]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

++

W
K

? ?? J ?
K

W
K

K
K

K
K

KK


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

--

KW

WW
K o
K o

K o

K o

KW

--

K
W
K

K 3 3 3x 2 y W
K W

9x 2 12x 2 EF

K 7 x 3 y 2 2 x 3 y
K 4 x 2 + x 4 x 2 + 3x 2 x
K (2 = 2 x 0 )

W
an K n an 0 an x n + an1 x n1 + .......... + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0

K a0

WW

9
2
1

9 , 1, 5

2 , 11
1, 5 , 3

9x2 , x , 5

9x2 x + 5

2x , 11
3

x , 5x , 3

11 2 x
x3 + 5x 3

WW

1) (3x 2 + 6 x 4) + (4 x 2 5 x + 3) 2) ( x 2 5 x + 7) (2 x 2 + 3x 2)
--

1) (3 x 2 + 6 x 4) + (4 x 2 5 x + 3) = (3 x 2 + 4 x 2 ) + (6 x 5 x) + ((4) + 1) = 7 x 2 + x 3

2) ( x 2 5 x + 7) (2 x 2 + 3 x 2) = ( x 2 2 x 2 ) + [(5 x) (+3 x)] + (7 (2)) = x 2 8 x + 9

(2 x 3)(3x 2 x + 1) WW
W

(2 x 3)(3 x 2 x + 1) = (2 x)(3 x 2 ) + (2 x)( x) + (2 x)(1) + (3)(3x 2 ) + (3)( x) + (3)(1)

= 6 x 3 2 x 2 + 2 x 9 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 6 x 3 11x 2 + 5 x 3

W
( x + y )( x y ) = x 2 y 2
( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2

( x y )( x y ) = ( x y ) 2 = x 2 2 xy + y 2
( x + y )( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y ) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
( x y )( x y )( x y ) = ( x y ) 3 = x 3 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 y 3

WW
1) (7 x + 10)(7 x 10)

2) (2 y 2 + 11z 2 ) 2

3) (2 x 3 y ) 3

W
1) (7 x + 10)(7 x 10) = (7 x) 2 (10) 2 = 49 x 2 100

2) (2 y 2 + 11z 2 ) 2 = (2 y 2 ) 2 + 2(2 y 2 )(11z 2 ) + (11z 2 ) 2 = 4 y 4 + 44 y 2 z 2 + 121z 4

3) ( 2 x 3 y ) 3 = (2 x) 3 3(2 x) 2 (3 y ) + 3(2 x)(3 y ) 2 (3 y ) 3 = 8 x 3 36 x 2 y + 54 xy 2 27 y 3

--

1) x = 4

2) x = 2 W 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 7 W

W x

1) 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 7 = 2(4) 3 6(4) 2 + 7 = 2(64) 6(16) + 7 = 128 96 + 7 = 217

2) 2 x 3 6 x 2 + 7 = 2( 2 ) 3 6( 2 ) 2 + 7 = 2(2 2 ) 6(2) + 7 = 4 2 12 + 7 = 4 2 5

EF
W
K
W x 3 x 2 + 9 x 16 W
x3

x + 12
x 2 + 9 x 16
x 2 3x

12 x 16
12 x 36
20
20 x + 12 x 3 x 2 + 9 x 16

--

WW

1) x 2 + 2 x 7

3) 4 x 2 y 2 5 x 3 y 2 + 17 xy 3

2) 2

4) 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 5 5) x 3 1

6) 9 x 5 y + 10 xy 4 11x 2 y 2

WW

1) (3 x 2 + 4 x + 5) + (2 x 2 + 7 x 2)

5) (5 x 7)(3 x 2 8 x 5)

2) (4 w 2 2 w + 7) + (5w3 + 8w 2 1)

6) (3 x 2 2 x + 5)(2 x 2 5 x + 2)

3) (7 s 2 4 s + 11) (2s 2 + 11s 9)

7) (3c 2)(4c + 1)(5c 2)

4) (u 3 3u 2 4u + 8) (u 2 2u + 4)

8) (4u 5)(2u 1)(3u 4)

WW

1) (3 x + 5)(3 x 5)

7) [( x + 5) + y ][( x + 5) y ]

2) (4 x 2 3 y )(4 x 2 + 3 y )

8) [( x 2 y ) + 7][( x 2 y ) 7]

3) (3x 2 y ) 2

9) ( x 1) 3

4) ( 4 w + z ) 2

10) (2 x + y ) 3

5) [( x 2) + y ]

11) [( x 1) + 2 y ]

6) [( x + 3) y ]

12) [4 (1 2 y )]

WW
1) x 2 + 7 x 1 ; x = 3
2) x 2 5 x + 4 ; x = 5
3) 5 x 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 ; x = 1
4 )1 x 3 x 5 ; x = 2

--

WW
1) 5 x 3 + 6 x 17 x + 20 , x + 3

2) 6 x 4 + 3 x 2 11x 2 3 x + 9 , 2 x 3
3) 2 x 4 x 3 23x 2 + 9 x + 45 , 2 x 2 x 5
4) 24 x 5 + 20 x 3 16 x 2 15 , 6 x 2 + 5

--

K
W

K
EKKF

K
WW
1)10 x 3 + 6 x

2)12 x 2 y 6 xy 30 xy 2

3) ( x 4)(2a b) + ( x + 4)(2a b)

W 2 x 6 x 10x 3 EKKFE
10 x 3 + 6 x = 2 x(5 x 2 ) + 2 x(3) = 2 x(5 x 2 + 3)

W 6 xy EKKFE
12 x 2 y 6 xy 30 xy 2 = 6 xy(2 x) 6 xy(1) 6 xy(5 y ) = 6 xy(2 x 1 5 y ) = 6 xy(2 x 5 y 1)
W 2a b EKKFE

( x 4)(2a b) + ( x + 4)(2a b) = (2a b)[( x 4) + ( x + 4)] = (2a b)( x 4 + x + 4)

= (2a b)(2 x) = 2 x(2a b)

--

6 y 3 21y 2 4 y + 14 WW
W

W
6 y 3 21y 2 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 21y 2 ) (4 y 14)
WEKKF
6 y 3 21y 2 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 21y 2 ) (4 y 14) = 3 y 2 (2 y 7) 2(2 y 7)
W 2 y 7

6 y 3 21 y 2 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 21 y 2 ) (4 y 14) = 3 y 2 (2 y 7) 2(2 y 7)
= (2 y 7)(3 y 2 2)
ax 2 + bx + c

a = 1 W

x 2
KK b c
x 2 + 7 x 18 WW
W

18 c = 18 b = 7
(2) + 9 = 7 W 9 2 K 7

WKK (2) 9 = 18

x 2 + 7 x 18 = ( x 2)( x + 9)
K

a 1 W
W m , n , p , q
--

1) mn = a , 2) pq = c , 3) mq + np = b
W
ax 2 + bx + c = (mx + p)(nx + q)
K c < 0 c > 0 b q p

K n m 3) 2) 1) n m
6 x 2 + 11x + 3 WW
W

mn = 6 , pq = 4 , mq + np = 11 W m , n , p , q

b > 0 c > 0 q p
W m = 2, n = 3, p = 3, q = 1 W
6 x 2 + 11x + 3 = (2 x + 3)(3x + 1)
b 2 4ac ax 2 + bx + c W
K b 2 4ac = (5) 2 4(6)(4) = 121 = 112 6 x 2 5 x 4 K
(mn + p) 2 ax 2 + bx + c m = n p = q

W
x 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x y )
49 x 2 144 W
W

49 x 2 144 = (7 x) 2 (12) 2 49 x 2 144

49 x 2 144 = (7 x) 2 (12) 2 = (7 x + 12)(7 x 12) W

W
i ) x 3 y 3 = ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )

ii ) x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )
--

1) 8a 3 + b 3

2) a 3 64 WW

ii ) 8a 3 + b 3 = (2a) 3 + (b) 3 8a 3 + b 3 E
W

8a 3 + b 3 = (2a ) 3 + (b) 3 = (2a + b)[(2a ) 2 (2a )(b) + (b) 2 ]

= (2a + b)(4a 2 2ab + b 2 )

i) a 3 64 = (a) 3 (4) 3 a 3 64 E
W

a 3 64 = (a ) 3 (4) 3 = (a 4)[(a ) 2 + (a)(4) + (4) 2 ] = (a 4)(a 2 + 4a + 16)

K
1) 2m 2 + 6mn 15m 5n

2) p 2 + p q q 2 WW

W
1) 2m 2 + 6mn 15n 5m = (2m 2 + 6mn) + (15n 5m)

= 2m(m + 3n) 5(3n + m)

= (m + 3n)(2m 5)
2) p 2 + p q q 2 = p 2 q 2 + p q = ( p 2 q 2 ) + ( p q )

= ( p + q)( p q ) + ( p q )
= ( p q )( p + q + 1)

- -

W
1) 15 x 2 12 x

13) x 4 + 11x 2 + 18

27) 1 + y 12

2) 6a 3 b 2 12a 2 b + 72ab 3
3) ( x 4)(m + 2n) + n( x 4)
4) x( y 3) 5(3 y )

14) 9 x 4 + 10 x 2 + 1

28) 8 x 6

15) 6 x 4 + 23x 2 + 15

29) ( x 2) 3 1

18) x 2 9

31)(a + b) 3 + (a b) 3

5) 3 x 3 + x 2 + 6 x + 2

19) 81b 2 16c 2

6) 2 x 2 2 xy + x y

20) x 4 9

33) 27 ( x + 1) 6
34) 5 xy + 20 y 15 x 60

7) 10 z 3 15 z 2 4 z + 6

21) 16 y 4 196

35) 4 x 2 + 2 x y y 2

8) 6m 3 + 4m 2 15m 10

22) 1 121n 2

36) x 2 + 6 x + 9 y 2

9) x 2 + 9 x + 20

23) x 2 ( y + z ) 2

37) 4 x 2 9 y 2 + 4 x + 1

10) b 2 + 12b 28

24) x 3 8

38) 27 x 3 6 x 2 + 2 x 1

11) 8a 2 26a + 15

25) p 3 + 64

39) 8 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 6 x + 1

12) 6 x 2 23 x + 20

26) 64u 3 27 w 3

40) a 2 + a + b b 2

EFK
W
K

3x + 1
x 2 3x + 4
W
K 2

x + 7 x + 12 2 x 5

K
x = 0 x = 3

2x
W
x 3x
2

K
WW
- -

P R
P PR
= PS = QR ,
=
Q S
Q QR

R0 ,

P P
P
=
=
Q
Q
Q

P R P+R
P R PR
P R PR
P R PS
+ =
,
=
,
=
,
=
Q Q
Q
Q Q
Q
Q S QS
Q S QR

R0

K
K

x 2 + 2x 3
WW17
x 2 + 5x + 6

W
x 2 + 2 x 3 = ( x 1)( x + 3) , x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)

x 2 + 2x 3
x 2 + 5x + 6

x 2 5x + 6 x 1

1) 2
x +x2 x2

( x 1)( x + 3) x 1
=
,
x + 3 0 x 3
( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 2
x+6
x+6 x 6 x
= + = + 3
x + 3 W

2
2 2 2
2

x 2 + 6 x + 9 x 2 + 7 x + 12
WW
2) 3
3
x + 27
x 3x 2 + 9 x

1)
2)

x 2 5 x + 6 x 1 ( x 2)( x 3) x 1 ( x 2)( x 3)( x 1) x 3

=
=
, x 1 x 2

=
x 2 + x 2 x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2)( x 2) x + 2

x 2 + 6x + 9
x 3 + 27

x 2 + 7 x + 12
x 3 3x 2 + 9 x

( x + 3)( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x 2 3 x + 9)

( x + 4)( x + 3)
x ( x 2 3 x + 9)

x ( x 2 3 x + 9)
=

( x + 3)( x 2 3 x + 9) ( x + 4)( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x + 3)

( x + 3)( x + 3) x( x 2 3x + 9)
( x + 3)( x 2 3x + 9)( x + 4)( x + 3)

- -

x
, x 0 x 3
x+4

1)

2mn + m mn + m

m+n
m+n

2)

x
3
+
x + 1 2x 1

WW
3)

x
2

x 4

2x 1

x 3 x 10

KEF
1)

2mn + m mn + m (2mn + m) (mn + m) 2mn + m mn m

mn

=
=
=
m+n
m+n
m+n
m+n
m+n

2)

3
x
x(2 x 1) + 3( x + 1) 2 x 2 x + 3 x + 3 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3
+
=
=
=
( x + 1)(2 x 1)
( x + 1)(2 x 1)
( x + 1)(2 x 1)
x + 1 2x 1

3)

2x 1
2x 1
x
x
x( x 5) (2 x 1)( x 2)
=
2
=

( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)
x 4 x 3x 10 ( x 2)( x + 2) ( x 5)( x + 2)
2

( x 2 5 x ) ( 2 x 2 4 x x + 2) x 2 5 x 2 x 2 + 4 x + x 2
=
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)

x2 + 2
x2 2
=
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)
( x 2)( x + 2)( x 5)

- -

2
1
+
1) x 2 x
3x
2

x5 x5

x y 1
2) 1
WW
x y

2 x + 1( x 2) 2 x + x 2
3x 2
2
1
+
3x 2 x 5
x ( x 2)
x ( x 2)
x ( x 2)
=
=
1) x 2 x =
=

3x
2
3x 2
3x 2
3x 2
(

2
)
3x 2
x
x

x5 x5
x5
x5
x5
=

(3x 2)( x 5)
x5
=
x( x 2)(3x 2) x( x 2)

xy 1
xy 1
x
( xy 1)( x)
x y
y
2) 1
=
=
=

=
=
y 1 xy ( y )(1 xy )
x y 1 y 1 xy
x
x
x

1
y

(1)(1 xy )( x) (1)( x)
x
=
=
( y )(1 xy )
( y)
y

x 1 + y 1
2x 2 + y
W

3x 2
z 1

x 1 + y 1
z
2x2 + y 2 + y
=

=
3
x+ y
3x 2
z 1

- -

WW

x2 4
1)
(x 2)(x + 3)
5)

x 2 + 3 x 40
x 2 + 3x + 10

x 2 x 20
2)
3 x 15
6)

x3 9x
3) 3
x + x2 6x

10 x 2 3 x 1
2 x 2 + 5x 3

7)

a3 + 8
4) 2
a 8

2 x 3 6 x 2 + 5 x 15
9 x2

8)

x3 x 2 + x
x3 + 1

WW
1)

x 2 + x 3 x 2 + 19 x + 28

2x + 3 x 2 + 5x + 4

2)

12m 2 + 28m + 15 2m 2 m 3

3) 2
6m + 35m + 25 3m 2 + 11m 20
z 2 81 z 2 z 20
5) 2

z 16 z 2 + 5 z 36

x 2 16
x 2 4 x 21

x 2 + 7 x + 12
x2 4x

6u 2 5u + 1 2u 2 + 3u 2
4) 2

3u + 11u 4 u 2 + 3u 4
2a 2 5a + 3 3a 2 8a 3
6) 2
2
a +a2
a a6

W W
1)

9 x + 1 3x + 4

2x 1 2x 1

1
2
3x 2 + 11x 4
4) +

x 3x 1
x5

2)

x + 1 2x 1
+
2x + 3 2x 3

3)

5)

x +1
2x
x+5

x3 x3 x3

6) 1 +

x
3x 1
2
x 9 x + 7 x + 12
2

2
1
3
x
x

WW

1)

2
3
4

+
2 x + 1 3x + 1 4 x + 1

3)

2
3
5
+ 2
2
x 3 x + 2 x 1 x + 3 x 10

2)

- -

1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
x + 7 x + 12 x 9 x 16

4)

(x 2)

2x
2x 1
2
x+2 x 4

x+2
1
+
2
2) x 1 x + 1
x
1
+
2x2 x 1 x 1

1
2

x + 3 x 1
1) x
3
+
x 1 x + 3

WW

z 2 + 3z 10
2
z
3) 2 + z 6
z z 30
2z 2 15z + 18

2 y 2 + 11y + 15
y 2 4 y 21
4) 2
6 y + 11y 10
3y 2 23y + 14

WW

(x + h )
1)

4)

a 1b ab 1
a2 + b2

1
1

2) x + h x
h
1
1+
p2
5)
1
1
p+3

a 1
3) 1
a + a 2
1
4+
x
6)
1
1
x

K
KE FW
K
K x x = 3 2 x + 1 = 7 W
K 2(3) + 1 = 7 3 x x = 3

K
K x 2 5 x + 6 = 0 x = 2 x = 3 W
x
K x =

W
W

K 7 x + 3 = 11 2 x + 3 + 5 x = 11 W
- -

K 3 x = 9 3 x 7 = 2 W
W
5
6

x = 12 x = 10
W
W x EFW
a 0 b a ax + b = 0
1) 2x + 5 = 9

3
2) x 6 = 0
4

3) ( x + 2)(5x + 1) = 5x( x + 1)

WW
W

WE
2x + 5 5 = 9 5 2x = 4 x = 4
3
4

4
3

W E

3
3
3
4 3 4
x6=0
x6+6=0+6
x = 6 x = (6) x = 8
4
4
4
3 4 3

W 5 x 2 , 5 x , 2 E

( x + 2)(5 x + 1) = 5 x( x + 1) 5 x 2 + 11x + 2 = 5 x 2 + 5 x 11x + 2 = 5 x

6 x + 2 = 0 6 x = 2 x =

2
1
1
= x=
6
3
3

KW

K
K

- -

1)

x
24 5 x
=
x3
x3

2) 1 +

x
5
=
WW
x5 x5

K x 3 E
K ( x 3)

( x 3)

x
24 5 x
= ( x 3)
x = 24 5 x x + 5 x = 24 5 x + 5 x
x3
x3
6 x 24
6 x = 24
=
x=4
6
6

K 3

K x 5 E
K ( x 5)

5
x
5
( x 5)1 +
= ( x 5)
( x 5)1 + ( x 5)
= ( x 5)

x 5

x 5
x 5
x 5
x 5 + x = 5 2 x 5 = 5 2 x 5 + 5 = 5 + 5 2 x = 10 x = 5

x = 5
K

- -

W
1) 2 x + 10 = 40

9)

2) 3 y + 20 = 2
3) 4 x 11 = 7 x + 20
4) 4(2 x 17) + 5(3 x 8) = 0
3
1 2
5) x + =
4
2 3
1
19
1
6) x + 7 x =
4
2
2

40 3 x 6 x + 7
=
5x
8

14)

3x
12
=2
x+4
x+4

x
x+4
=
x3 x+2

15)

5
3
4

=
x3 x2 x3

x+3 x3
=
x+5 x4

17) 5[x (4 x 5)] = 3 2 x

10)
11)

9
3m
=
12) 2 +
m3 m3

18) 6[3 y 2( y 1)] 2 + 7 y = 0

19) 4[2 + ( y + 1) 2 ] = ( y + 2) 2

13)

4x 3 2x 4
=
x2
2x

19) ( y + 3) = ( y + 4) 2 + 1

14)

12 + x 5 x 7
=
+2
3
4

21) ( z 7) 2 = ( z 2) 2 + 9

7) 5( x + 3)( x 3) = 5 x( x 1)
8)

3
5
=
x + 2 2x 7

W
WW
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a0
K

ax 2 + bx + c
AB = 0 A = 0 B = 0 W
1) x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 0

2) 2 x 2 + x 6 = 0 WW

x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5) E
W
- -

x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5) = 0 { x + 3 = 0 x = 3

x + 5 = 0 x = 5}

K x = 5 x = 3 x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 0
K

W a 1 m , n , p , q E
3

2x 3 = 0 2x = 3 x =
2 x + x 6 = (2 x 3)( x + 2) = 0
2
x + 2 = 0 x = 2
3
x = x = 2 2 x 2 + x 6 = 0
2
2

K A = B B > 0 A 2 = B W B A
1) x 2 5 = 0

2) ( x + 1) 2 = 49 WW

WE
x2 5 + 5 = 0 + 5 x2 = 5 x = 5
x = 5 x = 5 W
WE
( x + 1) 2 = 49 x + 1 = 49 x + 1 = 7 x = 7 1
x = 7 1 = 6

x = 7 1 = 8

K x = 8 x = 6 W
W
a 1 a
2

b
K
2
2
b
KK x
2

- -

1) x 2 2 x + 6 = 0

2) 2 x 2 + 8 x 15 = 0 WW27

2
E
= 1 a = 1
2

W
x 2 2 x 8 = 0 x 2 2 x = 8 x 2 2 x + 1 = 8 + 1 ( x 1) 2 = 9
W

( x 1) 2 = 9 x 1 = 9 x 1 = 3
{ x 1 = 3 x = 4 x 1 = 3 x = 2}

a 1 a = 2 E

2 x 2 + 8 x 15 = 0 2 x 2 + 8 x = 15
2

1
1
15
(2 x 2 + 8 x) = (15) x 2 + 4 x =
2
2
2
2

4
b
W = = 4
2

x 2 + 4x + 4 =
x=

15
23
23
23
+ 4 ( x + 2) 2 =
x+2=
x=
2
2
2
2
2

46 4
46 4

x=
2
2

x=

46 4
2

W
W
Kx =

b b 2 4ac
ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
2a

a 0 W

W b 2 4ac
b b 2 4ac
x =
W b 2 4ac
2a
b
x =
W b 2 4ac
2a
K b 2 4ac
- -

1) 2 x 2 5 x + 2 = 0

2) x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0

3) 3x 2 + 6 x + 7 = 0 WW

W a = 2 b = 5 c = 2 E
b 2 4ac = (5) 2 4(2)(2) = 25 16 = 9 > 0
W

5+3 8
b b 2 4ac (5) 9 5 3
x=
=
=
x=
= = 2
2a
2(2)
4
4
4

x=

53 2 1
= =
4
4 2

W a = 1 b = 6 c = 9 E
b 2 4ac = (6) 2 4(1)(9) = 36 36 = 0
x=

b ( 6)
=
= 3 W
2a 2(1)

W a = 3 b = 6 c = 7 E
b 2 4ac = (6) 2 4(3)(7) = 36 84 = 48 < 0
.

- -

1) x 2 2 x 15 = 0

2) 8 y 2 + 189 y 72 = 0

3) 3 x 2 7 x = 0

4) 8 + 14t 15t = 0

5) ( x 5) 9 = 0

6) (2 x 5) (4 x 11) = 0

W
1) x 2 = 81

4) ( x 8) = ( x + 1)

2) 2 x 2 48 = 0
2

4) 3 x 2 5 x + 3 = 0
7) x 2 = 7 x 1

6) 4 x = (2 x + 3)

2) x 2 6 x = 0

4) 2 x + 10 x 3 = 0

1) x 2 2 x 15 = 0

5) x = ( x + 1)

1) x 2 + 8 x 10 = 0
2

3) ( x 5) 2 = 36

3) x 2 + 7 x 2 = 0

5) 4 x 4 x + 15 = 0

2) x 2 + x 1 = 0

6) 2 + 10 x 5 x = 0

W
3) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0

1
3
5) x 2 + x 1 = 0
2
4

2
1
6) x 2 5 x + = 0
3
2

8) 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0

9) 2 x 2 + 5 x 3 = 0

k W

1)16 x 2 + kx + 9 = 0 2) x 2 + kx + 81 = 0 3) y 2 3 y + k = 0 4) x 2 + 15 x + k = 0

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KKW

WW
K o

K o
K o

KW

- -

?
?
KK Seki Ko wa

K
KW

WK
n n W
n
K

KK1 1
W 4 4 3 3 2 2 KW
1)

2 4
1 3

1 2 1

1 3 9
2) 2 6 3
8 7 4

3)

3 1 1 5
2 2 5 1
0 2 0 3

W 2 2
E F 2 2 W
W EF

1)

2 4
1 3

= ad bc

2)

1 1
5

WW

W
1)

2 4

= (2 3) (4 1) = 6 4 = 2
1 3
1 1
= (1 0) (5 1) = 0 (5) = 5
2)
5 0
- -

W 3 3
EF 3 3 W

E F

a11

a12

a21 a22
a31 a32

a13

a11

a12

a23 = a21 a22

a33 a31 a32

a13 a11 a12

a23 a21 a22 = a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32
a33 a31 a32

a31a22 a13 a32a23a11 a33a21a12

WW

1 3 9
1) 2 6 3
8 7 4

2
1 0
2) 5
1 3
0 2 4

W
1 3 9

1 3 91 3

1) 2 6 3 = 2 6 3 2 6
8 7 4 8 7 48 7

= (1 6 4) + (3 3 8) + (9 2 7) (8 6 9) (7 3 1) (4 2 3)
= 24 + 72 + 126 432 21 24 = 255
1 0
1 0
2 1 0
2
1 3 5 1
2) 5
1 3 = 5

4 0 2

= (1 1 4) + (0 3 0) + (2 5 2) (0 1 2) (2 3 1) (4 5 0)
= 4 + 0 20 0 (6) 0 = 18

WK
KW
1 5
1)
1 0

0
1 5
2) 0
1 2
2 3 4
- -

WW

1 0

1 1
5

WE
=5

WE

1 5
0
2
1 0
0
1 2 = 5
1 3 = 18
2 3 4
0 2 4

W
KEF
1 9 9
2) 2 18 3
8 21 4

1 2
1)
1 3

WW

1 2
1 3

0.5 2 0.5 4
1

WE
= 0 .5

2 4
1 3

= 0 .5 2 = 1

WE

1 9 9 1 3 3 9
1 3 9
2 18 3 = 2 3 6 3 = 3 2 6 3 = 3 255 = 765
8 21 4 8 3 7 4
8 7 4

KW
2 1
1)
3 1

1 9 9
2) 8 21 4
2 18 3

- -

WW

W
WE
2 1

3 1

1 2
1 3

= 1

WE

1 9 9
1 9 9
8 21 4 = 2 18 3 = 765
2 18 3
8 21 4

KW
WW
1 2
1)
1 2

1 1
2
2) 0 0 3
1 1 5

1 2
1 2

WE
=0

WE

1 1
2
0 0 3 =0
1 1 5

WK
m n W
K n m

K1 1

- -

W 3 3 1 5 4 1 3 2 2 3 W

1

5 2 3
5 3

5 7 10
0
, B = 7 5 , C = , D = ( 0.6 2 17 1 0 ), E = 1 0 0.7
A =
0.5
3 5 12
2 4 0
10 12

W
KKEFW
WW

2
1x3
3 + 2
5 2 3

F = 1
0
0.7 , G = 1 2 0.7

2
2 4 0
26
0

A
F E G
A B

K E = F E

WK
W
E FW
KEF

WW

2 0 1

B =
3
4
7

2 4 7

A =

6
3

W
1) A + B

2) B A

2 2 4 + 0 7 +1 0 4 8
=

+
+

6
3
3
4
1
7
3
7
6

2 2 0 4 1 7 4 4 6
=

2) B A =
3 (6) 4 3 7 (1) 9 1 8

1) A + B =

- -

KW
WKW
1) B + A

2) B + ( A + B )

3) B + B + A

WE
0 4 8

3 7 6

B + A = A + B =

WE
0 4 8 2 0 1 2 4 9
+
=

3
7
6
3
4
7
0
11
13

B + ( A + B) = ( B + A) + B =

WE
2 4 9

0 11 13

B + B + A = B + A + B = B + ( A + B) =

W
EFEFW
E
FE FE F

K
WW

3 0

A = 1 2
6 5

0 .5 1

B = 0 2
3 0.4

W
1) 3 A

2) A + 2 B

3)

B
2

3 0 3 3 3 0 9 0

1) 3 A = 3 1 2 = 3 1 3 2 = 3 6
6 5 3 6 3 5 18 15

- -

2
0 .5 1 3 0 1 2 2
3 0

2) A + 2 B = 1 1 2 + 2 0 2 = 1 2 + 0 4 = 1 6
3 0.4 6 5 6 0.8 0 4.2
6 5

0 .5 1

0 .5 1
0 2 2 2
0.25 0.5

B 3 0.4 0 2
3)
=
=
=
0
1
2 2
2
2

3 0 .4 1 .5 0 .2

2 2

KEFW
WKW
1) A 3

2) 1.5(2 A)

WE
9 0

A 3 = 3A = 3 6
18 15

WE
9 0

1.5(2 A) = (1.5 2) A = 3 A = 3 6
18 15

W
W
K

3

1
1) a = (1 2 0 0.3)
4

10

WW
3

2) b = (1 2 0 0.3) 1
4

- -

W
1) a = (1x 3) + (2x1) + (0x 4) + (0.3x10) = 3 2 + 0 + 3 = 2
K b E
K
W
F k n m k W

m n E

K
WW

30 40 90

A =
25 80 100

10 15

B = 70 90
120 110

1 2 30

C = 15 0 12
23 3
6

W
1) AB

10

(30 40 90 ) 70

120

1) AB =
10

( 25 80 100 ) 70

120

30
(10 15)

25

30

2) BA = (70 90 )

25

30

(120 110 )
25

2) BA

3) BC

W
15

(30 40 90 ) 90
110 8300 6750

15 6150 3425

( 25 80 100) 90
110

40

15)
80
40

(70 90 )

80

40

(120 110 )
80

(10

90

15 )
100

75 1600 2400

90
(70 90 ) = 150 10000 15300
100
850 13600 21800
90
(120 110 )
100

(10

KE
- -

KW
W W
AB BA
WW

3

1
A = (1 2 0 0.3)
4

10

6
3 1 3 2 3 0 3 0 . 3 3

2
1 2
1 0
1 0 .3 1
11
=
A=
8
4 1
4 2
40
4 0.3 4

10 1 10 2 10 0 10 0.3 10 20

0 0.9

0 0 .3
0 1 .2

0
3

3 3

1
1
(1 2 0 0.3) (1 2 0 0.3)
4
4

10 10

WW

1
A =
2

B = (3 0 0.5)

2 1

C = 3 0
0 4

W
1) ( AB)C

2) A( BC )

2 1
6 5
3 0 0 .5
3 0 =

1) ( AB)C =
12
10
6 0 1

0 4

WE
- -

6 5

12
10

A( BC ) = ( AB)C =

W W

( A + B )C = AC + BC

A( B + C ) = AB + AC

K C B A
W
n m At m n A W
K
KW
W

A = ( 1 2 )
t

3

B = 0
0.5

t

2 3 0

C t =
1 0 4

WK
W
K A W
KK det (A)

WW

1 1

A =
1 0

2 3

B =
1 1

0 3
1

C = 4 2 1
2 0
1

0 1 4

D = 5 3 0
6 1 3

4 0 6

E =

0
1
5

- -

det( A) =

1 1
= 0 (1) = 1
1 0

det( B) =

2 3
= 2 3 = 5
1 1
0 3
1
2 1 = 4

1
det(C ) = 4
2
0

0
1

1
4

0 3 1 0
2 1 4 2 = 2 + 0 + 0 (12) 0 0 = 10

2
0

1 2 0

0
1

4 0 1

det( D) = 5 3 0 = 5 3 0 5 3 = 0 + 0 20 72 0 15 = 107
6 1 3
6 1 3 6 1

K E det(E )
KW
WKW
1) det( AB )

2) det( BA)

3) det(CD )

4) det( DC )

WK
1) det( AB ) = det( A) det( B) = 1 5 = 5
2) det( BA) = det( B ) det( A) = 5 1 = 5

3) det(CD ) = det(C ) det( D) = 10 107 = 1070

4) det( DC ) = det( D ) det(C ) = 107 10 = 1070

W
KW
K W
2

F =
6

W
W
KEF

- -

WW

2 0

B =
0
1

1 0

A =
0
0

1 0 0

C = 0 2 0
0 0 1

0 0 0

D = 0 3 0
0 0 3

1 1

E =
0 0

1 2 3

F = 0 0 4
0 0 2

1 0 0

G =
0 1 0

KEFW
KW
W

det( A) = 1 0 = 0
det( B ) = 2 1 = 2

det(C ) = 1 2 1 = 2
det(C ) = 0 3 3 = 0

W
KW
KI n n I n

1 0

0 1

I 2 =

1 0 0

I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1

0
I4 =
0

0 0 0

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

KW
WW
1 2 31 0 0

1) A = 0 3 4 0 1 0
1 5 20 0 1

1 0 0 1 2 3

2) B = 0 1 0 0 3 4
0 0 1 1 5 2

- -

W
1 2 3

1) A = 0 3 4
1 5 2

1 2 3

2) B = 0 3 4 = A
1 5 2

W
A a W
F a A a

WEF 4 4 3 3 2 2 E A
+

+ +

+
+ +

+ +
+

+ +

KK cofA K

WW
3 1

1) A =
2 0

1 3 2

2) B = 1 4 2
2 3 2

2 0 2
+0
=

1) cofA =

+
(
1
)
3
1
3

1 4
1 2
4 2
+

3
2
2
2
2
3

14 2 11

3 2

1 2
1 3
+

2) cofB =
= 12 6 3
2 2
2 3
3 2
2 4 7
3 2
1 2
1 3

+
+

1 4
4
2
1
2

- -

W
K A W
K adjA

KW
W

0 1

1) adjA = (cofA) t =
2 3

14 12 2

2) adjB = (cofB ) t = 2
6 4
11 3
7

WK
J A1 A W
W

AA 1 = A1 A = I
A W
W
A 1 =

adjA
det( A)

KW
W

det( A) =

3 1
2

WE
= 0 (2) = 2 0

0 1

2
3
adjA
= 0 0.5
A 1 =
=
1 1 .5
det( A)
2

WE
- -

1 3 2
1 3 2 1 3
det( B) = 1 4 2 = 1 4 2 1 4 = 8 + 12 6 16 6 6 = 30 0
2 3 2
2 3 2 2 3

B 1

14 12 2
7

6 4
2
5
15

7 1
adjB 11 3
1
=
=
=
15
det( B)
5
30
11
1

10
30

1 2 10

2) B = 0 2
5
0 0
0

1 0 3

1 ) A = 2 5 1
0 4 1

15
2
15
7

30

WW
1 2

3) C =
3
4

2 6

4) D =
1
3

W
WWE
1 0 3
1 0 3 1 0
det( A) = 2 5 1 = 2 5 1 2 5 = 5 + 0 24 0 (4) 0 = 15 0
0 4 1
0 4 1 0 4

K
WW
5
+
4
0
cofA =
4
0
+
5

1
2

1
0
3
1
+
1
0
3
1

1
2

1
2 5

+
1
0 4
2 8
9

3
1 0

1 4
= 12
1
0 4
15 5 5
3
1 0
+

1
2 5

WW

9 12 15

adjA = (cofA) t = 2 1 5
8 4
5

- -

WW

9 12 15

3
4

1
5
1
2
5

8 4
52
5
adjA
1
1

=
A =
15
15
det( A)
15 3
8
4
1

15
3
15

WWE

1 2 10 1 2 10 1 2
det( B) = 0 2 5 = 0 2 5 0 2 = 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

WWE

det(C ) =

1 2
3 4

= 4 6 = 2 0

K
WW
+ 4 3

cofC =
2 + 1
WW
4

adjC = (cofC ) t =
3

WW

4 2

1
adjC 3 1 2
1

=
=
C =
det(C )
2
1 .5 0 .5

det( D) =

2 6
1 3

WWE
= 6 (6) = 0

K
- -

W 2 2
W ad bc 0 d c b a W9
a b

c d

d b d b

c a c a

=
=
a b
ad bc
c d

K 2 2
K9 2 2 W
W

WE

3 1

2
0

0 (1) 0 1

2
3 2 3 0 0.5

=
=
=
3 1

1
1
.
5
2

2 0

WE

1 2

3 4

4 2 4 2

1
3 1 3 1 2

=
=
=
1 2
2
1 .5 0 .5
3 4

2 6
1 3

KE
= 6 (6) = 0

- -

1)

WW

1 2
3

2)

3
1 1
4) 2 1 2
1 2 0

3)

3 1

0 7
3 6

1 2 0
5) 3 1 1
2 2 5

1 2 3
6) 0 1 4
0 0 1

WW

3
1
7
1) 2 1 14
5 10 35

2 2 5
2) 3 1 1
1 2 0

1 0 4

6 5

A =
2

1 0 0
3) 2 1 0
3 4 1

1
1 5
4) 3
3 0
2 2 6

WW

10 2 6

B =
7
1
3

0.5 12 2

C =
3
0 5

W
1) A 2 B + C

2) 2C + 3 A

3) B A + 3C

WW

4 1

3 1 2
1 0
1)
4 1 2

2 2

1 2 1 4 2

3)
1 4
0 3 7

1 2 1 2 1

2) 2 3 5 4 3
1 4 2 3 2

0
1

2 3 4 3 0 1

4) 1 4 2 2 5 3
1
0
5 1 2 3

- -

WW

1 2

1) A =

4
6

1 0 0

3) C = 5 10 0
3 14 0

1 10 9 8

5) E = 2 11 12 7
3 4 5 6

5 10

2) B =
1
2

1 5 3

4) D = 0 2 1
4 3
0

M=

1 6 12

12 12 6

WW

W
1) det( M )

2) M 2 = MM

2 3

5 1

B =
1
2

A =
1

1) P = 2 A + B 2

3) M 3 = MMM

WW

5 9

C =
6
6

W R Q P

2) AQ + BQ = I
k

M =
2

3) RA = C

WW

2k 3

k 1

k
WW

2 1 1

A = 2 2 3
1 1 2

WK

0 0 1

B = A 1 0 1 0 A
1 0 0

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K:

WW
o
o

K o

KW

- -

K

??

K
EF
K

KK

WK

KW
W z y x W
1) x + 2.5 y + 3x

2) y + 3 x 2 y + z
3) 2 x y + 3z

W z y x
x + xy z

x2 + x + 1
x+ y+z

KW
W z y x W

x + 2 .5 y + 3 x 6 = z 2 y + 3

2 x y + 3z = 2
x + 3 .5 y = 6

W z y x

x + xy z = 0

x2 + x + 1 = 3
x + y + z = y + z + 10
- -

KEFW
K

W z y x W

x + 3y + 2z = 2
3 x 6 y + z = 3
2 x + y 5 z = 10
x
+ 3z = 0

W
WK

W

K

W
K

W
F

KKE
KWK
K
WW
1) x + 3 = 2 x 6

2) 3.5 x + 4 = 7 x 3 3.5 x

3) 2(3 x) = 2 x + 6

W
WWE
x 2 x = 6 3

WW

3 x = 9
WWW
x=

9
=3
3

- -

WE
3.5 x 7 x + 3.5 x = 3 4
0 = 7

KW

6 2 x = 2 x + 6
2x + 2x = 6 6

WE
W

0=0
K W

WK
W
KW

KKW
KW

WW

KW
KW

1) 2 x + y = 5
3 x 4 y = 25

WW

2) 2 x + y = 5
x 0 .5 y = 2

3) 2 x + y = 5
x 0.5 y = 2.5

W
W x y WE
y = 5 + 2x
- -

WW
3x 4(5 + 2 x) = 25
WW
3 x 20 8 x = 25
3 x 8 x = 25 + 20
5 x = 5
5
x=
=1
5

WW

y = 5 + 2x
y = 5 + (2 1) = 7

WW
x =1
y=7
W x y WE
y = 5 + 2x

WW

x 0.5(5 + 2 x) = 2
WW
x 2 .5 x = 2

x x = 2 + 2 .5
0 = 4.5

KW
W x y WE
y = 5 + 2x

WW

x 0.5(5 + 2 x) = 2.5
WW
x 2.5 x = 2.5
x x = 2.5 + 2.5
0=0
- -

KW
W
W y x W
a1 x + b1 y = c1

a 2 x + b2 y = c 2

KK c 2 c1 b2 b1 a 2 a1
2 2 D
W

a1
a2

D=

b1
= a1b2 a2b1
b2

2 2
W
Dx =

Dy =

c1

b1

c2

b2

a1
a2

c1
= a1c2 a2 c1
c2

= c1b2 c2b1

WW
WW
x=

Dx
D

y=

Dy
D

E FW
K

W
K
KW
W

D=

WE

=83=50

- -

W
5

Dx =

25 4

Dy =

= 20 (25) = 5

2
5
= 50 15 = 35
3 25

W
Dx 5
= =1
D 5
D y 35
=
=7
y=
D
5

x=

D=

1
2
=11= 0
1 0 .5

WE

W
Dx =

2 0 .5

= 2.5 2 = 4.5 0

K x
D=

1
2
=11= 0
1 0 .5

WE

W
Dx =

Dy =

2 .5 0 .5
2

2 .5

= 2.5 (2.5) = 0

=55=0

- -

WW

1) 2 x + 3 y = 4
x y = 3

2) 3 x + 2 y = 12
5x 3 y = 1

3) 2 x + 8 y = 4
x + 4 y = 14

W
2 3
= 2 3 = 5 0
1 1

1) D =

4
3
= 4 (9) = 5
3 1

Dx =

Dy =

1 3

= 6 4 = 10

Dx
5
=
= 1
D 5

D y 10
y=
=2
=
D
5
3 2
2) D =
= 9 10 = 19 0
5 3

x=

Dx =

12 2
= 36 2 = 38
1 3

Dy =

3 12
5

= 3 60 = 57

Dx 38
=2
=
D 19

D y 57
=3
=
y=
D 19
2 8
3) D =
=88=0
1 4

x=

Dx =

14 4

= 16 112 = 96 0

- -

WK
K
W z y x W
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1

a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d 2
a 3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = d 3

d 3 d 2 d1 c3 c 2 c1 b3 b2 b1 a 3 a 2 a1
K

3 3 D

a1
D = a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

c1
c2
c3

3 3

d1

b1

c1

Dx = d 2
d3

b2
b3

c2
c3

a1
D y = a2

d1
d2

c1
c2

a3

d3

c3

a1
Dz = a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

d1
d2
d3

WW
WW
x=

Dx
D

y=

Dy
D

z=

Dz
D

E FW
K
- -

W
K
1) x + y + z = 6
2 x + 3 y + z = 11
3x + 2 y + 2 z = 13

2) x + y + z = 6
2 x + 3 y + z = 11
x 2y = 4

WW
3) x + y + z = 6
2 x + 3 y + z = 11
x 2 y = 5

11

1) D = 2
3

3
2

1 = 2
2 3

3
2

12
23

3 = 6 + 3 + 4 9 2 4 = 2 0
2

6
D x = 11

1
3

1
6
1 = 11

1
3

1 6
1 11

1
3 = 36 + 13 + 22 39 12 22 = 2

13

13

2 13

11

D y = 2 11
3 13
1
Dz = 2
3

1 = 2 11
2 3 13

1 2 11 = 22 + 18 + 26 33 13 24 = 4
2 3 13

1 6
1
3 11 = 2

1 6 1
3 11 2

1
3 = 39 + 33 + 24 54 22 26 = 6

2 13

2 13 3

WE D 0 F

Dx 2
=
=1
D 2
Dy 4
=
=2
y=
D 2
D
6
=3
z= z =
D 2

x=

- -

1
2) D = 2

1
3

1
1
1= 2

1 2 0

1
3

1 1
1 2

1
3 = 0 1 4 (3) (2) 0 = 0

1 2 0 1 2

16

Dx = 11 3 1 = 11 3 1 11 3 = 0 + 4 22 12 (12) 0 = 18 0
4 2 0 4 2 0 4 2

KE D = 0 Dx 0 F
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
3) D = 2
3 1= 2
3 1 2
3 = 0 1 4 (3) (2) 0 = 0
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

6
1 1 6
1
6
1 1
Dx = 11 3 1 = 11 3 1 11 3 = 0 5 22 (15) (12) 0 = 0
5 2 0 5 2 05 2
1
6 1
1
6 1 1
6
D y = 2 11 1 = 2 11 1 2 11 = 0 6 10 (11) (5) 0 = 0
1 5 0 1 5 0 1 5
1

6 1

Dz = 2
3 11 = 2
3 11 2
3 = 15 11 24 (18) (22) (10) = 0
1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2

KE D = Dx = D y = Dz = 0 F

WK
W
AU = C
U A
C

- -

KW
W

1 x 5
2

=
3)
1 0 .5 y 2 .5

1 x 5
2
=
2)
1 0 .5 y 2

2 1 x 5

=
1)
3 4 y 25

KW

WK

1 1 x 6
1

2) 2
3 1 y = 11
1 2 0 z 4

1 1 1 x 6

1) 2 3 1 y = 11
3 2 2 z 13

1 1 x 6
1

3) 2
3 1 y = 11
1 2 0 z 5

WW
AU = C
K A
W A
U = A 1C
WW
W

WWE

=83=50

WW

4 1 4

3 2 5
2 1

=
=

3
4

5
3

5
1

1

5
2

5

WW
x 2

=
y 3

4
5 5
=

25 3
5
- -

1
5 1
5
=
2 25 7

5

WW
x =1

y=7

WWE

2
1
=11= 0
1 0.5

WWE

2
1
=11= 0
1 0.5

KW
W

WWE

1 1 1 1 1 11 1
2 3 1 = 2 3 1 2 3 = 6 + 3 + 4 9 2 4 = 2 0
3 2 2 3 2 23 2

WW
t

0 2
1
+ (5) 4
1 1 1 + 4
1 1 1

adj 2 3 1 cof 2 3 1 0
+ (1) (1) 1 1 1
1
1 1 1
3 2 2 + (2) (1)
3 2 2

1
+ 1 5 1

2
3
1
=
=
=
=

2
2
2
2
3 2 2

0
1
2
1 1 1

2 3 1 = 0.5 0.5 0.5

2.5 0.5 0.5
3 2 2

WW

0
1 6 1
x 1 1 1 6 2



y = 2 3 1 11 = 0.5 0.5 0.5 11 = 2
z 3 2 2 13 2.5 0.5 0.5 13 3



- -

WW
x =1

y=2

z =3

WWE

1
1 1
2
3 1 =0
1 2 0

WWE

1
1 1
2
3 1 =0
1 2 0

- -

x+2
2

x4
4) 2 x + 5 =
2
1) x (2 x + 3) =

1) 2 x 3 y = 1

WW

2) 6 + 2(1 x) = 3 x 4
5) 5 6 x + (3x 2) = 4(2 + x)

2) 4 x + 2 y = 8

2
4
=
x + 3 1 x
x+2
6)
= 5
3+ x

3)

WW
3) 2 x + 4 y = 0

x + 4y = 0

x 0 .5 y = 2

4) 4 x + 5 y = 9
x + 3y = 2

5) 4 x 5 y = 9
8 x + 10 y = 18

x 2y = 5
6 ) 4 x 5 y = 9
2 x + 2 .5 y = 0

WW

1) x + y + z = 6
x + 2y z = 0

2) 3 x + 5 y z = 10
x + 2 y + z = 11

2x 3y + 4z = 2

5 x + y 3z = 12

4) x + 2 z = 13

5) x + 2 y z = 2

y+ z =5
x y=0

x + 15 y 3 z = 11
y + 2z = 3

3) x z = 12
3 x + 2 y = 3

6 x + 2 y + 3 z = 10
6) y + z = 0
x + y z = 10
x + 2 y = 12

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW

WW
K o
K o

W o

K o

KW

- -

K
W
K

WK
X Y X f W

X x2 x1 Y

W Y
x1 = x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
K x f (x)
x f (x) Y X

x Y f (x) f y = f (x) x f
KK Y f (x) Y

f : X Y

W W
f Y = {2,4,6,8} X = {0,1,2,3}
W Y X

f (1) = 2, f (2) = 4, f (3) = 6

X f
K Y

Y
- -

W
f ( x) = 2 x W f : X Y

f Y = {0,1,4,9,2} X = {0,1,1,2,2,5} W W
W Y X

f (0) = 0, f (1) = f (1) = 1, f (2) = f (2) = 4

X f

W Y

2 2 1 1 0

-1

5 Y
f (5) Y

KK Y

-2
-2

f : X Y
f ( x) = x 2 W

f
X

x1 = x2 ( x1 )2 = (x2 )2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )

Countries Cities W W
K f (x) x W Countries Cities f

Cities x f
KW Countries

x x
WK Countries

f ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia

f ( A lg iers ) = A lg eria
f (Cairo) = Egypt
f ( London) = United Kingdom

K Abha Countries f ( Abha )

- -

Cities g Countries Cities W W

K x g (x) W Countries

Cities x g
g ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia
g ( A lg iers ) = A lg eria

WK Countries

g (Cairo) = Egypt

g ( London) = United Kingdom

g ( Abha ) = Saudi Arabia

Cities Countries f Countries W

K x f (x) W

KK Saudi Arabia W
EF f W

K
K R f D f f
KW

1) D f = {1,2,3}

R f = {2,4,6}

2) D f = {0,1,1,2,2}

R f = {0,1,4}

W Capitals E

D f = Capitals

4) D g = Cities

R f = Countries
R g = Countries

K f ( x) = 2 x W f W
K f (14) f (5) E

K f E

K f E

W f E
x1 = x2 2 x1 = 2 x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
- -

Df =
R f = {2,4,6,8,10,L}

W f E

. f (14) = 2 14 = 28 f (5) = 2 5 = 10

K f ( x) = 2 x W R R g R W
K g (5) g (2.5) E

K g E

K g E

W g E
x1 = x 2 2 x1 = 2 x 2 g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 )
Dg = R
W g E
y
y
y
y = 2 = 2 = g
2

W R g = R W R

. 0.6 = g (0.3) 3 = g (1.5) WK

. g (5) = 2 5 = 10 g (2.5) = 2 2.5 = 5

W g f W

1) D f = Dg

2) x D f f ( x ) = g ( x )

K f = g W
g f W
W

W f g W
D f = Capitals Dg = Cities

g f W
W

W f g W
D f = Dg = R
WW
g:
- -

g ( x) = x 2 W
f = g K f

D f = = Dg

WEF

f (3) = 2 3 = 6 g (3) = 3 2 = 9 3 D f = W

K f g W

WK
f : X Y W
K D f = X W

K f ( x) = 2 x f : {0,1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
KE f (0) F D f = {1,2,3} {0,1,2,3}

K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2,5} {0,1,4,9,2} W

E f (5) F D f = {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,1,2,2,5}

KK x f (x) f : Cities Countries W

E f ( Abha ) F D f = Capitals Cities

K x g (x) g : Cities Countries W

K Dg = Cities

K f ( x) = 2 x f : W
K D f =

K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R W
K Dg = R

K g ( x) = x 2 g: W
- -

K D g = N
K f : D f Y f : X Y W

KEF
KW
W

KK f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W

K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4,9,2} W
K x f (x) f : Capitals Countries W
KK

E F f : X Y W
x2 x1

K D f = X f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2 W

KW

K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
KK f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) 2 x1 = 2 x2 x1 = x2

K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4,9,2} W

KK f (1) = 12 = 1 = (1) 2 = f (1) WK

KKK x f (x) f : Capitals Countries W

KK f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2 W

K x g (x) g : Cities Countries W

K g ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia = g ( Abha) WK

K f ( x) = 2 x f : W
K f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) 2 x1 = 2 x2 x1 = x2

WK

K g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 ) 2 x1 = 2 x 2 x1 = x 2

WK

K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R W
- -

K g ( x) = x 2 g: W
WK
K g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 ) ( x1 ) 2 = ( x 2 ) 2 x1 2 = x 2 2 x1 = x 2 x1 = x 2

x2 x1
K

E F f : X Y W

R f = Y W

K D f = X

KW
W

K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6,8} W
KK R f = {2,4,6} {2,4,6,8}

KKEFW

K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4,9,2} W
KK R f = {0,1,4} {0,1,4,9,2} W

KEFW
KKK x f (x) f : Capitals Countries W
KK R f = Countries W

K x g (x) g : Cities Countries W

KK R g = Countries

WK

K f ( x) = 2 x f : W
KK R f = {2,4,6,8,10, L} N W

KKW
K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R W
K R f = R

WK

K g ( x) = x 2 g: W
K R f = {1,4,9,16,25,L} N WK
- -

KK
K f : D f R f f : X Y W

KW
W

K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6} W
K f ( x) = x 2 f : {0,1,1,2,2} {0,1,4} W
KK f ( x) = 2 x f : {2,4,6,8,10, L} W
K g ( x) = x 2 g: {1,4,9,16,25, L} W

E F f : X Y WK

KKW
W

K f ( x) = 2 x f : {1,2,3} {2,4,6} E
KKK x f (x) f : Capitals Countries E

K f ( x) = 2 x f : {2,4,6,8,10, L} E
K g ( x) = 2 x g : R R E

K g ( x) = x 2 g: {1,4,9,16,25, L} E
K

K f ( x) = x 2 W f : R R W
W

K f (1) = 12 = 1 = (1) 2 = f (1)

W
W Y X f W

K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )
- -

WE

K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
D f = X

D f = X

K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
K x 2 x1 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2

K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
D f = X

R f = Y

K x 2 x1 x1 = x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) WE
D f = X

K x 2 x1 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2

R f = Y

WK
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x )]

g : Y Z f : X Y W
W Z X g o f

W f o g g o f W

1) f : R R , f ( x) = x + 1

g : R R , g ( x) = x 2

2) f : N N , f ( x ) = x + 1

g : N N, g ( x ) = x 2

3) f : N N, f ( x) = x

g : N N, g ( x ) = x 2

4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x

g : R R , g ( x) = x 2

g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [x + 1] = ( x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 W g o f : R R E

[ ]

f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f x 2 = x 2 + 1

W f o g : R R

g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [x + 1] = ( x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 W g o f : N N E

[ ]
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [ x ] = ( x )

f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f x 2 = x 2 + 1
2

- -

W f o g : N N

= x W g o f : N N E

x f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 = x = x

W f o g : N N

g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [ x ] = ( x ) = x W g o f : R R E
2

x f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 = x

W f o g : R R

KW
KW

K x = 1 g o f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 f o g ( x) = x 2 + 1

W f o g g o f E

K x = 1 g o f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 f o g ( x) = x 2 + 1

W f o g g o f E

K g o f ( x) = x = f o g ( x)

W f o g = g o f E

K x = 1 g o f ( x) = x f o g ( x) = x

W f o g g o f E

WK

KW
KW
W

K y = f (x) EF x E
K ( x, y ) E

x E
K

- -

K f ( x) = x f : R R WW
W

WW
x

y= x

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

0.00

0.50

0.71

0.87

1.00

1.12

1.22

1.32

1.41 1.50

WW

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5

1.5

WW

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.5

1.5

KK

K
WW

K x D f x D f f ( x) + f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f ( x) WE
K x D f x D f f ( x) f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f ( x) WE

- -

W f ( x) = x + 1 f : R R E

f ( x) + f ( x) = ( x) + 1 + x + 1 = 2 0

f ( x) f ( x) = ( x) + 1 ( x + 1) = x + 1 x 1 = 2 x 0

W g ( x) = x 2 g : R R
g ( x) g ( x) = ( x) 2 x 2 = x 2 x 2 = 0
x D f = N f ( x) = x + 1 f : N N E
KK x D f

K g ( x) = x 2 g : N N

x D f = N f ( x) = x f : N N E
KK x D f

f ( x) = x f : R R E
KEF
W
W
EFK

W
K

KW
KK a y = f ( x) = a f : R R WW
W

K D f = R E
K R f = {a} E

K f ( x) = f ( x) E

KE

- -

K f ( x) = 2 f : R R W W
W

1
0.5
-4

-2

-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

-3

KK a 0 y = f ( x) = a x f : R R WW
W

K D f = R E

KK R f = R E

K f ( x) = f ( x) E

KKE

K f ( x) = 2 x f : R R WW
W

3
2
1

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2

-3

b 0 a 0 y = f ( x) = a x + b f : R R W W
KK

W
K D f = R E
- -

KK R f = R E
KE

3
2

KK

-2

-1

f : R R WW

K f ( x) = 2 x + 1.5

-1

-2
-3

c b a 0 y = f ( x) = a x 2 + b x + c f : R R WW
K

K D f = R E

KK R f R E

K b = 0 E
K b = c = 0 E
K f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 1.5 f : R R WW
W

2
1

-2

-1

-1
-2

-3

KW
f ( x) =

2x + 1
f : R R W
x 1

- -

W
K D f = R {1} E

KK R f = R {2} E
KE

10
7.5

5
2.5
-10

-5

10

f : R R W W

-2.5

K f ( x) =

-5
-7.5

2x + 1
x 1

-10

W
KW
FK
= 180 WE FE

W
KK

f ( x + p ) = f ( p ) W p > 0 f : R R W
KE p F x D f
W x W
sin x

K cos x
K y = sin x sin : R R W sin W W

KK

W
K D f = R E

KKK 1 sin x 1 W R f = [1,1] E

K sin( x) = sin x E

- -

K 2 sin( x + 2 ) = sin x E
KE
1

0.5

-2p

3p
-

-p

p
-

3p

2p

-0.5

-1

K y = cos x cos : R R W cos W W

KK

K D f = R E
KKK 1 cos x 1W R f = [1,1] E

K cos( x) = cos x E

K 2 cos( x + 2 ) = cos x E

KE

0.5

-2p

3p
-
2

-p

p
-

3p

2p

-0.5

KK y = tan x =

-1

sin x
tan : R R W tan WW
cos x

5 3 3 5 7
, , , , ,
, L} E
2
2 2 2 2 2
K R f = R E

K D f = R {L ,
- -

K tan( x) = tan x E
K tan( x + ) = tan x E
8

K??E

6
4
2
-2p

3p
-

-p

p
-

-2

3p

2p

-4
-6
-8

cos x
KK y = cot x =
cot : R R W cot WW

sin x

W
K D f = R {L ,2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 , L} E
K R f = R E
K cot( x) = cot x E

K tan( x + ) = tan x E
K cot x =
8

1
E
tan x

K??E

6
4
2
-2p

3p
-
2

-p

p
-

-2

3p

2p

-4
-6

KK y = sec x =

-8

1
sec : R R W sec WW
cos x

- -

5 3 3 5 7
, , , , ,
, L} E
2
2 2 2 2 2
R f = R (1,1) = (,1] U [1, ) E

K D f = R {L ,
6

sec x 1W

K sec x 1

2
p
- 2 p - 3

-p

p
-

-2

3p

K sec( x) = sec x E

2p

K 2 sec( x + 2 ) = sec x E

-4

K??E

-6

KK y = csc x =

1
csc : R R W csc WW
sin x

W
K D f = R {L ,2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 , L} E

csc x 1 W R f = R (1,1) = (,1] U [1, ) E

K csc x 1

KK csc( x) = csc x E
K 2 csc( x + 2 ) = csc x E
K??E
6
4
2
p
- 2 p - 3

-p

p
-

-2

3p

2p

-4

-6

y = arcsin x arcsin : R R W arcsin W W

KE shift sin sin 1 WFK x = sin y

W

K sin(arcsin x) = x arcsin(sin x) = x E
- -

K D f = [1,1] E

R f = , E
2 2

-1

-0.5

0.5

arcsin x

2
K arcsin( x) = arcsin x E

KKE

p
-

KE

p
-

arccos : R R W arccos W W
cos 1 WFK x = cos y y = arccos x

KE shift cos

W
K cos(arccos x) = x arccos(cos x) = x E
K D f = [1,1] E

K 0 arccos x W R f = [0, ] E

KE
KKE

KE
p

3p

-1

-0.5

0.5

y = arctan x arctan : R R W arctan W W

KE shift tan tan 1 WFK x = tan y
W

- -

tan(arctan x) = x arctan(tan x) = x E
K D f = R E

R f = , E

-4

-2

2 2

2
K arctan( x) = arctan x E

< arctan x <

KKE

p
-

KE

p
-

KK b 1 y = f ( x) = b x f : R R WW
W

K D f = R E
KK b x > 0 W R f = [0, ) E

KE

K e 2.71828 y = e x WE

K x
KK b E
K y = e x WW
W
50
40
30
20
10

-1

- -

y = log b x log b : R R W log b WW

KK b 1 x = b y
W

K b logb x = x log b (b x ) = x E
K D f = (0, ) E
KK R f = R E

KE
y = ln x = log e x W E
K K e 2.71828

K x

ln x
WE
ln b
K b x = e x ln b WE

K log b x =

KK b E

K y = ln x WW
W

10

15

20

-1

- -

WW

1) f : N N, f ( x) = x 3

2) f : N N, f ( x) = 3 x

3) f : R R , f ( x) = x 3 + 1

4) f : R R , f ( x ) = 3 x 1

WW
WEFW
1) f : N N, f ( x) = x 3

2) f : N N , f ( x ) = 3 x

3) f : R R , f ( x) = x 3 + 1
5) f : R R , f ( x) =

4) f : R R , f ( x ) = 3 x 1

x3 + 1
x2

6) f : R R , f ( x ) =

x 1
x2 + 1

W f o g g o f W
1) f : R R , f ( x) = sin x g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
1
2) f : R R , f ( x ) =
g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
x
3) f : R R , f ( x) = e x g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x + 1
5) f : R R , f ( x) = x

g : R R , f ( x) = x
g : R R , f ( x) = x

1
x

1) f : R R , f ( x) = sin 2 x

2) f : R R , f ( x ) =

3) f : R R , f ( x) = e

4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x

W
WEFW
WW

1
x

1) f : R R , f ( x) = sin 2 x

2) f : R R , f ( x ) =

3) f : R R , f ( x) = e

4) f : R R , f ( x ) = x

WW
- -

1) sin

2) cos 60

5) arcsin(1)

6) arccos

1
2) cos x
4

1) sin 2 x

1
2

3) tan

7) arctan10

4) cot 56
8) arcsin(0.13)

WW

1
3) sin 2 x cos x
4

4) tan x + 2 cos 3 x

W
W
W
1) log 3 10

2) log 2 16

3) log10 = log 360

WW
4) log

50

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KKW

WW
K o
K o

K o

KW

- -

F
John Napier E
KK

K

WK
W n x n x W
x n = x x L x n
x0 = 1

W
WW

1) 32

2) (2) 4

3) (3) 3

1) 32 = 3 3 = 9

2) (2) 4 = 2 2 2 2 = 16
3) (3) 3 = 3 3 3 = 27

W n x n x 0 W
x n =

1
xn

WW
1) 32

2) (2) 4

- -

3) (3) 3

1 1
=
32 9
1
1
2) (2) 4 =
=
4
16
(2)
1
1
1
=
=

3) (3) 3 =
27
(3) 3 27
1) 32 =

n y = x n W
n y x W
1
n

W y y
1
yn

1
yn

= n y = x

W n

=n y = x

W n

WW

1
1) 8 3

2)

1
(27) 3

1
3) 16 4

W
1
1) 8 3

2)

=3 8=2

1
(27) 3

= 3 27 = 3

1
3) 16 4

= 4 16 = 2
p
p
W x q x W
q
q

x = (q x )
p
q

- -

WW
2
(27) 3

1)

2) 16

2) 16
3)

5
4

3)

3
25 2

2
(27) 3

1)

3
25 2

5
4

27

5
16 4

= (3) 2 = 9

( 16 )

1
1
=
5
32
2

25 = 53 = 125

KW
WW
1) 2

2)

3) 2

14142
10000
31416
2) 3.1416 =
10000
98696
3) 2 9.8696 =
10000

1) 2 1.4142 =

p
q

q x W
W x

p
q

x x

WW
1) 3

1) 3

2) 2

31.14142 4.728

2) 2 2 3.1416 8.825
- -

W y x W

( ) = x

1) x

2) ( x y ) = x y

3) x x = x +
x
= x

4)

WW
1)

10 x y
5x y

3x
2)
2y

5x 3 4 y 3

y 4 15 x 4

3)

x y z

x 5 y 3 z 2

3 xy 3

4)
4 x2 y

W
1)

10 x 3 y 2
5x y 4

3x
2)
2y
3)

10 x 3 y 2
2x 2
31 2 4
2 2
=
= 2x y
= 2x y = 2
5 x y4
y

5x 3 4 y 3

y 4 15 x 4

x 6 y 2 z 1
x 5 y 3 z 2

= x 65 y 2 ( 3) z 1 2 = x y z 3 =

3 xy

4)
4 x2 y

32 x 2 5x 3 2 2 y 3
32 5 2 2 x 5 y 3
3x
3
=
2 2 y 2 y 4 3 5 x 4 = 2 2 3 5 x 4 y 6 = 3x y = y 3

3 3
xy
=
1
x2 y 4

( )

= x 2 3 ( y )

xy
z3

2
6
3 3

xy
xy 3
x2 y6
x 2 ( y )
=
= 6
= 6
=
3
6
3
3
2
2

2 ( y ) 2
2
2 ( y ) 2
4
x
y
x
y

x
x

( )

3
2

( )

= x 1 ( y )

9
2

(
(
=

)
y)

x
2
4
x y y
K y x 2

WK
b x b 1 W
y = f ( x) = b x

- -

WW
1) y = f ( x) = 2

2) y = f ( x ) =

3) y = f ( x) =

x
2
2

W
y = f ( x) = 2

1 1
= x =
2
2

1
2

W E
K E

y = f ( x) =

x
2
2

( 2)
x

W 2 E

W b 1 v u W
1) b u > 0
2) b u b v = b u + v

3)

bu
= b u v
v
b

( )

4) b u

= bu v

5 x + 2 25 x
2)
1253+ x

1) (2 2 )

1
x 3 4

WW
3)

9 32

1) 2
2)

1
3 4
2

5 x + 2 25 x
125 3+ x

x 3
4
2 24

( 2)
(5 ) = 5
5
=
5
(5 )
=48

x+2

2 x

x+2 2 x

3 3+ x

9+3 x

5 x+2
5 9+3 x

= 5 2 x 7 =

1 1
1 1
1 1
= 7 2x = 7 2 =

78125 25
5 5
5 5
3)

93

2 x

1
= (9) x

( )

9 = 9 9 x

- -

1
5 2 x+7

1
5752x

WK
x b 1 W
K x = b y

y = f ( x) = log b x

W b

E b logb x = x log b b x = x F

W b 1 v u W
1) y = log b u u > 0

2) log b (u v) = log b u + log b v

u
3) log b = log b u log b v

( )

4) log b u v = v log b u

5) log b 1 = 0
6) log b b = 1

WW
1) log 3 ( x + 3) + 2 log 3 10 log 3 x

2) log 2 6 + log 2 (3 x 2) + log 2 (3 2 x)

( x + 3) 10 2

1) log 3 ( x + 3) + 2 log 3 10 log 3 x = log 3 ( x + 3) + log 3 10 2 log 3 x = log 3

x

100( x + 3)
= log 3

(3x 2)(3 2 x)
2) log 2 6 + log 2 (3x 2) + log 2 (3 2 x) = log 2

W
KW
log x W

WW
1) log100 + log 0.001 log1000

2) log 0.1 log 0.01 + log1000

1) log100 + log 0.001 log1000 = log10 2 + log10 3 log10 3 = 2 3 3 = 4

2) log 0.1 log 0.01 + log1000 = log10 1 log10 2 + log10 3 = (1) (2) + 3 = 6
- -

W e EFW
n

1
e = lim 1 + 2.71828
n
n

ln x W

WW
1) ln10

2) ln 3.15

3) ln 2

1) ln10 2.3026
2) ln 3.15 1.1474
3) ln 2 0.3466

W x b 1 W
1) b x = e x ln b

ln x
2) log b x =
ln b

WW
1) log 2 10

2) log 5 2

3) log

ln10 2.3026

= 3.322
ln 2 0.6931
ln 2 0.3466
2) log 5 2 =

= 0.215
ln 5 1.6094
ln 5 1.6094
3) log 2 5 =

= 4.643
ln 2 0.3466

1) log 2 10 =

- -

WK
W v u W

u = v

ln u = ln v u > 0
v > 0

K
WW

1
2)
2

1) 53 x 2 = 4

3 x +1

= 92 x 3

4
3)
5

x 2 + 2 x 1

25
16

1) 5 3 x 2 = 4 ln 5 3 x 2 = ln 4 (3x 2) ln 5 = ln 4 3x 2 =

ln 4
ln 5

ln 4
+2
ln 4
ln
5
3x =
+2 x=
0.954
ln 5
3
3 x +1
3 x +1
1
1
1
2 x 3
=9
ln
= ln 9 2 x 3 (3x + 1) ln = (2 x 3) ln 9
2)
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3x ln + ln = 2 x ln 9 3 ln 9 3x ln 2 x ln 9 = 3 ln 9 ln
2
2
2
2
1
3 ln 9 ln
1
1
2 0.018
x(3 ln 2 ln 9) = 3 ln 9 ln x =
1
2
2
(3 ln 2 ln 9)
2
4
3)
5

x 2 + 2 x 1

25
4
=
ln
16
5

x 2 + 2 x 1

4
25
4
= ln ( x 2 + 2 x 1) ln = ln
5
16
5

4
4
ln
2 ln
5 x 2 + 2 x 1 = 2
x2 + 2x 1 = 5 x 2 + 2x 1 =
4
4
ln
ln
5
5
2
2
x + 2 x 1 + 2 = 0 x + 2 x + 1 = 0 ( x + 1) 2 = 0 x + 1 = 0 x = 1

- -

WW
1) ln x = 2

2) ln(3x 5) = 5

3) ln( x 2) + ln( x + 3) = ln 2

x = e 2
1) ln x = 2 ln x = ln e
x = e 2 7.389
x>0
2

3x 5 = e 5
e5 + 5
3x = e 5 + 5 x =
51.138
3
x

>
3
5
0

( x 2)( x + 3) = 2
ln( x 2)( x + 3) = ln 2

3) ln( x 2) + ln( x + 3) = ln 2
x2>0
x2>0

x +3>0
x +3>0

x 2 + x 6 2 = 0
x 2 + x 6 = 2
x 2 + x 8 = 0

x2>0
x2>0
x2>0
x+3>0

x+3>0
x+3>0

K x 2 + x 8 = 0 W

2) ln(3x 5) = 5 ln(3x 5) = ln e 5

= b 2 4ac = 12 (4 1 8) = 33 > 0 W
W

b 1 33
3.372
=
2a
2 1
b + 1 + 33
x2 =
=
2.372
2a
2 1

x1 =

WEF

K x1 2 0 W

KK x2 + 3 > 0
x=

x2 2 > 0 W

1 + 33
2.372
2

WW

WW
1) log 3 x = 2
1) log 3 x = 2

2) log 6 (3x 5) = 5

3) log 2 ( x 2) + log 2 ( x + 3) = 1

W
x = 32
ln x
= 2 ln x = 2 ln 3 ln x = ln 32
x=9
ln 3
>
x
0

- -

2) log 6 (3x 5) = 5

ln(3 x 5)
= 5 ln(3 x 5) = 5 ln 6 ln(3x 5) = ln 6 5
ln 6

3x 5 = 6 5
7781

3 x 5 = 7776 3 x = 7776 + 5 x =
= 2593.67
3
3
5
0
x

>

ln( x 2)( x + 3)
=1
log 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 1
ln
2

x2>0
x2>0
3) log 2 ( x 2) + log 2 ( x + 3) = 1

x +3>0
x +3>0

ln( x 2)( x + 3) = ln 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 2 ( x 2)( x + 3) = 2

x2>0
x2>0
x2>0

x +3>0
x +3>0
x +3>0

K x =

1 + 33
2.372 W
2 1

WW
1) x 4 = 2

2) x 4.1 = 2

3) 5 x = 3 x 3.5

ln 2
1) x = 2 ln x = ln 2 4 ln x = ln 2 ln x =
ln x = ln e
4
4

ln 2
4

x=

ln 2
e4

x = 4 e ln 2 x = 4 2 x = 4 2 1.189
ln 2

2) x

4.1

x=

= 2 ln x

( )

1
ln 2 4.1
e

3) x = 3x
5

3.5

4.1

x=

1
x5

ln 2

ln 2
= ln 2 4.1ln x = ln 2 ln x =
ln x = ln e 4.1 x = e 4.1
4.1
1
2 4.1

1.184

= 3x 3.5 x 0.2 x 3.5 = 3 x 3.7 = 3 ln x 3.7 = ln 3 3.7 ln x = ln 3

ln 3

ln 3

( )

ln 3
ln x =
ln x = ln e 3.7 x = e 3.7 x = e ln 3
3.7

1
3.7

1
3
= 3 .7

1.346

{{

KK

- -

WW

1)

4)

x2 y6

x 2 y 18

x 4.1 y 3.2
z2

2x 6 z
3) 2 3
x y

2 x 5 3 2 x 3 y
2)

10
15 y 3
z 5.3 x 2.7

4.6
y

2 x +1
1) x 1
2

1.7

5)

x 2.4 z 1.2

y 5.4 x 1.5

y6

10 x 2 y 3 z

y 4.2 z 5

x 1.8

WW

31 2 x 2 x + 3
2) x + 2
8
6

( ) (1 2e )

3) e 2 x

x 2

WW

1) log 2 ( x + 1) log 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)

2) ln( x + 3) 2 ln(1 x) + 4 ln x

3) log 5 e x +1 log 3 e 2 x

4) log 9 ( x 2 1) log 3 ( x + 1)

WW
1) 3 x 2 = 4

2) x 5 = 2 x 3

3) 2 x 6 = x 2

WW
1) 3 x 2.5 = 4
1) 2 = 5
x

x +1

2) x 0.5 = 2 x 3

2) 3 = 3
x

3) 2 x1.6 = x 2

2 x+2
3) x = 3 x+1
6

WW
4) e x +3 = 5

WW
1) ln x + ln(2 x) = 0

2) ln( x + 3) + ln( x + 2) = ln 4

3) ln( x + 6) = ln(2 x 1)

WW

1) log 2 x + log 2 (2 x) = 0

2) log 3 ( x + 5) + log 3 ( x + 1) = log 3 2

3) log( x 6) = log(2 x + 3)

4) log x = 3

- -

5) log 2 ( x + 3) + log 5 ( x 2) = 0


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW

WW
K o

K o
K o

K o

KW

- -

K Leonhard Euler
KW

WK
WK
x2 + 1 = 0
x 2 = 1
K
W

x = 1 x = 1
K 1

W x 2 + 1 = 0 j W
j = 1
K
WW
1) j 2

2) j 3

3) j 4

1) j 2 = ( 1) 2 = 1

2) j 3 = ( 1) 3 = ( 1) 2 ( 1) = (1) j = j
3) j 4 = ( 1) 4 = ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 = (1)(1) = 1

W z W
z=a+b j
K j = 1 b a
W

K z = ( a, b)
- -

K b z a
W
a = Re( z )
b = Im( z )
K

yj

z = a + bj

W
1) 3

2) 0

4 ) 2 + 0 .5 j

3) 2 j

5) 16

W
1) 3 = 3 + 0 j = (3,0)
2) 0 = 0 + 0 j = (0,0)

K 3) 2 j = 0 + 2 j = (0, 2 )
4) 2 + 0.5 j = (2,0.5)

5) 16 = 16 1 = 16 1 = 4 j = (0,4)

WK
W
EFW
KEFEF

1) (2 + 3 j ) + (7 4 j )
4) (5 j ) + 1 2 j

WW

2) (3 + 2 j ) (5 j )
5) 2 + 6 j + (8 6 j )
- -

3) (1 2 j )
6) ( 4 j ) + ( 4 j )

1) (2 + 3 j ) + (7 4 j ) = 2 + 3 j + 7 4 j = (2 + 7) + (3 4) j = 5 j
2) (3 + 2 j ) (5 j ) = 3 + 2 j 5 + j = (3 5) + (2 + 1) j = 8 + 3 j
3) (1 2 j ) = 1 + 2 j

4) (5 j ) + 1 2 j = 5 j + 1 2 j = (5 + 1) + (1 2) j = 6 3 j
5) 2 + 6 j + (8 6 j ) = 2 + 6 j + 8 6 j = (2 + 8) + (6 6) j = 6 + 0 j = 6
6) (4 j ) + (4 j ) = 4 + j + 4 j = (4 + 4) + (1 1) j = 0 + 0 j = 0

KW
W
W
KEF

WW

1) (2 + 3 j )(7 4 j )

2) (3 + 2 j )(5 j )

3) (1 2 j )(5 j )

4) (5 j )(1 2 j )

5) (2 + 6 j )(8 6 j )

6) (4 j ) 2 = (4 j )(4 j )

1) (2 + 3 j )(7 4 j ) = (2 7) + (2 4 j ) + (3 j 7) + (3 j 4 j )

= 14 + 8 j + 21 j 12 j 2 = 14 + 29 j + 12 = 2 + 29 j
2) (3 + 2 j )(5 j ) = (3 5) + (3 j ) + (2 j 5) + (2 j j )
= 15 + 3 j + 10 j 2 j 2 = 15 + 13 j + 2 = 13 + 13 j
3) (1 2 j )(5 j ) = (1 5) + (1 j ) + (2 j 5) + (2 j j )
= 5 j 10 j + 2 j 2 = 5 11 j 2 = 3 11 j
4) (5 j )(1 2 j ) = (5 1) + (5 2 j ) + ( j 1) + ( j 2 j )
= 5 10 j j + 2 j 2 = 5 11 j 2 = 3 11 j
5) (2 + 6 j )(8 6 j ) = (2 8) + (2 6 j ) + (6 j 8) + (6 j 6 j )
= 16 + 12 j + 48 j 36 j 2 = 16 + 60 j + 36 = 20 + 60 j
6) (4 j ) 2 = (4 j )(4 j ) = (4 4) + (4 j ) + ( j 4) + ( j j )

= 16 4 j 4 j + j 2 = 16 8 j 1 = 15 8 j

KW

- -

WW
z1 = 2 + 3 j

z2 = 4 j

1) z1 z 2 + z 2 z3

z3 = 1 18 j

2) z 2 z3 z1 z3

1) z1 z 2 + z 2 z3 = z 2 ( z1 + z3 ) = (4 j )(2 + 3 j + (1 18 j )) = (4 j )(2 + 3 j 1 18 j )

= (4 j )(3 15 j ) = 12 60 j + 3 j + 15 j 2 = 12 57 j 15 = 27 57 j

2) z 2 z 3 z1 z 3 = z 3 ( z 2 z1 ) = (1 18 j )(4 j (2 + 3 j )) = (1 18 j )(4 j + 2 3 j )
= (1 18 j )(6 4 j ) = 6 + 4 j 108 j + 72 j 2 = 6 104 j 72 = 78 104 j

W
W
K

1)

2+3j
2

WW

2)

42j 6+3j
2

3)

42j 6+3j
+
2
2

2+3j
= 1 + 1.5 j
2
42j 6+3j
= 2 + j + 3 1.5 j = 1 0.5 j
2)
2
42j 6+3j
+
3)
= 2 + j + 3 1.5 j = 1 0.5 j
2
2

1)

W
K z = a b j z = a + b j W

- -

WW
1) (3 + j ) + 2 + 3 j

2) ( 7 j ) + 5 2 j

3) (2 j )(1 j )

1) (3 + j ) + 2 + 3 j = 3 j + 2 + 3 j = 1 + 2 j

2) ( 7 j ) + 5 2 j = + 7 j + 5 2 j = ( + 5) + ( 7 2) j

3) (2 j )(1 j ) = (2 j )(1 + j ) = 2 + 2 j + j j 2 = 2 + 3 j + 1 = 1 + 3 j

KEF W
WW
1) (3 + j )(3 + j )

2) ( 2 2 j ) ( 2 2 j )

1) (3 + j )(3 + j ) = (3 j )(3 + j ) = 9 3 j + 3 j j 2 = 9 + 1 = 10
2) ( 2 2 j )( 2 2 j ) = ( 2 2 j )( 2 + 2 j ) = ( 2 ) 2 (2 j ) 2 = 2 4 j 2 = 2 + 4 = 6

W
W
KEF
1)

1
34j

WW
2)

5+ j
23j

3)

23j
6 j

1)

1
1
3
4
3+ 4j
3+ 4j
3+ 4j 3+ 4j 3+ 4j
j
=

+
=
=
=
=

=
9 + 16
25
25 25
3 4 j 3 4 j 3 + 4 j (3) 2 (4 j ) 2 9 16 j 2

2
2) 5 + j = 5 + j 2 + 3 j = 10 + 15 j + 2 j + 3 j = 10 + 17 j 3 = 7 + 17 j = 7 + 17 j = 7 + 17 j
2
2
2

23j

23j

2+3j

2 (3 j )

49j

3)

4+9

13

2 3 j 2 3 j 6 + j 12 + 2 j 18 j 3 j
12 16 j + 3 15 16 j 15 16
=

=
=
=
=

j
2
2
6 j
6 j 6+ j
36 + 1
37
37 37
6 j

- -

13

13

WK
z = a + b j W
W

z = a2 + b2

WW
1) 3 4 j

2) 3 + 4 j

3) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j

4) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j

1) 3 4 j = (3) 2 + (4) 2 = 25 = 5

2) 3 + 4 j = (3) 2 + 4 2 = 25 = 5
3) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j = 6 + 2 j = 6 2 + 2 2 = 40 = 2 10
4) 2 3 j + 4 + 5 j = 2 2 + (3) 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 13 + 41

KW
(3 2 j )(3 + 2 j ) WW
W

(3 2 j )(3 + 2 j ) = (3 2 j )(3 2 j ) = 3 2 j = 32 + 2 2 = 13
z W
W

yj

z = r (cos + j sin ) = r

r sin
r= z

z = r (cos + j sin )
z r

KK z z

r cos

1) 00

z = r W

W
2) 230

- -

3) 3135

4) 0.5 90

1) 0 0 = 0 (cos 0 + j sin 0 ) = 0 (1 + 1 j ) = 0

3 1
+ j = 3 + j
2 ) 2 30 = 2 (cos 30 + j sin 30 ) = 2
2
2

1
3 2 3 2
1
+
j =
+
j
3) 3135 = 3(cos 135 + j sin 135 ) = 3
2
2
2
2

4 ) 0 .5 90 = 0 .5(cos( 90 ) + j sin( 90 )) = 0 .5( 0 1 j ) = 0 .5 j

z = r z = a + b j W

KKK r = z = a 2 + b 2 W

E K z = 0 F z = 00 = 0 r = 0 W
a
KK = arccos b 0 r 0

r
a
KK = arccos b < 0 r 0
r
arccos E b F

cos shift [0,180] cos

KE cos 1 F
WW
1) 5 + 5 j
1) a = 5
r=

2) 3 j

b=5
a2 + b2 =

52 + 52 =

50 = 5 2

5
a
b = 5 0 = arccos = arccos
= 45
r
5 2
5 + 5 j = r = 5 2 45
2) a = 3
r=

b = 1

a2 + b2 =

( 3 ) 2 + ( 1) 2 =

4 =2

a
b = 1 < 0 = arccos = arccos
r

3 j = r = 2 150
- -

2 = 150

WK n W
(r ) n = r n n

WW
1) (1 + j )10

a = 1, b = 1

2) (1 + j ) 10

W1 + j WE

r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 12 = 2 0
1
a
b = 1 0 = arccos = arccos
= 45
r
2
1 + j = r = 245

WW

(1 + j )10 = ( 245)10 = ( 2 )10 10 45 = 32450

WW
(1 + j )10 = 32450 = 32(cos 450 + j sin 450) = 32(0 + 1 j ) = 32 j
WE
1 + j = 245

WW

(1 + j ) 10 = ( 245) 10 = ( 2 ) 10 10 45 =

1
450
32

WW

(1 + j ) 10 =

1
1
1
1
450 = (cos(450) + j sin( 450)) = (0 1 j ) =
j
32
32
32
32

. r = re j W e j = cos + j sin W
K

K
- -

WW
1) (230)(0.590)

2)

2(cos 30 + j sin 30)

0.5(cos 90 + j sin 90)

1) (230)(0.590) = 2e j 30 0.5e j 90 = 2 0.5 e j 30+ j 90 = 1 e j120

1
3
= 1(cos120 + j sin 120) = +
j
2 2
2(cos 30 + j sin 30)
2e j 30
2 j 30 j 90
2)
=
=
e
= 4e j 60
j 90
0.5(cos 90 + j sin 90) 0.5e
0.5

1
3
= 4(cos(60) + j sin(60)) = 4
j = 2 2 3 j
2
2

WK
WK n W
(r

1
)n

1
r n

360 k
k = 0, ..., n 1
n
n
K k n
=

WW
1) z 3 = j

2) z 6 = 1

W
WE
1
j) 3

z = (
K j
a = 0 b = 1

W j W

r = a 2 + b 2 = 0 2 + (1) 2 = 1 0
0
a
b = 1 < 0 = arccos = arccos = 90
1
r
j = r = 1 90
- -

WW
z = (

1
j) 3

= (1

1
90) 3

z = 1 30 + 120k

1
= 13

90 360 k
+
3
3
k = 0, 1, 2

k = 0, 1, 2

W k W
k = 0 : z 0 = 1 30 + (120 0) = 1 30 = 1(cos(30) + j sin(30)) =

k = 1 : z1 = 1 30 + (120 1) = 190 = 1(cos 90 + j sin 90) = 0 + 1 j = j

k = 2 : z 2 = 1 30 + (120 2) = 1210 = 1(cos 210 + j sin 210) =

3 1
j
2 2

3 1
j
2 2

WE
1
= 16

z
K1
W1 W

a =1 b = 0

r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 0 2 = 1 0
1
a
b = 0 0 = arccos = arccos = 0
1
r
1 = r = 10

WW

1
= 16

1
(10) 6

z = 160k

1
= 16

0 360 k
+
6
6
k = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5

k = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5

W k W

- -

k = 0 : z 0 = 160 0 = 10 = 1(cos 0 + j sin 0) = 1

1
3
+
j
2 2
1
3
k = 2 : z 2 = 160 2 = 1120 = 1(cos 120 + j sin 120) = +
j
2 2

k = 3 : z 3 = 160 3 = 1180 = 1(cos 180 + j sin 180) = 1

k = 1 : z1 = 160 1 = 160 = 1(cos 60 + j sin 60) =

1
3

j
2 2
1
3
k = 5 : z 5 = 160 5 = 1300 = 1(cos 300 + j sin 300) =
j
2 2

k = 4 : z 4 = 160 4 = 1240 = 1(cos 240 + j sin 240) =

WK
KK
W c b a 0 z W
a z2 + b z + c = 0
z1 =

b b 2 4ac
2a

z2 =

b + b 2 4ac
2a

WW W
1) z 2 + 2 z + 5 = 0

2) z 2 + z + 1 = 0

3) z 2 z 6 = 0

1) a = 1 b = 2 c = 5

2
b b 2 4ac 2 2 (4 1 5) 2 16
z1 =
=
=
2a
2 1
2
2 16 1 2 ( 16 1) 2 4 j
=
=
=
= 1 2 j
2
2
2

b + b 2 4ac 2 + 2 2 (4 1 5) 2 + 16
z2 =
=
=
2a
2 1
2
2 + 16 1 2 + ( 16 1) 2 + 4 j
=
=
=
= 1 + 2 j
2
2
2
- -

2) a = 1 b = 1 c = 1

2
b b 2 4ac 1 1 (4 1 1) 1 3
=
=
z1 =
2a
2 1
2
1 3 1 1 ( 3 1) 1 3 j
1
3
=
=
=
=
j
2
2
2
2 2
2
b + b 2 4ac 1 + 1 (4 1 1) 1 + 3
=
z2 =
=
2a
2 1
2
1 + 3 1 1 + ( 3 1) 1 + 3 j
1
3
=
=
=
= +
j
2
2
2
2 2
3) a = 1 b = 1 c = 6

b b 2 4ac (1) (1) 2 (4 1 6) 1 25

=
=
z1 =
2a
2 1
2
1 5 4
=
=
= 2
2
2
b + b 2 4ac (1) + (1) 2 (4 1 6) 1 + 25
=
=
z2 =
2a
2 1
2
1+ 5 6
=
= =3
2
2

- -

WW
1) 2 j (2 + 5 j ) (2 j )

2) (4 4 j ) + 6 j (0.5 3 j )

3)

1
1
+ 2 j (2 + j )
3
3

WW
1) (2 3 j )(5 + 6 j )

3) (2 j ) 2 + (3 + j )(1 j )

2) ( 2 j + 3 5 j ) ( 2 4 j )

WW
1) 2 j

2) 3 + j

3) (1 + 3 j )(4 2 j )

WW
z1 = 2 + j

z 2 = 3 j

1) ( z1 + z 2 ) 2 j z1
1)

3+ j
1 j

2) z 2 + (2 j ) z1 z 2

WW
2)

(1 j )

5+2j
j

3)

1 3 j
(2 + j )(5 + 2 j )
j

WW
1) 4

2) 3 j

3) 1 j

4) 2 2 j

WW
1) 1 + 3 j

2) 2 2 3 j

1) (1 + 3 j )

3) 5 2 j 4) 3 3 j

WW
2 ) ( 2 j ) 7

3) (2 + j ) 6

WW
1) z 4 = 16

2) z 3 = 8 j

3) z 5 = 1

WW
1) z 2 + 2 z + 3 = 0

2) z 2 + z + 1 = 0

- -

3) z 2 + 2 z + 2 = 0

E
KJ
E
K
3) Gwyn Davies and Gordon Hick, Mathematics for scientific and technical students,
Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, England, 1998.
4) Anders Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before
1750, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989.
5) Alexander Schrijver, Theory of Linear and Integer Programming, John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, England, 1986.
6) Seymour Lipschutz and Marc Lipson, Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1997.
7) Peter Tebbutt, Basic Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1998.

- -

ax 2 + bx + c

2 2

3 3

2 2

K3

EF

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