Java Technology

Java is a high level programming language as well as a powerful software platform. Programming Language Software Platform Different editions of java JVM Java Standard Edition Java API Java Enterprise Edition Java Micro Edition

Overview
Object Oriented Concepts. History & Evolution. Features. Data type, variables and array. Operators. Control Statements. Classes. Methods. Inheritance. Access Specifiers Interfaces and Packages Exception Handling Threading File Handling

Object Oriented Programming

OOP is an approach for developing software in which data and behaviour are packaged together or encapsulated together as classes whose instances are objects. OOP is based on certain principles Abstraction (essential characteristics of an object) Encapsulation (wrapping up of data) Polymorphism (processing of data in more than one form) Inheritance (capability of one class to inherit from the other)

History & Evolution.

Java is a high level object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling for Sun Microsystems. New language was first called Oak later renamed as Java. Java is developed including all the advantages of C++.

Features.
Java is a high level programming language. It is a pure object oriented language. Java offers Platform independence Security Multi threading Automatic garbage collection.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Java technology is based on the concept of a single Java virtual machine (JVM) - a translator between the language and the underlying software and hardware. We can develop and run Java on any device equipped with Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Simple Java Program

public class Example { public static void main (String args[]) { System.out.println ("This is a simple Java program"); } }

Variable
Variable serves as place holders in memory for data. Different type of variables are used to store data in different format. e.g.: int type can store integer values.

Data types
Data types are of two type. 1. Primitive data types 2. Derived data types.

Primitive Data types

byte short int long

float double Boolean char

Derived Data types

class array

Arrays

An array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The length of an array is established when the array is created.

Each item in an array is called an element, and each element is accessed by its numerical index.

Arrays
Declaration Syntax <data_type> []<array_name> <data_type> <array_name>[] Initializing at the time of declaration Eg: int marks[]={40,45,34}; Eg: int []marks; int marks[];

Arrays

Operators

Unary Operators Assignment Operators Arithmetic Operators Equality and Relational Operators Conditional Operators Type Comparison Operator

Operators

Unary Operators + Unary Plus Operator(indicates +ve) Unary Minus ++ Increment Operator -Decrement Operator ! Logical Complement Operator

Operators

Assignment Operators = Simple Assignment Operator Arithmetic Operators + Additive Operator (used for String Concatenation) Substraction Operator * Multiplication Operator / Division Operator % Modulus Operator

Operators

Equality and Relational Operators == Equal to != Not Equal to > Greater than >= Greater than or equal to < Less than <= Less than or equal to

Operators

Conditional Operators && Conditional AND || Conditional OR ?: Ternary Operator

Control Statements
Statements that control the flow of a program . if-else switch break continue

Loops
Loops are programming constructs which enables repeated execution of a specific code. while do-while for

Classes and Objects

In java class is defined as collection of variables and methods. Instance of a class is what we call an object.

Access specifier
Access specifiers are used to specify the visibility and accessibility of a class, member variables and methods. Java provides access specifiers such as:

public: can be accessed from anywhere . private: can be accessed only within the same class. protected: This modifier makes a member of the class available to all classes in the same package and all the sub classes of the class.

Methods
Methods are the functions built into a class. Method declaration includes 1)Modifiers such as public, private etc. 2)Return types the data type of the value returned by the method or void if the method does not return a value 3)Method name 4)Parameter list comma delimited list of input parameters, preceded by their data types enclosed by parenthesis 5)An exception list 6)The method body enclosed btw braces

Methods
Method declaration eg public double calculateAmount(int x, int y) { } Method Signature comprises method s name and parameter type Eg calculateAmount(int, int)

Interfaces
In Java interface is nothing but the collection of methods with empty implementations and constant variables ( variables with static and final declarations ). All the methods in an interface are "public and abstract" by default. Interfaces cannot be instantiated they can only be implemented by classes or extended by other interfaces.

Interfaces
In Java interface is nothing but the collection of methods with empty implementations and constant variables ( variables with static and final declarations ). All the methods in an interface are "public and abstract" by default. Interfaces cannot be instantiated they can only be implemented by classes or extended by other interfaces.

Packages
In java we use packages to organize related classes. A package contains only classes and interfaces. A package have a hierarchical structure similar to a directory structure.

Creating a package
To create a package put a package statement with a name at the top of source file . Eg package myPackage;

Packages
Using a package
We can use an already created package by importing it. It is possible to import the whole package or a specific member. Syntax import package_name.*; or import package_name.class_name;

Exception Handling
The Java programming language uses exceptions to handle errors and other exceptional events. An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions. Java uses five keywords for exception handling. Try, catch, throw, throws and finally.

Exception Handling
try Program statements that we want to monitor for exceptions are contained within try block. throw to manually throw an exception throws any exception that is thrown out of a method must be Specified by a throws clause finally Any code that absolutely must be executed before a method returns is put in a finally block.

Try block

try { // code } catch and finally blocks . . .

The first step in constructing an exception handler is to enclose the code that might throw an exception within a try block.

Catch block

{ } catch (ExceptionType name) { } catch (ExceptionType name)

try

Each catch block is an exception handler and handles the type of exception
indicated by its argument.

Finally block finally { //code }

The finally block always executes when the try block exits. It allows the programmer to avoid having cleanup code accidentally bypassed by a return, continue, or break.

Throw statement
throw someThrowableObject; All methods use the throw statement to throw an exception. The throw statement requires a single argument: a throwable object. Throwable objects are instances of any subclass of the Throwable class.

Throwable Class and Its Subclasses

Error class:- When a dynamic linking failure or other hard failure in the Java virtual
machine occurs, the virtual machine throws an Error. Simple programs typically do not catch or throw Errors.

Exception Class:-An Exception indicates that a problem occurred, but it is not a serious
system problem. The Java platform defines the many descendants of the Exception class. These descendants indicate various types of exceptions that can occur.

Throws statement
modifiers> <return type> <method name>(<parameter list>) throws <list of Throwables> { /* Java statements */ } To specify what exceptions a method throws. Every method that throws exceptions should declare what exceptions it throws in the method declaration. <list of Throwables> is a space-separated list of the class Throwable and its subclasses.

Threading
A thread can be defined as a single sequential flow of control within a program. Threads are sometimes called lightweight processes. Threads share the process's resources, including memory and open files. Each thread is associated with an instance of the class Thread.

Defining and Starting a Thread

Thread can be implemented through any one of two ways 1. extending the java.lang.Thread class 2. implementing the java.lang.RunnableInterface

Thread

Thread (class)

Runnable (interface)

Run() method

extending Thread class

public class HelloThread extends Thread { public void run() { System.out.println("Hello from a thread!"); } public static void main(String args[]) { (new HelloThread()).start(); } }

implementing Runnable interface

public class HelloRunnable implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println("Hello from a thread!"); } public static void main(String args[]) { (new Thread(new HelloRunnable())).start(); } }

Synchronization of Threads
y Every object in Java code has one lock, which is useful for ensuring that y y y y

only one thread accesses critical code in the object at a time. This synchronization helps prevent the object's state from getting corrupted. If a thread has obtained the lock, no other thread can enter the synchronized code until the lock is released. When the thread holding the lock exits the synchronized code, the lock is released. Now another thread can get the object's lock and execute the synchronized code.

File handling in Java

Introduction to Streams
1. 2. 3. 4. Node Streams Filter Streams Byte Streams Character Streams

Introduction to Streams
A Stream is a sequence of bytes travelling from a source to a destination over a communication path. When a stream of data is being sent, it is said to be written and when a stream of data is being received it is said to be read. Data in a stream can flow in one direction only. So we use separate streams for reading and writing data. Java offers 1. java.io.InputStream class to read bytes of data from a source(keyboard). 2. java.io.OutputStream class to write bytes of data to a destination.

Node Streams
Input and Output streams that read from or write to a specific location such as a disk file or memory are called a Node Stream. Eg: FileInputStream, FileOutputStream.

Filter Streams
Filter streams are used to read data from one stream and write it to another. Eg: PrintStream

Byte Streams
Byte streams work on eight bits of data.

Character Streams
Streams that work on 16-bit Unicode characters are called character streams. Eg:InputStreamReader,OutputStreamReader

Java Database Connectivity

JDBC is Java application programming interface that allows the Java programmers to access database management system from Java code. Java applications need to communicate with a database to perform tasks such as to Store and update data in a database. Retrieve the data stored in a database and present it in a proper format to users.

Java Database Connectivity

Sun Microsystems has introduced JDBC API as a part of JDK to enable Java Applications to communicate with a database. JDBC API takes care of converting Java commands to generic SQL queries. JDBC API submits queries to the JDBC Driver which in turn converts queries to a form that a particular DBMS/RDBMS can understand.

Java Applets
Applets are web based programs that can be downloaded and can execute on a computer. Applets run in a java enabled browser such as Internet Explorer, Netscape navigator etc. These are said to be java enabled because they have a built in java platform(JVM and Java API).

Life cycle of a Java Applets

Life cycle of an applets is implemented using the following methods.

init() Method
is called the first time when an applet is loaded in the memory.
Using this can initialize variables and add components.

start()Method
is called immediately after the init() and every time an applet receives focus. use this method to restart a process.

stop() Method
is called every time an applet loses its focus. can use this method to reset variables and stop the threads that are running.

destroy() Method
Is called when a user moves to another page. Can use this method to perform clean up operations like closing a file.

Java AWT(Abstract Window Toolkit)

A class library is provided by the Java programming language which is known as Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT). A common set of tools is provided by the AWT for graphical user interface design.
A set of native user interface components An event-handling model Graphics and imaging tools, including shape, color, and font classes Layout managers, for flexible window layouts that do not depend on a particular window size or screen resolution

AWT Components
Buttons Canvas Checkbox Checkbox Group Choice Label List Scrollbar Text Area Text Field

Basic User Interface Components

The super class of all graphical user interface objects is Component. The components are added to the Container object to create a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Visual controls such as text boxes, buttons, list boxes etc. are called components. Top level windows that hold these components are called containers.

Laying out an Interface

Layout Management is a process that determines the size and position of the components in a container.

Layout Managers
Are special objects that determine how the components of a container are organized. Java automatically creates and assigns a default layout manager to every container.

Laying out an Interface

Commonly used layout managers in java are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Flow Layout Grid Layout Border Layout Card Layout Grid Bag Layout Box Layout

Event Driven Programming

The program waits for a user to perform an action. Each action that the user performs on the GUI, translates to a call to a function that handles the event. This approach is called event-driven programming. There are many types of events that are generated by your AWT application. These events are used to make the application more effective and efficient. Generally, there are twelve types of event are used in Java AWT.

The Delegation Event Model

A source generates an event and sends it to one or more listeners. The listener simply waits until it receives an event. Once received the listener processes the event and then returns.

Event
An event is an object that describes a state change in a source.

Components of an Event
An event object comprises of three components. 1. Event object An event object contains the information related to the event such as category of the event, component that generated the event, and the time when the event occurred. 2. Event Source 3. Event Handler

Event Listeners
A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. It must be registered with one or more sources It must implement methods to receive and process the notification The methods that receive and process events are defined in a set of interfaces found in java.awt.event

Event Classes
Java.util.EventObject Java.awt.AWTEvent

Item Event

Adjustment Event

Component Event

Action Event

Text Event

Focus Event

Container Event

Input Event

Paint Event Mouse Event

Window Event

Key Event

Adapter classes
Adapter classes help us in avoiding the implementation of the empty method bodies. Generally an adapter class is there for each listener interface having more than one method. Event package provides seven adapter classes.

Adapter classes
Adapter classes help us in avoiding the implementation of the empty method bodies. Generally an adapter class is there for each listener interface having more than one method. Event package provides seven adapter classes.