PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong

1
PHNG PHP GII TON HA HU C v V C
& MT S LU V HP CHT HU C
------
A-GII NHANH BI TON TRC NGHIM V C
1/ H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
4
2-
H
2
|
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-




VD1:Cho 2,81 g hn hp Fe
2
O
3
, ZnO, MgO tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M.
Khi lng mui sunfat to ra trong dung dch l:
Gii: nH
2
SO
4
=0,05 = n SO
4
2-
--->nH
+
= 0,1
2H
+
+ O
2-
= H
2
O
0,1 0,05 mol
m mui = m oxit m O(trong oxit) +m gc axit =2,81 0,05.16 +0,05.96 =6,81 gam
VD2:Cho 8 g hn hp bt kim lai Mg va Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot ra 5,6 lit H
2
ktc.
Khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch l
Gii: nH
2
=0,25 ---> nHCl =nCl = 0,25.2 =0,5. m mui =8 + 0,5.35,5=25,75 gam
VD3Cho 11 gam hn hp 2 kim loi tan hon ton trong HCl d thy c 8,96 lt kh thot ra (kc) v dd X,
c cn dd X th khi lng hn hp mui khan thu c l (gam):
Gii: nH
2
=0,4 ---> nHCl =nCl
-
= 0,4.2 =0,8. m mui =kl kim loi +kl ion Cl
-
=11+0,8.35,3=39,4 gam
2/ Axt + Ocid baz ( k c ocid baz khng tan)



VD1: Fe
2
O
3
a mol
Phn ng dung dch HCl
Fe
x
O
y
b mol
n
O
2-
= 3a+ by 2H
+
+ O
2-
H
2
O
6a+2yb 3a+yb
VD2:Ho tan 2,4 g mt oxit st va 90ml ddHCl 1M. Cng thc ca oxit st ni trn l:
Gi CTPT oxit st l:FexOy a mol
nHCl =0,09mol
2H
+
+ O
2-
H
2
O
0,09 0,045 mol
nO
2-
=ay = 0,045 (1)
56a + 16ya = 2,4 (2)
xa =0,03 x:y =2:3 CTPT l Fe
2
O
3

3/ Axt + Baz ( k c baz khng tan)



VD: Dung dch H
2
SO
4
phn ng vi hn hp: Fe(OH)
3
amol, Al(OH)
3
bmol, Cu(OH)
2
cmol
n
OH
-
= 3a+3b+2c = n
H
+

4/ Axt + Kim Loi Mui v gii phng kh H
2




VD: Na H H
2

Al 3H 3/2 H
2
VD1:Cho 8.3 g hn hp Al,Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng khi lng HCl tng thm 7.8
g. Khi lng mi mui to ra trong dung dch v kl mi kim loi trong hh
Gii;n H
2
=(8,3-7,8 ):2 =0,25
m
mui
= m
Kim Loi
+ m
gc axt
m
2H
+
+ O
2-
H
2
O



H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
nH
+
+ M M
n+
+ n/2
H
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
2
3/2a+b = 0,25
27a +56 b= 8,3---> a=b= 0,1 mol
VD 2: Cho m gam nhm,Magi, st vo 250 ml dd X cha hh axt HCl 1M,H
2
SO
4
0,5 M, thu c 0,2375
mol kh H
2
v dd Y.Tnh pH ca dd Y.
Gii:n H
+
b=0,25 +0,25.0,5.2 = 0,5
nH
+
p = 0,2375.2=0,475
nH
+
d =0,025 mol C
H
+
=0,1 pH =1
5/ CO, H
2
kh oxt kim loi sau Al to Kim loi + CO
2
, H
2
O





VD: Hn hp gm CuO amol
Fe
2
O
3
bmol + CO n
O(trong oxt)
= a+3b

CO + O CO
2

a+3b a+3b a+3b
VD:Mt hn hp X gm Fe
2
O
3
, FeO v MgO c khi lng l 4,24 g trong c 1,2 g MgO. Khi cho X
phn ng vi CO d (phn ng hon ton), ta c cht rn A v hn hp CO v CO
2
. Hn hp ny khi qua
nc vi trong cho ra 5 g kt ta. Xc nh khi lng Fe
2
O
3
, FeO trong hn hp X.
Gii: m 2 oxit st l: 4,24 1,2 =3,04 gam---> 160 a +72 b =3,04
n CO
2
= n O(trong 2 oxit st) = 0,05 ----> 3a +b = 0,05 ---> a=0,01 ; b= 0,02
6/ Phn ng gia 2 ion ch xy ra khi sn phm c cht kt ta, d bay hi, in li yu.
VD
1
: Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3
+
2H
+
+ CO
3
2-
H
2
O + CO
2
|
2H
+
+ S
2-
H
2
S|
Na
+
+ NO
3
-
x khng xy ra
VD
2
: Dung dch cha amol AlCl
3
, bmol CuCl
2
, cmol NaCl phn ng dung dch AgNO
3
d thu dmol kt ta.
Mi lin h a,b,c,d
n
Cl
-
= 3a+2b+c
n
AgCl +
= n
Cl
-
= n
Ag
+
phn ng
= 3a+2b+c = d
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl+
7/ nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m
g
hn hp kim loi + m
1 g
dung dch HCl thu c m
2 g
dung dch A, m
3 g
kh B v m
4 g
rn khng tan.
Ta c : m + m
1
= m
2
+ m
3
+ m
4
m
2
= m + m
1
m
3
m
4

8/ Bo ton in tch:
Trong 1 dung dch : Tng in tch dng = tng in tch m
VD
1
: Dung dch cha amol Al
3+
, bmol Ca
2+
, cmol SO
4
2-
, dmol Cl
-
.
Ta co: 3a + 2b = 2c + d
VD
2
: m
g
hn hp Fe, Mg, Zn phn ng dung dch HCl d thu (m+m
1
) gam mui.
m
g
hn hp trn phn ng dung dch HCl thu bao nhiu gam mui?
. m
mui clorua
= m
kim loi
+ m
Cl
-
m
Cl
-
= m
1g
n
Cl
-
=
5 , 35
1
m
mol
. Bo ton in tch: 2Cl
-
SO
4
2-
( 2.n
SO4
2-
= n
Cl
-
)

5 , 35
1
m

71
1
m

. mui sunfat = m +
71
1
m
x 96
VD3:Cho m g hn hp Cu, Zn, Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long, d thu c dung dch A. C cn
dung dch A thu c (m+62) gam mui khan. Nung hn hp mui khan trn n khi lng khng i thu
c cht rn c khi lng l:
Gii: n NO
3
-
=62:62 = 1mol ---> 2NO
3
-
-------> O
2-
. n O
2-
=0,5 mol
CO + O
( trong oxt)
t
o

CO
2

H
2
+ O
( trong oxt)
t
o
H
2
O
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
3
1 mol 0.5 mol
m oxit = m kim loi + m O = m + 0,5.16 =( m + 8 ) gam
Vd 4: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo dung dch HNO
3
va , thu
c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunf v kh NO duy nht. Gi tr a l:
Gii: dd gm:0,12 mol Fe
3+
, 2a mol Cu
2+
,(0,24+a) mol SO
4
2-
.
p dng lbt in tch: 3.0,12 +2.2a =2(0,24 +a) a=0,06
9/ Bo ton nguyn t :
VD
1
: Cho 1mol CO
2
phn ng 1,2mol NaOH thu m
g
mui. Tnh m?
.
2
-
CO
OH
n
n
= 1,2 sn phm to 2 mui
. Gi CT 2 mui NaHCO
3
amol BT nguyn t Cacbon: a+b = 1 a= 0,08mol
Na
2
CO
3
bmol BT nguyn t Natri: a+2b = 1,2 b = 0,02mol
VD
2
: Hn hp A gm FeO a mol, Fe
2
O
3
b mol phn ng vi CO t
0
cao thu c hn hp B gm: Fe
cmol, FeO dmol, Fe
2
O
3
e mol, Fe
3
O
4
f mol. Mi quan h gia a,b,c,d
Ta c : n
Fe (trong A)
= n
Fe (trong B)



VD 3:
Hp th hon ton 0,12 mol SO
2
vo 2,5 lt dd Ba(OH)
2
a mol/l thu c 0,08 mol kt ta. g tr ca a l bao
nhiu.
Gii:n BaCO
3
=0,08 n C cn li to Ba(HCO
3
)
2
= 0,04 nBa(HCO
3
)
2
=0,02
n Ba =n Ba(OH)
2
=0,08 + 0,02 =0,1 C
M
=0,1/2,5 =0,04 M
VD 4:Ha tan 5,6 gam Fe vo dd H
2
SO
4
d thu dc dd X.dd X phn ng va vi V lt dd KMnO
4
0,5 M
gi tr ca V l?
Gii:
nFe = nFe
2+
=0,1 mol nMn
2+
= 0,1.1/5=0,02(lBT electron) V = 0,02:0.5 =0,04 lt
10/ Bo ton Electron :
. Ch s dng i vi phn ng oxi ha kh
. Phng php: + Xc nh cht kh + xc nh cht oxi ha
+ Vit 2 qu trnh + nh lut bo ton Electron : n
e cho
= n
e nhn

VD : 0,3 mol Fe
x
O
y
phn ng vi dd HNO
3
d thu c 0,1mol kh NO. Xc nh Fe
x
O
y
.
Gii : xFe
2y/x
( 3x-2y) xFe
+3
n
FexOy
= 0,3 n
Fe
2y/x
= 0,3x

x = 3
0,3x 0,3(3x-2y) y = 4 hoc x=y=1
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
0,3.(3x 2y) = 0,3 3x 2y = 1
0,3 0,1
Vy CTPT : Fe
3
O
4
hoc FeO
11/ Xc nh CTPT cht :
VD : 1 oxt ca st c % mFe chim 70%. Xc nh CTPT ca oxt.
Gi CT ca oxt l: Fe
x
O
y
=
y
x
= = 666 , 0
16 / 30
56 / 70
3
2
Fe
2
O
3


B. HIDROCACBON:
CT chung: C
x
H
y
(x>1, ys2x+2). Nu l cht kh k thng hoc k chun: xs4.
Hoc: C
n
H
2n+2-2k
, vi k l s lin kt t, k >0.
I- DNG 1: Hn hp gm nhiu hidrocacbon thuc cng mt dy ng ng.
PP1:Gi CT chung ca cc hidrocacbon
k n n
H C
2 2
2
+
(cng dy ng ng nn k ging nhau)
- Vit phng trnh phn ng
- Lp h PT gii n , k.
- Gi CTTQ ca cc hidrocacbon ln lt l
k 2 n 2 n k 2 n 2 n
2 2 1 1
H C , H C
+ +
... v s mol ln ln lt l
a
1
,a
2
.
a+3b = c + d + 3e + 4f
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
4
Ta c: +
... a a
... a n a n
n
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
=
+ a
1
+a
2
+ =n
hh

Ta c k: n
1
<n
2
n
1
<n <n
2
.
Th d : + Nu hh l hai cht ng ng lin tip v n =1,5
Th n
1
<1,5<n
2
=n
1
+1 0,5<n
1
<1,5 n
1
=1, n
2
=2.
+ Nu hh l khng lin tip, gi s c M cch nhau 28 vC (2 nhm CH
2
-)
Th n
1
< n =1,5<n
2
=n
1
+2 n
1
=1, n
2
=3.
PP2 : - gi CT chung ca hai hidrocacbon l
y x
H C .
- Tng t nh trn y , x
- Tch ra CTTQ mi hidrocacbon ... H C , H C
2 2 1 1
y x y x

Ta c: x
1
<x <x
2
, tng t nh trn x
1
,x
2
.
y
1
< y <y
2
; K: y
1
,y
2
l s chn.
nu l ng ng lin tip th y
2
=y
1
+2. th d y =3,5
y
1
<3,5<y
2
=y
1
+2 1,5<y
1
<3,5 ; y
1
l s chn y
1
=2, y
2
=4
nu l khng k tip th ta thay K : y
2
=y
1
+2 bng k y
2
=y
1
+2k (vi k l hiu s nguyn t
cacbon).
Cho vi th d:
II. DNG 2: Tm CTPT ca hidrocacbon khi bit KL phn t:
Phng php: + Gi CTTQ ca hidrocacbon l C
x
H
y
; k: x >1, ys2x+2, y chn.
+ Ta c 12x+ y=M
+ Do y>0 12x<M x<
12
M
(chn trn) (1)
+ ys2x+2 M-12x s2x+2 x>
14
2 M
(chn di) (2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) x v t y.
Th d : KLPT ca hydrocacbon C
x
H
y
= 58
Ta c 12x+y=58
+ Do y>o 12x<58 x<4,8 v do y s2x+2 58-12x s2x+2 x >4
x=4 ; y=10 CTPT hydrocacbon l C4H10.
III. DNG 3 : GII BI TON HN HP
Khi gii bi ton hh nhiu hydrocacbon ta c th c nhiu cch gi :
- Cch 1 : Gi ring l, cch ny gii ban u n gin nhng v sau kh gii, di, tn thi gian.
- Cch 2: Gi chung thnh mt cng thc
y x
H C hoc
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
(Do cc hydrocacbon khc dy ng
ng nn k khc nhau)
Phng php: Gi Ct chung ca cc hydrocacbon trong hh l
y x
H C (nu ch t chy hh) hoc
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
(nu va t chy va cng hp H
2
, Br
2
, HX)
- Gi s mol hh.
- Vit cc ptp xy ra, lp h phng trnh, gii h phng trnh ... k , y , x n hoac
+ Nu l y , x ta tch cc hydrocacbon ln lt l ..... H C , H C
2 2 1 1
y x y x

Ta c: a
1
+a
2
+ =nhh
... a a
.... a x a x
x
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
=
... a a
... a y a y
y
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
=
Nh ghi iu kin ca x
1
,y
1

+ x
1
>1 nu l ankan; x
1
>2 nu l anken, ankin; x
1
>3 nu l ankadien
Ch : + Ch c 1 hydrocacbon duy nht c s nguyn t C=1 n l CH
4
(x1=1; y1=4)
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
5
+ Ch c 1 hydrocacbon duy nht c s nguyn t H=2 n l C
2
H
2
(y
2
=4) (khng hc i vi
C
4
H
2
).
Cc v d:
IV. CC PHN NG DNG TNG QUT:
1. Gi CT chung ca cc hydrocacbon l
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+

a.Phn ng vi H
2
d (Ni,t
o
) (Hs=100%)
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
+k H
2

o
t , Ni
2 n 2 n
H C
+
hn hp sau phn ng c ankan v H
2
d
Ch : Phn ng vi H
2
(Hs=100%) khng bit H
2
d hay hydrocacbon d th c th da vo
Mca hh sau phn ng. Nu M<26 hh sau phn ng c H
2
d v hydrocacbon cha no phn
ng ht
b.Phn ng vi Br
2
d:
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
+k Br
2

k 2 k 2 n 2 n
Br H C
+

c. Phn ng vi HX
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
+k HX
k k 2 n 2 n
X H C
+

d.Phn ng vi Cl
2
(a's'k't')
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
+k Cl
2
HCl x Cl H C
k k 2 2 n 2 n
+
+

e.Phn ng vi AgNO
3
/NH
3

2
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
+xAg
2
O
3
NH
x O xH Ag H C
2 x
x k 2 2 n 2 n
+
+

2) i vi ankan:
C
n
H
2n+2
+ xCl
2

ASKT
C
n
H
2n+2-x
Cl
x
+ xHCl K: 1 sx s2n+2
C
n
H
2n+2

Crackinh
C
m
H
2m+2
+ C
x
H
2x
K: m+x=n; m >2, x >2, n >3.
3) i vi anken:
+ Phn ng vi H
2
, Br
2
, HX u tun theo t l mol 1:1
+ Ch phn ng th vi Cl
2
cacbon o
CH
3
-CH=CH
2
+ Cl
2

C 500
o
ClCH
2
-CH=CH
2
+ HCl
4) i vi ankin:
+ Phn ng vi H
2
, Br
2
, HX u tun theo t l mol 1:2
VD: C
n
H
2n-2
+ 2H
2

o
t , Ni
C
n
H
2n+2

+ Phn ng vi dd AgNO
3
/NH
3

2C
n
H
2n-2
+ xAg
2
O 2CnH
2n-2-x
Ag
x
+ xH
2
O
K: 0 sx s2
* Nu x=0 hydrocacbon l ankin = ankin-1
* Nu x=1 hydrocacbon l ankin-1
* Nu x= 2 hydrocacbon l C
2
H
2
.
5) i vi aren v ng ng:
+ Cch xc nh s lin kt t ngoi vng benzen.
Phn ng vi dd Br2 o =
n hydrocacbo
Br
n
n
2
ol s lin kt t ngoi vng benzen.
+ Cch xc nh s lk t trong vng:
Phn ng vi H
2
(Ni,t
o
): | + o =
n hydrocacbo
H
n
n
2

* vi o l s lk t nm ngoi vng benzen
* | l s lk t trong vng benzen.
Ngoi ra cn c 1 lk t to vng benzen s lk t tng l o+| +1.
VD: hydrocacbon c 5 t trong c 1 lk t to vng benzen, 1lkt ngoi vng, 3 lkt trong vng.
Vy n c k=5 CTTQ l C
n
H
2n+2-k
vi k=5 CTTQ l C
n
H
2n-8

CH KHI GII TON
o
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
6
V D 1 :t chy 0,1 mol hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip ,thu c 3,36 lt CO
2
(KTC).Hai ankan
trong hn hp l:
Gii : s nt cacbon trung bnh= s mol CO
2
: s mol 2 ankan ---> CTPT
VD 2 :t chy 6,72 lt kh ( ktc) hai hirocacbon cng dy ng ng to thnh 39,6 gam CO
2
v 10,8
gam H
2
O.
a)Cng thc chung ca dy ng ng l:
b) Cng thc phn t mi hirocacbon l:
Gii :Do chng th kh, s mol CO
2
> s mol H
2
O --->l ankin hoc ankadien
s mol 2 cht l :nCO
2
- n H
2
O = 0,3 ---> S nt cacbon trung bnh l : nCO
2
:n 2HC=3
---> n
1
=2 ,n
2
=4 ---> TCPT l C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
VD 3 :Cho 4,6 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng k tip qua dung dch brm d,thy
c 16 brm phn ng.Hai anken l
Gii:n
Br2
= 0,1 =n
2anken
---->s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh =
14 . 1 , 0
6 , 4
=3,3
CTPT 2anken l: C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8

VD 4:Khi t chy 1hh gm:0,1 mol C
2
H
4
v 1 hydrocacbon A,thu c 0,5 mol CO
2

v 0,6 mol H
2
O.CTPT ca hydrocacbon A l:
Gii:nH
2
O > nCO
2
---> A l ankan
S mol A= nH
2
O - nCO
2
=0,1---> n =(0,5 0,1.2): 0,1 =2--->CTPT ca A l:C
2
H
6
VD 5:Khi t chy 0,2 mol hh gm: C
2
H
2
v 1 hydrocacbon A,thu c:
s mol CO
2
=s mol H
2
O =0,5 mol.CTPT ca hydrocacbon A l ?
Gii:nH
2
O = nCO
2
---> A l ankan --> nC
2
H
2
=n A= 0,1---> s nguyn t cacbon trong Al:
(0,5 0,1.2): 0,1 =3 ---> ctpt ca A l: C
3
H
8

V- MT S DNG BIN LUN KHI BIT MT S TNH CHT
PHNG PHP:
+ Ban u a v dng phn t
+ Sau a v dng tng qut (c nhm chc, nu c)
+ Da vo iu kin bin lun.
VD1: Bin lun xc nh CTPT ca (C
2
H
5
)
n
CT c dng: C
2n
H
5n

Ta c iu kin: + S nguyn t H s2 s nguyn t C +2
5n s2.2n+2 n s2
+ S nguyn t H l s chn n=2 CTPT: C
4
H
10

VD2: Bin lun xc nh CTPT (CH
2
Cl)
n
CT c dng: C
n
H
2n
Cl
n

Ta c K: + S nguyn t H s2 s nguyn t C + 2 - s nhm chc
2n s2.2n+2-n n s2.
+ 2n+n l s chn n chn n=2 CTPT l: C
2
H
4
Cl
2
.
VD3: Bin lun xc nh CTPT (C
4
H
5
)
n
, bit n khng lm mt mu nc brom.
CT c dng: C
4n
H
5n
, n khng lm mt mu nc brom n l ankan loi v 5n<2.4n+2 hoc aren.
K aren: S nguyn t H =2s C -6 5n =2.4n-6 n=2. Vy CTPT ca aren l C
8
H
10
.
Ch cc qui tc:
+ Th halogen vo ankan: u tin th vo H C bc cao.
+ Cng theo Maccpnhicp vo anken
+ Cng H
2
, Br
2
, HX theo t l 1:1 vo ankaien.
+ Phn ng th Ag
2
O/NH
3
vo ankin.
+ Quy lut th vo vng benzen
+ Phn ng tch HX tun theo quy tc Zaixep.

C. NHM CHC
I- RU:
1) Khi t chy ru:
2 2
CO O H
n n > ru ny no, mch h.
2) Khi tch nc ru to ra olefin ru ny no n chc, h.
3) Khi tch nc ru A n chc to ra cht B.
- 1 d
A / B
< B l hydrocacbon cha no (nu l ru no th B l anken).
- 1 d
A / B
> B l ete.
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
7
OH
+ NaOH
ONa
+

H
2
O
CH
2
OH
+ NaOH

kho ng phan ng
4) - Oxi ha ru bc 1 to ra andehit hoc axit mch h.
R-CH2OH
] O [
R-CH=O hoc R-COOH
- Oxi ha ru bc 2 th to ra xeton:
R-CHOH-R'
] O [
R-CO-R'
- Ru bc ba khng phn ng (do khng c H)
5) Tch nc t ru no n chc to ra anken tun theo quy tc zaixep: Tch -OH v H C c bc
cao hn
6) - Ru no a chc c nhm -OH nm cacbon k cn mi c phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 to ra
dd mu xanh lam.
- 2,3 nhm -OH lin kt trn cng mt C skhng bn, d dng tch nc to ra anehit, xeton
hoc axit cacboxylic.
- Nhm -OH lin kt trn cacbon mang ni i s khng bn, n ng phn ha to thnh
anehit hoc xeton.
CH
2
=CHOH CH
3
-CHO
CH
2
=COH-CH
3
CH
3
-CO-CH
3
.
CH KHI GII TON
Ru no
a. Khi t chy ru : no la ru nay ru n n
2 2
CO O H
)

ru
CO
ng phan ru CO O H
n
n
cacbon t nguyen so n n n
2
2 2
= =
Nu l hn hp ru cng dy ng ng th s nguyn t Cacbon trung bnh.
VD : n = 1,6 n
1
<n =1,6 phi c 1 ru l CH
3
OH
b.
2
x
=
ru
H
n
n
2
x l s nhm chc ru ( tng t vi axt)
c. ru n chc no (A) tch nc to cht (B) (xc tc : H
2
SO
4
)
. d
B/A
< 1 B l olfin
. d
B/A
> 1 A l ete
d. + oxi ha ru bc 1 to anehit : R-CHO
0
,t Cu
R- CH= O
+ oxi ha ru bc 2 to xeton : R- CH R
|O|
R C R
OH O
+ ru bc 3 khng b oxi ha.

II. PHENOL:
- Nhm OH lin kt trc tip trn nhn benzen, nn lin kt gia O v H phn cc mch v vy
hp cht ca chng th hin tnh axit (phn ng c vi dd baz)




- Nhm -OH lin kt trn nhnh (khng lin kt trc tip trn nhn benzen) khng th hin tnh axit.



CH KHI GII TON
a/ Hp cht HC: A + Na H
2
=
A
H
n
n
2
2
x
x l s nguyn t H linh ng trong OH hoc -
COOH.
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
8
b/ Hp cht HC: A + Na mui + H
2
O y =
A
NaOH
n
ng phan n
y l s nhm chc phn ng vi
NaOH l OH lin kt trn nhn hoc COOH v cng l s nguyn t H linh ng phn ng vi
NaOH.
VD : . 1
n
n
A
H
2
= A c 2 nguyn t H linh ng phn ng Natri
. 1 =
A
NaOH
n
n
A c 1 nguyn t H linh ng phn ng NaOH
. nu A c 2 nguyn t Oxi
A c 2 nhm OH ( 2H linh ng phn ng Na) trong c 1 nhm OH nm trn nhn thm ( H linh
ng phn ng NaOH) v 1 nhm OH lin kt trn nhnh nh
HO-C
6
H
4
-CH
2
-OH

III. AMIN:
- Nhm ht e lm gim tnh baz ca amin.
- Nhm y e lm tng tnh baz ca amin.
VD: C
6
H
5
-NH
2
<NH
3
<CH
3
-NH
2
<C
2
H
5
NH
2
<(CH
3
)
2
NH
2
(tnh baz tng dn)
CH KHI GII TON
- x =
+
amin
H
n
n
x l s nhm chc amin
VD: n
H
+
: n
amin
= 1 :1 amin ny n chc
- CT ca amin no n chc l C
n
H
2n+3
N (n > 1)
. Khi t chy n
H2O
> n
CO2
n
H2O
n
CO2
= 1,5 n
amin
. =
amin
CO
n
n
2
s nguyn t cacbon
- Bc ca amin : -NH
2
bc 1 ; -NH- bc 2 ; -N - bc 3

IV. ANEHIT :
1. Phn ng trng gng v vi Cu(OH)
2
(t
o
)
R-CH=O +Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
R-COOH + 2Ag+
R-CH=O + 2Cu(OH)
2

o
t
R-COOH + Cu
2
O++2H
2
O
Nu R l Hydro, Ag
2
O d, Cu(OH)
2
d:
H-CHO + 2Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+ 4Ag+
H-CH=O + 4Cu(OH)
2

o
t
5H
2
O + CO
2
+ 2Cu
2
O+
Cc cht: H-COOH, mui ca axit fomic, este ca axit fomic cng cho c phn ng trng
gng.
HCOOH + Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+2Ag +
HCOONa + Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
NaHCO
3
+ 2Ag +
H-COOR + Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
ROH + CO
2
+ 2Ag +
Anehit va ng vai tr cht kh, va ng vai tr cht oxi ha:
+ Cht kh: Khi phn ng vi O
2
, Ag
2
O/NH
3
, Cu(OH)
2
(t
o
)
+ Cht oxi ha khi tc dng vi H
2
(Ni, t
o
)
CH KHI GII TON
a. andehyt. chc nhom so la x
n
n
anehyt
Ag
= x 2
+ Trng hp c bit : H-CH = O phn ng Ag
2
O to 4mol Ag nhng %O = 53,33%
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
9
+ 1 nhm andehyt ( - CH = O ) c 1 lin kt i C = O andehyt no n chc ch c 1 lin kt H nn
khi t chy
2 2
CO O H
n n = ( v ngc li)
+ andehyt A c 2 lin kt H c 2 kh nng : andehyt no 2 chc ( 2H C = O) hoc andehyt khng no
c 1 lin kt i ( 1H trong C = O, 1 H trong C = C).
b. + andehyt chc nhom so la
n
n
andehyt
O Cu
2
x x =
+ andehyt chc nhom so la
n
ng phan n
andehyt
Cu(OH)
2
x x = 2
+ C) C ) oi( ket lien so andehyt chc nhom so ( la x
n
ng phan n
2
H
= [ + = x
andehyt

V. AXIT CACBOXYLIC:
+ Khi cn bng phn ng chy nh tnh cacbon trong nhm chc.
VD: C
n
H
2n+1
COOH + )
2
1 n 3
(
+
O
2
(n+1)CO
2
+ (n+1)H
2
O
+ Ring axit fomic trng gng, phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
to + gch.
Ch axit phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
to ra dd mu xanh do c ion Cu
2+

+ Cng HX ca axit acrylic, axit metacrylic, andehit acrylic n tri vi quy tc cng Maccopnhicop:
VD: CH
2
=CH-COOH + HCl ClCH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
+ Khi gii ton v mui ca axit cacboxylic khi t chy trong O
2
cho ra CO
2
, H
2
O v Na
2
CO
3

VD : C
x
H
y
O
z
Na
t
+ O
2
)
2
t
x ( + CO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O +
2
t
Na
2
CO
3
CH KHI GII TON
- COOH) - ( axt chc nhom so la x
n
ng phan n
axt
OH
-
= x
- Ch c axt fomic ( H-COOH) tham gia phn ng trng gng
- t axt :
Ta c :
2 2n n CO O H
O H C : CT lai) ngc va ( chc. n no tren axt n n
2
=
2

- loai) kim ng phan ( axt ch c nhom so la x
n
n
axt
H
2
=
2
sinh
x
ra

Lu khi gii ton :
+ S mol Na (trong mui hu c) = s mol Na (trong Na
2
CO
3
) (bo ton nguyn t Na)
+ S mol C (trong Mui hu c) = s mol C (trong CO
2
) + S mol C (trong Na
2
CO
3
) (bo ton
nguyn t C)
So snh tnh axit : Gc ht e lm tng tnh axit, gc y e lm gim tnh acit ca axit cacboxylic.
VI. ESTE :
cch vit CT ca mt este bt k :
Este do axit x chc v ru y chc : R
y
(COO)
x.y
R
x
.
Nhn cho x cho gc hidrocacbon ca ru v y cho gc hdrocacbon ca axit.
x.y l s nhm chc este.
VD : - Axit n chc + ru 3 chc : (RCOO)
3
R
- Axit 3 chc + ru n chc : R(COO-R)
3

1. ESTE N CHC :
Este + NaOH
o
t
Mui + ru
Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 anehit este ny khi phn ng vi dd NaOH to ra ru
c nhm -OH lin kt trn cacbon mang ni i bc 1, khng bn ng phn ha to ra anehit.
VD: R-COOCH=CH2 + NaOH
o
t
R-COONa + CH
2
=CH-OH


x
y
CH
3
-CH=O
p ha
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
10
Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 xeton este ny khi phn ng to ru c nhm --OH lin
kt trn cacbon mang ni i bc 2 khng bn ng phn ha to xeton.
+ NaOH
o
t
R-COONa + CH
2
=CHOH-CH
3



Este + NaOH 2mui +H
2
O Este ny c gc ru l ng ng ca phenol hoc
phenol..
VD :
+ 2NaOH
o
t
RCOONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
( do phenol c tnh axit nn phn ng tip vi NaOH to ra mui v H
2
O)
Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht Este n chc 1 vng

+NaOH
o
t



CCH XC NH S NHM CHC ESTE :
o =
Este
ng) NaOH(phan
n
n
ol s nhm chc este (tr trng hp este ca phenol v ng ng
ca n)
n
NaOH
cn <2n
este
(este phn ng ht) Este ny n chcv NaOH cn d.
Este n chc c CTPT l : C
x
H
y
O
2
R-COOR K : ys2x
Ta c 12x+y+32 = R + R + 44.
Khi gii bi ton v este ta thng s dng c hai cng thc trn.
+ Ct C
x
H
y
O
2
dng t chy cho ph hp.
+ CT R-COOR dng phn ng vi NaOH CT cu to ca este.
Hn hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to 1 mui + 2 ru n chc
2 este ny cng gc axit v do hai ru khc nhau to nn.
Vy cng thc 2 este l R-COO ' R gii R,R ; K : R1< ' R <R2 CT
2
2
1
O H C
COOR R
COOR R
y x

Hn hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra 3 mui + 1 ru 3 este ny cng gc
ru v do 3 axit to nn.
CT 3 este l R COOR CT 3este

' COOR R
' COOR R
' COOR R
3
2
1

2
O H C
y x

Hn hp este khi phn ng vi NaOH 3 mui + 2 ru u n chc
CTCT ca 3este l R COO ' R (trong 2 este cng gc ru)
CT 3este l:

' COOR R
' COOR R
' COOR R
2 3
1 2
1 1

2
O H C
y x

Hn hp 2 cht hu c n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH thu c 1 mui + 1 ru : C 3 trng
hp xy ra :
+ TH1 : 1 axit + 1 ru

OH ' R
RCOOH

+ TH2 : 1 axit + 1 este (cng gc axit)

' RCOOR
RCOOH

+ TH3 : 1 ru + 1 este (cng gc ru)

' RCOOR
OH ' R

RCOOC=CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
-CO-CH
3

p ha
RCOO
R
C
O
O
R COONa
OH
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
11
Hn hp hai cht hu c khi phn ng vi dd NaOH thu c hai mui + 1 ru (u n chc).
C hai trng hp :
+ TH1 : 1 axit + 1 este

' RCOOR
RCOOH

+ TH2 : 2 este (cng gc ru) :

' COOR R
' COOR R
2
1
RCOO ' R .
Hn hp hai cht hu c n chc khi phn ng vi dd NaOH thu c 1 mui + 2 ru. C hai
trng hp :
+ TH1 : 1 ru + 1 este

' RCOOR
OH ' R

+ TH 2 : 2 este cng gc axit

2
1
RCOOR
RCOOR

Lu : Nu gi thit cho cc hp cht hu c ng chc th mi phn trn ch c 1 trng hp l
hh 2 este (cng gc ru hoc cng gc axit).
2. ESTE A CHC :
a) - Do axit a chc + ru n chc : R(COOR)
x
(x >2)
- Nu este ny do axit a chc + ru n chc (nhiu ru) : R(COO ' R )
x

- Nu este a chc + NaOH 1 mui+2ru n chc este ny c ti thiu hai chc.

VD : (3 chc este m ch thu c 2 ru)

- Nu este ny c 5 nguyn t oxi este ny ti a hai chc
este (do 1 chc este c ti a hai nguyn t oxi)
b) - Do axit n + ru a : (RCOO)
y
R (y >2)
+ Tng t nh phn a.
c) Este do axit a + ru a : R
y
(COO)
x.y
R
x
(K : x,y >2)
nu x=y CT : R(COO)xR
Khi cho este phn ng vi dd NaOH ta gi Ct este l RCOOR nhng khi t ta nn gi CTPT l
C
x
H
y
O
2
(y s2x) v vy ta phi c phng php i t CTCT sang CTPT d gii.
VD : este 3 chc do ru no 3 chc + 3 axit n chc (c 1 axit no, iaxit c 1 ni i, 1 axit c mt
ni ba) (este ny mch h)
Phng php gii : + este ny 3 chc Pt c 6 nguyn t Oxi
+ S lkt t : c 3 nhm COO- mi nhm c 1 lk t 3 t.
+ S lk ttrong gc hydrocacbon khng no l 3 ( 1 ttrong axit c 1 ni i, 2 t trong axit c
1 ni ba)
CT c dng : CnH2n+2-2kO6 vi k=6 CT : CnH2n-10O6.
+ Gi CTCT l :
C
m+x+y+a+3
H
2m+2x+2y+2a-4
O
6


t : n=m+x+y+a+3
C
n
H
2n-10
O
6

Ch : Phn ng este ha gia axit v ru : (phn ng khng hon ton)
+ Ru a chc + axit n chc :

xRCOOH + R(OH)n (RCOO)
x
R(OH)
(n-x)
+ xH
2
O iu kin : 1 sx sn
+ Ru n + axit a :

R(COOH)
n
+ xROH + xH
2
O
iu kin : 1 sx sn
Ngoi ra cn nhng este c bit khc :
Este do ru a, axit a v axit n :
R
COOR
1
COOR
2
R
COOR
1
COOR
2
COOR
1
C
m
H
2m+1
COO
C
x
H
2x-1
COO
C
y
H
2y-3
COO
C
a
H
2a-1
H
+
, t
o
H
+
, t
o
R
(COOR')
x
(COOH)
(n-x)
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PP GII TON HA HC-GV NGUYN HONG NGUYN -THPT EAHLEO YM:cungcong
12

VD :
Khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra R(COONa)
2
, RCOONa v R(OH)
3


Hoc este + NaOH mui ca axit a + ru a v ru n
VD :

khi cho phn ng vi NaOH cho R(COONa)
3
+ R(OH)
2
+ ROH



Este do axit tp chc to nn :
VD : R-COO-R-COO-R khi phn ng NaOh to : R-COONa, v ROH
VD :

khi phn ng vi NaOH to :


CH KHI GII TON :
- Este + NaOH
0
t
mui + nc

no). cua ang ong va (
phenol cua este biet ac hp trng tr este chc nhom so la
n
ng phan n
este
NaOH
x x =

VD: CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
+ NaOH
0
t
CH
3
COONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
- t chy este :
2 2n n CO O H
O H C la CT chc n no nay este n n
2 2

=


VII. BIN LUN XC NH CNG THC CA HP CHT HU C C NHM CHC
CT chung : C
n
H
2n+2-x-2k
X
x
vi X l nhm chc ha hc : -OH, -CHO, -COOH, -NH
2

Gi thit cho CT dng phn t v mt s tnh cht ca hp cht hu c.
Phng php :- a CTPT v dng CTCT c nhm chc ca n.
- t iu kin theo cng thc chung :
+ Nu no : k=0 th ta lun c s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc.
+ Nu khng cho no th ta c : s nguyn t H s2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc.
VD1 : Mt ru no c cng thc l (C
2
H
5
O)
n
. Bin lun xc nh CTPTca ru .
+ a CT trn v dng cu to : (C
2
H
5
O)
n
C
2n
H
4n
(OH)
n

+ t K : s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc
4n=2.2n+2-n n=2 Ct ru l C
4
H
8
(OH)
2

VD2 : Mt axit hu c c CTPT l (C
4
H
3
O
2
)
n
, bit rng axit hu c ny khng lm mt mu dd nc
brom. Xc nh CTCT ca axit ?
+ a v dng cu to : (C
4
H
3
O
2
)
n
C
4n
H
3n
O
2n
C
3n
H
2n
(COOH)
n

+ Do axit hu c ny khng lm mt mu nc brom nn c 2 trng hp :
Axit ny no : (k=0) loi v theo K : H=2C+2-s nhm chc 2n=6n+2-n n<0.
Axit ny thm : k=4 (do 3 lk t to 3 lk i C=C v mt lk t to vng benzen)
K : H=2C+2-2k-s nhm chc 2n=6n+2-8-n n=2. Vy Ct ca axit l C
6
H
4
(COOH)
2
(v CTCT : c 3
CT).


R
COO
COO
R'
COO R"
R
COO
COO
R"
R' COO
R'
OH
COONa
R
COO
R
OOC
R'
OH
COONa
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