 kg tr ln th p dng cc bch ho theo s lng (GCR-Q: quanlity general cargo rate). Thng thng, cc hng bch ho c chia thnh cc mc khc nhau: t 45 kg tr xung; 45 kg n 100 kg; 100 kg n 250 kg; 250 kg dn 500 kg; 500 kg n 1000 kg; 1000 n 2000 kg... Cc hng bch ho c coi l cc c bn, dng lm c s tnh cc cho nhng mt hng khng c cc ring. * Cc ti thiu (M-minimum rate) L cc m thp hn th th cc hng hng khng coi l khng kinh t i vi vic vn chuyn mt l hng, thm ch mt kin rt nh. Trong thc t, cc tnh cho mt l hng thng bng hay ln hn mc cc ti thiu. Cc ti thiu ph thuc vo cc quy nh ca IATA. * Cc hng c bit (SCR-specific cargo rate) Thng thp hn cc hng bch ho v p dng cho hng ho c bit trn nhng ng bay nht nh. Mc ch chnh ca cc c bit l cho cho ngi gi hng gi cnh tranh, nhm tit kim cho ngi gi hng bng ng hng khng v cho php s dng ti u kh nng chuyn ch ca hng hng khng. Trng lng hng ti thiu p dng cc c bit l 100 kg, c nc p dng trng lng ti thiu di 100 kg. Theo IATA, nhng loi hng ho p dng cc c bit c chia thnh 9 nhm ln l: - Nhm 1: Sc sn v rau qu, k hiu 0001-0999 - Nhm 2: ng vt sng v ng vt phi sc sn, hoa qu, 2000-2999 - Nhm 3: Kim loi v cc loi sn phm kim loi tr my mc, xe vn ti v sn phm in t, 3000-

3999 - Nhm 4: My mc, xe vn ti v sn phm in t, 4000-4999 - Nhm 5: Cc khong vt phi kim loi v sn phm ca chng, 5000-5999 - Nhm 6: Ho cht v cc sn phm ho cht, 6000-6999 - Nhm 7: Cc sn phm g, cao su, sy, giy, 7000-7999 - Nhm 8: Cc dng c, thit b chnh xc, nghin cu khoa hc, 8000-8999 Cc nhm ln li c chia thnh cc nhm nh hn. * Cc phn loi hng (class rate) c p dng i vi nhng loi hng ho khng c cc ring, n thng c tnh theo phn trm tng hoc gim trn cc hng ho bch ho, p dng i vi nhng loi hng ho nht nh trong nhng khu vc nht nh. Cc loi hng ho chnh p dng loi cc ny: - ng vt sng: gi cc i vi ng vt sng c tnh bng 150% so vi cc hng ho thng thng. Thc n v bao gi cng c chia vo khi lng tnh cc ca l hng. - Hng tr gi cao nh vng bc, trang sc c tnh bng 200% cc hng bch ho thng thng. - Sch bo, tp ch, thit b v sch bo cho ngi m c tnh bng 50% cc hng bch ho thng thng. - Hnh l c gi nh hng ho (baggage shipped as cargo): Cc c tnh bng 50% cc hng bch ho thng thng. - Hi ct (human remains) v gic mc loi nc (dehydrated corneas): c min ph hu ht cc khu vc trn th gii... * Cc tnh cho mi loi hng (FAK-freight all kinds)

L cc tnh nh nhau cho mi loi hng xp trong container, nu n chim trng lng hay th tch nh nhau. Cc ny c a im l n gin khi tnh, nhng li khng cng bng, loi hng c gi tr thp cng b tnh cc nh hng c gi tr cao, v d: cc tnh cho mt tn ct cng nh tnh cho mt tn vng. * Cc ULD (ULD rate) L cc tnh cho hng ho chuyn ch trong cc ULD c thit k theo tiu chun ca IATA. Thng thng, cc ny thp hn cc hng ri v khi tnh cc khng phn bit s lng, chng loi hng ho m ch cn c vo s lng, chng loi ULD. S ULD cng ln th cc cng gim. * Cc hng chm Cc ny p dng cho nhng l hng khng cn ch gp v c th ch cho n khi c ch xp hng trn my bay. Cc hng chm thp hn cc hng khng thng thng do cc hng hng khng khuyn khch gi hng chm h ch ng hn cho vic sp xp chuyn ch. * Cc hng thng nht (unifined cargo rate) Cc ny c p dng khi hng ho c chuyn ch qua nhiu chng khc nhau. Ngi chuyn ch ch p dng mt loi gi cc cho tt c cc chng. Cc ny c th thp hn tng s tin cc m ch hng phi tr cho tt c nhng ngi chuyn ch ring bit, nu ngi ch hng t thu nhiu ngi chuyn ch khc nhau, khng thng qua mt ngi chuyn ch duy nht. * Cc hng gi nhanh (priority rate) Cc ny c gi l cc u tin, p dng cho nhng l hng c yu cu gi gp trong vng 3 ting k t khi giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch. Cc gi nhanh thng bng 130% n 140% cc hng bch ho thng thng. * Cc hng nhm (group rate) Cc ny p dng i vi khch hng c hng gi thng xuyn trong cc container hay pallet, thng l i l hay ngi giao nhn hng khng.

Ti hi ngh Athens nm 1969, IATA cho php cc hng hng khng thuc IATA c gim cc ti a l 30% so vi cc hng bch ho thng thng cho i l v ngi giao nhn hng khng. iu ny cho php cc hng hng khng c gim cc nhng trnh s cnh tranh khng lnh mnh do gim cc qu mc cho php.