Gio trnh hnh hc i s

Ng Bo Chu

bn thng 8 nm 2003

Li m u

Trong hnh hc i s,

cc i tng hnh hc c m t bng mt Bn ngoi trc quan hnh hc v i s hnh

ngn ng i s thun tu.

thc c v i lp nhau, s pht trin ca hnh hc i s trong th k 20  chng minh iu ngc li : mt ngn ng i s ph hp c kh nng

din t trc quan hnh hc mt cch rt chnh xc. Vo cui th k 19 hnh hc i s  pht trin mnh Italia vi nhnh tn tui nh Castelnuovo hay Severi, gt hi c nhiu kt qu p  v cc i tng tng i c th nh ng cong v mt i s. Do thiu mt nn tng i s vng chc, cc nh ton hc Italia cn dng nhiu cng c gii tch v i khi mc phi nhng ng nhn hnh hc dn n nhng chng minh khng y . Phi n Zariski v Weil, i s giao hon mi tr thnh cng c chnh trong hnh hc i s. Vo nhng nm gia thp k 20, hnh hc i s c thm mt ln lt xc. on ny l Serre v Grothendieck. Nhng ngi i tin phong trong giai Grothendieck s dng l thuyt phm tng ca ng coi a tp

tr vo hnh hc i s mt cch c h thng.

i s nh mt hm t l mt tng then cht trong l thyt lc . Mt ci hay ca ngn ng hnh hc i s l, mc d phm tr v hm t l nhng khi nim rt tru tng, n cho php ta din t mt cch trong sng nhng trc quan hnh hc c th nht v tht s gip ta hiu thm v nhng i tng c th v d nh ng cong, mt ... Nhng 

cng ng thi l ci kh cho ngi hc hnh hc i s v cho ngi vit gio trnh hnh hc i s. Xem cc gio trnh ting nc ngoi  c, ni

ting nht l cc cun ca Hartshorne, Mumford, Shafarevich, ta thy cc cun ny c ni dung rt khc nhau, hu nh t c phn giao nhau. Ngi

vit cun ny cng phi la chn mt tuyn ng ring,  dn dt bn c tham quan x s diu k ca hnh hc i s. Theo quan im s phm ring, tuyn ng c chn l cc i l chnh, c th khng c g tht ngon mc, nhng n gip ta di xa hn v c th trnh cho ngi tham quan c cm gic b lc ng. Ni dung quyn gio trnh ny tt nhin khng c g mi. Nu c g mi th n nm trong cch trnh by v th t sp xp cc khi nim. Trong

tng phn ring r, chc chn l ngi vit c vay mn t cc sch  c, ch yu t cun ca Hartshorne v ca Mumford. Ngi vit cng khng

h ngn ngi lc bt i hon ton mt s chng minh qu rc ri hoc ch trnh by chng minh trong mt trng hp c bit nhng c th. Cc

chng minh chi tit v y  th bn c nu cn c th tham kho sch ca Hartshorne. y, ti ch mong mun bn c nm c cch tnh

ton c th trong mt s trng hp c th v hiu c ni dung ca nh l thng qua cc tnh ton .

Phn I

i s

Mc ch ca chng ny l im li mt s khi nim c bn ca i s giao hon v l thuyt phm tr. Tc gi khng c tham vng vit chng

ny thnh mt ti liu tham kho. Mc ch ca n l im li mt s khi nim c bn ca i s giao hon v l thuyt phm tr m theo ch quan ca mnh, tc gi cho l khng thiu c cho ngi bt u hc hnh hc i s. Nhiu chng minh ch c trnh by vn tt, hoc thm ch b qua. Nu cm thy cn thit, ngi c c th tham kho cun sch kinh in v i s giao hon ca Matsumura hay l cun ca Atyah v Macdonald. Ta ch c bit n phm tr cc vnh giao hon v cc hm t t phm tr ny vo phm tr cc tp hp. Khi nim a phng ho trong

i s giao hon v khi nim hm t biu din c ca l thuyt phm tr c nhn mnh.

Chng 1

S lc v i s giao hon

1.1

Vnh giao hon

Trong tp hp cc s nguyn php nhn.

ta c hai php ton c bn l php cng v

Cc php ton ny tha mn mt s tnh cht nh tnh giao Php cng c mt phn t n v l

hon, tnh kt hp v tnh phn phi.

0,

php nhn c mt phn t n v l

1.

Vnh giao hon l cu trc i s

tru tng, m phng cc tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn s nguyn.

nh ngha 1 Vnh giao hon l mt tp hp

mn - tp vi

cng vi

(+, 0, , 1)

tho

R, R

cng vi php cng

v phn t

0R 1R

l phn t n v i

+,

to thnh mt nhm Abel. cng vi php nhn

-tp

v phn t

n v vi php

.,

to

thnh mt na nhm Abel, tc l nh mt nhm Abel ch thiu tin  l mi phn t u nghch o c. -php

v php nhn tho mn tnh cht phn phi

x (y + z) = x y + x z.
Tt nhin v d c bn nht ca vnh giao hon chnh l vnh cc s nguyn

Z.

Tp hp cc s hu t

Q,

cc s thc

R,

hay cc s phc cng

to nn mt vnh. hu t

Tp cc a thc mt bin vi h s nguyn

Z[x],

h s

Q[x],

hay h s phc

C[x]

r rng cng to nn mt vnh.

V d suy bin v tm thng l v d mt vnh vi chng minh c l vnh ny ch c ng mt phn t.

0 = 1.

Khi  ta

10

CHNG 1.

S LC V I S GIAO HON

nh ngha 2 ng cu vnh gia

thch vi cc cu trc

l mt nh x

:RR

tng

(+, 0, , 1)

ca

R.

Ta lu ti khng nh hin nhin sau y.

Mnh  3 Vi mi vnh giao hon

R,

tn ti duy nht mt ng cu vnh

R : Z R . n, R bt buc phi gi n ln phn t 1+ +1, n ln, ca R. Cn nu n l nguyn m, ta phi gi n ln R (n). D thy

Vi mi s nguyn dng nh x nh ngha nh trn l mt ng cu vnh.

nh ngha 4 Mt phn t

sao cho

xR

c gi l kh nghch nu tn ti

yR

xy = 1. R
tp hp cc phn t kh nghch ca vnh

Ta k hiu

R.

Vnh

c gi l mt trng nu nh hu t, hay

R, C

u l trng,

R = R {0}. V nhng Z th khng.

d nh vnh

cc s

Tp hp cc lp ng

p l mt trng m ngi ta thng k hiu l Fp . Cc trng hu hn Fp vi p nguyn t, v Q c gi l trng nguyn thu, tng t nhu Z l vnh nguyn thu, do mnh  sau y. Ta
d modulo mt s nguyn t c th chng minh n cng mt kiu nh mnh  3.

Mnh  5 Mt trng
cc trng hu hn

bt k hoc l cha

Q,

hoc l cha mt trong

Fp . k
l trng c c s

Trong trng hp u, ta ni sau,

0,

trong trng hp

c c s

p.

Hnh hc i s trn

lin quan n vic tm nghim

hu t ca phng trnh i s.

Hnh hc i s trn

Fp

th ging nh vic

gii phng trnh ng d modulo

p.

x R c gi l c s ca 0 nu tn ti mt phn t y R khc 0 sao cho xy = 0. Mt phn t x R gi l lu linh n nu tn ti n N sao cho x = 0. Mt vnh R c gi l min nguyn nu R khng cha cc phn t khc khng m li l c s ca khng. Vnh R c gi l rt gn nu R khng
nh ngha 6 Mt phn t
cha phn t khc khng m li l ly linh.

1.2.

MOUN TRN MT V NH

11

1.2

Moun trn mt vnh

nh ngha 7 Moun trn mt vnh

php nhn v hng cht

l mt nhm Abel

cng vi mt

RM M

k hiu l

(, x) x

tho mn cc tnh

( + )x = x + x v (x + y) = x + y , -()x = (x) v 1.x = x ng cu R-moun l mt nh x bo ton cu trc R-moun.

-

R m ta c th xem nh mt moun trn R. Cho hai R-moun bt k M1 , M2 , tch trc tip M1 M2 c mt cu trc R-moun hin nhin (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 , x2 ). Ta gi n l tng trc tip ca M1 v M2 v k hiu l M1 M2 . Mt R-moun l moun t do cp n nu n n ng cu vi R = R R, n ln.
V d n gin nht l tp

nh ngha 8
ton nh

M Rn M

l mt moun hu hn sinh nu tn ti mt ng cu t mt moun t do cp hu hn vo

M.

Ni mt cch khc, M l hu hn x1 , . . . , xn M sao cho mi phn dng x = 1 x1 + + n xn . t

sinh nu tn ti mt s hu hn phn t

xM

u c th vit c di

nh ngha 9
cho

l mt moun x nh nu tn ti mt

R-moun M

sao

M M

l mt moun t do cp hu hn.

Mt moun t do hu hn sinh l d nhin l mt moun x nh. Mnh  ngc li th khng ng nh ta s thy nhng chng sau khi nghin cu cc phn th vect.

1.3

Ian, ian nguyn t v ph

Mun con ca mt

R-moun M

l mt tp con

cng v php nhn v hng.

Nu

l mt mun con ca

N M , ng i vi php M , thng

M/N

t ng c mt cu trc

R-moun.
Mt ian ca

nh ngha 10 Ta xt

nh l mt moun trn chnh n.

l mt mun con

ca

R.

12

CHNG 1.

S LC V I S GIAO HON

R, moun thng R/I t ng c mt cu trc vnh gi l vnh cc d ca R moulo I . Tht vy lp ng d modulo I ca tng hay tch hai phn t x, y R ch ph thuc vo cc lp ng d ca x v y modulo I . Trong trng hp I = R ta c vnh suy bin ch c
Nu l mt ian ca mt phn t.

nh ngha 11 Ian

Ian

c gi l nguyn t nu

R/I

l mt min nguyn.

c gi l ti i nu

R/I

l mt trng.

i tng hnh hc thng dng ng vi mt vnh giao hon ph

R,

l tp

Spec(R)

cc ian nguyn t ca

R.

Tp ph ny cn c trang b

nhiu cu trc khc na nh cu trc tp v cu trc b vnh m chng ta s xem xt k chng sau. Hin ti ta tm coi

Spec(R)

ch nh mt

tp hp, cc phn t ca n c gi l im. ny trong mt s trng hp n gin.

Ta cng nhau kho st tp

Spec(Z) bao gm duy nht mt ian nguyn t m khng ti i l ian {0}. Cc ian nguyn t khc u c mt phn t sinh l mt s nguyn t p no . im tng ng vi ian {0} gi l im tng qut. Ta c th hnh dung Spec(Z) nh mt ng cong vi mi
Nu tp im l mt s nguyn t, cng thm vi mt im tng qut.

R = Z,

C[x] c ph l mt ng cong quen thuc hn. N cng cha mt duy nht mt ian nguyn t khng ti i l ian {0}. Cc ian ti i c sinh bi mt n thc dng x vi l mt s phc no . Nh vy, ph ca C[x] l tp cc s phc C c b sung thm mt im tng qut. Ni chung, nu R l mt min nguyn, ian {0} l mt ian nguyn t. im tng ng vi n trong ph ca R gi l im tng qut.
Vnh

Mnh  12 Vi mi ng cu vnh

nguyn t

:RR,

to nh

ca mt ian

bt k ca

cng l mt ian ngun t.

To nh

ca mt

ian ti i

bt k ca

cng l mt ian ti i.

Do

n nh. vn.

p l to nh ca p , ng cu vnh R/p R /p cm sing t , l mt Do R /p l vnh nguyn vn nn R/p cng phi l vnh nguyn Tng t nhu vy, nu R /p l mt trng th R/p cng phi l mt R R ca R.
cho ta mt nh x

trng. Nh vy mi ng cu vnh

Spec(R )

Spec(R)

t ph ca

vo ph

1.4.

TCH TENX

13

1.4
Cho

Tch tenx
v

R-moun. Ta c th inh ngha tch tenx M R N nh sau. Chn hai h sinh {xi |i I} ca M v {yj | j J} ca N . y M , N khng nht thit phi hu hn sinh nn cc tp I, J khng nht thit l tp hu hn. Xt R-moun t do V vi c s l cc phn t k hiu l xi yj vi tp ch s l I J . Xt R-moun con W sinh bi cc phn t dng
l hai - hoc l

h s cho

iI

i xi yj

vi mt ch s c nh

jJ

no , v vi cc

bng khng vi hu ht ngoi tr mt s hu hn cc ch s

i,

sao

iI

i xi = 0,
jJ

- hoc l h s cho

j xi yj

vi mt ch s c nh

iI

no , v vi cc

bng khng vi hu ht ngoi tr mt s hu hn cc ch s

j,

sao

jJ

j yj = 0.

M R N = V /W . x M, y N ta c th vit di dng x = iI i xi v y = jJ j yj vi i , j bng khong vi hu ht cc ch s ngoi tr mt s hu hn cc ch s i, j . Ta d dng kim tra c rng nh ca phn t iI i xi i,j i j xi yj V trong V /W khng ph thuc vo cch vit x = v y = j yj m ch ph thuc vo bn thn x v y . Nh vy ta c mt jJ nh x : M N M R N m ta c th kim tra d dng l mt nh x
Ta t Mi phn t song tuyn tnh. Cp

(M R N, )

tho mn mt tnh cht ph dng.

Mnh  13 Cho
duy nht mt nh

: M N L l mt nh x x tuyn tnh : M R N L

song tuyn tnh. Tn ti sao cho

= .
c xc

Nh vo tnh cht ph dng, ta thy rng cp

(M R N, )

nh duy nht vi sai khc l mt ng cu duy nht. ph thuc g vo h sinh

Nh vy n khng

{xi }

{yj }

m ta chn trong cch xy dng.

Da theo cch xy dng trn ta thy vic tnh ton tch tenx khng kh. V d :

M = RI v N = RJ l cc moun t do th M R N = RIJ , I - nu M l mt moun t do R th M R N ch l tng trc tip iI Ni vi mi Ni l mt phin bn ca N , - nu M = R/p vi p l mt ian ca R th M N = N/pN vi pN l moun con ca N sinh bi cc phn t c dng y vi p v y N .
- nu

14

CHNG 1.

S LC V I S GIAO HON

nh ngha 14 Cho

vnh giao hon hai

l mt vnh giao hon bt k. Mt ng cu vnh l mt ng

R-i

s l mt

R-i s 1 = 2 .
Cho

R cng vi mt (1 , R1 ) v (2 , R2 )

: R R . ng cu gia cu vnh : R1 R2 sao cho

R-i s v M l mt R-moun. Ta xt tch tenx M R R vi R ch xem nh l R-moun. D thy M R R c mt cu trc R -moun cho bi (m ) = m () vi mi m M v , R . N u M l mt R-moun t do, hoc l hu hn sinh, hoc l x nh, th M R R cng l
l mt mt moun t do, hoc l hu hn sinh, hoc l x nh. C mt tnh cht bc cu ng lu l vi mi

R-moun M , R-i

R -i

, ta c

(M R R ) R R = M R R . R v R l hai R-i s. Xem chng nh l cc R-moun, ta c th xt R R R . Ta c hai cu ng cu R-i s : R R R R v : R R R R c xc nh bi (x ) = x 1 v (x ) = 1 x . B ba (R R , R ; , ) cng tho mn mt tnh cht ph dng.
Cho

Mnh  15 Cho mt

R-i s : R S v : R S . Khi  tn ti duy nht mt ng cu R-i s : R R R S sao cho = v =

s v hai ng cu
Vic tnh ton tch tenx

R-i

c g l kh khn. cc a thc

Chng

R R R vi R v R -l R-i s cng khng hn nu R = R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/ f1 , . . . , fm l vnh

n-bin

chia cho mt ian hu hn sinh no , th

R R R = R [x1 , . . . , xn ]/ f1 , . . . , fm .
1.5 a phng ho v vnh a phng

Khi nim a phng ho l mt khi nim then cht trong hnh hc i s. Php ton ngc ca n l php dn cho php ta chuyn t i s giao hon sang hnh hc i s. Tuy l php ton ngc nhng php dn cng c

xy dng trn c s ca php a phng ho. Cho mt vnh giao hon

nhn nu

1S

v vi mi

R, mt tp con S ca R x, y S , ta c xy S .

c gi l mt tp

1.5.

A PHNG HO V V NH A PHNG

15

nh ngha 16 a phng ho ca vnh

lp tng ng

i vi tp nhn

l tp cc

S 1 R = {(x, s) R S}/
vi

(x1 , s1 ) (x2 , s2 )
trc vnh duy

nu tn ti

K hiu lp tng ng ca cu nht sao

s S sao cho s(x1 s2 x2 s1 ) = 0. (x, s) l x/s. Tn ti trn tp S 1 R mt cho x1 /s1 + x2 /s2 = (x1 s2 + x2 s1 )/s1 s2 v

(x1 /s1 )(x2 /s2 ) = x1 x2 /s1 s2 .

Phn th hai ca nh ngha trn tht ra l mt mnh . Ta cn kim

tra rng php cng v php nhn cho nh trn xc nh duy nht mt cu trc vnh trn tp cc lp tng ng

S 1 R.

Bn c cn thn c th d

dng t kim tra khng nh ny v c mnh  sau y.

Mnh  17 Tn ti

duy

nht

mt

ng

cu

vnh

(x) = x/1 S R. ng cu tho mn tnh 1 phn t s S l kh nghch trong S R. Ngc li, mi ng cu vnh : R R sao cho (s) R kh nghch vi mi s S , u phn tch c 1 mt cch duy nht thnh = vi : S R R l mt ng cu
vnh.

: R S 1 R vi cht : nh (s) ca mi

Ta c th d dng m t ph ca vnh a phng ho con ca ph ca

S 1 R

nh mt tp

R. : R S 1 R
cm sinh mt nh x chun tp cc

Mnh  18 ng cu vnh

tc

Spec(S p

iean nguyn t ca

R) Spec(R). nh x ny l n nh, nh ca n l R khng cha bt k mt phn t no ca S . R.

Tp con

Cho phn

l mt ian nguyn t bt k ca dng

ca con

x/s

vi

x p

s S p

mt

moun

S 1 R cc 1 ca S R

xem nh moun con trn chnh n.

N bng chnh

S 1 R

nu v ch nu

p S = . Trong 1 t v (p ) = p.

trng hp ngc li,

nht thit l mt ian nguyn

Ta xt hai v d m ta s cn gp li cc chng sau. mt phn t bt k ca vnh cha

Cho

f R

S = {1, f, f , . . .} l tp nhn ti thiu Spec(S 1 R) v tp con ca Spec(R) bao gm cc ian nguyn t ca R khng cha phn t f . Trong v d th hai ta ly mt ian nguyn t p bt k v ly S l phn b S = R p. V p l mt ian nguyn t cho nn S l mt tp nhn.
t

R.

f.

Khi  tn ti mt song nh chun tc gia tp

16

CHNG 1.

S LC V I S GIAO HON

S 1 R l tp cc ian ca R khng c giao vi S . Ni mt 1 cch khc Spec(S R) l tp cc ian ca R b cha trong p. Iean p ca R tng ng vi ian ti i duy nht ca S 1 R. Vnh S 1 R l mt vnh
Ph ca vnh a phng theo ngha sau y.

nh ngha 19 Mt vnh l vnh a phng nu n c duy nht mt ian

ti i.

Ni chung tt c cc vnh a phng u c xy dng bng cch a a phng ho theo tp nhn S l phn b ca p, ta nhn c mt vnh a phng vi ian ti i l ian sinh bi nh ca p. Ngc li, nu p  l ian ti i ca mt vnh a phng R ri, mi phn t ca R p u nghch o c cho nn a phng ho theo R p khng lm thay i vnh R. T gi tr i, vi mi vnh R, vi mi ian nguyn t p, ta s k hiu Rp l vnh a phng xy dng bng cch a phng ho R theo tp nhn R p. phng ho nh trn. mt ian nguyn t

R, ian {0} l mt ian nguyn t, tng ng vi im tng qut ca Spec(R). Vy nn tp R {0} l mt tp nhn. a phng ha R theo tp nhn ny cho ta mt trng v mi phn t khc 0 ca R u tr nn nghch o c. Ngi ta gi trng ny l trng cc thng ca R v k hiu l K(R).
Trong mt vnh nguyn vn Bn c c th t kim tra mnh  sau y.

Mnh  20 Cho
k.

l mt ian nguyn t ca mt vnh giao hon

bt

Vnh cc thng d

R/p

l vnh nguyn vn, k hiu

K(R/p)

l trng

cc thng ca Khi  ta c

R/p.

K hiu

(p)

l ian ti i ca vnh a phng

Rp .

Rp /(p) = K(R/p). p ca R cho ta mt ng cu vnh t R Rp /(p). Ngc li, nu ta c mt ng cu : R K t R vo mt trng K , to nh ca {0} l mt ian nguyn t. L d nhin, K ch cha ch khng nht thit phi bng Rp /(p). Ta c th hnh dung cc phn t ca R nh cc hm s trn tp Spec(R). Cho mt im p Spec(R) v f R, gi tr ca f ti R l nh ca f qua ng cu R Rp /(p). Khc vi cc hm s thng thng, y tp cc gi tr l mt trng bin thin theo p.
Nh vy mi ian nguyn t vo trng

1.6.

MOUN TRN MT V NH A PHNG

17

Ta cng nhn xt thm l nu

qua mi ng cu vnh

f l mt phn t ly linh ca R, nh ca : R K vo mt trng K , u bng 0. Vy

nn nu ch xt

nh tp cc hm s trn tp ph nh trn y, ta b mt

cc thng tin v cc phn t ly linh.

Ta i n khi nim a phng ho ca mt moun.

Cho

l mt

R-moun, S

l mt tp nhn ca

R.

Cch ngn gn nht  nh ngha l

t a phng ho

S 1 M

ca

theo tp nhn

bng

S 1 M = M R S 1 R.
Ta cng c th nh ngha

M S theo quan h x2 s1 ) = 0. nh ngha

hn. Chng hn, ch

S 1 M nh l tp cc lp tng ng (m, s) (x1 , s1 ) (x2 , s2 ) nu tn ti s S sao cho s(x1 s2

u tuy c km c th nhng d nh v d s dng qua cng thc nh ngha, ta thy ngay

S 1 M

S 1 R-moun. Nu p l mt ian nguyn t, theo tp nhn R p. Ta cn c

ta k hiu

Mp

l a phng ho ca

M(p) = Mp Rp (Rp /(p))

l mt khng gian vect trn trng Ta c th hnh dung theo

(Rp /(p)). M(p)

bin thin

nh mt h cc khng gian vect

p Spec(R).

Hnh dung nh vy ta vn nm c mi thng tin v

M,

tr cc thng tin c lin quan n cc phn t ly linh ca

R.

1.6
Cho

Moun trn mt vnh a phng

l mt vnh a phng.

Ta k hiu

l ian ti i ca

l trng cc d

R/m.

nh l sau,

m ngi ta thng gi l b 

Nakayama bt chp s phn i ca nh ton hc Nht ny, ng mt vai tr c bn trong hnh hc i s.

Chn mt c s

M l mt moun hu hn sinh trn vnh a phng R. x1 , . . . , xm ca k -khng gian vect M R k . Chn cc phn m t x1 , . . . , xm ca M sao cho nh ca xi trong M l xi . Gi : R M l cu x xc nh bi x1 , . . . , xn . Khi  l mt ton cu. Nu M l mt moun t do th l mt ng cu.
nh l 21 Cho

18

CHNG 1.

S LC V I S GIAO HON

N l nh ca cu x : Rn M v N = M/N . Ta cn chng minh rng N = 0. V M l mt moun hu hn sinh nn thng ca n N cng l hu hn sinh. Chn y1 , . . . , yn l mt h sinh ca N . Chn cc phn t y1 , . . . , yn ca M sao cho nh ca yi trong N l y . t yi l nh i . Vit n theo c s x1 , . . . , xn ca M ta c : ca yi trong M
K hiu

yi =
j=1
Chn

ij xj .

ij R

c nh l

ij k . yi

Ta c

ij xj mM.
j=1
l

nh ca phn t ny trong nn ta c th vit

yi

xj N ,

cho nn

yi

thuc

mN

Vy

yi

di dng

yi =
j=1
vi cc h s

ij yj

ij m. Idn y = y
vi

Ta c phng trnh tuyn tnh vect ct phn

l ma trn

(1 , . . . , yn ). y th trong R vi

Nhn xt rng nh thc ca ma trn nh bng

ij , vi y l Idn l mt N

trong trng cc d

k,

cho nn n l mt

phn t kh nghch ca

R.

Theo cng thc Cramer th bn thn ma trn Vy nn vect

Idn

l ma trn kh nghch.

bng khng v v th

cng bng khng. Mnh  th hai ca nh l cng chng minh tng t nh vy. s Gi

M l mt R-moun t do vi c s l v1 , . . . , vr . R rng l cc nh v1 , . . . , vr trong M l mt c s ca khng gian vect M , cho nn r = n. n Cu x : R M xc nh bi cc phn t x1 , . . . , xn c th vit di dng mt ma trn vung ij vi
n

xi =
j=1
R rng l cu x cm suy

ij vj .

: k n M l mt ng cu gia cc khng gian vect cho nn nh thc ca l det() k . Vy det() R v v th n l mt ma trn kh nghch, hay ni cch khc : R M l mt ng cu.

1.7.

V NH NOETHER V I S DNG HU HN

19

H qu 22 Mi moun x nh hu hn sinh
l moun t do.

trn vnh a phng

u

M sao cho M Rn . t M = M R k v M = M R k . = k n . Chn x1 , . . . , xm M sao vi nh x1 , . . . , xm M Ta c M M Tng t ta chn x1 , . . . , x M sao vi nh l mt c s ca M . m l mt c s ca M . Cc phn t ny xc nh cc cu x1 , . . . , xm M m x : R M v : Rm M m ta bit theo b  Nakayama trn, m+m l nhng cu x ton nh. Ta cn bit l : R Rn l mt ng cu, v th c v u l n nh. Vy nn l mt ng cu.
V l x nh nn theo nh ngha, tn ti mt moun

ng cu vi mt moun t do

1.7

Vnh Noether v i s dng hu hn

 xt cc vn  c tnh nh tnh, ngi ta hay cn n mt s tnh cht hu hn. Noether. Mt trong nhng khi nim quan trng nht l khi nim vnh

nh ngha 23 Mt vnh

ca

l vnh Noether nu mi dy tng cc ian

R I1 I2 In

u l dy dng.

Mnh  24 Cho

M I

l mt moun hu hn sinh trn mt vnh Noether

R.

Khi , mi moun con

M M

cng u l hu hn sinh.

c bit vi u l

M = R,

mi ian

ca mt vnh Noether

R,

xem nh

R-moun,

hu hn sinh.

Trc ht ta xt trng hp c bit

M = R.

Nu tn ti mt ian

khng hu hn sinh, ta c th xy dng c mt dy tng m khng dng cc ian con ca

I,

mu thun vi gi thit Noether ca

R.

Tron trng hp tng qut, do ton nh

l hu hn sinh, tn ti mt ng cu

Rn M v ta c th quy v trng hp c bit cc moun t n n do M = R . Trng hp M = R li c v quy v trng hp M = R bng

qui np.

Hu ht cc vnh giao hon quen thuc u l vnh Noether. Mt trng bt k hin nhin l vnh Noether bi v n c mt ian duy nht l ian

20

CHNG 1.

S LC V I S GIAO HON

{0}.

Vnh

cc s nguyn cng l vnh Noether.

Cc vnh a thc cng

l vnh Noether nh vo nh l c bn sau ay ca Hilbert.

nh l 25 (Hilbert) Nu
cc a thc

l mt vnh Noether th vnh

R[x1 , . . . , xn ]

bin vi h s trong

cng l vnh Noether.

Chng minh nh l Hilbert tng i di v vt qu khun kh ca chng ny. Bn c c th tham kho trong cc sch khc  tm hiu cch chng minh ca n.

R = R/I

Mnh  26 Cho

R R

l mt vnh Noether,

l mt ian ca

cng l mt vnh Noether. Cho

l mt tp nhn

R. ca R.

Khi  Khi 

a phng ha

cng l vnh Noether.

: R R = R/I . Mt dy tng I1 I2 cc ian ca R 1 cho ta mt dy tng I1 I2 cc ian ca R vi Ii = (Ii ). Do i = (1 (Ii )). Do R l Noether, dy Ii l dy dng, vy nn l ton cu, I dy Ii cng phi l dy dng. 1 K hiu R = S R v : R R . Cho I1 I2 l mt dy tng cc ian ca R , ta c mt dy tng I1 I2 cc ian ca R vi Ii = 1 (Ii ). D thy Ii = S 1 Ii . Do Ii l dy dng nn Ii cng phi l dy
K hiu dng.

nh ngha 27 Mt
mt ng cu

R-i R.

R-i

s ton nh

R c gi l c dng : R[x1 , . . . , xn ] R

hu hn nu tn ti t mt vnh a thc

vi hu hn bin vo

Gi s R R[x1 , . . . , xn ]

l mt vnh Noether. cng s l Noether.

Theo inh l Hilbert cc vnh a thc

Vy nn mi thng

R = R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/I

cng l Noether. Nhn xt thm rng ian nn

bt buc l hu hn sinh, cho

phi c dng

R = R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/ f1 , . . . , fm
vi

f1 , . . . , f m

l ian sinh bi cc phn t

f1 , . . . , f m R .

Chng 2

S lc v l thuyt phm tr

Phm tr n gin nht l phm tr cc tp hp.

Nhng nu ly tp hp

ca tt c cc tp hp, ta c th ri vo vng lun qun ca lgic.  trnh ci vng lun qun ny, ngi ta  a ra khi nim tp hp "nh" i vi mt v tr no . Tp cc tp hp nh th khng cn l nh na. Khi

nim v tr do Grothendieck vt ra ngoi phm vi ca cun gio trnh ny v ra ngoi tm hiu bit ca ngi vit, vy nn ta s ngm qui c vi nhau v s tn ti ca mt v tr m trong  ta c th ni n phm tr cc tp hp m khng ri vo lng lun qun.

2.1

Phm

tr,

hm

cu

gia

cc

hm t
L thuyt phm tr c ba khi nim chnh l phm tr, hm t gia hai phm tr v cu x gia hai hm t.

nh ngha 1 Cho mt phm tr

cht nh sau. 1. Ta c mt tp hp

l cho cc d kin tha mn cc tnh

Ob(C)

cc vt ca

v mt tp hp

Hom(C)

cc

ng cu ca

C.

Ta c mt nh x

s b : Hom(C) Ob(C) Ob(C),

trong  nh x th nht x th hai

s : Hom(C) Ob(C) b : Hom(C) Ob(C) gi l nh x

21

gi l nh x ngun v nh

22

CHNG 2.

S LC V L THUYT PHM TR

A, B Ob(C), t HomC (A, B) l tp cc ng cu Hom(C) vi ngun l A v ch l B . 2. Vi mi A Ob(C) ta c mt phn t idA HomC (A, A) gi l ng cu n v ca A. Vi mi A, B, C Ob(C) ta c mt nh x
ch. Vi mi

HomC (A, B) HomC (B, C) HomC (A, C)

gi l php hp thnh k hiu l
a) cho

Ai Ob(C)

vi

(, ) tha mn hai tnh cht sau i = 0, 1, 2, 3 v cho i HomC (Ai1 , Ai ), ta c

(2 1 ) 0 = 2 (1 0 ),
b) cho

HomC (A, B)

ta c

idA = idB = . Set

m vt l cc tp hp v ng cu l

V d in hnh l phm tr

cc nh x tp hp. Ta cn c phm tr

Ring

m vt l cc vnh giao hon

v ng cu l cc ng cu vnh. Tng t nh vy, vi mi vnh phm tr s. Cho mt phm tr mt phm tr mi

R Alg

m vt l cc

R ta c R-i s v ng cu l cc ng cu R-i Ob(C ) ca tp Ob(C), ta s c Ob(C ) v vi HomC (A, B) =

thnh cng cm sinh t ca

v cho mt tp con

m vt l cc phn t ca

HomC (A, B); cc ng cu n v idA v php hp C . Cc phm tr nh vy gi l phm tr con y Ring
khng l phm tr con y ca

tr cc tp hp hu hn l phm tr con y ca

C. Set,

V d nh phm nhng phm tr

Set

v mt nh x gia hai vnh giao

hon khng nht thit l mt ng cu vnh.

nh ngha 2 Cho mt hm t

t mt phm tr

vo mt phm tr

l cho cc d kin tha mn cc tnh cht nh sau : 1. Ta c mt nh x 2. Vi mi

Ob(C) Ob(C ) k hiu A, B Ob(C) ta c mt nh x

A F A.

HomC (A, B) HomC (F A, F B)

k hiu l

F () tha mn : a) F ( ) = F () F (). b) F (idA ) = idF A .

2.1.

PHM TR, HM T V CU X GIA CC HM T

23

V d tm thng nht l hm t n v ca

chnh vt y v cho ng vi mi ng

idC C C cu ca C

cho ng vi mi vt

chnh ng cu y. Ta cn c mt hm t hin nhin

Ring Set ng vi mi vnh R l tp R, ta cng c hm t RAlg Ring.

Cho

b i cu trc vnh, ng vi mi ng cu vnh l nh x gia hai tp

hp. Tng t nh vy vi mi vnh

Cc hm t nh trn c tn chung l hm t qun. Ta c mt v d th v hn nh sau. cho

l mt phm tr bt k v

l mt vt ca

C.

Ta c mt hm t

hA : C Set
ng vi mi vt cu

B Ob(C)

l tp

hA (B) = HomC (A, B),

ng vi mi ng

:BC

l nh x

HomC (A, B) HomC (A, C)

cho bi

.
nh x

nh ngha 3 Mt hm t

A, B Ob(C)
thy.

x ny lun lun l

F : C C c gi l chung thy nu vi mi HomC (A, B) HomC (F A, F B) l n nh. Nu nh song nh th hm t F c gi l hm t y v chung

F, F l hai hm t t phm tr C vo phm tr C . Cho mt cu x f : F F l cho mt ng cu f (A) : F (A) F (A) vi mi A Ob(C), tha mn tnh cht sau. Vi mi HomC (A, B) ta c mt s
nh ngha 4 Cho
 giao hon :

F ()

FA F A
f (B)

f (A)

F ()

FB F B
V d tm thng nht l ly cho ng vi mi vt

F =F

Khi  ta c cu x n v

idF

A Ob(C)

l ng cu

idF (A) = idF A : F A F A.

f : F F l mt ng cu nu tn ti f f = idF v f f = idF . Mt hm t F : C C l mt tng ng phm tr nu tn ti mt hm t F : C C sao cho F F ng cu vi hm t on v idC v F F ng cu vi idC .
nh ngha 5 Mt cu x hm t
sao cho

f :F F

24

CHNG 2.

S LC V L THUYT PHM TR

Xin lu rng trong nh ngha tng ng phm tr, ngi ta khng i hi

F F = idC

m ch i hi mt mt ci yu hn l

F F

ng cu

idC .

y l mt trong nhng im khc nhau c bn gia l thuyt phm

tr v l thuyt tp hp.

2.2

Phm tr i

nh ngha 6 Cho

l mt phm tr.

Phm tr i

C opp

ca

l phm

tr m cc vt vn l cc vt ca ngha l

nhng cc ng cu th b i chiu c

HomC opp (A, B) = HomC (B, A).

Php hp thnh trong

C opp l php hp thnh trong C m ta ch o th t cc ng cu. Cho HomC opp (A, B) v HomC opp (B, C) th hp thnh trong C opp l hp thnh trong C .
Khi nim phm tr i qu l v v nu n khng phn nh s i ngu

c bn gia i s v hnh hc. Nh ta s thy chng sau, phm tr cc lc  aphin c th coi nh phm tr i ca phm tr hon. Vi mi vnh giao hon

Ring cc vnh giao

ng vi

trong phm tr

A, ph Spec(A) Ringopp .

c th xem nh vt tng

2.3

nh l Yoneda
Cho

C l mt phm tr bt k. Xt phm tr F(C) m cc vt l cc hm t F : C Set. Cho F, F : C Set hai vt ca F(C) ta t HomF(C) l tp cc cu x f : F F t hm t F vo hm t F . Trong F(C) ta c cc ng cu n v idF hin
Ta i n mt im then cht ca l thuyt phm tr. nhin v php hp thnh hin nhin.

A ObC , ta c mt hA : C Set cho bi B HomC (A, B). Nu ta c mt ng cu : A A th ta c mt cu x hm t theo chiu ngc li hA hA . Tht vy, vi mi B ObC ta c mt nh x
Nh ta  thy trong cc v d hm t, vi mi vt hm t

HomC (A , B) HomC (A, B).

2.3.

NH L YONEDA

25

cho bi

 kim tra rng cc nh x ny cho ta mt cu x hm

t, ni cch khc l kim tra tnh giao hon ca cc s  c dng

HomC (A , B) HomC (A, B) HomC (A , B ) HomC (A, B )

ta dng tnh kt hp ca php hp thnh. Nh vy ta c mt hm t

h : C opp F(C). h : C opp F(C)

cho bi

nh l 7 (Yoneda) Hm t

A hA

xy dng

nh trn, l mt hm t y v nguyn thu.

Ta cn chng minh rng vi mi

A, A Ob(C),

nh x

h : HomC (A, A ) HomF(C) (hA , hA )

l mt song nh. Trc ht ta chng minh n l n nh.

HomC (A, A ). Ly B = A v = idA HomC (A , A ). Ta c v h( )(idA ) = . Nu h() = h( ) th t v phi bng nhau. Chng minh n l ton nh cng tng t nh vy. Cho f : hA hA l mt cu x hm t bt k. Ta t HomC (A, A ) l phn t = f (idA ). D dng kim tra c l h() = f .
nh ngha 8 Mt hm t
ti mt vt

, h()(idA ) =
Cho

F : C Set

c gi l biu din c nu tn

A ObC

v mt ng cu hm t

f : hA F. Y(A) Y(A).

Cp

(A, f )

trong nh ngha trn khng nht thit l duy nht, nhng

nu tn ti mt cp

(A , f )

th

f 1 f

l mt ng cu gia

Theo inh l Yoneda, hm t ng cu

h l mt hm t y v chung thu cho nn f 1 f : hA hA xc nh duy nht mt ng cu : A A sao 1 cho h() = f f . Vy ta c th ni l nu hm t F : C Set l biu din c, th ci cp (A, f ) biu din n l duy nht vi sai khc l mt ng
 tit kim k hiu thi ngi ta thng l i

cu duy nht.

din c bi

f m ch ni rng F biu A trong  A c xc nh vi sai khc l mt ng cu duy

nht, d nh th khng c chnh xc lm.

26

CHNG 2.

S LC V L THUYT PHM TR

2.4

V d hm t biu din c

Xt hm t

A1 : Ring Set

cho ng vi mi vnh giao hon

l tp hp

b tc mt cu trc vnh. Hm t ny biu din c bi vnh

Z[t]

cc a thc vi mt bin

t.

Tht vy, mt ng cu vnh : Z[t] R c xac nh duy nht bi nh (t) R vy nn ta c mt ng cu hm t hA F vi A = Z[t]. 1 y A khng hn l vnh Z[t], m chnh xc hn l vt ng vi vnh ny opp trong phm tr Ring nhng vo trong F(Ring). Vy nn ta c th vit A1 Spec(Z[t]). Tng t, vi mi vnh giao hon R hm t F : R Alg Set cho ng vi mi R-i s R , tp R , c th biu din c bi vnh R[t]. Ta 1 Spec(R[t]). gi hm t ny l ng thng aphin trn R, k hiu l A R Xt hm t Gm : Ring Set cho ng vi mi vnh R tp R cc phn t kh nghch ca R. Ta c th kim tra d dng kim tra l hm t ny c th biu din c bi vnh Z[x, y]/ xy 1 . Tht vy, mt ng cu : Z[x, y]/ xy1 R hon ton c xc nh bi nh = (x) v = (y), vi v l hai phn t trong R tha mn = 1. V th phn t l mt phn t kh nghch ca R v trong trng hp ny cng xc nh lun . Vy nn Gm Spec(Z[x, y]/ xy 1 ). Nu mt v d th v khc l ham t n : Ring Set vi n N. N cho ng vi mi vnh R tp hp cc cn bc n ca n v

n (R) = {x R | xn = 1}.
Cc phn t ca

n (R)

tng ng 1-1 vi cc ng cu vnh

Z[x]/ xn 1 R.
Vy nn

n = Spec(Z[x]/ xn 1 ).
Gii hn quy np v gii hn x nh

2.5

Cho mt tp sp th t b phn

J.

J l cho cc d kin nh sau. Vi mi phn t j J , ta cho mt tp hp Sj ; vi mt cp i j trong J ta cho mt nh x sji : Si Sj sao cho sii = 1 v skj sji = ski vi mi i j k .
Cho mt h qui np trong phm tr tp hp vi tp ch s

2.5.

GII HN QUY NP V GII HN X NH

27

Cho mt h x nh trong phm tr tp hp vi tp ch s d kin nh sau. Vi mi phn t

l cho cc

i j trong J ta cho mt sij sjk = sik vi mi i j k . Ta cng c th coi J l mt phm tr vi cc vt l phn t HomJ (i, j) l tp vi duy nht mt phn t hay l tp rng tu
mt cp

j J , ta cho mt tp hp Sj ; vi nh x sij : Sj Si sao cho sii = 1 v

ca

theo

J , vi ij

hay khng. Ngc li nu ta c mt phm tr sao cho tp cc ng cu gia hai vt ch c khng hoc mt phn t, khi  tp cc vt c mt quan h th t :

ij

khi v ch khi

cc tp hp l mt hm t

HomJ (i, j) khc t J vo Set. C J

rng. Khi  mt h quy np

nh ngha 9 Vi mt phm tr

s trong

bt k, mt h quy np trong

vi ch

l mt hm t

vo

mt phm tr

bt k vi ch s trong

C . Tng t nh vy h x nh trong J l mt hm t S t J vo C opp .

C l mt vt C ca C cng cj : Sj C sao cho vi mi i j , ta c ci = cj sji sao cho vi mi (C ; (c )jJ ) tho mn cng mt tnh cht nh (C, (cj )jJ ), tn j ti duy nht mt ng cu b : C C sao cho c j = b cj , ni cch khc l cp (C, (cj )jJ ) l cp ph dng cho tnh cht ny. Gii hn x nh ca mt h x nh trong C l mt vt C cng vi cc ng cu cj : C Sj sao cho ci = sij cj vi mi i j v sao cho cp (C, (cj )jJ ) l cp ph dng.
Gii hn quy np ca mt h quy np trong vi cc ng cu

B  10 Mi h quy np (hay x nh) vi gi tr trong trong phm tr tp

hp

Set

u c gii hn quy np (hay x nh).

Cho

l mt phm tr bt

k. Khng nh trn vn cn ng vi phm tr cc hm t t

vo

Set.

Khng nh th hai suy ra c t khng nh th nht. Ta ly gii hn

Fj : C Set bng cch ly gii hn Fj (C) cho tng i tng C ob(C). Cho mt h quy np (Sj , sji ) trong Set. Ta xy dng gii hn quy np ca n nh sau : tp C l tp cc lp tng ng cp cp (j, x) vi j J v x Sj , theo quan h tng ng (j, x) (j , x ) nu tn ti i ln hn c j v j sao cho sij (x) = sij (x ) ; vi mi j J , nh x cj : Sj C l nh x gn vi mi phn t x Sj lp tng ng ca (j, x). Cho mt h x nh (Sj , sij ) trong Set. Ta xy dng gii hn x nh ca n nh sau : tp C l tp cc dy (xj )jJ vi xj Sj tho mn sij (xj ) = xi vi mi i j . Tp hp C l gii hn x nh ta cn.
quy np (hoc x nh) ca h hm t qui np (hoc x nh) cho h tp hp

28

CHNG 2.

S LC V L THUYT PHM TR

Ta xem xt hai v d sau.

Th nht l h x nh bao gm ba tp hp v

X, Y, Z

v hai nh x

f :Y X

g : Z X.

Gii hn x nh ca h

ny l tch phn th

Y X Z
tp cc cp hp

(y, z)

vi

y Y

z Z

sao cho

f (y) = g(z).

Trong trng Ta c th coi

c ng mt phn t, tch phn th l tch Descartes.

tch theo th nh mt tch Descartes ph thuc mt bin V d th hai l h qui np bao gm ba tp hp

x X. X, Y, Z v hai

nh x

f :XY

g : X Z.

Gii hn qui np ca h ny l tp

Y +X Z Z ca Y v Z chia cho quan h tng ng sinh bi y z nu tn ti x X sao cho y = f (x) v z = g(y). Ta c th hnh dung Y +X Z nh l dn Y v Z theo X . Php ton ny c gi l tng hn hp. Ngi c cng nn ch l k hiu tng hn hp Y +X Z dng y khng phi l mt k hiu ph bin nh k hiu tch phn th Y X Z .
thng ca hp ri Mt trng hp c bit ca tng hn hp l php dn. hp Cho hai tp

X, Y

v hai nh x

f1 , g 2 : X Y .
sao cho

D kin nh vy gi l mt quan

h tng ng trn

nu quan h hai ngi

y1 y2 x X
l mt quan h tng ng. the quan h tng ng

y1 = f1 (x)

y2 = f (x2 ) Y +X Y
gi l dn

Khi  tng hn hp

X.

2.6

Tch theo th

Cho ba tp hp

X, Y, Z

v hai nh x

ngha tch theo th ca

trn

f :Y X X nh sau

g : Z X,

ta  nh

Y X Z = {(y, z) Y Z | f (y) = g(z)}.

Cho mt phm tr phm tr Cho hm t vi mi

C bt k. Ta c th m rng khi nim tch theo th ra F(C) cc hm t F : C Set nh sau. X, Y, Z l ba hm t t mt phm tr C vo Set. Cho hai cu x f : X Y v g : Z X . Hm t tch theo th Y X Z cho ng vt A ca C , tp hp Y (A) X(A) Z(A).

2.6.

TCH THEO TH

29

Khi nim tch theo th cho ta mt ngn ng mm do, c s dng kh uyn chuyn trong hnh hc i s. Mt mt, ta c th hnh dung n mt

cch rt trc quan nh trn nh tch theo th trong phm tr tp hp. Mt mt khc, n tng ng vi khi nim tch tenx trong i s giao honnn cng kh thun li v phng din tnh ton.

Mnh  11 Cho

A, B, C

cc

vnh t

giao

hon

cho v

:AC

l cc dng cu vnh.

h : hB hA hBA C .

: A B v h : hC hA l

cc l cc ng cu hm t tng ng. Khi  ta c mt ng cu chun tc gia tch theo th

hB hA hC
Cho

l mt vnh giao hon. Cho hai phn t

x hB (R) v y hC (R)

cm sinh ra cng mt phn t ca

A-i

hA (R) tng ng vi vic cho mt x : B R v y : C R. Nh ta  thy trong mc v tch tenx, cho x, y nh vy tng ng vi vic cho mt ng cu A-i s x y : B A C R. Nh vy ta c mt ng cu
s

v hai ng cu

A-i

gia hai hm t

hB hA hC hBA C
v mnh  c chng minh.

Nh vy khi nim tch phn th trn hm t ta vt ra khi nh Yoneda ca phm tr i ca

Ring Set khng lm phm tr Ring . Nh ta

s thy cc chng sau, php dn hay tng hn hp vt ra ngoi khun kh ny.  l bc chuyn t lc  aphin sang lc  tng qut.

30

CHNG 2.

S LC V L THUYT PHM TR

Chng 3

S lc v i s ng iu

3.1
Cho

Phm tr cc moun trn mt vnh

l mt vnh giao hon. Vi mi

tnh cht c bit. ng cu

Phm tr A-Mod M, N Ob(A-Mod)

cc

l hai

A-moun c mt s A-moun tp cc

HomA-Mod (M, N )
l mt nhm abel. Tht vy ta c th cng hai ng cu

A-moun f, g :

M N  c mt ng cu f + g : M N v vi mi ng cu moun f : M N ta c ng cu i f : M N . Tt nhin l HomA-Mod (M, N ) cn c c cu trc A-moun na, nhng trong thc t ta t quan tm n
cu trc b sung ny. Vi mi ng cu vt khc ca

f :M N
Hch

ta c hch, i hch, nh, i nh l cc

A-Mod.

ker(f ) = ker[f : M N ] Ob(A-Mod)

l tp cc phn t

mM

sao cho

f (m) = 0

l mt

A-moun.

nh

im(f ) = im[f : M N ] Ob(A-Mod)

l tp cc phn t

nN

sao cho tn ti

mM

vi

f (m) = n

cng l mt

A-moun.

i hch l moun thng

coker(f ) = N/im(f )
cn i nh l moun thng

coim(f ) = M/ker(f ).
31

32

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

Ta c mt s tnh cht hin nhin ca hch, i hch, nh v i nh.

Mnh  1 (Hch-i hch) Cho

1. Vi mi cp

f :M N

l mt ng cu

A-moun.
cho vi

P Ob(A-Mod) v g Hom(P, M ) sao f g = 0 tn ti duy nht g Hom(P, ker(f )) sao cho g = g : ker(f ) M l nhng hin nhin ker(f ) vo M .
vi

(P, g)

2.

Vi mi cp

(P, g)

vi

g f = 0, tn ti duy : N coker(f ) l ng

Cho mt ng cu nm trong hch ca

P Ob(A-Mod) v g Hom(N, P ) sao cho nht g : coker(f ) P sao cho g = g vi

cu thng hin nhin.

g : P M sao cho f g = 0, vi mi p P , g(p) g phn tch mt cch duy nht qua hch ca f . Cho mt ng cu g : N P sao cho g f = 0, hai phn t n, n N sao cho n n im(f ) ta c g(n) = g(n ). Vy nn g phn tch mt cch duy nht qua coker(f ). f
vy nn

Mnh  2 (nh-i nh) Vi

ng cu chun tc

mi

f HomA-Mod (M, N )

ta

mt

coim(f ) im(f )
l ng cu.

Mnh  3 (Tng trc tip) Vi mi

A-moun M, N

tng trc tip

c trang b cc cu x

M : M N N M : M M N
tha mn

N : M N N N : N M N
v

M M = 1M , N N = 1N

M M + N N = 1M N .
Phm tr cc moun trn mt vnh i vi hm t

A
g

cn c mt s tnh cht c bit

Hom

v hm t

.
f

Ta ni mt dy

0 M M M 0
l dy nh v

khp

A-moun,

nu nh

M M

l n nh,

M M

l ton

im(f ) = ker(g).
Dy trn ch l khp tri nu ta b i iu kin khp phi nu ta b i iu kin

M M

ton nh, ch l

M M

n nh.

3.1.

PHM TR CC MOUN TRN MT V NH

33

Mnh  4 (Hom khp tri)

1.

Dy

l khp tri khi v ch khi vi mi

0M M M A-moun N , dy

trong

A-Mod

0 Hom(N, M ) Hom(N, M ) Hom(N, M )

l dy khp tri trong

Ab.
trong

2.

Dy mi

M M M 0 A-moun N , dy

A-Mod

l khp phi khi v ch khi vi

0 Hom(M , N ) Hom(M, N ) Hom(M , N )

l dy khp tri trong

Ab.
nh hin nhin mt ng cu Vy nn

Mt ng cu

M,

=0

khi

: N M xc v ch khi = 0. : N M

:N Hom(N, M ) Hom(N, M ) l

n nh. Mt ng cu xc nh mt ng cu

bng khng khi v ch khi nh ca

=0

khi v ch khi

cm sinh

: N M. nm trong ker[M M ] = M vy nn t : N M . Vy nn dy th nht l

khp tri. Dy th hai khp tri cng chng minh tng t.

Mnh  5 (

khp phi) Cho mt dy khp phi

A-moun M M

M 0.

Khi  vi mi

A-moun N ,

ta c dy khp phi

M A N M A N M A N 0.
Theo mnh  Hom khp tri, ta ch cn chng minh rng vi mi moun

A-

P,

dy

0 Hom(M A N, P ) Hom(M A N, P ) Hom(M A N, P )

l khp tri. Theo nh ngha ca

ta c

Hom(M A N, P ) = Bil(M N, P )
vi

Bil(M N, P )

l tp cc nh x song tuyn tnh

M N P.

Dy

0 Bil(M N, P ) Bil(M N, P ) Bil(M N, P )

hin nhin l khp.

34

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

3.2

Phm tr abel

Phm tr abel l cc phm tr c cu trc m phng cu trc ca phm tr cc moun trn mt vnh giao hon.

nh ngha 6 Phm tr Abel l mt phm tr

cu trc sau

c trang b thm cc

1.

Vi mi vt Abel. sao

M, N Ob(A), HomA (M, N ) c cho mt cu trc nhm cho vi mi vt M, N, P ca A, nh x hp thnh HomA (M, N ) HomA (N, P ) HomA (M, P )

l nh x song tuyn tnh.

2.

Vi mi nh x cu

f : M N , ta cho mt vt ker(f ) cng vi mt ng : ker(f ) M tha mn f = 0 v ph dng i vi tnh cht f : M N ta cho mt vt coker(f ) cng vi mt ng : N coker(f ) tha mn f = 0 v ph dng i vi tnh

ny nh trong mnh  hch-i hch.

3.

Vi mi nh x cu

cht ny nh trong mnh  hch-i hch.

4.

ker(f ) v l php chiu xung coker(f ) nh trn, t coim(f ) = coker() v im(f ) = ker(). Khi , ng cu chun tc coim(f ) im(f ) l mt ng cu nh trong mnh 
Vi l php nhng ca nh-i nh.

5.

Tn ti tng trc tip cu vt

M N

tc l mt vt ca

cng vi cc ng tip. Tn ti mt

M , N v M , N nh trong mnh  tng trc 0 trong A tha mn cc tnh cht hin nhin.

Ta cn phn tch k li nm tin  ca phm tr Abel.

1.

Tin  1 c th din t mt cch khc nh sau : vi mi hm t

M Ob(A),

P HomA (M, P )
l mt hm t t phm tr vt

vo phm tr

Ab

cc nhm Abel.

Mt

l bng khng nu nh hm t lin kt

A Ab

l hm t

khng.

3.2.

PHM TR ABEL

35

2.

Tin  2 ni l vi mi ng cu

f : M N,
f _

hm t

P ker[HomA (P, M ) HomA (P, N )]

biu din c bng mt vt k hiu l

ker(f )

: ta c

Hom(P, ker(f )) = ker[HomA (P, M ) HomA (P, N )]

vi v

f _

idker(f ) tng ng vi nhng hch : ker(f ) M c tch cht ph dng. ker

theo ngha thng

sao cho

f = 0

Theo mnh  Hom khp tri, vi

ker theo ngha hm t nh trn, trng thng trong trng hp phm tr A-Mod. f : M N,
_f hm t

3.

Tin  3 ni l vi mi ng cu

P ker[HomA (N, P ) HomA (M, P )]

biu din c bng mt vt k hiu l b mt ng cu

coker(f ).

Vt ny c trang

: N coker(f )

gi l php chiu xung i hch. theo ngha hm t nh trn,

Theo mnh  Hom khp tri, trng vi

coker

coker

theo ngha thng thng trong trng hp phm tr

A-Mod.
4. Ta cn bn k li xem ng cu chun tc cu no ? V hp thnh

coim(f ) im(f )

l ng

M N coker(f ) f phn tch qua im(f ) := ker(). Ta c mt ng cu chun tc f : M im(f ) sao cho f : M N phn tch qua n f = f vi : ker() N l php nhng ca hch ca . Xt
l bng khng cho nn ng cu nhm Abel

HomA (ker(f ), ker(pi)) HomA (ker(f ), N . Theo nh ngha ca ker() f _ nh i tng biu din hm t P ker[HomA (P, M ) HomA (P, N )], ng cu k trn nht thit l n nh. V f = 0 cho nn ta suy ra
nh ngha bng cch hp thnh vi

f : ker(f ) M N

36

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

l bng khng.

Theo tnh ph dng ca

coker(),

ta thy

f :M

im(f ),

ta c mt ng cu chun tc

coim(f ) im(f ).
Tin  cui cng ca phm tr Abel ni l ng cu ny phi l ng cu. ng cu khng.

ker
5.

coim(f ) im(f ) l mt ng cu vi ker v coker bng f : M N vi coker bng khng, f c th nghch o c.
V vy tin  4 tng ng vi i hi mi Xt hai hm t, mt hip bin, mt nghch bin

Cho

M, N Ob(A).

S1 : P HomA (P, M ) HomA (P, N ) S2 : P HomA (M, P ) HomA (N, P )

S tn ti ca vt

M N

cng cc ng cu

M , N , M

nh

trong mnh  tng trc tip tng ng vi vic tn ti mt vt

M N

v cc ng cu hm t

S1 (P ) S2 (P )
phn tch k thm

HomA (P, M N ) HomA (M N, P ) P = M, N A-Mod

hay

tha mn cc tnh cht hin nhin khi ta ly

M N.

Mnh  7 Vi mi vnh giao hon

mt phm tr abel.

A,

phm tr

cc

A-moun

Hu ht nhng g ta c th lm trn phm tr moun ta u c th lm trn mt phm tr abel bt k : v d nh ly hch, i hch, nh, i nh v tng tr tip. Ci ta khng c lm trong mt phm tr bt k l ly Tuy nhin, thay

mt phn t trong mt vt v iu ny khng c ngha. v vic ly mt phn t trong mt vt

M,

ta c th ly mt phn t ca

Hom(P, M )

vi

bin thin.

y l cch ta  dng  nh ngha hch

v i hch trong mt phm tr abel tru tng. y cng l mt phng php  chuyn cc chng minh trong cc phm tr c th nh phm tr

Ab

hay

A-Mod

sang cc phm tr abel tru tng.

V d c bn cc phm tr Abel m khng phi l phm tr cc mdun trn mt vnh l v d phm tr cc b nhm Abel v b cc moun trn

3.3.

DY KHP V HM T KHP

37

mt khng gia tp hay trn mt lc .

iu ny khng c g ng ngc

nhin v ngay khi nim phm tr Abel cng c a ra ch yu  hnh thc ha cc tnh cht chung nht gia phm tr cc nhm Abel v phm tr cc b cc nhm Abel trn mt khng gian tp. nghin cu k cng cc b phn sau ca sch. Nh vy ta phi gc li sau cc v d th v nht ca phm tr abel  ch mt s chun b v tp. cc. Cho Ta kt thc mc ny bng mt v d hi k Chng ta s quay li

l mt phm tr abel.

Khi  phm tr i

Aopp

cng l mt

phm tr abel. Tht vy

HomAopp (M, N ) = HomA (N, M )

nn c th c trang b cng mt cu trc nhm abel. Vi mi

HomAopp (N, M )
l i hch ca

tng ng vi

f HomA (M, N ),

hch ca

f opp

f opp opp trong A

trong

A ker(f opp ) = coker(f ).

Nh vy phm tr i ca phm tr qu l khng d hnh dung cho lm.

Ab

cng l mt phm tr abel nhng

3.3
Cho

Dy khp v hm t khp

M, N Ob(A) v f HomA (M, N ). Ta ni f l n nh nu nh ker(f ) = 0 v f l ton nh nu nh coker(f ) = 0. Theo nh ngha ca ker v coker ta thy
l mt phm tr Abel,

l n nh nu nh vi mi

P Ob(A),

nh x

HomA (P, M ) HomA (P, N )

l n nh.

l ton nh nu nh vi mi

P Ob(A),

nh x

HomA (N, P ) HomA (M, P )

l n nh.

38

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

nh ngha 8 Cho mt dy khp ngn trong

l cho

0 M N P 0
vi

n nh,

M, N, P Ob(A), f HomA (M, N ) g l ton nh v

g HomA (N, P )

sao cho

im(f ) = ker(g).
Dy trn gi l khp tri nu ta b i iu kin

ton nh ; gi l khp

phi nu ta b i iu kin

n nh.

Khi nim giy khp ngn tng ng vi khi nim moun con v moun thng trong phm tr cc moun trn mt vnh, v vy n l mt khi nim mu cht trong vic m t cu trc ni ti ca mt phm tr Abel.

nh ngha 9 Cho

phm tr abel t

l hai phm tr Abel.

Khi ta ni n hm t sao cho

vo

ta hiu l mt hm t

F :AB

vi mi

M, N Ob(A),

nh x

HomA (M, N ) HomB (F (M ), F (N ))

l mt ng cu nhm abel.

F F

bo ton tng trc tip

F (M N ) = F (M ) F (N ).

gi l khp nu n bin dy khp ngn thnh dy khp ngn, gi l khp

tri nu n bin dy khp tri thnh dy khp tri, gi l khp phi nu n bin dy khp phi thnh dy khp phi.

Nh ta  nhn mnh trong chng trc, v d c bn nht ca hm t l cc hm t

Hom. A

i vi cc phm tr Abel, cc hm t

Hom

u

khp tri. Vy nn cc hm t ta hay gp nht l cc hm t khp tri.

Mnh  10 Cho
ca

l mt phm tr abel v

P Ob(A)

l mt vt bt k

A.

Khi  hm t

M HomA (P, M )
l mt hm t khp tri.

3.3.

DY KHP V HM T KHP

39

Cho mt dy khp tri

0 M0 M1 M2
l cho

f0

f1

M0 = ker(f1 ).

Theo nh ngha ca vt

ker(f1 ),
f1 _

vi mi

P Ob(A)

HomA (P, ker(f1 )) = ker[HomA (P, M1 ) HomA (P, M2 )].

Vy nn hm t

M HomA (P, M )
hm t

l hm t khp tri.

Thng

th

phi. V d n gi Xt dy khp ngn

M Hom(P, M ) ch khp tri ch khng khp nht l vi phm tr Ab cc nhm Abel v P = Z/nZ. 0 Z Z Z/nZ 0.
n

p dng hm t

Hom(Z/nZ, _)

vo dy khp ny ta c dy

0 Hom(Z/nZ, Z) Hom(Z/nZ, Z) Hom(Z/nZ, Z/nZ)

ch khp tri ch khng khp phi bi v  th

Hom(Z/nZ, Z) = 0

v trong khi

Hom(Z/nZ, Z/nZ) = Z/nZ. P

ca phm tr abel

nh ngha 11 Vt
t

gi l vt x nh nu nh hm

M HomA (M, P )
l hm t khp, tri v phi. Vt nghch bin

P Ob(A)

gi l ni x nu nh hm t

M Hom(M, P ) A = Ab

l hm t khp t

Aopp Ab. Z l mt M = Hom(Z, M ), v th

Khi 

Xt trng hp

l phm tr cc nhm abel.

vt x nh. Tht vy, vi mi nhm abel nn hin nhin hm t vy trong phm tr

M , ta c M Hom(Z, M ) l hm t khp. Tng t nh cc A-moun, vy A xem nh A-moun l vt x nh.

Ta d dang kim tra rng tng trc tip ca hai vt x nh vn l x nh, v hng t trc tip ca mt vt x nh vn l x nh cho nn ta c :

A-moun l hng t trc tip ca mt A-moun t do, tc l sao cho tn ti M sao cho M M An , n c th l v hn. Khi  M l mt vt x nh ca phm tr A-Mod. Ngc li mi vt x nh
Mnh  12 Cho
l mt l hng t trc tip ca mt moun t do.

40

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

V l ta khng hnh dung c l phm tr i ca nn vic xc nh cc vt ni xl vic kh hn nhiu.

Ab

l nh th no

Mnh  13 Trong phm tr

xnhng tp cc s hu t

Ab

cc nhm abel,

khng phi l vt ni

l mt vt ni x.

Li xt dy khp ngn

0 Z Z Z/nZ 0.
Ap dng hm t

Hom(_, Z)

vo dy khp ny ta c dy

0 Hom(Z/nZ, Z) Hom(Z, Z) Hom(Z, Z) 0

l khp tri ch khng khp phi. Vy nn  chng ming

khng phi l vt ni x. chng minh rng vi mi

gia hai nhm abel M, N , mi ng cu nhm iM : M Q, c th ko di thnh mt ng cu nhm iN : N Q.  n gin k hiu ta c th gi s l M v N l cc nhm abel dng hu hn. ng cu n nh Dng nh l m t cc nhm abel dng hu hn, ta c th a v trng

Q M N
rng

vt

ni

xta

cn

M = Z, N = Z v M N l ng cu x xn. Cho iM : M Q l cho mt s hu t qM . Mun thc trin iM thnh mt ng cu iN : N Q ta cn mt s hu t qN sao cho qM = nqN . V qN Q tha mn tnh cht ny lun tn ti cho nn Q l mt vt ni x. Tng t nh vy Q/Z cng l vt ni xca Ab.
hp V d c bn ca hm t khp phi l hm t tch tenx vi mt mdun Nhc li mnh  khp phi. Cho P l mt A-moun. Hm M M A P l mt hm t khp phi t phm tr cc A-moun vo chnh n. Nu B l mt A-i s th hm t M M B l mt hm t khp phi t phm tr cc A-moun vo phm tr cc B -moun. cho trc. t

nh ngha 14 Mt

A-moun P

c gi l phng nu nh hm t

M A P
3.4
Cho

l hm t khp.

Phc, phc gii v hm t dn xut

l mt phm tr abel. Mt phc

trong

M i iM i+1

di+1

3.4.

PHC, PHC GII V HM T DN XUT

41

vi

M i Ob(A)

gi l phc khp

di HomA (M i , M i+1 ) sao nu nh vi mi i ta c im(di ) = ker(di+1 ).

cho

di+1 di = 0.

Phc

Cho

l mt phc trong

A.

i ng iu ca

l cc vt

Hi (M ) = ker(di )/im(di1 ).
Phc

l khp khi v ch khi

Cho hai phc

Hi (M ) = 0 vi mi i Z. N trong A. Mt ng cu phc f : M N

l mt h

f i HomA (M i , N i )

sao cho ta c cc biu  giao hon

fi

M i M i+1 i Ni N i+1
dN i

dM

fi+1

Cu c phc

f : M N

cm sinh ra cc ng cu

ker(dM ) ker(dN ) i i
cho nn n cm sinh mt ng cu

im(dM ) im(dN ) i1 i1

Hi (f ) : Hi (M ) Hi (N ).
Mnh  15 Nu ta cho vi mi
ta ly

iZ

mt ng cu

hi : M i N i1 ,

f i = di1 hi + hi+1 di
th h

l mt ng cu phc. ng cu phc xy dng nh trn cm sinh

ra cc ng cu

Hi (f ) = 0.

Cc ng cu phc

xy dng nh trn gi l

ng lun.

nh ngha 16 Phm tr

vi tp cc ng cu vo

chia cho

C(A) l phm tr vi vt l cc phc trong A v HomC(A) (M , N ) l nhm cc ng cu phc t M nhm cc ng lun. Phm tr C(A) gi l phm tr cc
l phm tr con y ca

phc vi sai khc n lun.

Ta k hiu

CI (A)

C(A)

42

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

Cc vt ni xc mt v tr c bit trong cc phm tr abel.  nghin cu cc hm t khp tri, ngi ta thng phi thay mt vt bng ci gi l gii ni x. Cho mt vt

M Ob(A).

Gii ni x ca

l mt phc

I 0 I0 I1
vi cc thnh phn vi

Ii

l cc vt ni xv sao cho

Hi (I ) = 0

vi mi

i = 0,

i = 0,

ta c mt ng cu cho trc

H0 (M )
nh ngha 17 Mt phm tr abel

M
c gi l  ni xnu vi mi vt

trong

tn ti mt vt ni x

cng vi mt ng cu

f :M I
vi

ker(f ) = 0. A
l mt phm tr  ni x. Khi  mi vt ca

nh l 18 Cho

ca

u c gii ni x. Hai gii ni xbt k

I J

c mt ng cu

g : I
cm sinh ra ng cu n v

1M : H0 (I ) H0 (J ).

Hn na, hai ng cu

nh vy sai khc nhau mt ng lun vy nn ng cu l duy nht trong phm tr

CI (A).

Hn na, ta c mt hm t

R : A CI (A)
ng vi mi vt trong

gii ni xca n trong phm tr cc phc on nh

vi sai khc ng lun.

0 M M M 0 l mt dt khp ngn trong A. Khi  tn ti cc gii on nh I , I v I ca M , M v M cng vi cc cu x phc I I I , cm sinh ra dy khp  cho M M M trn H0 , v sao vi mi i N, dy
Cho

0 I Ii I
l khp.

3.4.

PHC, PHC GII V HM T DN XUT

43

Bn c c th xem chng minh trong [Cartan-Eilenberg, V 1.1 v 2.2].  cc tc gi xt cc gii x nh trong phm tr moun nhng cch

chng minh trong trng hp gii ni xtrong mt phm tr abel bt k cng khng c g khc.

By gi, ta c th xy dng cc hm t dn xut nh sau.

Cho

B l hai phm tr abel v gi thit rng phm tr A c  ni x. F : A B l mt hm t khp tri. Khi  ta xy dng cc hm t xut ca F theo cc bc nh sau. Cho M l mt i tng ca A
1. ly

Cho

dn

I = R(M ) F (I )

l mt i tng ca phm tr

CI (A)

cc phc on

nh vi sai khc ng lun,

2.

ly

l phc

F (I 0 ) F (I 1 )
l mt i tng ca phm tr

C(B),

3.

ly i ng iu

Hi (F (I )

v gi chng l cc hm t dn xut

Ri F (M ) := Hi (F (I ))
vi mi

i = 0, 1, . . . A v M R(M )

Cch xy dng trn p dng c cho c cc ng cu trng l mt hm t.

Tnh cht c bn nht ca cc hm t n xut l ta c

mt dy khp di.

nh l 19 Cho
ni x

F :AB

mt hm t khp tri t mt phm tr abel 

vo mt phm tr abel

B.

Gi

Ri F

l cc hm t dn xut ca

F.

Khi  vi mi day khp ngn trong

0M M M 0
ta c mt dy khp di trong

0 F (M ) F (M ) F (M ) R1 F (M ) R1 F (M )

44

CHNG 3.

S LC V I S NG IU

Ta thay th dy khp

0M M M 0 0 I I I

bng cc dy khp

0 F,
ta vn

ca gii ni x.

V l

l vt ni x, sau khi p dng hm t

cn cc dy khp ngn

0 F (I ) F (I ) F (I ) 0.
T dy khp ngn gia cc phc, ta suy ra dy khp di cc i ng iu :

0 H0 (F (I )) H0 (F (I )) H0 (F (I )) H1 (F (I ))
v suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Phn II

Lc 

45

47

Ta c th quan nim lc  theo hai cch rt khc nhau.

N c th

xem nh mt hm t t phm tr cc vnh giao hon vo phm tr cc tp hp. V d nh nu ta c mt h phng trnh i s, ta c th xt tp cc nghim ca h ny trong mt vnh giao hon bin thin. N cng c th

xem nh mt khng gian tp c trang b thm mt cu trc bao gm tt c cc hm i s xc nh trn mt tp m  nh. Tp cc hm i s trn tp m bin thin ca khng gian tp c gi l b vnh cu trc. Chng ta s cng nhau nghin cu l thuyt lc  ng thi t gc  i lp nh vy.

48

Chng 4

Lc  aphin

4.1

Tp i s

Trong mc ny, ta xem xt khi nim rt th s l khi nim tp i s. N cho php ta tip cn mt cch m i vi khi nim chnh qui ca hnh hc i s l khi nim lc , v ng thi cho php ta hiu c ti sao ngi ta cn a ra khi nim rc ri ny. Mc ny c tnh gii thiu cho

cc mc sau. Cc mc sau khng ph thuc v mt logic vo mc ny. Ngc li vi khi nim lc  rt tn qut, khi nim tp i s ch c gi tr trn mt trng ng i s. Ta xt tp Cho

l mt trng ng i s.

cc nghim

= (1 , . . . , n ) k n
ca mt h phng trnh i s

= 0 fm (1 , . . . , n ) = 0
vi

f1 (1 , . . . , n )

f1 , . . . , fm k[x1 , . . . , xn ]
Cho mt tp

a thc

n
n
.

bin.

Mt tp

nh vy gi

l mt tp i s trong khng gian aphin

V kn,

ta c th hi rng liu n c phi l mt tp i

s hay khng. Mun tr li cu hi ny, ta xt ian

I = {f k[x1 , . . . , xn ] | f () = 0 V }.
49

50

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

Idan cho

ca vnh

A = k[x1 , . . . , xn ] fn I
th

tha mn tnh cht vi mi

f A I.

sao

tn ti ian tha

nN

vi

f I,

ta c th vit gn li l

I=

Mt

mn tnh cht ny gi l ian cn. khng trn mt tp con Theo nh ngha Mun cho mi

Ian

cc a thc nhn gi tr

V k ca I , vi

l mt ian cn. mi

l mt tp i s trong

kn

sao cho

f () = 0

vi

V , vi mi f I ta c f () = 0. k n ta phi c mnh  o, tc l vi mi f I ta c V . kn

l tp cc khng im ca mt ian

nh ngha 1 Tp con i s ca

I k[x1 , . . . , xn ].
Ta c th t cu hi liu mt tp i s nh ngha nh trn c l tp cc khng im ca mt h hu hn cc phng trnh i s hay khng. Cu tr li l c v theo nh l Hilbert, vnh a thc Noether cho nn mi ian sao cho vi mi

ca n l hn hn

k[x1 , . . . , xn ] l mt vnh sinh. Tn ti f1 , . . . , fm I

f I

tn ti

g1 , . . . , g m A

sao cho

f = f1 g1 + + fm gm .
Vy nn nu mi

kn

sao cho

fi () = 0

vi mi

f I.

Tp cc khng im ca h phng trnh

i = 1, . . . , n th f () = 0 vi f1 () = = fm () = 0
th d n lun tn ti, vic Hon na, ngay khi c V th ngi ta

cng l tp cc khng im ca c ian

I. I,

Nu ta khng cho trc mt h sinh ca

ch ra tng minh mt h sinh l vic khng d.

mt h sinh c th cng rt t him khi tht s l c ch.

thng ch xt cc tp i s nh tp khng im ca mt ian ch khng tm kim mt h phng trnh c th tr khi h phng trnh ny c cho trc trong mt bi ton c th.

nh l 2 Cho

mt

trng

ng

i

s,

mt

ian

ca

A =

k[x1 , . . . , xn ].

Ta c mt song nh gia tp hp

V (I) = { k n | f () = 0 f I}
v tp

Spm(A/I)

cc ian cc i ca

A/I .

4.1.

TP I S

51

Nhc li l mt ian mt trng. Cho

ca

l cc i khi v ch khi thng

R/p

. Ta c mt ng cu

k -i

s ton nh

ev : A = k[x1 , . . . , xn ] k
cho bi

ev (f ) := f (). Nu V (I), vi mi f I ta c ev (f ) = 0. Tc l ng cu ev phn tch qua vnh thng A/I . ng cu ev : A/I k cng s l ton nh. Hch ca n l mt ian cc i ca A/I . Nh vy
ta  xy dng mt nh x

V (I) Spm(A/I)
m ta mun xy dng mt nh x nghch o.  xy dng nh x nghch o ta cn s dng gi thit trng trng ng i s v b  sau y.

k k

B  3 Cho
l mt

l mt trng ng i s. Cho

l mt trng cha

k -i

s hu hn sinh. Khi 

k = k.
xon 1  xem cch chng minh

Bn c c th xem cun Mumford,

ca nh l ny s dng nh l chun ha ca Noether v nh l CohenSeidenberg. hp Sau y l mt cch chng minh ngn gn hn trong trng

k=C

l trng cc s phc.

Nhc li l ni ng cu ton nh

l mt

k -i

s dng hu hn c ngha l tn ti mt

k[x1 , . . . , xn ] k
t mt vnh a thc vo

k.

Nh vy

k -khng

gian vect

c mt c s

vi nhiu nht l m c cc phn t. gian vect ny c chiu hu hn trn t phi bng nh ca

Ta sch cn chng minh khng

v khi  do

l ng i s nn

k.

Mun th, ta ch cn chng minh l vi mi

k i = 1, . . . , n

fi : k[xi ] k
l mt t

k -i

s hu hn. Nu khng

fi

phi l n nh m khi  cc phn

1 |k fi (xi ) k

k k.
V

phi l cc phn t c lp tuyn tnh trong tp khng m c, n mu thun vi vic

k=C

nn tp ny l

c mt c s m c trn

k.

52

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

Cho mt ian cc i

ca

R = A/I ,

ta c mt ng cu ton nh

R R/p = k i = 1, . . . , n,
v t

vi

l mt trng.

Ly hp thnh vi

mt ng cu ton nh

: A k

cho nn theo b ,

A R, ta c k = k . Vi mi

i = (xi ) k
cho nn

= (1 , . . . , n ). Ta c ngay vi mi f I , f () = (f ) trong k = A/I f () = 0. Vy ta  xy dng c nh x nghch o Spm(A/I) V (I).

Bn c t kim tra rng hai nh x xy dng trn l nghch o ca nhau.

Ta phi nhn xt ngay l nu b i gi thit trng khng nh khng cn ng na. Xt v d phn t. Ly

A = Fp [x]

khi  tp cc ian cc i ca s u bng

I = 0. Khi  Fp [x] l tp

k ng i s th k = Fp l trng hu hn c p V (I) = Fp ch c p phn t trong

cc a thc bt kh qui vi h

nn c v hn phn t.

Mt tp c hu hn phn t khng Trong v d ny ta cng

ther c song nh vi mt tp c v hn phn t. thy l tp

Fp

l qu nh  coi l tp cc im ca ng thng aphin trn

Fp .

Tp cc ian cc i

Spm(Fp [x])

c v tt hn.

Tp cc ian cc i c mt u im na l n ch ph thuc vo vnh

R = A/I

ch khng ph thuc vo cch biu din

nh l thng ca mt

vnh a thc.

Nh vy ta  hon thnh bc x dch quan im th nht :

thay v xt tp cc nghim ca mt h phong trnh trong cc ian cc i ca mt

kn,

ta xem xt tp

k -i

s hu hn sinh

R.
tt c cc ian nguyn Nhng bc ny ch mang

Sau ny ta s thy ngi ta xt ti tp t ch khng phi ch

Spec(R)

Spm(R) cc ian cc i.

tnh k thut ch khng c tnh cch mng. Vi

R l cc k -i s dng hu hn thi Spec(R) khng c g hay hn so vi Spm(R) nhng tt nhin l i vi mt vnh bt k, chng hn nh mt vnh a phng th Spec(R) giu c hn nhiu so vi Spm(R) ch c mi mt im trong trng hp vnh a
phng.

nh ngha 4 Cho

l mt trng ng i s. Cho mt a tp aphin trn dng hu hn

l cho mt

phn t ca

k -i s Spm(R).

R.

Cho mt im ca n l cho mt

4.1.

TP I S

53

Mnh  5 Cho
i s.

l mt

k -i k

s hu hn sinh vi

l mt trng ng cc

Khi  ta c mt song nh chun tc gia tp

ng cu

k -i

s t

vo

v tp cc ian cc i

HomkAlg (R, k) Spm(R) ca R.

: R k , t phi l ton nh v R cha k . Hch ca n l mt ian cc i ca R. Ngc li nu ta cho mt ian cc i p ca R, trng R/p l mtk k -i s dnh hu hn nn t phi bng k . Vy ng cu thong R R/p cho ta mt phn t ca HomkAlg (R, k). Ta d xy dng hai nh x nghch o gia HomkAlg (R, k) v tp Spm(R).
Cho mt ng cu s

k -i

nh ngha 6 Cho

ca a tp aphin

R l mt k -i s dng hu hn. Cho mt nhng (ng) Spm(R) tng ng vi R vo khng gian aphin l cho mt A = k[x1 , . . . , xn ] R

ng cu ton nh

t vnh a thc vo

R. : A R cng l mt biu din R R = A/I vi ian I l hch ca . Vi

Mt ng cu ton nh nh trn nh thng ca mt vnh a thc mi im

HomkAlg (R, k)
ta c th cho ng vi mt im

HomkAlg (A, k).

V th ta c mt nh x n nh t nh l cc ng cu

HomkAlg (R, k) HomkAlg (A, k) vi I . V ta bit rng vi cc k -i s dng hu hn trn trng ng i s k , HomkAlg (R, k) = Spm(R) cho nn ta cng c mt nh x n nh Spm(R) Spm(A). Ak
bng khng trn ian

k -a tp aphin ng vi hai k -i s dng hu hn R k -i s R R l mt cu x t a tp aphin tng ng vi R vo a tp aphin tng ng vi R . Cu x ny gi l mt nhng ng nu nh ng cu R R l ton nh.
nh ngha 7 Cho hai
v

R.

Ta gi mt ng cu

Tng t nh trn, nu cho mt ng cu R R, ta c mt nh x HomkAlg (R, k) HomkAlg (R , k). Cng tng t nh trn , trong trng hp ta xt, R, R l cc k -i s dng hu hn, cho nn

54

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

HomkAlg (R, k) = Spm(R) v HomkAlg (R , k) = Spm(R ) cho nn ta cng c mt nh x Spm(R) Spm(R ). Ta c th kim tra c l nh x ny cho ng vi ian cc i p ca R, ian p to nh ca p trong R . Ni chung cho mt ng cu vnh : R R, cho mt ian nguyn t p ca R th to nh p = 1 (p) cng l mt ian nguyn t v khi  R /p l mt vnh con ca R/p m vnh con ca mt vnh nguyn vn t phi
l mt vnh nguyn vn. Nhng m vnh con ca mt trng th khng nht thit l mt trng cho nn to nh ca mt ian cc i khng nht thit l mt ian cc i vy cho nn nu dng hu hn, ta khng c nh x

R, R khng phi l cc k -i s Spm(R) Spm(R ) m ch c nh x

s dng hu hn, ta c th coi im

Spec(R) Spec(R ).
ian nguyn t.

i vi cc

k -i

l cc ian cc i, cn i vi mt vnh bt k th ta phi coi im l cc

Nhn xt cui cng,

v l nhn xt rt quan trng l :

cho ng cu m

: R R,
ta c nh x

ta khng ch c nh x

HomkAlg (R, k) HomkAlg (R , k)

HomkAlg (R, S) HomkAlg (R , S)

Hom(R, k)

k = Fp ta  thy ch mt tp im R nhng khi cho vnh S bin thin th theo nh l Yoneda, hm t S Hom(R, S) hon ton xc nh R. Tm li, ta c  trnh bn cch m t hnh hc ca mt k -i s dng hu hn R trn mt trng k ng i s,
vi mi vnh Trong trng hp khng   xc nh 1.

S.

R di dng R = A/I vi A = k[x1 , . . . , xn ] l mt vnh a thc v I = f1 , . . . , fm l ian sinh bi cc a thc f1 , f2 , . . . , fm , ta ly i tng hnh hc ng vi R l tp n i s cc im k sao cho f1 () = = fm () = 0. Tp by hin nhin cng bng tp HomkAlg (R, k). Tp HomkAlg (R, k) th khng ph thuc na vo cch biu din R thnh thng R = A/I .
Sau khi chn mt cch biu din M t bng tp cc iean cc i

2.

Spm(R). Spec(R).
ng vi mi

3.

M t bng tp cc ian nguyn t

4.

M t bng hm t

k Alg Set

k -i

l tp

HomkAlg (R, S).

4.2.

PHM TR I CA PHM TR CC V NH

55

Trong trng hp

ng i s hai cch m t u tng ng vi nhau.

Trong trng hp tng qut ta cn thay tp cc nghim gi tr trong

bng tp cc nghim vi gi tr trong

HomkAlg (R, k) vi mt vnh bin thin S ,

v thay tp cc ian cc i bng tp cc ian nguyn t.

4.2

Phm tr i ca phm tr cc vnh

Nh  phn tch mc trc, vi mi vnh giao hon t

ta c mt hm

hA

t phm tr cc vnh giao hon

Ring

vo phm tr cc tp hp, cho

bi

hA (R) = HomRing (A, R).

nh ngha 8 Lc  aphin l mt hm t
ti mt vnh giao hon

v mt ng cu hm t

F : Ring Set F hA .

sao cho tn

Ta c v d c bn sau y  nu mc trc trong trng hp c

f1 , . . . , fr R[x1 , . . . , xn ] l r a thc n bin vi h s trong R. Xt hm t F : Ring Set cho ng vi mi vnh R tp cc b (; 1 , . . . , n ) vi : R R l mt ng cu vnh v 1 . . . , n R sao cho
bit. Cho l mt vnh bt k. Cho

(fi )(1 , . . . , n ) = 0
vi mi cu

i = 1, . . . , r. ay a thc (fi ) l nh hin nhin R[x1 , . . . , xn ] R [x1 , . . . , xn ] cm F hA

ca a thc sinh t

qua ng

Ta c th chng minh tn ti mt ng cu ham t

vi

A = R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/ f1 , . . . , fr . Tht vy, cho mt phn t (; 1 , . . . , n ) F (R ) ta c mt ng cu vnh t vnh cc a thc R[x1 , . . . , xn ] vo R ; n gi R vo R qua v gi mi bin xi ln phn t i . a thc fi c gi ln phn t (fi )(1 , . . . , n ) = 0 trn R cho nn nh ca ian sinh ra bi cc a thc ny l {0}. Vy nn ng cu R[x1 , . . . , xn ] R phi phn tch qua thng R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/ f1 , . . . , fr v cho ta mt phn t HomRing (R[x1 , . . . , xn ]/ f1 , . . . , fr , R ).

Ngc li nu ta c ng cu

nh trn, hn ch vo

cho ta

v nh

(xi )

cho ta li cc phn t

i .

56

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

V d ny cho ta thy quan nim hm t rt gn vi cch hiu ngy th nht v hnh hc i s tc l nghin cu nghim ca cc h phng trnh i s.

4.3
Cho

Khng gian tp

Spec(A)
Spec(A)
l tp cc

l mt vnh giao hon.

Nh mc 1.3, tp ph

ian nguyn t ca nh ngha nh sau.

A.

Trn tp ny c mt cu trc tp gi l tp Zariski

A hoc I = A, ta t V (I) l tp cc ian nguyn t p ca A cha I , t U (I) phn b ca V (I) trong Spec(A), tc l tp cc ian nguyn t p khng cha I . Nu I = A r rang V (I) l tp trng v U (I) l ton b Spec(A). Ngc li, nu I = {0} ta c V (I) = Spec(A) cn U (I) l tp trng.
Vi mi con ca tc l l mt ian ca

A-moun

A,

nh ngha 9 Tp Zariski trn

v h cc tp m l cac tp

U (I)

Spec(A) c h cc tp ng l cc tp V (I) ch s ho bi cc A-moun con I ca A. k

Ta ly v d ng i s.

A = k[t] {0},

l vnh cc a thc mt bin trn mt trng

Ta bit tp

Spec(A)

bao gm mt im tng qut tng ng

ng mt mt vi cc phn t

t v tng I = {0} ca A c dng I = f . Ian ti i tng ng vi k thuc vo tp ng V (I) khi v ch khi f () = 0. Nh vy mt tp con ng ca Spec(A) hoc l c Spec(A) hoc ch cha mt s hu hn cc im dng t . Tp con ca Spec(A) vi ng mt phn t l im tng qut, khng phi l mt tp
vi ian nguyn t cc im khc ca n c dng

k.

Mt ian bt k

ng.  cho nh ngha 2 c ngha, ta cn kim tra rng h cc tp ng v h cc tp m

V (I)

U (I)

tho mn cc tin  ca mt tp.

B  10 Cho

I1 , I2

l hai

A-moun

con ca

A.

Ta c

V (I1 ) V (I2 ) = V (I1 + I2 )

vi I1 + I2 l tp cc phn t ca A 1 I1 v 2 I2 . Ta cng c c th vit c di dang

1 + 2

vi

V (I1 ) V (I2 ) = V (I1 I2 )

4.3.

KHNG GIAN TP

SPEC(A)

57

vi

I1 I2

l ian sinh ra bi cc phn t c dng

Ta c cc ng thc tng t cho tp m

1 2 vi 1 I1 v 2 I2 . U (I1 ) U (I2 ) = U (I1 + I2 ) v

U (I1 ) U (I2 ) = U (I1 I2 ). I1 p v I2 p. M I1 + I2 l A-moun nh nht cha c I1 v I2 cho nn I1 + I2 p. Ngc li nu I1 + I2 p th hin nhin ta c I1 p v I2 p. Nu p V (I1 ) V (I2 ) th p phi cha hoc I1 hoc I2 . Trong c hai trng hp, p u cha I1 I2 . Ngc li nu I1 p v I2 p th ta co th chn x1 I1 p v x2 I2 p. V p l mt ian nguyn t nn tch x1 x2 p. Vy m x1 x2 I1 I2 cho nn I1 I2 p. /
Nu th theo nh ngha Ta c th nhn xt l, trong chng minh trn, giao mt s v hn cc tp ng

p V (I1 ) V (I2 )

V (Ij )

vn l mt tp ng c dng

V (I)

vi

A-moun

con

Ij . Ngc li th hp mt s v hn cc V (I) na. Tht vy, ly A = Z v xt hp ca mt s v hn cc tp I( pj ) tng ng vi cc s nguyn t pj . Nu hp ny c dng V (I) th ian I phi nm trong giao j pj m giao ny bng khng nu tp cc s nguyn t {pj } ta chn l tp v hn. Vy nn I = {0}. iu ny cng v l v im tng qut {0} nm trong V (I) m khng h nm trong hp cc Y ( pj ).
nh nht trong cha tt c cc

V (Ij )

c th khng cn c dng

B  11 (Phn hoch n v) Cho

I2 ) = Spec(A). Spec(A)

Khi  tn ti

I1 v I2 l hai ian sao cho U (I1 + 1 I1 v 2 I2 sao cho 1 + 2 = 1. U (I1 ) v U (I2 )

khng b cha iu ny ch sao cho

T ng thc th nht ta suy ra nu hp ca hai tp m l th

U (I1 + I2 ) = Spec(A). I1 + I2 = A,

Th c ngha l

I1 + I2
v

trong bt k mt ian nguyn t hay mt ian ti i no. c th xy ra nu tc l tn ti

1 I1

2 I2 A.

1 + 2 = 1.
B  12 (Nullstellensatz yu) Cho

U (I) =
Nu

khi v ch khi mi phn t

I l mt ian ca I l lu linh.
n

ca vnh

Khi 

n = 0 vi n 1 no , th vi mi ian nguyn t p ta c p v p. V th nu mi phn t ca I l lu linh th I p vi mi ian nguyn t p, tc l U (I) = . Nu ngc li cho l mt phn t ca I , p vi mi ian nguyn t p. Ta cn chng minh l mt phn t lu linh. Xt vnh a thc mt
l mt phn t lu linh, tc l

58

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

bin

p ca A[x], giao p = p A l mt ian nguyn t ca A. V p cho nn x p. . Phn t 1 x khng nm trong bt k mt ian Ta suy ra 1 x p / nguyn t no nn n l phn t kh nghch trong A[x]. Tc l tn ti mt A[x]
v phn t

1 x

trong vnh ny. Vi mi ian nguyn t

a thc

0 + 1 x + + n xn A[x]
sao cho

(1 x)(0 + 1 x + n xn ) = 1.
ng nht cc h s hai v, ta c Vy nn

0 = 1, 1 = , . . . , n = n X

n+1 = 0.

l mt phn t lu linh.

nh ngha 13 Mt khng gian tp

hai tp con ng

gi l lin thng nu khng tn ti

Y1

Y2

c hai cng khc rng sao cho

Y1 Y2 =

Y1 Y2 = X .
m.

Trong inh ngha ny ta c th thay tp con ng bng tp con

Khng gian tp

gi l bt kh qui nu khng tn ti hai tp con ng

Y1

Y2

c hai cng khc rng sao cho

Y1 Y2 = X .
thng khi v ch khi khng tn

B  14 Khng gian ph
ti phn t Gi

tho

Spec(A) l lin mn (1 ) = 0. Spec(A) l bt m 1 2 = 0.

l mt vnh rt gn, tc l mt vnh khng c phn t lu linh kh qui khi v ch khi khng tn

khc khng. Khng gian ph ti

1 , 2 A

khc khng

A vi (1 ) = 0 th ta c th ly I1 = v I2 2 l v bi 1 . V I1 + I2 = A cho nn hp ca U (I1 ) v U (I2 ) l Spec(A). V I1 I2 = 0 cho nn giao ca U (I1 ) v U (I2 ) l tp rng. Vy nn Spec(A) khng lin thng. Gi s Spec(A) khng lin thng tc l tn ti hai ian I1 v I2 sao cho hai tp m U (I1 ) v U (I2 ) c giao bng rng v hp bng Spec(A). Khi  tn ti 1 I1 v 2 I2 sao cho 1 +2 = 1. V giao U (I1 )U (I2 ) = U (I1 I2 ) l rng cho nn tch 1 2 l mt phn t lu linh. Nu A l rt gn th ta c ngay 1 2 = 0. Nu khng ta ch bit rng tn ti n 1 sao cho n n n n 1 2 = 0. Nhng v U ( 1 ) = U ( 1 ) v U ( 2 ) = U ( 2 ) cho nn hp n n U ( 1 ) U ( 2 ) vn l c Spec(A). Theo b  phn hoch n v, tn n n ti 1 1 v 2 2 sao cho 1 + 2 = 1. R rng 1 2 l bi ca n n 1 2 cho nn 1 2 = 0.
Nu tn ti cc ian sinh bi

4.4.

B CU TRC

59

4.4

B cu trc

Ta b mt mt s thng tin khi chuyn t vnh

sang khng gian tp

Spec(A), tin v A,

chng hn nh cc thng tin v lu linh. ngi ta trang b thm cho

 bo ton mi thng

Spec(A) mt b cu trc. Spec(A) nh sau. Ta cho ng vi mi tp m U ca Spec(A), vnh O(U ) tt c cc hm i s trn U , tt nhin ta cn lm chnh xc hn th no l hm i s sau. Nu U l mt tp m con ca U , th ta c th hn ch mt hm trn U vo mt hm trn U . Nh vy ta c mt hm t t phm tr cc tp m ca Spec(A) vo
Ta c th hiu nm na b cu trc trn phm tr cc vnh. Hm t ny tha mn mt tch cht c bit l nu h cc tp m

{Ui }i I
trn

ph mt tp m

th mt hm

trn

hon ton

b xc nh bi cc hn ch cc hm khi

fi

fi |Ui Uj
Cho

fi ca n vo cc tp m Ui , va hn na mt h Ui c th dn li c thnh mt hm f trn U khi v ch = fj |Ui Uj . Cc hm t nh vy gi l cc b. Trc khi tm X

l mt quy tc gn cho

hiu b cu trc, ta dduwa ra nh ngha tng qut th no l mt b.

l mt khng gian tp. Tin b trn

F(U ) no  v gn cho mi cp hai tp m U V mt nh x F(V ) F (U ) no  sao cho - i vi cp U = V , nh x tng ng F(V ) F (U ) l nh x n v, - nu U V W , hp thnh ca F(W ) F(V ) v F(V ) F (U ) l nh x F(W ) F (U ) tng ng vi cp U W .
mi tp m ca mt tp hp Ta c th din t khi nim tin b mt cch sc tch hn nh sau. Xt

Hom(U, V ) l tp rng nu l tp hp vi ng mt phn t nu U V . Khi  mt tin opp b l mt hm t F t phm tr U vo phm tr Set. Tng t nh opp vy, tin b nhm, tin b vnh, l mt hm t t U vo phm tr cc nhm hay phm Ab tr cc vnh Ring . Mt phn t f F (V ) gi l mt lp ct ca F trn V . Nu U V , nh ca f F(V ) trong F(U ) c k hiu l f |U , v gi l hn ch ca f vo U .
phm tr vi vt l cc tp m ca v vi

U U V,

X l mt tin U, V l hai tp m ca X , khi  bng cch hn ch vo U v V , tp F(U V ) c th ng nht vi tp con ca F(U ) F (V ) cc cp (f, g) F (U ) F (V ) tho mn f |U V = g|U V . Tng qut hn nu U l hp ca mt h c th v hn
nh ngha 15 B (nhm, vnh) trn mt khng gian tp
b (nhm, vnh) tho mn tnh cht dn c. Cho

60

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

(Ui )iI
phn t

khi 

F(U )

c th ng nht vi tp con ca tch

(fi )iI

sao cho vi mi cp

i, j I

ta c

fi |Ui Uj = fj |Ui Uj .

iI

F(Ui )

cc

Trong trng hp Noether th ta ch cn xt ti cc h ph hu hn. Trong s cc tp m ca

Spec(A)

c mt h c s c bit tin li cho

vic tnh ton trong cc b m ta s gi l tp m chnh. Mi phn t sinh ra mt ian chnh ian chnh cho

f A A
sao

Tp m chnh

U (f )

l tp m tng ng vi

hay ni cch khc l tp cc ian nguyn t

ca

f p. /

Nh ta  bit, tp m chnh

U (f )
1

c th ng nht vi tp cc

ian nguyn t ca

A[f 1 ]

; khng gian tp cm sinh ln

U (f )

cng ng

cu chun tc vi khng gian tp

Spec(A[f

].
Vi mi im

B  16 Giao hai tp m chnh l mt tp m chnh.

Spec(A) v vi mi tp m U cha im ny, sao cho x U (f ) v U (f ) U .

Khng nh th nht l hin nhin v

tn ti mt tp m chnh

x U (f )

U (f1 ) U (f2 ) = U (f1 f2 ).

Khng nh sau cng ch l vit li cc nh ngha. Gi s im

x tng ng vi ian nguyn t p v tp m U tng ng vi ian I . Gi thit x U / tng ng vi I p. Vy nn tn ti mt phn t f I m f p. Khi /  hin nhin x U (f ) v U (f ) U .
B  17 Mi tp m

ca

nht thit hu hn, cc tp

Spec(A) u c th ph c bi mt h, khng m chnh. Nu A l vnh Noether, mi tp m

ca

Spec(A)

u c th ph c bi mt h hu hn cc tp m chnh.

Nu phn

U l tp m tng t (fi )iI , khi  U =

ng vi ian

v nu

sing bi mt h cc

I c mt h sinh bao gm U = U (f1 ) U (fn ).

nh l 18 Cho

iI

U (fi ).

Nu

l vnh Noether, mi ian

mt s hu hn cc phn t

f1 , . . . , fn

khi 

l mt vnh giao hon bt k. Tn ti duy nht, vi sai

khc l mt ng cu duy nht, mt b vnh tp m chnh

U (f )

vnh

{1, f, f 2 , . . .}.

B vnh

O trn Spec(A) gn vi mi A[f 1 ] l vnh a phng ho ca A theo tp nhn O gi l b vnh cu trc ca Spec(A).

4.4.

B CU TRC

61

U ca Spec(A) bng mt h cc tp m chnh U = iI U (fi ). Giao U (fi ) U (fj ) = U (fi fj ) cng l mt tp m chnh. Th cho nn vnh cc lp ct ca O trn U nht thit phi bng vnh cc 1 b (ai )iI iI A[fi ] sao cho vi mi cp ch s i, j I , nh ca ai v aj trong A[fi1 fj1 ] bng nhau. Ta cn phi chng minh rng O(U ) nh ngha nh trn khng ph thuc vo ph U bi cc tp m chnh m ta chn. Mun vy ta phi xt mt ph khc ca U = jJ U (gj ) ri xt tnh cht dn i vi ph ca U (fi ) bi 1 cc tp m U (fi ) U (gj ) vi j J . Thay A bng A[f i ] ta qui v chng
Ta c th ph mi tp m ming b  sau y.

B  19 Gi s

Spec(A)

c th ph c bng mt h cc tp m chnh

jJ

U (gj ).

Khi  hn ch vo cc

vnh con ca

1 1 A[gi gj ]
V

1 jJ A[gj ]

cc phn

U (gj ) cho php ta ng t (aj ) sao cho nh ca ai

nht v

vi

aj

trong

bng nhau.

U (gj ), theo b  phn hoch n v, tn ti mt s hu hn cc ch s j = 1, . . . , n J sao cho 1 = b1 g1 + + bn gn vi cc n phn t b1 , , bn A no . Khi  ta c Spec(A) = j=1 U (gj ) v ta c th qui v trng hp tp ch s J hu hn. 1 1 1 Gi s cho aj A[g j ] sao cho nh ca ai v aj trong A[gi gj ] bng cj nhau. Chn mu s thch hp cho php ta vit aj dng aj = vi mt gN
jJ
j
s t nhin

Spec(A) =

 ln i vi mi

aj ,

v sao cho

N N ci gj = cj gi
vi mi cp

i, j {1, . . . , n}. V = U (fj ) cho nn c b1 , . . . , bn sao cho U (fjN )

theo b  phn hoch n v ta c th tm

N N b1 g1 + + bn gn = 1.
t trong

a = b1 c1 + + bn cn A. 1 A[gj ] bng aj . Tht vy

Ta mun chng minh rng nh ca

N agj = = cj = cj

n N i=1 bi ci gj n N i=1 bi gi

62

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

Nh vy ta  chng minh c tnh ton nh. chng minh tng t nh vy. ho Cho

Tnh nh nh cng

aA

vi nh trong cc a phng

1 A[gj ]

bng

0.

Tc l tn ti

 ln sao cho vi mi

j = 1, . . . , n a = 0. A.

ta c

N agj = 0.

Li dng b  phn hoch n v ta c

Mnh  20 Cho

Vi mi tp m

phn t

f Ax ,

A l mt min nguyn v gi K l trng cc thng ca U ca Spec(A), O(U ) l vnh con ca K bao gm cc f K sao cho vi mi ian nguyn t x U Spec(A), ta c vi Ax xem nh l mt vnh con ca K O(U ) =
xU

Ax . U
bi cc tp m

Cho mt tp m chnh

ca

Spec(A)

v cho mt ph ca

U (gi ) vi cc ch s i chy trong mt tp I , khng nht thit hu hn. Theo cch xy dng ca b cu trc O , mt phn t f O(U ) l mt 1 h fi A[g i ], sao cho fi |U (gi gj ) = fj |U (gi gj ) . V 1 A l min nguyn cho nn cc vnh A[gi ] u c th coi l vnh con ca K . iu kin fi |U (g g ) = fj |U (g g ) tng ng vi vic nh ca cc fi i j i j trong K u nh nhau. Vy nn O(U ) =
iI
Cho mt im

1 A[gi ].

x U,

trong ian nguyn t

i I sao x, gi (x) = 0. Khi

tn ti

cho 

x U (gi ) tc l gi khng 1 A[gi ] Ax v ta suy ra

nm

O(U )
xU

Ax .

f xU Ax , vi mi x U , f c th vit di dng f = cx /gx vi cx , gx A v gx x. Nhn thm gx vi mt hm bng khng / trn phn b ca U , ta c th gi s U (gx ) U . Nh vy ta c mt ph 1 ca U bng h cc tp m chnh U (gx ) v hm f A[g x ] theo xxy dng ca b cu trc O l mt phn t ca O(U ).
Ngc li vi mi B

trn

Vnh cc lp ct ca ph thuc

Spec(A) xy dng nh trn gi l b cu trc ca Spec(A). O trn Spec(A) li l A cho nn cp (Spec(A), O), ch vo A, v cng cha mi thng tin v A. Ni cch khc l ni

4.5.

TH CA B V TH CA B CU TRC

63

hon ton tng ng vi

A.

Ta c th t cu hi rng ti sao ta li i

mt con ng v cng rc ri  n mt kt qu hon ton tng ng vi im xut pht. Cu tr li l im ta n nm trong mt th gii khc, th gii ca hnh hc. Ci ta thu lm c l mt i tng hnh hc thn thin hn so vi i tng i s mt l vnh giao hon.

4.5

Th ca b v th ca b cu trc

X . Cho x X . Th ca F trn X l tp hp cc lp tng ng (U, f ) vi U l mt tp m cha x v f F (U ) l mt lp ct ca F trn U ; (U, f ) tng ng vi (U , f ) nu f |U U = f |U U . Ta k hiu Fx th ca F ti im x.
nh ngha 21 Cho
l mt khng gian tp, l mt b trn
Ta c th nh ngha th ca mt b nh mt tp gii hn quy np. Xt

J cc tp m U cha im x X . Ta xt quan h th t U U nu U U . Ta c mt h quy np cc tp F(U ) vi ch s trong J vi cc nh x chuyn tip F(U ) F (U ) l nh x hn ch. D li cch xy dng gii hn quy np, ta nhn thy gii hn ca h quy np F(U ), trng vi nh ngha ca th ca F ti x. R rng nu F l mt b nhm Abel hoc l
mt b vnh th cc th ca n cng s l nhm Abel hoc l vnh. Ta cng nhn xt l thay v vic xt tt c cc ln cn ca im mt c s l . V th nn th ca hn ch ca mt b tp m

x, ta ch cn xt F trn X vo mt Spec(A)
v mt

ca

X,

cng vn l th ca

ti im ny.

Vi mi vnh b vnh

A,

ta  xy dng mt khng gian tp

OSpec(A) .

Ta s tm hiu xem th ca n l g.

Mnh  22 Cho

l mt vnh giao hon,

Spec(A)

l khng gian tp cc

iean nguyn t ca

p Spec(A),
theo tp nhn phng.

th ca

A, OSpec(A) OSpec(A) S = A p. c

b vnh cu trc trn im

Spec(A).

Vi mi

l vnh a phng ho

Ap

ca

bit, mi th ca

OSpecA

u l vnh a

Cho mt tp m bt k vnh

ca

A,

ta khng bit cch vit tng minh

OSpec(A) (U ).

Tuy vy, trong tnh ton gii hn quy np, ta ch cn xt

cc tp m chnh l  v cc tp m chnh cha im

 cho, to nn

64

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

mt c s trong s cc ln cn ca

p.

Nu

nm trong mt tp m chnh

U (f )

th hin nhin

f p /

v ta c

OSpec(A) (U (f )) = A[f 1 ].
Vy nn ta cn tm gii hn quy np ca cc vnh dng cc phn t

A[f 1 ]

nh s bi

f S = Ap

xp th t theo quan h chia ht. D theo nh

ngha, ta nhn thy gii hn ny chnh l vnh cha

Ap

Ap

l vnh "nh nht"

m trong  mi phn t

f S

u kh nghch.

Qua hai mnh  20 v 22, ta thy l ni chung ta c th xy dng li b t cc th ca n : cc th ca mt b c ng cc thng tin v b. y l mt l do v sao t khi ngi ta ngh v b nh l mt hm t, mt hm t qu l kh hnh dung, m ch ngh xem ti mt im  cho, th ca n l g.

4.6

Cu x gia hai lc  aphin

Mnh  23 Cho
cm sinh

: A B l f : Spec(B) Spec(A) pB

mt ng cu vnh bt k. l mt nh x lin tc.

Khi  nh x

B ta c f (pB ) l ian nguyn t 1 (pB ). Cho IA l mt ian ca A v U (IA ) l tp m tng ng ca Spec(A). To 1 nh f (U (IA )) l tp cc ian nguyn t pB ca B sao cho IA 1 (pB ), 1 tc l (IA ) pB . Vy nn to nh f (U (IA )) l tp m U ((IA )).
Vi mi ian nguyn t ca

(X, OX ) v (Y, OY ) l hai khng gian tp vi b vnh. Cho mt cu x f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ) l cho - mt nh x lin tc f : Y X , 1 - vi mi cp tp m U X v V Y sao cho V f (U ), cho mt ng cu vnh U,V : OX (U ) OY (V ) tng thch i vi U v V , tc l, vi mi U U v V V th lc  sau phi giao hon
nh ngha 24 Cho

OY (V ) OX (U ) OY (V ) OX (U )
dy, hai mi tn i xung l cc ng cu hn ch.

U,V

,V

4.6.

CU X GIA HAI LC  APHIN

65

f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ) l mt cu x gia hai khng gian tp vi 1 b vnh. Cho y Y v x = f (y) X . Vi mi ln cn U ca x, f (U ) l mt ln cn ca x th nn ta c mt ng cu vnh
Cho

f 1 (U ),U : OX (U ) OY (f 1 (U )).
Nu hp thnh vi ng cu t h cc vnh vo OY,y gii hn quy np ca OY (V ) vi y V , th ta c mt ng cu vnh OX (U ) OY,y . Nu ly gii hn theo U th ta c mt ng cu vnh

OY (f 1 (U ))

x,y : OX,x OY,y .

Mnh  25 Vi mi ng cu vanh

:AB

ta c mt cu x

(Spec(B), OSpec(B) ) (Spec(A), OSpec(A) ). y Y = Spec(B) vi nh l x X = Spec(A), ng cu vnh x,y : OX,x OY,y l mt ng cu a phng, tc l, nu my l ian ti i ca vnh a phng OY,y v mx l ian ti i ca 1 vnh a phng OY,x th x,y (my ) = mx .
Vi mi ian nguyn t
Ta  xy dng mt nh x lin tc

f :Y X

gi mt ian nguyn t

pB

ca

ln ian nguyn t

1 (pB ).

Ta cn cn xy dng cc ng cu

vnh

U,V . U
ca xy cu dng vnh

Ly mt ln cn Ta c s cn ng

U,V
hn

V = f 1 (U ). Cng nh trong chng minh nh l 11, ta c th quy 1 v trng hp U l tp m chnh U = Spec(A[a ]) vi a A no . 1 Nhng khi  f 1(U ) = Spec(B[(a) ]) v ta c mt ng cu hin nhin U,f 1 (U ) : A[a1 ] B[(a)1 ].  trng quen mt, ta k hiu px l ian nguyn t ca A tng ng vi im x X . Tng t nh vy, ta c ian nguyn t py ca B tng
ng vi im

x X v V ca y Y sao cho V f 1 (U ). : OX (U ) OY (V ). V V f 1 (U ) nn ta  1 ch OY (f (U )) OY (V ). V vy ta c th gi

y Y . Ta c 1 (py ) = px . V nu hn ch x,y : OX,x OY,y vo A ta tm li : A B cho nn nh ngc ca ian ti i my ca OY,y sinh bi py l ian mx sinh bi px . Vy nn x,y l mt ng cu a phng.

66

CHNG 4.

LC  APHIN

: A B cm sinh mt cu x gia hai lc  aphin f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ). Ta c th t cu hi rng vi iu kin no th cu x f c th cm sinh t mt ng cu vnh . Ta bit iu kin
Mi ng cu vnh a phng nh trong pht biu mnh  17, l iu kin cn. Ta s chng minh n cng l iu kin .

Mnh  26 Cho
b cu trc

Y = Spec(B) vi b cu trc OY . Cho X = Spec(A) vi f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ) mt cu x gia hai khng gian tp vi b vnh sao cho vi mi y Y v x = f (y) X , ng cu th OX,x OY,y l ng cu a phng. Th th f l cu x cm sinh t ng cu vnh A = OX (X) OY (Y ) = B . OX .
Cho
Cho

yY

ng vi im

x = f (y) X . K hiu py l ian nguyn t ca B tng y , px l ian nguyn t ca A tng ng vi im x. Ta c A

s  giao hon

Ax By
x,y
vi

l cc ng cu a phng ho. t

my

(mx ) = px v (my ) = py . Theo gi 1 1 thit v tnh a phng ca f , ta c x,y (my ) = mx . Ta suy ra (py ) = px . V vy nh x lin tc f : Y X bt buc phi l nh x cm sinh t . Ta cn cn kim tra l cc ng cu vnh U,V l cc ng cu vnh c
l ian ti i ca Ta c mnh  17. Ta li c th qui v trng hp

By .

mx

l ian ti i ca

Ax ,

xy dng trong chng minh

U = Spec(A[a1 ])

l mt

tp m chnh ca tc

X , V = f (U ). V ta  chng minh l nh x lin f : Y X l nh x cm sinh t ng cu vnh : A B cho nn V = Spec(B[(a)1 ]). ng cu vnh U,V bt buc phi l ng cu vnh
xy dng trong chng minh mnh  17, v theo tnh cht ph dng ca a phng ho ch tn ti duy nht mt ng cu vnh sao cho s d sau giao hon :

: A[a1 ] B[(a)1 ]

A[a1 ] B[(a)1 ]

Mnh  18  c chng minh.

Chng 5

Lc  v cu x

5.1

inh

ngha

lc

bng

cch

dn

cc

lc  aphin
Cho

X l mt khng gian tp vi b vnh OX trn X . Vi mi tp m U X , trn U c mt cu trc tp cm sinh t X v mt b vnh l hn ch ca OX vo khng gian tp U . (X, OX )
bao gm mt khng gian tp

nh ngha 1 Mt cp
vnh mi

v mt b

OX l mt lc  nu tn ti mt ph m X = jJ Uj sao cho vi j J cp (Uj , OX |Oj ) ng cu vi (Spec(Aj ), OSpec(Aj ) ) vi mt vnh (X, OX )

Aj

no .

Ta c mt iu kin cn hin nhin  mt cp

l mt lc .

Mnh  2 Nu

(X, OX )

l mt lc  th vi mi im

xX

th ca

OX

ti im l mt vnh a phng.

x X , tn ti mt ln cn U ca X sao cho (U, OX |U ) ng cu vi (Spec(A), OSpec(A) ). Nu dim x tng ng vi mt ian nguyn t p ca A th th ca OX ti im x ng cu vi vnh a phng Ap .
Tht vy, vi mi

Mnh  3 Cho
khng gian tp

(X, OX )

la mt lc .

Khi  tn ti mt c s ca

ch bao gm cc lc  aphin.

67

68

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

Vi mi

x X,

tn ti mt ln cn

ca

sao cho

(U, OX |U )

l mt

lc  aphin. Ta li bit l trn mt lc  aphin cc tp m chnh to nn mt c s ca khng gian tp, m cc tp m chnh cng l lc  aphin. Vy nn khng gian tp

c mt c s ch bao gm lc  aphin.

5.2

V d :

xy dng ng thng x nh

V d c bn nht l cch xy dng ng thng x nh bng cch dn

A1 = k[x1 ] v A2 = k[x2 ] l k v vi mt bin s x1 hoc x2 . Ta c hai ng thng aphin U1 = Spec(A1 ) v U2 = Spec(A2 ). Trong U1 ta c tp 1 m chnh U1 (x1 ) = Spec(k[x1 , x 1 ]). Tng t trong U2 ta c tp m chnh U2 (x2 ) = Spec(k[x2 , x1 ]). ng cu vnh 2
hai ng thng aphin. Cho l mt trng, vnh cc a thc vi h s trong

: k[x1 , x1 ] k[x2 , x1 ] 1 2
xc nh bi gian tp

x1 x1 2

x1 x2 , 1

cm sinh mt ng cu gia hai khng

f : U1 (x1 ) U2 (x2 ).
ng cu Xt tp hp tng

f cho php ta dn U1 v U2 dc theo tp m U1 (f1 ) = U2 (f2 ). X l tp cc lp tng ng trong U1 U2 i vi quan h ng u1 f (u1 ). Ta c th ng nht U1 v U2 vi hai tp con ca U1 U2 = U1 (x1 ) = U2 (x2 ).

vi giao l

U X l mt tp m nu U1 v U U2 l mt tp m ca U2 . Tn ti duy nht trn X mt b vnh OX sao cho OX |U 1 = OU1 v OX |U2 = OU2 . Tht vy, cho U l mt tp m bt k ca X , ta c U U1 l mt tp m ca U1 v U U2 l mt tp m ca U2 . Ta  cho hn ch ca OX vo U1 v U2 v th cc vnh OX (U U1 ), OX (U U2 ) v OX (U U1 U2 ) cng vi cc ng cu hn ch, vy nn OX (U ) c xc nh duy nht nh l tp cc cp (f1 , f2 ) OX (U U1 )OX (U U2 ) tho mn f1 |U U U 1 2 = f2 |U U1 U2 . Ta kim tra c l hm t U OX (U ) xac nh nh trn l b vnh duy nht trn X sao cho hn ch n vo U1 th ta c OU , hn ch n vo U2 th ta c OU . 1 2
Cu trc tp trn c xc nh nh sau :

U U1

l mt tp m ca

 c trc gic tt hn i vi khi nim tng i tru tng l khi nim b, ta cn thc hin mt s tnh ton c th.

5.3.

DN TRONG TRNG HP TNG QUT

69

B  4 Cho

l ng thng x nh trn trng

xy dng nh trn. Khi  vnh cc lp ct ca

k vi b vnh cu trc OX OX trn X l OX (X) = k .

(f1 , f2 ) vi f1 k[x1 ] v f2 k[x2 ] sao cho f1 |U1 U2 = f2 |U1 U2 . ng cu k[x2 ] k[x1 , x1 ] xc nh bi x2 x1 cho 1 1 1 php ta ng nht k[x2 ] vi vnh con k[x ] ca k[x1 , x1 ]. Nh vy OX (X) 1 1
Ta cn xc nh cc cp l giao

k[x1 ] k[x1 ] 1
trong

k[x1 , x1 ]. Xem nh k -khng gian vect k[x1 , x1 ] l khng gian v 1 1 n n hn chiu vi tp {x 1 | n Z} l c s. Khng gian con k[x1 ] c {x1 | n N} 1 n 1 l c s cn k[x 1 ] c {x1 | n N} l c s. Vy th giao k[x1 ] k[x1 ] c vect 1 l c s ; ta c OX (X) = k .

5.3

Dn trong trng hp tng qut

5.4

Cu x gia hai lc 
v

nh ngha 5 Cho (X, OX ) f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ) l

(Y, OY )

hai

lc

.

Cho

mt

cu

cho mt nh x lin tc

f : Y X,

vi mi tp m

U X v V Y sao cho V f 1 (U ), ta cho mt ng cu vnh U,V : OX (U ) OY (V ) sao cho tng thch i vi U v V , tc l, vi mi U U v V V th lc  sau phi giao hon OY (V ) OX (U ) OY (V ) OX (U )
U
,V

U,V

y hai mi tn i xung l cc ng cu hn ch.

Cc ng cu

U,V phi tho x = f (y) X ,

mn iu kin a phng sau y : ng cu vnh

Vi mi

x,y : OX,x OY,y

cm sinh

y Y v t cc U,V

l mt ng cu a phng gia hai vnh a phng.

70

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

X vi Ui = Spec(Ai ). Vi mi i I , ta li c mt ph aphin f (Ui ) = jJ Vj vi Vj = Spec(Bj ). Theo mnh  3.18, hn ch ca f vo Vj cm sinh t mt ng cu vnh i,j : Ai Bj . Ta c th coi f nh l tp cc ng cu vnh i,j dn li vi nhau theo tp Zariski. iu kin x,y l ng cu a phng tng ng vi vic trong mt ln cn  nh, f cm sinh t mt ng cu vnh.
Chn mt ph aphin

X =

iI

Ui 1

ca

Ta nh ngha phm tr

Sch

vi vt l cc lc  v vi ng cu l

cc cu x nh ngha nh trn.

Mt cch nhn khc v lc  l xem n

khng phi nh mt khng gian tp c trang b mt b vnh m xem nh l mt hm t. Ta cho ng vi mi lc 

X = (X, OX ),

hm t

Y(X) : Ring Set

gn cho mi vnh

tp cc cu x t lc  aphin

Spec(A)

vo

Y(X)(A) = HomSch (Spec(A), X).

Mnh  sau chng t ta c th thay bt k thng tin no.

bi hm t

Y(X)

m khng mt

Mnh  6 Hm t

F(Ring)

cc hm t

X Y(X) t phm tr Sch cc lc  vo phm tr t Ring vo Set, l mt hm t y v chung thu. Y

bt k. Chn mt ph aphin

Y = jJ Vj . Vi mt j, j J , chn mt ph aphin ca giao Vj Vj = iIj,j Ui . Vi mi lc  X , cho mt cu x f : Y X l cho mt b cc cu x fj : Vj X sao cho vi mi i Ij,j ta c fj |U = f |U . T y ta suy ra tp cc cu x j i i Y X l tp cc cu x t hm t Y(Y ) vo hm t Y(X).
Cho mt cu x lc 

5.5

im :

tng qut ho v c bit ho

Trong hnh hc i s, khi nim im l mt khi nim tng i kh nm bt v tht ra c hai khi nim im khc nhau : im nh phn t trong

khng gian tp hay l im c gi tr trong mt vnh cho trc. Khi nim tng qut ho v c bit ho cng thay i tu theo ta ni v loi im no. Vic ngay n nh khi nim tng nh n gin nh mt im nh

vy m cng rc ri n nh vy chnh l ci kh nhng cng l ci hay ca hnh hc i s. N phn nh ci i ngu c bn gia quan im coi cc

5.5.

IM : TNG QUT HO V C BIT HO

71

i tng hnh hc nh cc khng gian tp c trang b mt b vnh v quan im coi cc i tng hnh hc nh mt hm t. Khi c cc ti liu tham kho v hnh hc i s, ngi c cn lun quan tm n xem ngi ta ang ni v loi im no.

(X, OX ) l mt lc . Khi ngi ta ni n im trong khng X th ch n gin l cc phn t x X . Vi mi x X nh vy, ta c mt vnh a phng Ox,X v mt trng cc d (x) ca OX,x . Chn mt ln cn m aphin U = Spec(A) ca x, ta c mt ng cu vnh A (x). Vi mi hm f xc nh trn ln cn U = Spec(A) ca x, tc l f A, ta c th ly gi tr f (x) (x) l nh ca f trong (x). Vi khi
Cho

gian tp

nim im khng gian tp, cc im thuc vo mt tp hp c nh, nhng cc gi tr

f (x)

th li thuc vo mt trng bin thin

(x).

Mnh  7 Vi mi

Cu x ny phn tch qua

x X ta c mt cu x k hiu l x : Spec((x)) X . Spec(OX,x ).

ta c mt ln cn m aphin U = Spec(A) x : Spec((x)) X phn tch qua U v oc cho bi mt ng cu A (x) vi hch l ian nguyn t px ca A. ng cu ny hin nhin l phn tch qua vnh a phng Ap x = OX,x . Nh ta  phn tch trn : ca

x X.

Cu x

Ch l khc vi cc khng gian tp thng thng, mt im trong khng gian tp Zariski c th khng phi l mt tp ng. V vy vi mi

im ta c th ly bao ng ca n. Bao ng ca mt im l tp ng nh

X = Spec(A) vi A l mt vnh nguyn vn. Cho l im tng ng vi ian (0) ca A gi l im tng qut. Khi  bao ng ca l ton b Spec(A). Mnh  8 sau y chng minh mt khng
nht cha im . Cho nh tng qut hn.

nh ngha 8 Cho mt lc 

tp

(X, OX ) y.

v hai im

x, y

trong khng gian

X.

Khi 

l mt c bit ho ca

y,

hay

l mt tng qut ho ca

nu nh

nm trong bao ng ca

Mnh  9 Cho

X = Spec(A)
khi v ch khi

l mt lc  aphin.

Cho hai im

x, y
l mt

Spec(A)

tng ng vi hai iann nguyn t

px , py

ca

A.

Khi 

c bit ho ca

px py . Spec(A) px py .
u

Nhc li l cc tp ng trong khng gian tp Zariski ca c dng

Y (I)

vi

Y (I)

l tp cc im

tng ng vi ian nguyn t

px I .

V vy nn bao ng ca

l tp cc ian nguyn t

72

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

Mnh  10 Cho mt lc 
mt c bit ho ca c qua cu x

(X, OX )

v hai im

y khi v ch khi Spec(OX,x ) X . A.

cu x

x, y X . im x l y : Spec((y)) X phn tch

Khi nim im th hai trong hnh hc i s l khi nim im vi gi tr trong mt vnh l mt cu x Mt im ca

c gi tr trong

ch n gin

x : Spec(A) X.
i vi loi im ny th cc gi tr nm trong mt vnh c nh nhng tp cc im li bin thin theo vnh. c gi tr trong Ta k hiu

A,

i khi cn c gi tp

X(A) l tp cc im cc A-im ca X .

cua

A l mt vnh v x X(A) l mt A-im ca X . Mt c bit ho ca x l mt cp (A , x ) vi A l mt A-i s c cho bi mt ng cu : A A v x X(A ) sao cho x = (x).
nh ngha 11 Cho
l mt lc ,
Ngoi hai khi nim im nu trn cn c khi nim im hnh hc l trng hp c bit ca khi nim im c gi tr trong mt vnh no .

im hnh hc ca
i s

l cc im ca

c gi tr trong mt trng ng

no .

x : Spec(k) X , tn ti duy nht mt phn t x trong khng gian tp x X sao cho x : Spec(k) X phn tch c qua x : Spec((x)) X . Ta ni im tp x lm gi  cho im hnh hc x.
Mnh  12 Cho mt im hnh hc

Spec(k) ch c ng mt im, nh ca n trong X l mt im x X . Thay th X bng mt ln cn aphin ca X , ta c th gi s X = Spec(A) aphin. Khi  x : Spec(k) X cm sinh t mt ng cu vnh : A k va s dng tnh a phng ca , ta bit phn tch
V khng gian tp thnh

A (x) k

l iu phi chng minh.

Xt mt v d c th. Cho hu hn vi hu hn

phn t.

Fp .

Khi 

p l mt s nguyn t v Fp = Z/pZ l trng X = Spec(Fp [t]) ng thng aphin trn trng khng gian tp X bao gm im tng qut l iean

5.6.

NHNG M V LC  CON M

73

(0)

ca

Fp [t]

v cc im ng l cc ian

sinh bi

vi

l mt a

Fp [t]. Khng gian tp X c v hn phn t. Vi mi vnh A,  cho X(A) khc rng, vnh A phi cha Fp tc l A phi l mt Fp -i s. Khi  cho mt cu x Spec(A) Spec(Fp [t]) l cho mt ng cu vnh Fp [t] A tc l cho mt phn t a A. Vy nn vi mi Fp -i s A ta c X(A) = A. Xt trng hp c bit A = Fp bao ng i s ca Fp . Tp cc im hnh hc X(Fp ) l Fp . Vi mi Fp , ta c mt cu x
thc bt kh qui trong

: Spec(Fp ) Spec(k[x]).
Cu x ny phn tch qua im ng cc tiu

f ca X tng ng vi a thc f () = 0. Nh vy, im ng f tng ng vi mt a thc bt kh qui f Fp [x] lm gi  cho n im hnh hc 1 , . . . , n Fp vi n l bc ca f v 1 , . . . , n l nghim ca f . f Fp [t]
sao cho

5.6

Nhng m v lc  con m

Cho mt lc  Ta trang b cho tp m ca cm sinh

(X, OX ).

Cho

l mt tp m ca khng gian tp

X.

U cu trc khng gian tp cm suy t X : V U l mt U nu V l mt tp m trong X . Ta trang b cho U b vnh OU (V ) := OX (V ).

V d in hnh l nhng mt tp m chnh trong mt lc  aphin. Cho

X = Spec(A) v f A l mt phn t khng lu linh. Khi  U (f ) = Spec(A[f 1 ]) l mt tp m ca X = Spec(A) v b cu trc OX hn ch vo U (f ) l b cu trc ca U (f ).

Mnh  13 Vi k hiu nh trn, khng gian tp

trang b b vnh

OU

cm sinh t

OX

l mt lc .

X = Spec(A) l mt lc  aphin. Khi  phn b ca U trong Y cc ian nguyn t x ca X cha mt ian I no . Gi s ian I c sinh bi {fi }. Vi mi x U , tn ti mt ch s i sao cho fi x. Vy nn U l hp cc tp m chnh U (fi ). Ni cch khc ta c th / 1 ph U bng cc tp m aphin U (fi ) = SpecA[f i ]. Trng hp tng qut c th qui v trng hp X aphin. Nu {Xj } l mt ph m aphin ca X , ta xt cc giao U Xj v qui v trng hp X
Gi s

l tp ng

aphin nh trn.

74

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

Vn gi cc k hiu nh trn, ta c mt cu x Trn khng gian tp n l php nhng hin nhin vi mi tp m vnh

j : (U, OU ) (X, OX ). U X . Trn b vnh,

V U

W X

sao cho

V W,

ta cn cho mt ng cu

j # : OX (W ) OU (V ) = OX (V ).
Ta ly ng cu hn ch

OX (W ) OX (V ).
c gi l nhng m sao cho vi mi tp m

j : (U, OU ) (X, OX ) nu j : U X l nhng mt tp con m U trong X V U v W X vi V W , ng cu vnh

nh ngha 14 Mt cu x

j # : OX (W ) OU (V ) = OX (V )
l ng cu hn ch

rV,W : OX (W ) OX (V ).
v

nh l 15 Cho

Xi

Xi + fij : Uij Xj

Uij

l cc lc  cng vi cc nhng m

sao cho vi mi vnh

R,

fij : Uij

hai nh x

f (R) :
ij

Uij (R)
i

Xi (R) R coker[f (R)] l Xi theo quan h tng Xi

xc nh mt quan h tng ng. hm t biu din c bng lc  : ng

Khi  hm t lc  dn cc

Uij . X
l khng gian tp thng ca hp ri

Xt

ng sinh gia

xi Xi

xj Xj
sao cho

bi quan h tng

xi xj u Uij
Ta c th ng nht

fij (u) = xi

+ fij (u) = xj .

V X l mt tp m khi v ch khi V Xi l tp m trong Xi vi mi i. Tn ti duy nht mt b vnh cu trc OX trn X sao cho hn ch OX vo Xi ta c OX . Vi mi tp m V ca X ta nh ngha (V, OX ) l tp cc b i si (V Xi , OXi ) sao cho ta c ng thc gia hai lp ct trn V Uij
vi mt tp m ca Mt tp con

Xi

X.

+ (fij )1 (si ) = (fij )1 (sj ).

Ta c th kim tra l hm t vnh v cp t

V (V, OX )

nh ngha nh vy l mt b

(X, OX ) l R coker[f (R)].

mt lc .

Hn na, lc  ny biu din hm

5.7.

NHNG NG V LC  CON NG

75

Cho

(X, OX ) U

l mt lc .

Cho

cu trc lc  con m duy nht aphin th

U l mt tp m ca X . Ta c mt trn U . Bn c cn ch l d cho X
T quan im hm t, ta cng

vn khng nht thit l aphin.

U mt cch c ch. Ta c th m t cc A-im Spec(A) U nh cc im Spec(A) X vi nh trong khng gian tp X cha trong tp m U . Tuy nhin ta c th nhn thy l cch m t ny khng lm sng sa g hn vn . Trong trng hp U v X aphin, thng th ta c th m t hm t ca U mt cch r rng hn. Xt v d X = Speck[t] ng thng aphin trn mt trng k v U = Speck[t, t1 ] l ng thng aphin b i im khng. V mi k -i s A, X(A) = A cn U (A) = A tp cc phn t nghch o c ca A.
khng c cch no m t hm t ca

5.7

Nhng ng v lc  con ng

nh ngha 16 Mt cu x
nu

i : Y X l nhng x X vi x = i(y), ng

i : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ) c gi l nhng ng mt tp ng trong X sao cho vi mi y Y v i# : OX,x OY,y x,y

cu a phng gia cc vnh a phng

l mt ng cu ton nh.

Xt trng hp aphin nghch o c. t

X = Spec(A) Y = Spec(A/ f ).
l cc ng cu

f A
sinh

l mt phn t khng

Khi  ta c nhng ng cm t ng cu

i:Y
nh

X m trn b A A/ f .
cch duy nht.

cu

trc

ton

Nhn xt l b vnh cu trc

OU

trn tp m

U X

c xc nh mt Cc lc  con

i vi cc tp ng th khng nh vy.

Spec(A/ f ), Spec(A/ f 2 ), ... u c  bi cng mt tp ng Y ca khng gian tp X nhng Y c th mang nhiu b vnh cu trc khc nhau 2 cm sinh t A/ f hay A/ f ... f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ) l mt nhng ng vo mt lc  aphin X = Spec(A). Khi  Y cng l mt lc  aphin Y = Spec(B) vi B = (Y, OY ). Cn cu x f l cu x cm sing t mt ng cu vnh : A B ton cu.
Mnh  17 Cho

76

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

B = (Y, OY ), ta c mt ng cu vnh : A B trong cc d kin ca cu x f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX ). Trc ht ta mun chng minh rng : A B l mt ng cu ton nh. ng cu cho php ta coi B nh mt A-moun. Vi mi ian nguyn t x Spec(A) ta c th xt a phng ho Bx ca B ti im x. C hai trng hp co th xy ra. Nu x khng nm trong tp con ng Y trong X , khi  ta tm c mt hm a A sao cho a = 0 ti im x nhng a = 0 trn tp ng Y . Trong trng hp ny, a phng ho Bx phi bng khng. Nu x nm trong Y , tc l x = f (y) vi y Y , ta chng minh c rng Bx = By v trong y Y c mt c s ln cn l giao cc ln cn ca y trong X vi Y . Trong c hai trng hp k trn ta u c x : Ax Bx la ton nh. Vy nn : A B l ton nh, xem [...].
t

nh ngha 18 Mt cu x c gi l nhng ng a phng nu nh n

phn tch c thnh tch mt nhng ng v mt nhng m.

5.8

Tch theo th ca lc  v th ca cu x

Cho ba lc  Lc  vnh

X, Y, Z R-im

v hai cu x lc 

cm sinh ra mt hm t ca

f : Y X v g : Z X . Y(X) : Ring Set cho ng vi mi

tp cc

X(R) = Hom(Spec(R), X).

Nh vy vi mi vnh giao hon

A,

ta c cc nh x

f : Y (R) X(R)

g : Z(R) X(R).

Xt hm t tch phn th

A (Y X Z)(R) = Y (R) X(R) Z(R)

nh l 19 Hm t

A (Y X Z)(A)

biu din c bng mt lc .

Trong trng hp aphin  chng minh mnh 

X = Spec(A), Y = Spec(B), Z = Spec(C), ta 11 mc 2 rng hm t R Y (R) Y X(R)Z(R)

biu din c bng lc  aphin

Y X Z := Spec(B A C).

5.8.

TCH THEO TH CA LC  V TH CA CU X

77

Ta cn rt ch l khng gian tp phn th ngy th cc khng gian cho

Spec(B A C) hon ton khc vi tch tp Y X Z cc cp (y, z) Y Z sao

f (y) = g(z).

Ni chung, ngi ta khng bao gi xt n tch phn th

ngy th cc khng gian tp nh vy, v tch phn th lun phi c hiu theo ngha hm t. Tip n, ta xt trng hp tng qut hn khi th khng nht thit phi aphin. aphin s Ta c th ph

l aphin, cn

bi mt h cc tp m

{Yi } v Z bi bi mt h cc tp m aphin {Zj }. Vi m cp ch (i, j) hm t Yi X Zj biu din c bng mt lc . Gi s ta bit c cc giao Yi Yi v Zj Zj l aphin, vy th tch (Yi Yi ) X (Zj Zj ) cng biu din c bng mt lc . Lc  Y X Z c xy dng bng cch dn cc Yi X Zj li nh sau theo quan h tng ng (Yi X Zj ) (Yi X Zj ) = (Yi Yi ) X (Zj Zj )
nh trong nh l 9. Nh ta s thy trong mc sau, hu ht cc lc  ta gp (lc  tch), u tho mn tnh cht l giao hai tp m aphin l mt tp m aphin. Nu khng may, ta gp phi mt trong cc lc  khng tch th ta vn c th ph cc giao trn vn ng. Cui cng th ta lun c th ph qui v trng hp

Yi Yi X

Zj Zj

bng cc tp m aphin v l lun nh

bng cc tp m aphin v nh 

aphin sau  dng nh l 9  dn li.

nh ngha 20 Cho

f : Y X l mt cu x. Cho x X l mt im trong khng gian tp ca X v x : Spec((x)) X l cu x im ng vi x. Khi  th ca f trn x k hiu l f 1 (x) l lc  f 1 (x) = Y X,x Spec((x)). x : Spec(k) X l mt im hnh hc f trn x k hiu l f 1 () l lc  x

Cho ca

ca

X.

Khi  th hnh hc

f 1 () = Y X, Spec(k). x x
 thy th ca cu x nh ngha nh trn khng khc xa lm so vi th ca nh x lin tc trn khng gian tp, ta chng minh khng nh sau. Ta cng phi nhn xt ngay l khng nh ny khng my quan trng, v ni chung ngi ta ch quan tm n th theo nh ngha trn, cn th hiu theo ngha ngy th trn khng gian tp khng dng lm g c. Ngay gia th v th hnh hc th th hnh hc cng c ngha hnh hc hn.

78

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

Mnh  21 Cho

X = Spec(A)

Y = Spec(B) A, (x)

l hai lc  aphin v

f : Y X x Spec(A)
min nguyn tp

l mt cu x cho bi mt ng cu vnh l mt ian nguyn t ca

: A B.

Cho

l trng cc thng ca

A/x.

Khi  ta c mt song nh chun tc gia khng gian

{y Y | f (y) = x}
v khng gian tp

Spec(B A (x)).

Spec(B/xB) l tp con ng ca Spec(B) bao gm cc cc ian ca y ca B sao cho (x) y . Thay A bng A/x, B bng B/xB ta c th gi s l A l min nguyn, x l ian 0. Gi l trng cc thng ca A. Khi  B A l a phng ha ca B theo tp nhn S = {(a) | a A {0}}. Theo m t tp ph ca mt a phng ha ta
Ta nhn xt rng bit

Spec(B A ) Spec(B)
l mt n nh v nh ca n l cc ian ca c giao vi tp nhn ian

ca

sao cho

S.

Ci ny th hin nhin tng ng vi

y khng 1 (y) l

{0}

ca

A.
vi m

Mnh  22 Cho
mi cu x

f : Y X l mt nhng m (hoc ng). Khi , g : Z X , cu x fZ : Y X Z Z cng l mt nhng f X Z.

(hoc ng).

Cu x

fZ : Y X Z Z

gi l i c s ca

ln

Mnh 

trn ni rng tnh cht nhng ng m c bo ton bi php i c s. Hu ht cc tnh cht ca cc cu x m ta c th xem xt trn tng th u c bo ton bi php i c s.

5.9
Cho

Cu x ng cho

X, Y

l hai lc  v

f :XY

l mt cu x.

Ta  xy dng tch

phn th

X Y X l lc  biu din hm t R (X Y X)(R) vi (X Y X)(R) l tp cc cp R-im x1 , x2 X(R) sao cho f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) trong Y (R). Anh x x (x, x) l mt nh x t hm t X vo hm t X Y X cho nn xc nh mt cu x gia cc lc  tng ng, gi l
cu x ng cho

X/Y : X X Y X.

5.9.

CU X NG CHO

79

Cu x ng cho l mt cu x v cng quan trng trong hnh hc. Trong hnh hc i s, n l khi im cho mi tnh ton vi phn.

nh l 23 Cu x ng cho l mt nhng ng a phng.

l cc lc  aphin, cu x ng cho l mt nhng ng.

Nu

X, Y f

Trc ht ta xt trng hp aphin cm sinh t mt ng cu vnh

X = Spec(A), Y = Spec(B) : B A. Khi  theo nh l 2.11

X Y X = Spec(A B A).
Cu x ng cho

X X Y X
c cho trong trng hp ny bi ng cu vnh

: A B A A (a1 a2 ) = a1 a2 vi mi a1 , a2 A bi v y l ng cu duy nht A B A A cm sinh t hai phin bn ca ng cu n v idA : A A nh trong 2.11. Trong trng hp aphin, cu x ng cho l mt nhng ng v : A B A A l mt ton nh. Trong trng hp tng qut, gi s X c th c ph bng cc tp m aphin X = i Xi v cu x hn ch Xi Y phn tch qua mt tp m aphin Yi ca Y . Khi  X Y X c th c ph bi
xc nh bi

X Y X =
i,j
Trong

Xi Y Xj .

X Y X ,

ta c tp m

x ng cho

X/Y

Xi Y Xi ,

v tp m ny cha nh ca cu Nh vy,

nh mt tp ng.

X/Y

c th phn tch

thnh tch mt nhng ng v mt nhng m nn n l mt nhng ng a phng.

B  24 Cho

l mt vnh giao hon v

l mt

A-i

s. Khi  hch

ca ng cu vnh

: A B A A
cho bi

(a1 B a2 ) = a1 a2

l ian ca

A B A

sinh bi cc phn t c dng

a B 1 1 B a.

80

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

(a B 1 1 B a) = 0 cho cc phn t c dng ny nm trong ian hch ca . K hiu I l ian ca A B A sinh bi cc phn t a B 1 1 B a vi a A, khi  ta c mt ng cu vnh cm sinh t
R rng

: (A B A)/I A
m ta mun chng minh l mt ng cu. Xt ng cu

p 1 : A A B A
cho bi

a a B 1

v ng cu cm sinh

p1 : A (A B A)/I .

R rng

p1 = idA
v

p1 (a) = (a 1) = 1.

Ta mun chng minh l ngc li ta cng c

p1 = id(AB A)/I .
Ci ny tng ng vi vic chng minh l vi mi

a 1 , a2 A

ta

a1 B a2 a1 a2 B 1 I .

Nhng iu ny l hin nhin v

a1 B a2 a1 a2 B 1 = (a1 B 1)(1 B a2 a2 B 1) I.
Nh vy ta  kim tra xong l trong trng hp aphin, cu x ng cho

Spec(A) Spec(A B A)
l mt nhng ng v ian ca

A B A

sinh bi cc phn t c

A B A xc nh ng cho l ian dng a B 1 1 B a vi a A.

ca

nh ngha 25 Mt cu x

f :XY

gi l tch nu cu x ng cho

X/Y : X X Y X

l mt nhng ng.

Nhiu chng minh lin quan n ph m aphin trong tp Zariski s bt cng knh nhiu nu ta bit trc l giao ca hai tp m aphin vn l mt tp m aphin. iu ny ng cho cc lc  tch.

Mnh  26 Cho

f :X Y

l mt cu x tch trn mt lc  aphin

Y.

Khi  vi mi tp m aphin

U, V

ca

X,

giao

U V

vn l mt tp m

aphin.

5.9.

CU X NG CHO

81

Ta dng cng thc rt gn v ng cho

U V = U Y V X/Y (X).
Do

U, V v Y l aphin nn U Y V l aphin. Do X/Y (X) nhng ng vo X Y X , U Y V X/Y (X) l mt lc  con ng ca U Y V . M
theo mnh  [...], cc lc  con ng ca lc  aphin l lc  aphin.

V d in hnh ca lc  khng tch l nh sau. phin bn ca mt phng aphin trn mt trng

Xt

X1 , X2

l hai

X1 = X2 = Spec(k[x, y]).
K hiu

U l tp con m phn b ca im to  (0, 0). Nu ta dn X1 v X2 theo U , ta s c mt lc  khng tch X . Trong X ta c hai tp m l X1 v X2 vi X1 X2 = U . R rng X1 , X2 l aphin. Nh ta s thy trong [...] phn b U ca mt im trong mt mt khng th l mt lc
 aphin.

82

CHNG 5.

LC  V CU X

Phn III

B moun

83

Chng 6

OX -mun
B

6.1

OX -moun nht qun v ta nht qun

Ta nhc li khi nim b nhm Abel trn mt khng gian tp nhm Abel tp m

X . Tin b F trn mt khng gian tp X l mt quy tc cho ng vi mi U X mt nhm Abel F(U ) v vi mi U V mt ng cu V : F(V ) F(U ) U

tho tnh cht bc cu

V W = W U V U

vi mi tp m

U V W. F(U )

Mt b

l mt tin b tho mn thm tinh cht dn c ngha l, vi mi tp m

ph c bng mt h cc tp m

U=

tp cc b

si F(Ui )

Ui ,

khi 

song nh vi

sao cho vi mi cp ch s

i, j

ta c

si |Uij = sj |Uij ,
y ta  k hiu

Uij = Ui Uj . OX
mun

nh ngha 1 Mt b

l mt b nhm Abel nh trn c

(U, OX )-moun trn nhm Abel F(U ), sao cho ng cu hn ch : F(V ) F (U ) l mt ng cu (V, OX )-tuyn tnh vi mi tp m U V . Ch l ng cu vnh V : (V, OX ) (U, OX ) cho php ta trang b F(U ) mt cu trc (V, OX )U
trang b thm trn mi tp m mt cu trc

V U

moun.

Trong trng hp dng b

OX -moun

X = Spec(A) t A-moun.

l mt lc  aphin,

ta c th xy

85

86

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

Mnh  2 Cho
b

X = Spec(A)

l mt

A-moun.

Khi  tn ti mt

OX -moun M ,

duy nht vi sai khc l mt ng cu duy nht, sao cho

vi mi tp m chnh

U (f ) = SpecA[f 1 ],

ta c

M (U (f )) = M A A[f 1 ].
Khi  vi mi ti im

x,

x X , th Mx ca M Mx = M A Ax . OX
nh l b vnh duy nht sao cho

Mnh  ny chng minh hon ton tng t nh chng minh nh l 3.11 v c trng ca b cu trc

(OX , U (f )) = A[f

].

nh ngha 3 Mt b

OX -moun M trn X gi l b ta nht qun nu vi mi tp m aphin U = Spec(A) ca X , hn ch ca M vo U ng cu vi b M vi mt A-moun M no . Nu hn na vi mi tp m aphin U = Spec(A), M = (U, M) l mt A-moun dng hu hn th ta ni M
gi l b nht qun.
Theo mnh  2 ta thy trong trng hp lc  aphin phm tr cc b

A-moun, phm tr cc A-moun

6.2

X = Spec(A), OX -moun ta nht qun tng ng vi phm tr cc tr cc OX -moun nht qun th tng ng vi phm
dng hu hn.

Dn b ta nht qun

Ta  bit l cc b ta nht qun trn mt lc  aphin khng phi ci g khc m l cc

X = Spec(A) A-moun; cc b nht qun l cc A-moun

dng hu hn. Cu hi t nhin t ra l liu ta c th m t b (ta) nht qun trn mt lc  tu

da trn cc ph aphin ca n c khng. Gi s ta c th ph mt lc 

Xt trng hp n gin nht. bng hai lc  aphin

X1 = Spec(A1 ) v X2 = Spec(A2 ). Gi s na l X12 = X1 X2 cng l aphin X12 = Spec(A12 ). Trng hp ny hay xy ra, chng hn nh khi ta bit lc  X l tch. Gi s X l tch cho n
gin.

Mnh  4 Vi k hiu nh trn, cho mt b ta nht qun trn

mt b ba

l cho

l mt ng cu

qun khi

(M1 , M2 , ) vi M1 l mt A1 -moun, M2 l mt A2 -moun, cn A12 -tuyn tnh : M1 A1 A12 M2 A2 A12 . B l nht v ch khi Mi l Ai -moun dng hu hn vi i = 1, 2.

6.2.

DN B TA NHT QUN

87

M l mt b ta nht qun trn X . Khi  ta c th ly M1 = (X1 , M) v M2 = (X2 , M ). Tnh cht ta nht qun ca M lm cho (X12 , M) va l M1 A1 A12 , va l M2 A2 A12 cho nn ta phi c mt
Cho ng cu gia hai moun ny.

(M1 , M2 , ) nh trong mnh . Cho U l mt tp m aphin t U1 = U X1 , U2 = U X2 v U12 = U X12 . V X l tch cho nn U1 , U2 v U12 l cc tp m aphin. t U1 = Spec(B1 ), U2 = Spec(B2 ) v U12 = Spec(B12 ). t M(U1 ) = M1 A1 B1 , M(U2 ) = M2 A2 B2 v M(U12 ) = M1 A12 B12 . Ta ly
Cho b ba bt k ca

X.

M(U ) = {(v1 , v2 ) M(U1 ) M(U2 ) | v1 , v2 M X

c cng nh trong

M(U12 )}. X , M(U )

Trn

Ta kim tra nh trong chng minh mnh  2 l tn ti duy nht mt b ta nht qun trn sao cho vi mi tp m aphin

ca

c cho nh trn. Xt trng hp ph m tng qut mi

Ui

vi nhiu hn hai tp m.

Ui

ta cho mt b

OUi -moun

ta nht qut

Mi .

Tren mi giao hai tp

m mt

Uij = Ui Uj ,

ta cho mt ng cu

ij : Mj |Uij
Nu

Mi |Uij .

cho cc

i = j , r rng ta phi ly ii = 1 l t ng cu n v ca Mi . Mun ij dn cc b Mi li c, chng phi tho mn mt iu kin Uijk = Ui Uj Uk .

tng thch trn giao ba tp m mt

Cc ng cu s

ij

c gi l mt

1-i

chu trnh nu nh vi mi b ba ch

i, j, k

ta c

ij jk ki = 1.
B cc

ij

tho mn iu kin

1-i

chu trnh nh trn c gi l mt d

kin dn ca b cc b ta nht qun

Mi

trn

Ui . X.
Ta c

nh l 5 Cho

l mt lc  v

{Ui }iJ

l mt ph m ca

mt tng ng phm tr gia phm tr cc b

OX -moun

ta nht qun

M trn X v phm Ui trang b thm d

vi mi

tr cc b cc b kin dn ngha l

Ui -moun

ta nht qun

Mi

trn mi

i, j J ,

cho mt ng cu

ij : Mj |Uij Mi |Uij

sao cho

88

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

ii = 1

vi mi

i J,
ta c

hn ch vo

Uijk

ij jk ki = 1

vi mi

i, j, k J .

M l mt b ta nht qun trn X . R rng l ta phi cho ng vi n b cc Mi = M|U cng vi ij l cc ng cu hin nhin v Mj |U v i ij Mi |Uij u ng cu vi M|Uij . Ngc li nu cho Mi v cc ij tho mn iu kin 1-i chu trnh ta c th xy dng li c M bng cch cho ng vi mi tp m U ca X
Cho tp

M(U ) = {mi Mi (U Ui ) | trn U Uij

Bn c c th t kim tra rng

ta c

ij (mj ) = mi }.

M nh ngha nh trn l mt b OX -moun (mi ) (mi )

ta nht qun da theo cc bc nh sau :

M(U ) l mt (mi + mi ), M(U )

l mt

nhm abel v ta c th cng hai b

thnh

OX (U )-moun U Ui .

v vi mi

OX (U )

ta c th nhn mt b ch ca

(mi ) vi thnh (i mi ) vi i OX (Ui ) l hn

vo

M i vi hai tp m U v U : M(U U ) l tp cc cp m M(U ) v m M(U ) sao cho m|U U = m |U U , ta hn ch vo tng Ui ri s dng tnh dn c ca Mi  c M((U U ) Ui ) l tp cc b mi M(U Ui ) v mi M(U Ui ) sao cho mi |U U Ui = mi |U U Ui
 chng minh tnh cht dn c ca

Bn c c th kim tra c hai hm t ta xy dng

M (Mi , ij )

(Mi , ij ) M
phm tr.

l cc ta nghch o ca nhau v cho ta mt tng ng

nh l 6 Ta gi k hiu nh trong nh l trn. B

qun khi v ch khi mi b

OX -moun M

l nht

Mi = M|Ui

l nht qun.

M l nht qun th theo nh ngha mi b Mi = M|Ui phi l nht qun. Trong chiu ngc li tao c th thay ph (Ui )iJ bng mt ph mn hn cho nn ta c th ua v trng hp X = Spec(A) v (Ui )iJ l mt ph aphin chnh ca Spec(A).
Nu

6.2.

DN B TA NHT QUN

89

Nhc li mt s lp lun  tr nn quen thuc trong cc chng trc.

Ui = Spec(A[fi1 ]) vi fi A. Cc tp m Ui ph Spec(A) khi v ch khi A-moun con sinh bi cc fi l ton b A, vy nn tn ti mt s hu hn f1 , . . . , fn v g1 , . . . , gn A sao cho
Gi s

f1 g1 + + fn gn = 1.
y l ni dung ca b  phn hoch n v. V vy ta c th thay ph

(Ui )iJ
Cho

bng ph hu hn

gian tp

Spec(A) l ta compact. M l mt A-moun sao cho

(Ui )n . i=1

y l lp lun  chng minh khng

vi mi

i = 1, . . . , n

Mi = M A A[fi1 ]
dng hu hn. Ta cn chng minh rng M l mt A-moun dn hu hn. Vi mi i = 1, . . . , n, chn mt h sinh hu hn (xj )ri ca Mi . Nu cn thit ta c th thay cc phn t xj bng fiN xj vi i j=1 i i N  ln nn ta c th gi s xj M . Ta mun chng minh rng vi i, j i j bin thin, tp hu hn cc phn t x M l mt h sinh ca M . i j Gi r = r1 + . . . + rn l tng s cc phn t x . Cc phn t ny cho ta i mt ng cu A-moun : Ar M Ta mun chng minh l ton nh. Gi M l i hch ca . Cho y M j ri v y M vi nh l y . C nh mt ch s i. V (x ) i j=1 l mt h sinh ca 1 Mi , tn ti g1 , . . . , gri A[fi ] sao cho trong Mi , l mt

A[fi1 ]-moun

ri

y=
j=1
Th nn tn ti

g j xj . i fiNi y = 0. Gii phng k ti g1 , . . . , gn A sao cho

hiu

Ni N

 ln sao cho

gj .

Li dng phn hoch n v, tn

N N g1 f1 1 + + gn fn n = 1.
Vy nn

N N y = (g1 f1 1 + + gn fn n ) = 0. y
Cch chng minh ny c th vit li mt cch n gin hn da trn vic cc b ta nht qun khng c

H1

trn lc  aphin.

Nhng chng minh

dng ng iu v c bn cng khng c g khc vi chng minh trn v

H1 = 0

i vi lc  aphin cng suy ra t b  phn hoch n v.

90

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

OX -moun ta nht qun M trn X l cho, vi mi tp m aphin U = Spec(A), mt A-moun MA v vi mi tp m aphin U = Spec(A ) U mt ng cu MA MA A A . B M l nht qun khi v ch khi cc MA l A-moun hu hn sinh.
H qu 7 Cho
l mt lc . Cho mt b

(X, OX )

6.3

V d b nht qun trn ng thng x nh

 minh ho vic dn b nht qun, ta s miu t cc b t do a phng cp mt trn ng thng x nh. Nhc li l ng thng x nh c xy dng bng cch dn hai ng

U1 = Spec(k[u1 ]) v U2 = Spec(k[u2 ]) 1 l hai phin bn ca ng thng x nh. t U12 = Speck[u1 , u 1 ] ng 1 nht vi U21 = Speck[u2 , u ] bng cch t u1 = u1 v u1 = u2 . Dn U1 2 2 1 1 v U2 theo tp m U12 = U21 nh trn cho ta ng thng x nh X = P . k Nh ta bit qua nh l 9, cho mt OX -moun M l cho mt b ba (M1 , M2 , 12 ) vi M1 l b nht qun trn U1 tng ng vi mt k[u1 ]moun M1 , M2 tng ng vi mt k[u2 ]-moun M2 v mt ng cu moun
thng aphin trn mt trng Cho

k.

: M2 k[u2 ] k[u2 , u1 ] M1 k[u1 ] k[u1 , u1 ] 2 1

tng thch vi ng cu vnh

k[u2 , u1 ] k[u1 , u1 gi u2 u1 . 2 1 1 Ta s ch xt y trng hp M1 = k[u1 ]m1 mun t do sinh bi 1 phn t m1 , tng t M2 = k[u2 ]m2 . Khi  M12 = k[u1 , u 1 ]m1 v 1 M21 = k[u2 , u2 ]m2 . Cho mt ng cu gia M12 v M21 l cho m2 = m1

vi

mt phn t kh nghch

k[u1 , u1 ] 1
Nh vy n phi c dng sinh

m1 ,

ta c th gi s

= un 1 = 1.

vi

nZ

Z.

Thay i phn t

nh ngha 8 Ta k hiu

-

OX (n) l b OX -moun cho bi b ba moun M1 = k[u1 ]m1 trn U1 = Spec(k[u1 ]), moun M2 = k[u2 ]m2 trn U1 = Spec(k[u2 ]), 1 1 n ng cu = M2,1 = k[u2 , u 2 ] k[u1 , u1 ] cho bi m2 u1 m1 .

6.4.

PHM TR ABEL CC B (TA) NHT QUN

91

Ch thong nhn th qu l kh phn bit cc b nht qun nhau v trong cc tp m

OX (n)

vi

U1 , U2

chng hon ton ging nhau.

 thy r

s khc nhau ca chng ta cn xt cc lp ct ton cc.

Mnh  9 Vi

n < 0, (X, OX (n)) = 0.

Vi

n 0,

ta c

dimk (X, OX (n)) = n + 1.

Theo tnh dn c ca

s2 M2

c cng nh trong

b (X, OX (n)) l tp cc cp s1 M1 v M12 = M21 . Ta c M12 l khng gian vect sinh

bi c s

ur m 1 | r Z 1
trong  c khng gian con

M1

sinh bi

ur m1 | r N . 1
Khng gian

(M2 )

nh ca

M2

trong

M12

sinh bi

unr m1 | r N . 1
R rng l

M1 (M2 ) = 0
vi

n < 0 v giao ny c chiu l n + 1 vi n 0.

Ta suy ra iu phi chng

minh.

6.4

Phm tr abel cc b (ta) nht qun

nh l 10 Cho

(X, OX )

l mt lc . Phm tr cc b

OX -moun

ta

nht qun v nht qun l cc phm tr abel.

Cho ng

M, N l hai b OX -moun ta nht qun v f : M N l mt cu b OX -tuyn tnh. Hch, i hch, nh, i nh ca f c nh

ngh nh sau.

c cho bi

U = Spec(A) ca X , hn ch ca M v N vo U A-moun MA v NA . Hn ch ca ng cu f c cho bi fA : MA NA . Ta c th ly hch, i hch, nh v i nh ca fA .

Vi mi tp m aphin

92

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN
Khi

U = Spec(A ) l mt tp m aphin A l A-i s phng. Vy nn ta c

Cho

nm trong

U = Spec(A).

ker(fA ) = ker(fA ) A A
v cc ng thc tng t i vi i hch, nh v i nh. Ta cn c

coim(fA ) = im(fA ).
Tn ti duy nht b

OX -moun ker(f ) sao vi mi tp m U = Spec(A),

ker(f )(U ) = ker(fA ).

Nu

Ta cng c cc b i hch, nh v i nh vi nh

v i nh l cc b n cu.

l cc b nht qun th hch, i hch, nh v i nh

ca mt ng cu

M N

l cc b nht qun.

nh ngha 11 Cho

(X, OX ).

Ta ni

M N l ng cu b O-moun trn mt lc  M N l n nh nu hch ca n bng khng. Ta ni 0M N P 0

n l ton nh nu i hch ca n bng khng. Dy

gi l khp nu nh

M N

l hch

M N ca N P .

l n nh,

N P

l ton nh, v nh ca

Mnh  12 Cho

M N l ng cu b O-moun trn mt lc  (X, OX ). M N l n nh (hoc ton nh) nu nh vi mi x X , trn th Mx Nx l nh x n nh (hay ton nh) ca OX,x -moun. Tng t nh vy mt dy 0 M N P 0 l khp khi v ch khi vi mi x X , dy cc OX,x -moun 0 Mx Nx Px 0 l khp.
6.5 nh xui
Cho

u tin ta xt trng hp aphin. tng ng vi ng cu vnh

f : Spec(B) Spec(A)
Ta c ngay mt hm t

cu x

: A B.

f : ModB ModA
t phm tr cc

B -moun

B -moun vo phm tr cc A-moun. M chnh M nhng ch xem nh A-moun.

N cho ng vi mt Do l phm tr cc

6.5.

NH XUI

93

B -moun tng ng vi phm tr cc b OY -moun ta nht qun trn Y = Spec(B), v khng nh tng t cng ng vi X = Spec(A) ta c mt hm t nh xui f t phm tr cc b ta nht qun OY -moun vo phm tr cc b cc OX -moun ta nht qun trn X = Spec(A) f : ModOY ModOX .
By gi ta mun m rng nh ngha nh xui cho mi cu x gia hai lc  bt k. l mt b Anh Cho

f :Y X

l mt cu x gia hai lc .

Cho

OY -moun ta nht qun. Cho U l mt tp m Zariski ca 1 ngc ca n V = f (U ) l mt tp m ca Y . Cu x f bao gm f # : (U, OX ) (V, OY ).

M X.

mt ng cu vnh

V vy (V, OY )-moun (V, M ) t (U, OX )-moun. Vy nn hm t

ng

c

trang

mt

cu

trc

f M : U (f 1 (U ), M )
l mt hm t vi gi tr l

OX -moun.
Cho

B  13 Cho

f :Y X

l mt cu x lc .

l mt b

moun ta nht qun. moun ta nht qun.

Hm t

f M

nh ngha nh trn l mt b

OY OX -

Trc ht ta cn chng minh rng kim tra c tnh dn c ca tp m ca

f M

l mt b.

Mun th ta cn

U.

Theo nh ngha ca

M
Ly

i vi ph m

(f 1 (Ui ))iI

f M f M

i vi mt ph m

(Ui )iI

ca mt

n tng ng vi tnh dn c

ca

f 1 (U ).

Do l

l mt b nn n

c tnh dn c.

tp m chnh ca

U = Spec(A) l mt tp m aphin ca X v U = Spec(A ) l mt U . Gi s A = A[g 1 ] vi g A no . t V = f 1 (U ) k v V = f 1 (U ). Xt (Vi )iI l mt ph aphin ca V v (Vij ) l mt ph aphin ca Vij = Vi Vj . Theo nh ngha ca f M ta c
k

(U, f M ) = ker[
i
cn

M (Vi )
i,j k

k M (Vij )]

(U , f M ) = ker[
i

M (Vi )
i,j

M (V

k ij )]

94

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

k = Vij U U . V l tch phn th bo tn phm tr k cc lc  aphin cho nn V i l mt ph aphin ca V v V ij l mt ph aphin ca V . V M l b OY -moun ta nht qun cho nn ij
vi

Vi = Vi U U

k ij

M (V i ) = M (Vi ) A A
T  ta suy ra rng

M (V

k ij )

k = M (Vij ) A A .

(U , f M ) = (U, f M ) A A
bi v hm t phng ha

N N A A ca A (xem ...)

l hm t khp khi

A = A[g 1 ]

l mt a

Nh vy nh xui ca b ta nht qun l b ta nht qun. Th nhng

l b

OY -nht

qun khng suy ra

f M

l b

trng hp n gin nht thc mt bin trn

A = k l k . Ly M = B .

mt trng, Khi 

OX -moun nht qun. Xt B = k[x] l vnh cc a M xem nh k -moun r rng

khng phi l dng hu hn.

C mt trng hp ring quan trng l nh

xui ca b nht qun vn l nht qun  i vi cc cu x x nh. Ta s quay li vn  ny sau.

f : Y X l mt cu x aphin t lc  (Y, OY ) (X, OX ). Khi  hm t f t phm tr cc b OY -moun nht qun phm tr cc b OX -moun nht qun, l mt hm t khp.
Mnh  14 Cho
Cho mt dy khp

vo vo

0 M M M 0 b OY -moun ta nht qun. Vi mi tp m aphin U = Spec(A) ca X , V = U X Y l tp m aphin V = Spec(B) ca Y . Khi  theo nh ngha ca f , f M (U ) l A-moun cm sinh t B -moun M (V ). Dy B -moun 0 M (V ) M (V ) M (V ) 0 l khp nn dy cc A-moun cm sinh hin nhin
cng l khp.

Nh vy i vi cu x aphin, nh xui l hm t khp nhng thng th khng bo tn tnh nht qun tr trng hp cu x hu hn. i vi

cu x x nh th ngc li, nh xui bo ton tnh nht qun nhng li khng l hm t khp.

6.6.

NH NGC

95

6.6
Cho t

nh ngc
l mt cu x gia hai lc . Ta c mt hm

f : (Y, OY ) (X, OX )

f : OX -Mod OY -Mod
inhn gha nh sau. Nu cho bi hm t

Y = Spec(B) v X = Spec(A) th hm t f f : A-Mod B -Mod

c

xc nh bi Trong

f M = M A B .
hp tng qut, vi mi tp aphin

V = Spec(B) Y  nh sao cho f (V ) cha trong tp m aphin U = Spec(A) X , ta t (f M )(V ) = M (U ) A B . Ta cn chng minh l (f M )(V ) khng ph thuc vo s la chn ca U .  n gin ha ta gi s l X l tch. Khi  trong X , giao hai tp m aphin l mt tp m aphin. Nu f (V ) U1 v f (V ) U2 vi U1 = Spec(A1 ) v U2 = Spec(A2 ) l tp m aphin ca X th f (V ) U1 U2 vi U1 U2 = Spec(A12 ) cng l tp m aphin. Khi  ta c
trng

M (U1 ) A1 B = M (U1 U2 ) A12 B = M (U2 ) A2 B

v

M (U1 U2 ) = M (U1 ) A1 A12 v M (U1 U2 ) = M (U2 ) A2 A12 . Cho V = Spec(B ) l mt tp m aphin cha trong V .Theo inh f M (V ) = f M (V ) B B .

ngha

trn th ta c

Vy nn theo nh l [?],

f M (V )

xacs nh cho mi tp m aphin

 b,

hon ton xc nh b ta nht qun

f M.
l hm t khp phi, bo

Mnh  15 Hm t
ton tnh nht qun.

f : OX -Mod OY -Mod A-Mod

Hm t

M M A B M A B
l

vo

B -Mod

l khp phi,

nn dn

chng li vi nhau, hm t dn hu hn th

cng l khp phi.

Nu

l mt

B -moun

dng hu hn.

Vt nn hm t

A-moun f f :

bin b nht qun thanh b nht qun.

nh ngha 16 Mt cu x

f : Y X

gi l phng nu hm t

OX -Mod OY -Mod

l hm t khp.

Mnh  17 Nhng m l cu x phng, cn nhng ng thng th khng.

96

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

6.7

B t do a phng

nh ngha 18 Mt b

OX -moun

nht qun

M
th

trn

gi l mt b t

do a phng nu nh vi mi im
dng hu hn trn vnh a phng

x X, OX,x . X U

Mx

l mt moun t do

Mnh  19 B nht qun

vi mi im

trn

l b t do a phng khi v ch khi ca

x X,

tn ti mt ln cn

sao cho

(U, M)

l mt

(U, OX )-moun v1 , . . . , v r

t do.

Theo nh ngha, th c s nh ca

Mx

l mt

OX,x -moun t do.

Ta c th chn mt

Mx .

Theo nh ngha ca th, tn ti mt ln cn 

sao cho nh ca

(U, M) Mx
cha s

v1 , . . . , vr . Thay th v1 , . . . , vr bng to nh ca chng, ta c th gi v1 , . . . , vr (U, M). Tt nhin l ta c th gi s U = Spec(A) l mt

tp m aphin v cc tp m aphin l mt c s trong tp Zariski v k hiu

M = (U, M) l mt A-moun hu hn sinh.  n gin ho chng minh, ta gi thit vnh A l vnh noether. im x Spec(A) tng ng vi mt ian nguyn t px . Vnh a phng OX,x l a phng ho Ax theo tp nhn S = A px . Cc vect v1 , . . . , vr M xc nh duy nht mt nh x A-thuyn tnh v : Ar M (a1 , . . . , ar ) a1 v1 + + ar vr . Gi ker(v) l hch ca v v coker(v) l i hch ca v . Theo gi thit v1 , . . . , vr l mt c s cho vnh Mx = M A Ax , cho nn nh x Ax -tuyn tnh cm sinh
cho bi

v A 1Ax : Ar M A Ax x
l mt song nh. Vy nn

ker(v) A Ax = 0
Gi s

coker(v) A Ax = 0.
v

l vnh Noether, khi 

ker(v)

coker(v)

l cc

A-moun

hu

hn sinh cho nn tn ti mt s hu hn phn t

f1 , . . . , fN A px

6.8.

HM CP CA MT B NHT QUN

97

sao cho

ker(v) A A[f 1 ] = 0
vi

coker(v) A A[f 1 ] = 0.

M A A[f 1 ] l mt A[f 1 ]-moun t do, hay ni cch khc, hn ch ca M vo tp m U (f ) l mt OU (f ) -moun f = f1 . . . f N .

Khi  r rng l t do.

6.8
Cho

Hm cp ca mt b nht qun

l mt b

OX -moun

nht qun trn

X.

Vi mi

x X,

th

Mx

l mt mun dng hu hn trn vnh a phng cc d

OX,x .

c bit l th

M(x) = Mx OX,x (x)

l mt khng gian vect hu hn chiu trn trng cc d

(x).

t

rkx (M) = dim(x) (M(x) ),

ta c mt hm

X N,

cho ng vi mi im

xX

s t nhin

rkx (M),

ta gi l hm cp ca

M.

nh l 20 Cho
Khi  tn ti

M l mt b OX -moun nht qun trn mt lc  X . hm cp x rkx (M) l hm lin tc trn. Ngha l vi mi x X , mt ln cn U ca x sao cho vi mi x U ta c rkx (M) rkx (M).

Trng hp c bit l cho hai im qut ho ca

x1 , x 2 X

vi

x2

l mt im tng

x1 .

Khi  ta c bt ng thc

rkx1 (M) rkx2 (M).

Mnh  yu hn hm cp tng khi ta c bit ha l h qu trc tip ca b  Nakayama. Hn ch ca dn hu hn chiu

Mx1 . Th cc d r1 = rkx1 (M ). Theo b 

M vo Spec(OX,x1 ) l mt OX,x1 -moun M(x1 ) l mt khng gian vect trn (x1 )

Nakayama tn ti mt ng cu ton nh

OX,x1 -moun

r1 OX,x1 Mx1 .

98

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN
phn

V im tch

x2 l mt tng qut ho ca x1 , qua Spec(OX,x ). Qua  ta c 1

cu x

x2 : Spec((x2 )) X

M(x2 ) = Mx1 OX,x1 (x2 )

v c mt nh x

(x2 )-tuyn x X.

tnh ton nh

(x2 )r1 M(x2 ) .

Vy nn,

rkx2 (M) r1 .
By gi ta quay sang chng minh mnh  mnh hn l hm cp l hm

x, ta c th gi s X l mt lc  aphin X = Spec(A), v b nht qun M tng ng vi mt A-moun hu hn sinh M . Gi Ax l a phng ha ca A im x v Mx = M A Ax . t n = rk(x) M(x) l cp ca M im x, vi (x) l trng d ca Ax v M(x) = M A (x). Chn v1 , . . . , vn trong Mx vi nh v1 , . . . , vn l mt c s ca khng gian vect M(x) . Khi  theo b  Nakayama v1 , . . . , vn l mt h sinh ca Mx . Vit cc vect vi Mx di dng
lin tc trn. Ly Sau khi ly mt ln cn aphin ca

vi =
j
vi

mij aij

mij M v aij Ax . V l ta ch c mt s hu hn cc vect vi , khi vi di dng tng hu hn nh trn, s cc aij Ax xut hin l hu han. Vy nn tn ti f A x sao cho
vit

aij A[f 1 ]
vi mi cp ch s

ij ,

v khi  ta c th coi

vi M A A[f 1 ].
Xt ng cu

: A[f 1 ]n M A A[f 1 ] (a1 , . . . , an ) a1 x1 + + an xn . Gi N l i hch ca . V ta bit x1 , . . . , xn l mt h sinh ca Mx = M A Ax cho nn sau khi tenx vi Ax , tr thnh ton nh. V tenx l khp phi cho nn iu ny c ngha l N A[f 1 ] Ax = 0. Vy nn sau khi hn ch vo mt tp m nh U hn Spec(A[f 1 ]), ng cu s tr thnh ton nh. Lc  vi mi x U , ta c rkx (M ) n.
cho bi Trong trng hp

X = Spec(A)
V

vi

l mt vnh Noether, ta c th

lp lun n gin hn nh sau.

l hu hn sinh, tn ti mt ng

6.8.

HM CP CA MT B NHT QUN

99

An M . Gi N l hch ca ng cu ny. V A l Noether cho nn N cng l A-moun hu hn sinh, tc l tn ti mt ng cu ton m nh A N . Tm li l ta c th biu din M nh i hch ca mt ng
cu ton nh cu

F : Am An
vi

l mt ma trn

mn

vi h s trong

A.

Vi mi im

x Spec(A),

ta c

M(x) = coker[(x)m (x)n ]

v tenx l khp phi. Vy nn

F A (x)

rkx (M ) = n rk(F A (x))

vi

rk(F A (x)) l hng ca Vi mi r N, k hiu

nh x tuyn tnh

F A (x).

Yr = {x Spec(A) | rkx (M ) r}.

Ta cn chng minh l

Yr l tp ng Zariski. Bt ng thc rkx (M ) r r rng tng ng vi rk(F A (x)) n r v iu ny th tng ng vi vic l tt c cc nh thc ca cc ma trn con (n r) (n r) ca F du bng khng ti im x. Nh vy Yr l tp ng Y (I) vi I l ian
sinh bi cc nh thc ny.

I l mt iean ca mt vnh giao hon A. Khi  ta c th thy ngay l rkx (M ) = 1 nu x V (I) tp ng khng im ca I v rkx (M ) = 0 nu x ngoi tp ng ny. Mt v d khc cho ta thy s cn thit ca gi thit M dng hu hn. 1 Ly A = k[t] v M = k[t, t ]. M khng l mt A-moun hu hn sinh nhng vi mi x Spec(A), khng gian vect M(x) vn c chiu hu hn. N c chiu 1 nu x khc vi ian tng ng vi im t = 0 v n bng 0
V d ly vi ti im ny. Hm ny r rng l khng lin tc trn m l lin tc di.

M = A/I

X l mt lc  nguyn vn, c nghi l vi mi tp m U X , vnh (U, OX ) l vnh nguyn vn. Cho M l mt b OX -moun nht qun. Khi  M l t do a phng khi v ch khi hp cp x rkx (M )
nh l 21 Cho
l mt hm hng.

100

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

X phi lin thng; mi hm hng a phng l hm hng. Ni hm x rkx (M ) l mt hm hng a phng c ngha l vi mi x X , tn ti mt tp m U X cha x sao cho hm ny l hm hng s trn U . Theo ngn ng im tng qut ho v im c bit ho, nh ngha ny tng ng vi mnh  : cho x2 l mt im tng qut ho ca x1 , khi  rkx (M) = rkx (M). Ta lun c bt ng thc 1 2 rkx1 (M) rkx2 (M) cho mi b nht qun. Vn  l chng minh du bng xy ra khi v ch khi M l mt b t do a phng di gi thit X nguyn
V l nguyn vn, khng gian tp vn.

M l mt b OX -moun nht qun t do a phng. Cho hai im x1 , x2 X vi x2 l mt im tng qut ho ca x1 . Khi  cu x Spec((x2 )) X phn tch qua Spec((x2 ))Spec(OX,x1 ). V Mx1 l mt OX,x1 -moun t do cp hu hn r,
Gi s

M(x2 ) = Mx1 OX,x1 (x2 )

l khng gian vect trn trng l hm hng a phng. Chng minh chiu ngc li ca nh l kh hn mt cht, v y ta cn n gi thit nguyn vn. vi hp cp l hm hng : Gi s

(x2 ) vi chiu cng l r.

Vy nn hm cp

tn

x X . Ta cn r. t A = OX,x , A l mt vnh a phng ton vn. Gi K l trng cc thng ca A, ta c A K . Khi  y = Spec(K) cng l mt im ca X , tng qut hn im x ban u. Vi gi thit X ton vn, y l im tng qut nht ca X . Theo b  Nakayama, tn ti v1 , . . . , vr Mx sao cho cu x A-tuyn
Cho t do cp tnh tng ng

rkx (M) = r.

M l mt b OX -moun nht qun ti r N sao cho vi mi x X ta c chng ming rng Mx l mt OX,x -moun

v : Ar Mx
l ton nh. Cu x

K -tuyn

tnh cm sinh

vK : K r M x A K = M y
l ton nh. y l mt nh x gia hai khng gian vect trn trng cng cp cho nn ton nh suy ra n nh. cho nn nh x hp thnh V

A K

cng l n nh

Ar My

6.8.

HM CP CA MT B NHT QUN

101

cng l n nh. Anh x ny li phn tch qua l n nh. Vy nn

l mt ng cu v

v : Ar Mx cho nn v phi Mx l mt A-moun t do.

v d X = Spec(C[t]) v M l b OX -moun tng ng vi M = C[t]/(t ) vi C l mt s phc no . Khi  hm cp c gi tr rkx (M) = 0 nu x = v rkx (M) = 1 nu x = . Tng t, ta c th ly X = Spec(Z) v M = Z/pZ vi p l mt s nguyn t no . Khi  hm cp c gi tr rkx (M) = 0 nu x = p v rkx (M) = 1 nu x = p. Trong c hai trng hp trn, M khng l t do a phng. Ni chung Ta ly moun cc vnh thng khng bao gi l t do a phng. Ta xt mt v d th v hn. Cho trn

C.

Ly

l idan ca

X = Spec(C[t, u]) l mt phng aphin A = C[t, u] sinh bi u, v . C hia trng hp :

t0 , u0 C l hai s phc. im (t0 , u0 ) ca mt phng phc tng t t0 , u u0 . Nu u0 = 0 hoc v0 = 0 khi  mt trong hai phn t sinh t v u ca M tr nn nghch o c trong vnh a phng A(u ,v ) . Vy nn nh x n nh M A tr 0 0 thnh song nh sau khi tenx vi A A(u ,v ) . Khi  hin nhin hm 0 0 cp ly gi tr rk(t ,u ) (M ) = 1. 0 0
Cho ng vi ian ti i Nu

(t0 , u0 ) = (0, 0),

khi  th d c dng

M(t0 ,u0 ) = M/M 2

vi

M/M 2

l khng gian vect trn

Vy nn hm cp ly gi tr

C cp hai rk(t0 ,u0 ) (M ) = 2.

sinh bi nh ca

u.

Nh vy,

ian

sinh bi

t, u

khng l t do a phng.

Ta c th

ni n t do a phng khp ni tr ti im

(0, 0).

Ni chung cc ian

cng khng my khi l t do a phng tr trong trng hp n xac nh mt mu s, mt khi nim quan trng m ta s xem xt sau. Ta cn c

mt php ton tng qut bin mt ian bt k thnh mt ian t do a phng gi l php n m ta cng s quay li xem xt sau.

102

CHNG 6.

OX -MUN

Chng 7

Moun vi phn

7.1

im v cng gn cp mt
cu x gia hai lc  aphin,

Cho f : X Y l Spec(B). K hiu

X = Spec(A)

Y =

: X X Y X
l cu x ng cho v trong

l ian ca

A B A xc nh ng cho (X)

X Y X .

Ta gi

2 P1 ((X)) = Spec((A B A)/I ).

l ln cn v cng b cp

ca ng cho

phn loi cc cp im v cng gn cp

ca

(X) X theo

trong

X Y X .

ngha nh sau.

nh ngha 1 Cho

l mt vnh giao hon. Lm dy

l cho mt vnh

R
vi

c thng l

R R = R /J R.
Nu

J cp 1

l mt ian ly linh ca ca

R.

Cp

(R, R )

l mt cp

J 2 = 0 th dy cp 1.

ta ni

l mt lm dy

Cho mt cp dy cp

nh trn, ta c mt nhng ng

Spec(R) Spec(R )
vi nh x trn khng gian tp l ng cu. cc phn t ly linh ca Cu x ny ch sai khc bi

R.
103

104

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

nh ngha 2 Cho

f : X Y l mt cu x gia hai lc d aphin, X = Spec(A) Y = Spec(B). Cho (R, R ) mt cp dy cp 1 cc B -i s. Hai im v cung gn ca X/Y vi gi tr trong cp dy (R, R ) l hai Y -cu
x:

x1 , x2 : Spec(R ) X
vi hn ch vo

Spec(R)

cho hai im bng nhau

x1 |Spec(R) = x2 |Spec(R) .
Mnh  3 Cho

(R, R )

mt cp dy cp

x1 , x2 ca X/Y cp 1 khi v ch

vi gi tr trong cp dy khi cu x

1 R.

cc

B -i

s.

Cho hai im

Hai im ny l v cng gn

(x1 , x2 ) : Spec(R ) X Y X
phn tch qua

P1 ((X)). R R x1 , x2 : A R sao cho vnh x1 , x2 : A R bng

Vit di dng i s ta c hai ng cu vnh khi hp thnh vi nhau. ta c hai ng cu

Nh vy nh ca ian

ca

A B A,

xc nh ng cho, qua

ng cu

x1 x2 : A B A R
b cha trong ian

2 J vi R = R /J . V J 2 = 0, nh ca ian I xc nh P1 ((X)) trong X Y X , qua ng cu x1 x2 : A B A R l bng 2 khng. Tc l x x 1 2 phn tch qua (A B A)/I , ni cch khc l cu x (x1 , x2 ) : Spec(R ) X Y X phn tch qua ln cn v cng b cp 1 ca ng cho P1 ((X)).
Cho

R = R /J

l mt cp dy cp

B -i

s v cng gn cp

hai ng cu vnh

1. Cho x1 , x2 : A R l hai ng cu 1. Hp thnh chng vi ng cu R R cho ta x1 , x2 : A R bng nhau. Xt nh x d : A J cho bi dJ (a) = x1 (a) x2 (a).

V l

x1

x2

l ng cu

B -i

s cho nn

dJ (ab) = x1 (a)dJ (b) + x2 (b)dJ (a).

V

l ian c bnh phng bng khng cho nn l

R -moun

ca

tht

ra l

R-moun.

Hai ng cu

x1 , x 2 : A R

l bng nhau cho nn ta ch

7.2.

MOUN I CHUN

105

c mt cu trc

A-i

s trn

A-moun

trn

J.

Cng thc trn c th

vit li di dng quen thuc ca Leibnitz

dJ (ab) = adJ (b) + bdJ (a). B l mt vnh giao hon v A l mt B -i s. Khi  mt o hm ca A trn B vi gi tr trong mt A-moun M l mt nh x B -tuyn tnh dM : A M tha mn cng thc Leibnitz
nh ngha 4 Cho

dM (ab) = adM (b) + bdM (a)

vi mi

a, b A.
o hm

Ta i n mt kt lun ph hp vi trc quan thng thng : l sai khc gia hai im v cng gn cp

1.

7.2
Cho

Moun i chun

A l mt vnh giao hon v B = A/I vi I l mt ian ca A. Cu x tng ng vi ng cu ton nh A B l mt nhng ng Spec(B) Spec(A). 2 2 2 Vi mi x I/I v f I , f x = 0 trong I/I v vy I/I c mt cu trc B -moun, gi l mun i php tuyn ca Spec(B) trong Spec(A) v
k hiu l

NB/A = I/I 2 .
Nhn xt l ta c th vit mt cch khc l

NB/A = I A B.
Trong trng hp n

N B/A

l mun t do a phng, ta ly i ngu ca

NB/A = HomB (I/I 2 , B)

l mun chun.

A = k[x, y] vnh cc a thc hai bin trn mt trng k . Xt B = k[x, y]/ xy , thng ca A chia cho ian sinh bi 2 a thc xy . Khi  ta thy I/I l B -moun t do cp 1 sinh bi mt phn 2 t l nh ca xy trong I/I . Ta thy l nhn xt ny vn ng cho mi min nguyn A v cho mi ian chnh I sinh bi mt phn t f . Thng I/I 2 l B -moun t do sinh bi nh ca f trong I/I 2 .
Xt mt v d n gin. Ly

106

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

Mnh  5 Cho
ian ca

l mt

k -i

s dng hu hn,

B = A/I

vi

l mt

A.

Khi 

I/I

l mt

B -moun

hu hn sinh.

V nn

A l vnh Noether, mi ian I ca n l A-moun hu hn sinh. I/I 2 = I A B l B -moun hu hn sinh. Y

l mt lc  con ng trong

Vy

Cho

X.

Ta bit nhng ng

mt cu x aphin, ni cch khc vi mi tp m aphin nh ngc ca n trong

Y X l U = Spec(A) X ,

l mt lc  aphin

UY = U Y = Spec(B)
vi

B = A/I , I

l mt ian no  ca

A.

Trn tp m aphin

ta ly mmoun i tip tuyn l vi nhau v cho ta mt b

I/I 2 .

UY

ca

Cc moun ny c th dn li c nht qun

OY -moun

NY /X .

7.3
Cho

Moun vi phn tng i

l mt

B l mt vnh giao hon v A Y = Spec(B). Cu x ng cho

B -i

s.

t

X = Spec(A)

: X X Y X
cho bi ca

A B A A vi A B A hch ca . X I

cng thc

: a1 B a2 a1 a2 . A/B

Gi

l ian

nh ngha 6 Ta gi moun vi phn tng i

ca ng cho nhng trong

l mun chun

X Y X .

2 I /I

Ta bit ian

sinh bi cc phn t c dng

a B 1 1 B a.
K hiu

da A/B = I/I 2 A-tuyn

l nh ca

a B 1 1 B a. a da
l mt nh x

Mnh  7 nh x
nhng khng

A A/B

cho bi

B -tuyn

tnh

tnh. N tha mn cng thc Leibnitz

d(ab) = adb + bda

vi mi

a, b A. B -o
hm

Hn na, mi qua

dM

vo mt tnh

d : A A/B

v mt nh x

A-tuyn

A-moun M A/B M .

u phn tch

7.3.

MOUN VI PHN TNG I

107

Ta c

ab 1 1 ab = (a 1)(b 1 1 b) + (1 b)(a 1 1 a).

nh ca cng thc ny trong By gi ta cho

l mt

I/I 2 l cng thc Leibnitz d(ab) = adb + bda. A-moun vi mt nh x dM : A M

tha mn cng thc Leibnitz Gi

l vnh

AM

dM (ab) = adM (b) + bdM (a). = A M vi cu truc nhn cho bi

(a1 m1 ) (a2 m2 ) = a1 a2 (a1 m2 + a2 m1 )

cha

M nh mt ian ly linh bc 1, tc l M 2 = 0. R rng A l thng ca AM chia cho ian ly linh M . Ta c 2 ng cu vnh A A l nghch o bn phi ca php chiu : AM A. Mt l ng cu hin nhin A A M cho bi 1 : a a 0M . Hai l ng cu
2

: a a dM (a).

Cng thc Leibnitz c th vit li l

(a dM (a))(b dM (b)) = ab dM (ab)

c ngha l

l mt ng cu vnh.

Hai ng cu vnh vnh

B -tuyn
1

tnh

1, 2

: A AM ,

cho ta mt ng cu

: A B A AM
1

vi

( 1 2 )1 (M ) = I . V l M 2 = 0 cho nn ( (A B A)/I 2 . T  ta c nh x A/B M .

2)

phn

tch

qua

Chng minh trn c th trnh by mt cch hnh hc hn theo ngn ng im v cng gn cp

l i s

c dng

1. Cho R l mt A-i s. Mt dy ha b ch ca R = R MR vi MR l mt R-moun. Cu trc

nhn ca

c cho bi

(a1 m1 ) (a2 m2 ) = a1 a2 (a1 m2 + a2 m1 )

vi mi

a1 , a2 R

m1 , m 2 M R .

Trong

R , MR

l mt ian vi bnh

phng bng khng.

108

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

Cho mt dy ha b ch nh vy, ta lp tc c mt ng cu vnh cho bi cu x ca

AR

a a 0MR tc l mt cu x x : Spec(R ) Spec(A). Cho mt B -lc  khc x : Spec(R ) Spec(A), l im v cng gn cp 1

x,

ta c mt cu x

(x, x ) : Spec(R ) X Y X
phn tch qua ln cn v cng b cp ta c mt ng cu vnh

ca ng cho

P1 ((X)).

Tc l

2 (A B A)/I R .

ng cu ny cho ta mt ng cu

A-moun 1 MR . A/B

H qu 8 Moun cc
chun tc vi ca

B -o hm t A vo A, k hiu l DerB (A), ng cu HomA (1 , A). Ngi ta gi mun ny l moun tip tuyn A/B

A/B .

Cch gi ny ph hp vi nhng g ta bit v cc vect tip tuyn. Mun ly do hm ca mt hm s ti mt im trn mt a tp, ta phi c mt vect tip tuyn ti im . V o hm l sai khc gia im khng ca khng gian tip xc v im v cng gn tng ng vi vect tip tuyn  cho. By gi ta xt v d n gin nht l moun vi phn tng i ca mt khng gian aphin.

Mnh  9 Cho
moun t do vi

X = Spec(A) vi A = k[x1 , . . . , xn ]. c s l dx1 , . . . , dxn .

Khi 

A/k

A-

Ta c

A k A = k[u1 , . . . , un , v1 , . . . , vn ] ui = xi 1 v vi = 1 xi . t di = ui vi . D thy A = k[u1 , . . . , un , d1 , . . . , dn ] bng php i bin hin nhin. Ian xc nh ng cho ca X trong X k X l ian sinh bi 2 d1 , . . . , dn . D thy I /I l mt A-moun t do vi c s l d1 , . . . , dn .
m  n gin k hiu ta  t

7.4.

TH CA

A/K

CC

K -IM
cc

109

7.4

Th ca

A/k
mx

k -im
l mt

Mnh  10 Cho
mt

l mt trng v

k -im

ca

vi

l ian cc i ca

th d ca b vi phn tng i

A/k

ti im

k -i A xc x l

s. Cho

nh im

x : A k l x. Khi 

A/k A,x k = mx /m2 . x A-i s.  nhn mnh cu trc k -i s m ta k hiu li l x : A (x) vi (x) = k nh mt trng.
ng cu cho mt cu trc Ta c

x:Ak

HomA (A/k , (x)) = Hom(x) (A/k A (x), (x)).

Nh vy mi mt phn t ca vi mt

k -o

hm

ca

nh vy li tng ng

Hom(x) (A/k A (x), (x)) tng ng 1 1 A ly gi tr trong (x) xem nh A-moun, v 1 1 vi mt ng cu vnh
2

x : A (x)[ ]/
sao cho hp thnh vi

= (x) (x)
li ta ng cu

(x)[ ]/

x : A (x).

Tng ng gia

(x)[ ]/ = (x) cho x cho bi cng thc

x (a) = x(a) (a) (x) (x) .

Cc ng cu vnh c dng nh vy gi ian cc i

k[ ]/
ng

v th nh ca

11

m2 x

mx

vo ian

ca

phi bng khng.

Cc ng vnh dng

tng

vi cc ng cu vnh

A/m2 (x)[ ]/ 2 . x A/mx = (x) v n c i s con l k . Ta trong trng hp c bit l k = (x) cho nn A/m2 = (x) mx /m2 . Vy nn cho mt ng cu vnh A/m2 (x)[ ]/ 2 x x x 2 k . Tm li ng ngha vi vic cho mt nh x (x)-tuyn tnh mx /m x ta c mt ng cu gia hai (x)-khng gian vect
Vnh c cu trc rt n gin. N c thng l

A/m2 x

Homk (A/k A (x), (x)) = Hom(x) (mx /m2 , (x)) x

v t  m suy ra ng cu

A/k A (x) = mx /m2 x

m ta mun.

110

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

Trong hnh hc vi phn i khi ngi ta nh ngha b vi phn l b c th l khng gian vect

mx /m2 . x

Trong hnh hc i s, vic cc th ny c

th dn li vi nhau thnh mt

A-moun

vi

l vnh cc hm trn a

tp l mt vic hon ton khng tm thng. l cng thc

Hn na, bn c nn ch Ly im tng qut ca mt

mx /m2 x

ch ng cho cc

k -im.

min nguyn, ian tng ng vi n l ian khng, m khng c ngi l th ca b vi phn tng i ti im tng qut bng khng.

7.5

Hai dy khp c bn

 tnh ton cc mun vi phn tng i, ngi ta dng n hai dy khp c bn m ta s pht biu v chng minh trong mc ny.

nh l 11 Cho
vi

l mt vnh giao hon,

l mt

l mt ian ca

A.

Khi  ta c dy khp phi

k -i s v B = A/J B -moun

J/J 2 A/k A B B/k 0.

ng cu mi

J/J 2 A B k

l ng cu cho bi cng thc

f df A 1B B

vi

f J.
l mt vnh giao hon,

nh l 12 Cho

A-i

s. Khi  ta c dy khp phi

A l B -moun

mt

k -i

s v

l mt

A/k A B B/k B/A 0.

nh nghi moun vi phn tng i nh xc tch nhng hon ton khng ph hp

2 I /I
vic

cho ta mt nh ngha tch ton n v cng

cho

khng ph hp cho viec chng minh cc tch cht ca n.

 chng minh

hai dy khp c bn trn ta li phi quay li dng ngn ng im v cng gn. Trc ht ta cn b  tng qut sau, mt bin th ca nh l Yoneda.

B  13 Cho

l mt vnh giao hon. Vi mi

B -moun M ,

k hiu

hM : B M od B M od
hm t cho bi

N HomB (M, N ).

Khi  cho mt ng cu

M M

tng ng vi cho mt cu x hm t

hM hM .

7.5.

HAI DY KHP C BN

111

Cho v

hM2

M1 , M2 , M3 l hM1 cao cho

ba

moun v cho cc cu x hm t

hM3 hM2

vi mi

B -moun N ,

dy

0 hM3 (N ) hM2 (N ) hM1 (N )

l khp tri. Khi  dy tng ng

M1 M2 M3 0
l khp phi.

Nh trong nh l Yoneda, nu ta c mt cu x gia hai hm t vi bin l mt

B -moun N HomB (M , N ) HomB (M, N ),

ly

N = M v ly nh B -moun M M .

ca

1M HomB (M , M )

ta c c mt ng cu

Cho mt dy khp hm t

0 hM3 (N ) hM2 (N ) hM1 (N )

ta

M1 M2 v M2 M3 . Trc ht ta chng minh Gi P l nh ca M2 trong M3 . Nu P = M3 , ta c th ly N = M3 /P xt HomB (M3 , M3 /P ) cho bi php chiu : M3 M3 /P . Nu P = M3 , th = 0. Nhng nu ta hp thnh vi ng cu M2 M3 vi th c mt mt ng cu M2 N bng khng, v bng khng trn nh ca M2 . V iu ny mu thun vi gi thit hM3 (N ) hM2 (N ) l n nh cho nn ng cu M2 M3 t phi l ton
c cc ng cu

M2 M3

l ton nh.

nh. V hm t M hM l chung thy cho nn t gi thit hp thnh hM3 hM2 hM1 bng khng ta suy ra hp thnh M1 M2 M3 cng bng khng. Ta ch cn cn chng minh l nh ca

M2 M3 . Ta li ly P l nh ca hch K = ker[M2 M3 ] Ta cn chng minh quan h cha ngc li. Gi : M2 M2 /P l php chiu hin nhin xung thng. Tron dy khp 0 Hom(M3 , M2 /P ) Hom(M2 , M2 /P ) Hom(M1 , M2 /P )

M1 M2 ng bng hch ca M1 M2 . Ta  bit P b cha trong

112

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

Hom(M1 , M2 /P ) bng khng v theo nh nghi bng khng trn nh P ca M1 trong M2 . Nh vy l nh ca mt phn t ca Hom(M3 , M2 /P ), c ngha l ng cu M2 M2 /P phn tch qua M2 M3 . Vy nn hch ca M2 M2 /P phi cha hch K ca M2 M3 . Nh vy P K . M ta  bit t trc l P K cho nn P = K .
nh ca vo trong S dng b  ny ta  quy vic chng minh dy khp gia cc moun vi phn tng i

A/B

v vic chng minh dy khp gia cc hm t

M HomA (A/B )

trn phm tr cc

A-moun. A/B

Bnh thng th y l

mt cch phc tp thm vn , nhng trong trng hp ny th khng v ta khng bit r moun vi phn tng i nh l hm t m n biu

din, nht l v hm t ny c th m t c theo ngn ng hnh hc im v cng gn.

Chng minh dy khp th nht.

Cho

l mt vnh giao hon,

k -i

s v

B = A/J

vi

l mt ian ca

A.

Vi mi

A l mt B -moun N , ta c
cc N

HomB (B/k , N ) l tp cc k -o hm vi gi tr trong N , tc l nh x k -tuyn tnh dN : B N tha mn cng thc Leibnitz.
cng l tp cc im

Spec(B N ) Spec(B)
vi

"im khng"

B cho bi B -moun N , v cng gn B BN = B N l im cho bi b b 0. ng vi k -o hm dN : B N l ng cu k -i s B BN cho bi b b dN (b). Nh ta  thy mc trc, dN l k -o hm khi v ch khi b b dN (b) l ng cu k -i s. Tm li HomB (B/k , N ) l
l dy ha b ch ca tp cc im

BN

xB : Spec(BN ) Spec(B)
v cung gn im khng.

Tng t nh vy, cho mt phn t ca cho mt ng cu

A-tuyn

tnh

HomB (A/k B, N ) cng l A/k N v cng l cho mt im

xA : Spec(BN ) Spec(A)
v cng gn im khng.

7.5.

HAI DY KHP C BN

113

Hp thnh vi cu x

j : Spec(B) Spec(A), xB xA = j xB

ta c mt nh x

t tp cc im vo tp cc

xB : Spec(BN ) Spec(B) v cng gn im khng im xA : Spec(BN ) Spec(A) v cng gn im khng. HomB (B/k , N ) HomB (A/k A B, N ).

Cho nn ta c mt nh x

Ta c th kim tra c nh x ny l

B -tuyn

tnh.

AB

l ng cu ton nh, cho nn nu hai im

x B , x B : B BN
cm sinh ra hai im

x A , x A : A BN

bng nhau th

xB = xB .

Tc

l ng cu cho trn l ton nh.

xA : A B N cho bi a a dN (a) vi a l nh ca a trong B v dN : A N l mt k -o hm. V xA : A BN l mt ng cu i s, cho nn hin nhin xA l A-tuyn tnh. Hn ch xA vo ian J s c nh cha trong ian N ca BN . V bnh 2 phng ca N trong BN bng khng cho nn nh ca J trong BN 2 bng khng. Vy nn xA cm sinh mt ng cu B -moun J/J N
Cho mt ng cu v ta c mt ng cu

HomB (A/k , N ) HomB (J/J 2 , N ).

ng cu hn ch

xA : A BN phn tch qua A A/J = B , xA vo J bng khng. vy nn c dy khp

khi v ch khi

0 HomB (B/k , N ) HomB (A/k A B, N ) HomB (J/J 2 , N )

c tnh hm t i vi

B -moun N

bin thin.

Theo b  ta c mt dy khp

B -moun

J/J 2 A/k A B B/k 0.

v ta kt thc vic chng minh dy khp th nht.

114

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

Ta cn cn vit r cng thc ca ng cu

B -moun

J/J 2 A/k A B
trong dy khp. Ly

N = A/k A B .

Phn t on v

1 HomB (A/k B, N )
tng ng vi ng cu vnh

A BN N a a da A 1B vi a l nh ca a trong B . Hn ch vo = 0. Ta c th kim tra thm tnh tuyn J ta c ng cu f df v f tnh ca ng cu ny. Vi mi f J v a A, nh ca af
cho bi

d(af ) A 1B = (adf + f da) A 1B = adf A 1B

v

f A 1B = 0.

Chng minh dy khp th hai. Cng nh vi dy khp th nht, ta mun

xy dng vi mi

B -moun N ,

mt dy khp

0 HomB (B/A , N ) HomB (B/k , N ) HomB (A/k A B, N )

bin thin mt cch hm t theo

N.

Cho mt phn t ca

HomB (B/A , N ) l cho mt nh x A-tuyn tnh

dx : B N tha mn cng thc Leibnitz v cng l cho mt ng cu A-i s x : B BN = B N vi x(b) = b dx (b), v cng gn vi im khng x0 : B BN vi x0 (b) = b 0N .
Tng t, cho mt phn t ca

HomB (B/k , N )

l cho mt nh x

k -tuyn
khng.

tnh

ng cu

dy : B N tha k -i s y : B BN A-tuyn

cng thc Leibnitz v cng l cho mt vi

y(b) = b dy (b),

v cng gn im

Mt ng cu x

tnh th hin nhin phi

k -tuyn

tnh m bng khng th tt nhin

k -tuyn tnh. nh x A-tuyn

Nu nh tnh ban

u cng bng khng.

iu ny dn n mt ng cu chun tc

HomB (B/A , N ) HomB (B/A , N )

v ng cu ny l n nh.

7.6.

MA TRN JACOBI

115

Tng t nh trong chng minh dy khp th nht, vi mi ng cu

yB : B BN v cng gn im khng, hp thnh vi A B cho ta mt ng cu k -i s yA : A BN .V ci ny th tng ong vi mt k -o hm A BN tc l mt phn t ca
s

k -i

HomA (A/k , N ) = HomB (A/k A B, N ).

nh x trn cn c th c m t nh sau. Cho dB : B N l mt k -o hm ca B . Th th hp thnh vi A B cho ta mt k -o hm dA : A N . V ta cng thy ngay l dB l A-tuyn tnh khi v ch khi dA = 0.

Nh vy vi mi

B -mun N

ta c mt dy khp chun tc

0 HomB (B/A , N ) HomB (B/k , N ) HomB (A/k A B, N )

v t  dng b  ta suy ra dy khp th hai

A/k A B B/k B/A 0

v kt thc chng minh hai dy khp c bn.

7.6

Ma trn Jacobi

Mnh  14 Cho
hn. Khi 

l mt vnh giao hon v

l mt

k -i

s dng hu

A/k

l mt

A-i

s dng hu hn.

A l k -i s dng hu hn nn n c dng A = R/I vi R = k[x1 , . . . , xn ] l mt i s a thc v I l mt ian ca R. Khi  ta c mt ng cu ton nh A-moun
V

R/k R A A/k .
Ta  bit l

R/k

l mt

R-moun t do cp n cho nn A/k

t l

A-moun

hu hn sinh.

Mnh  15 Cho
a thc v

k l mt vnh giao hon, R = k[x1 , . . . , xn ] l vnh cc n bin trn R, J l mt ian ca R sinh bi cc phn t f1 , . . . , fm . A = R/J . Khi  ta c mt dy khp A-moun A Am n A/k 0
F

116

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

vi

l ng cu

A-tuyn

tnh cho bi ma trn cc o hm ring

fi F = xj
Vi mi im

i=1,...,m

.
j=1,...,m

: A (),

cp ca

A/k

c cho bi cng thc

rk (A/k ) = n rk

fi xj

i=1,...,m

.
j=1,...,m

Mnh  ny ch l mt cch trnh by li c th ca dy khp th nht. Ian

sinh bi cc phn t

J/J Am vi c gi fi ln fi .
th thay do

f1 , . . . , f m

cho nn trong dy khp tri, ta c t. Xt

bng mt s l

A-moun t do vi m phn f1 , . . . , fm cng vi mt ng cu R/k

l mt

ton nh

A-moun t An J/J 2 dx1 , . . . , dxn

Mt khc ta bit l

R-moun

t do sinh bi

cho nn, hp thnh li ta c mt dy khp

Am n A/k 0 A F l ng cu c miu t nh sau. Ta R/k R A l dfi R 1A cho nn nh ca fi l

vi bit nh ca ca

fi J

trong

F (fi ) = dfi R 1A =
j=1

fi dxj R 1A . xj

Cng thc cp suy ra t tnh cht khp phi ca tch tenx.

Ma trn

gi l ma trn Jacobi.

7.7
Cho

Phn m trn ca mt a tp i s

X = Spec(A) vi A l mt min nguyn, dng hu hn trn mt trng k . Khi  A/k l mt A-moun hu hn sinh. Ta c hm cp ca n x rkx A/k l mt hm lin tc trn trn khng gian tp Spec(A).
nh ngha 16 a tp

X = Spec(A)

gi l trn nu nh

A/k

l mt

A-

moun t do a phng, hay ni cch khc l hm cp l hm hng.

7.7.

PHN M TRN CA MT A TP I S

117

X = Spec(A) vi A l mt min ngun, gi tr cc tiu 0 ca hm lin tc trn x rkx A/k t c trn tp mt tp m X ca X . Hn ch ca A/k trn tp m ny l X 0 /k c hm cp l hm hng. X 0 l tp m trn cc i ca X .
Vi mi a tp

Mnh  17 Cho
tp trn tri

l mt

k -a

tp trn, nhng ng vo trong mt

k -a

X.

Khi  dy khp phi c bn th hai cng cn l mt dy khp

0 J/J 2 X/k OX OY Y /k 0.

118

CHNG 7.

MOUN VI PHN

Phn IV

Chiu v chun ha

119

Chng 8

Chiu

8.1

Cu x hu hn v chiu Krull

f : Y X gia hai lc  aphin X = Spec(A) A-i s B xem nh A-moun l hu hn sinh. Ta cn ni B l mt A-i s hu hn. Mt cu x f : Y X l hu hn nu tn ti mt ph ca X bi cc 1 tp m aphin {Ui }iI sao cho to nh f (Ui ) l tp m aphin ca Y v hn 1 ch f vo f (Ui ) Ui l cu x hu hn gia hai lc  aphin.
nh ngha 1 Mt cu x
v

Y = Spec(B)

gi l hu hn, nu

Theo

inh

ngha

ca

cu

hu

hn,

ta

th

dng

quy

trng

hp tng qut v trng hp cu x hu hn gia hai lc  aphin

f :

Spec(B) Spec(A).
Mnh  2 Cho

l mt

A-i

s dng hu hn.

Khi 

l mt

Al

moun hu hn sinh khi v ch khi vi mi phn t

x B,

tn ti

nN

a0 , . . . , an1 A

sao cho ta c ng thc trong

xn + an1 xn1 + + a0 = 0.
Mt phn t

x B

tha mn iu kin trn gi l nguyn

trn

A.

Mnh  c th pht biu li l vi mi

A-i

dng hu hn,

l mt

A-moun

B l nguyn trn A. A-moun dng hu hn. Chn b1 , . . . , bn l mt h sinh ca A-moun B . Vi mi x B , nh x b bx l mt nh x B -tuyn tnh
hu hn sinh khi v ch khi mi phn t ca Gi s

l mt

121

122

CHNG 8.

CHIU

nn hin nhin l dng

A-tuyn

tnh.

Vi mi

i = 1, . . . , n,

ta c th vit

xbi

xbi =
j=1
vi

ij bj
Trong vnh

mt bin

ij A c th khng xc nh t vi h s trong A, ta c

duy nht.

A[t]

cc a thc

a thc c trng

P = tn + an1 tn1 + + a0 A[t]

ca ma trn

(ij ).

Theo nh l Cayley-Hamilton, nh x

A-tuyn

tnh

BB b P (x)b b = 1 ta c P (x) = 0. Ngc li, cho B l mt A-i s sinh bi n-phn t x1 , . . . , xm nh l mt A-i s. Gi s mi phn t ca B u l nguyn trn A, c bit cc phn t x1 , . . . , xn l ngun trn A. Xt B1 l A-i s con ca B sinh bi mt phn t x1 , tc l ta c mt ng cu A-i s ton nh
ng nht bng khng. Ly

1 : A[t] B1
gi

ln

x1 .

Theo gi thit tn ti mt a thc

P = tn + an1 tn1 + + a0 A[t]

sao cho phn tch qua thng

1 (P ) = P (x1 ) = 0. A[t]/ P
n1

Ni cch khc l ng cu vnh vi

l ian ca

A[t]

sinh bi

A[t] B1 P . M ta

c th thy ngay l thng ny l mt

1, t, . . . , t theo nh l chia Euclid. cho nn B1 l mt A-moun hu hn sinh. y, ta thy gi thit a thc P (t) c h s u bng mt l gi thit quan trng, v nu khng thng A[t]/P chua chc  l A-moun hu hn sinh. Ta ln lt lm nh vy bng qui np vi cc phn t sinh khc ca B l x2 , . . . , xm .
Cho

A-moun t do vi c s l nh ca ng cu 1 : A[t] B1 l ton nh,

:AB

l n cu vnh vi

A-i

s hu hn. Gi ian

l hch ca ng cu vnh Nu

A B , A/J

ng nht vi mt vnh con ca

J B.

A-moun hu hn

sinh th hin nhin n cng l mt

A/J -moun

hu hn sinh.

V th ta c th nhanh chng qui v trng hp ng cu

AB

l n nh.

8.1.

CU X HU HN V CHIU KRULL

123

Mnh  3 (Cohen-Seidenberg) Cho

nh vnh giao hon. Gi thit l l ton nh.

: A B l mt ng cu n A-i s hu hn. Khi  nh x

l trng cc thng ca vi

Spec(B) Spec(A)
Cho

x X = Spec(A).

K hiu

(x)

vi x y l idan nguyn t ca A tng ng Spec(B) Spec(A) l cu x cm sonh t .

x.

K hiu

A/x f :Y = y

Ta bit c mt song nh chun tc gia tp cc ian nguyn t

Spec(B A (x)). Mun chng minh B A (x) khng phi l vnh tm thng, hay ni cch khc l trong vnh ny 0 = 1. K hiu Ax l a phng ha ca A tai im x. K hiu px l ian ti i ca Ax , giao n vi A ta nhn li c x. Trc ht ta nhn xt l B A Ax khng phi l vnh tm thng, tc l vnh c mt phn t 0 = 1. Nu n l vnh tm thng th theo nh nghi ca a phng ha, tn ti s A x, sao cho (s) = 0 v iu ny mu thun vi gi thit n nh. V B A Ax mt Ax -moun hu hn sinh cho nn ta c th dng b 
sao cho v tp ph ph ny khc rng ta cn chng minh l vnh Nakayama. Nu

Spec(B)

f (y) = x

(B A Ax ) Ax (x) = B A (x)
bng khng th ta bit :

B A Ax phi bng khng v ci B A Ax l vnh khng tm thng. f :Y X Y

l mt tp ng trong

ny th mu thun vi ci

nh l 4 Cho
ng trong

l mt cu x hu hn. Khi  nh ca mt tp

X.

Ni cch khc, cu x hu hn l

mt nh x ng trn khng gian tp.

Trong mt lc , cc tp m aphin lp thnh mt c s ca tp Ziki, cho nn mt tp con m aphin

ca

l ng khi v ch khi giao ca n vi mi tp

X l tp ng ca U . V th ta c th gi s Y v X l cc Y = Spec(B) v X = Spec(A). Ly V l mt tp ng ca Y , n c dng V = Spec(B/I) vi I l mt ian ca B . Gi J l hch ca ng cu hp thnh A B B/I . Cu x Spec(B/I) Spec(A) phn tch qua nhng ng Spec(A/J) Spec(A). V B l mt A-i s hu hn cho nn B/I l mt A/J -i s hu hn v hon na A/I B/J l ng cu n nh. Theo Cohen-Seidenberg, Spec(B/I) Spec(A/J) l ton nh. Vy nn nh ca V = Spec(B/I) l
ca lc  aphin tp con ng

Spec(A/J)

ca

A.

124

CHNG 8.

CHIU

Mnh  5 Cho
ca ca

y v y Y = Spec(B) c cng mt nh x X = Spec(A). Nu A ta c y y th khi  t c y = y .

l mt s hu hn. Cho

A-i

l hai phn t xem nh ian

B A (x) v y, y bi cc ian nguyn t tng ng vi chng trong B A (x) ta a v trng hp A l mt trng k = (x) v B l mt k -i s hu hn. Cho B l mt k -i s hu hn, J l idan cc phn t ly linh ca B . Khi  ta bit B/J phi c dng
Thay bng bng

(x), B

B/J = k1 km
vi

k1 , . . . , km

cc

rng

hu

hn

ca

nguyn t ca

l ian ti i, v c ng

k. m

ta

thy

mi

idan Th

ian ti i nh vy.

nn nu c hai ian nguyn t

yy

th ta t c

y=y. X
l s t nhin

nh ngha 6 Cho

l mt lc .

Chiu Krull ca

cc i sao cho tn ti ca mt dy

Y0 Y1 Yn
vi

Yi

l cc tp ng bt kh qui, i mt khc nhau, ca

X.

K hiu chiu

Krul l l

dim(X). Y0 Y1 Yn f :X X ca X bng
hp

Trong nh ngha trn ta ngm hiu l chiu Krull ch c ngha nu  di ca cc dy nh trn l b chn.

nh l 7 Cho
Krul l ca

l mt cu x hu hn ton nh. Khi  chiu nhau.

Ta

ch

xt

trng

aphin.

Trng

hp

tng

qut

dng

qui

trng hp ny.

Y0 Y1 Yn cc tp ng bt kh qui i mt khc nhau X = Spec(A) tng ng vi mt dy cc idan nguyn t x0 x1 xn i mt khc nhau ca X .Theo nh l Cohen-Seidenberg, tn ti mt iean nguyn t x n X = Spec(A ) sao cho c nh l xn . Thay A bng A/xn v A bng A /xn v tip tc vi dy x0 x1 xn1 vi xi l nh ca xi trong A/xn . Qui np nh vy cui cng ta s c mt dy cc ian
Mt dy ca nguyn t

x0 x1 xn

8.2.

BC SIU VIT V B  CHUN HA NOETHER

125

ca

m nh trong

Spec(A)

l dy

x0 xn .

R rang l cc ian

nguyn t

Spec(A)

xi

phi i mt khc nhau, v nu khng nh ca chng trong

t phi bng nhau. Nh vy

dim(A ) dim(A). A

Nu ta cho mt dy cc ian nguyn t i mt khc nhau trong

x0 x1 xn
nh ca n trong Theo mnh  5, cc

dim(A).
8.2
Cho

Cui

Spec(A) l mt dy cc ian nguyn t x0 x1 xn . xi cng phi i mt khc nhau. V vy dim(A ) cng ta thu c dim(A) = dim(A ).

Bc siu vit v b  chun ha Noether

l mt trng, cho

l mt

l c lp i s nu nh ng cu

k -i s. n phn t x1 , . . . , xn R gi k -ai s t vnh cc a thc n bin vo

R k[t1 , . . . , tn ] R
gi

t i xi ,

l n nh.

nh ngha 8 Cho

gi bc siu vit ca h cc phn t

k l mt trng v R l mt min nguyn R trn k l s t nhin n ln nht sao cho x1 , . . . , xn K c lp i s trn k . R

cha

k.

Ta

tn ti mt

Ta ngm hiu l khi nim bc siu vit ch c ngha trong trng hp s cc phn t ca mt h cc phn t c lp i s trong l b chn.

Mnh  9
Khi 

1.

Cho

R n

l mt

k -i

s dng hu hn va l min nguyn.

c bc siu vit hu hn.

2.

Vnh cc a thc

bin

k[t1 , . . . , tn ]

c bc siu vit bng

n.
thc

3.

f l mt a thc bt kh qui trong vnh k[t1 , . . . , tn ]. t R = k[t1 , . . . , tn ]/ f . Khi  trn k l bng n 1.

Cho

cc

a

bin

bc siu vit ca

nh l 10 (Chun ha Noether) Cho

v l mt min nguyn. Th th tn ti

v sao cho

l i s hu hn trn

R l mt k -i s dng hu hn x1 , . . . , xn R c lp i s trn vnh a thc k[x1 , . . . , xn ], v khi 

bc siu vit ca

trn

l bng

n.

126

CHNG 8.

CHIU

nh l 11 Cho

l mt

k -i

s dng hu hn v l mt min nguyn.

Th th bc siu vit ca

bng vi chiu Krul l ca

R.

Ta chng minh bng qui np v s dng nh l chun ha ca Noether. Gi s mnh  l ng cho cc

n 1.

Cho

k -i

s dng

R-i s bc hu hn vi bc siu vit bng hu hn vi bc siu vit bng n. Theo nh

l chun ha Noether, tn tai mt ong cu n nh hu hn

k[t1 , . . . , tn ] R
t vnh cc a thc

bin vo

R.

Khi  chiu Krull ca

bng vi chiu minh s s

Krull ca vnh cc a thc

bin

rng chiu Krull ca vnh cc a thc

k[t1 , . . . , tn ]. Ta ch cn cn chng A = k[t1 , . . . , tn ] l bng n. Ta

dng tch cht sau (tch cht UFD) ca vnh a thc.

Mnh  12 Cho
duy nht thnh

A = k[t1 , . . . , tn ]. Mi phn t f A c mt phn tch tch f = f1 . . . fr cc a thc bt kh qui f1 , . . . , fr . Phn k.

tch ny l duy nht vi sai khc l hon v cc tha s hoc nhn cc tha s vi mt hng s trong

vi

Y Spec(A) l mt tp con tht ng, v cc i. Ta c Y = V (I) I l mt ian nguyn t ca A. Ly f I . Khi  V (I) V ( f ), vi V ( f f ). Ta bit l f c mt phn tch thnh tch f = f1 . . . fr vi f1 , . . . , fr
Cho l cc a thc bt kh qui. Ta c

V (f ) = V (f1 ) V (f2 ) V (fr ) V (fi ) l cc tp ng bt kh qui ca Spec(A). Vy nn tn ti i = 1, . . . , r sao cho V (I) V (fi ). V V (I) l tp ng tht s cc i cho nn V (I) = V (fi ). Ta bit l A/fi coa bc siu vit bng n 1. Theo gi thit qui np, n phi c chiu Krull bng n 1. Vy nn A c chiu Krull bng n.
vi

8.3

Cp tng qut ca b vi phn tng i

nh l 13 Cho

mt

trng

c

khng v

mt

dng hu hn c bc siu vit bng

X = Spec(R) phng cp n.

sao

cho

hn

ch

n. Khi  tn ti mt tp R/k vo U l mt OU -moun

k -i s m U ca
t do a

8.3.

CP TNG QUT CA B VI PHN TNG I

127

Theo nh l chun ha Noether, tn ti mt ng cu v hu hn

k -i

s n nh

A = k[t1 , . . . , tn ] R
t vnh a thc

bin vo

R.

S dng dy khp c bn th hai ta c

A/k A R R/k R/A 0.

Ta

A-moun t do cp n, v ta mun dng dy khp ny  chng minh rng R/k , hn ch vo mt tp m  nh U ca Spec(R), l mt OU -moun t do cp n. Gi L l trng cc thng ca R. Ta bit vi L/k = R/k R L. Mun chng minh l hn ch ca R/k vo mt tp m  nh U l mt OU -moun t do cp n, ta ch can chng minh l L/k l mt L-khng gian vect chiu n. Gi K l trng cc thng ca A. Dy khp c bn th hai p dng
 bit l l mt vo

A/k

k K L,

cho ta

K/k K L L/k L/K 0

B  14 Cho

l mt trng c s khng.

Cho

hn ca trng cc thng Khi  nh x

ca vnh cc a thc

L l mt m rng hu n bin A = k[t1 , . . . , tn ].

K/k K L L/k
l mt ng cu gia hai khng gian vect trn trng

L.

Nh thng l,  chng minh mt tch cht vi b vi phn tng i, ta chng minh tnh cht i ngu vi cc o hm. x Ta s chng minh l nh

L-tuyn

tnh

HomL (L/k , L) HomL (K/k K L, L) = HomK (K/k , L)

l mt ng cu. Cho mt phn t ca

HomL (L/k , L), l cho mt k -o hm

k -tuyn tnh tha mn cng thc Leibnitz. Cn mt phn t ca HomK (K/k , K) th l mt k -o hm t K L. ng cu HomL (L/k , L) HomK (K/k , L) cho ng vi mt k -o hm D : L L hn ch ca n D|K : K L. Nh vy ci ta cn chng minh l mi k -o hm DK : K L c th thc trin mt cch duy nht thnh mt k -o hm D : L L.
tc l mt nh x

D :LL

128

CHNG 8.

CHIU

Trc ht ta s gi s tn ti mt phn t sinh

xL

nh mt

K -i
Tm

s. Cc m rng hu hn ca mt trng c s khng u c mt phn t sinh nh vy. Nu khng bit kt qu ny th ta c th qui np dn.

li, ta s gi s tn ti mt phn t

x L sao cho ng cu t vnh a thc mt bin K[t] L gi t x l ton nh. V L l K -hu hn nn ng cu
ny c hch khc khng. V

qui

L l mt trng nn hch ny l ian sinh bi mt a P K[t] bc n vi n = dimK (L) v vi h s u bng 1. P = tn + an1 tn1 + + a0

thc bt kh Ta vit

a0 , . . . , an1 K . P gi l a thc cc tiu ca x. Cho DK : K L l mt k -o hm. Mun thc trin DK thnh mt k -o hm D : L L, ta phi chn nh D(x) L sao cho D(P (x)) = 0. Ta
vi c

D(P (x)) =
vi

l mt t hp tuyn tnh

P (x)Dx + Q. t ca cc phn t D(ai ) L

vi h s trong

L.

o hm ring

P = ntn1 + (n 1)an1 tn1 + + a1 t

c nh trong

L nxn1 + + a1 = 0. D(P (x)) = 0

xc nh gi tr

V th phng trnh

D(x) L mt cch duy nht. Ta c th kim tra rng vi gi tr ny ca D(x), ta c mt k -o hm D : L L m hn ch vo K l DK : K L l k -o hm cho trc.

Chng 9

Chun ha

9.1

Vnh ng nguyn

nh ngha 15 Cho

l mt min nguyn,

gi l ng nguyn nu vi mi phn t

K l trng cc thng ca A. x K tha mn mt phng

trnh

xn + a1 xn1 + + an
vi

a1 , . . . , an A,

th

x t phi thuc A.

Vnh ng nguyn cn gi l vnh

chun.

Tnh cht ng nguyn c bo ton vi a phng ha. minh mt trng hp c bit ca khng nh ny. cng chng minh ging nh th.

Ta chng

Tng hp tng qut

Mnh  16 Cho
ca

l mt vnh ng nguyn,

l mt ian nguyn t

A.

Khi  vnh a phng

Ap

cng l vnh ng nguyn.

A v a phng ha Ap ca A c cng mt trng cc thng K . Cho x K tha mn mt phng trnh

V gi thit l min nguyn, cho nn

xn + a1 xn1 + + an = 0
vi

a1 , . . . , an Ax . Vit ai = ci /gi vi ci A v gi A p. Thay x y = gx vi g l tch cc gi , g A p, ta c mt phng trnh y n + b1 y n1 + + bn = 0

bi

vi

b1 , . . . , bn A.

A l ng nguyn cho nn y A v t  ta c x Ap .

129

130

CHNG 9.

CHUN HA

nh ngha 17 Mt vnh a phng

thng

A,

l min nguyn, vi trng cc

K,

gi l vnh

nh gi ri rc nu nh tn ti mt ng cu

nhm ton nh

v : K Z
sao cho

A {0} = {x K | v(x) 0}.

T gc  i s, cc trng l cc vnh n gin nht v tip theo l n cc vnh nh gi ri rc.

Mnh  18 Mt vnh nh gi ri rc

l mt vnh a phng c chiu

Krul l bng mt. N ch c mt ian cc i l

m = {x A | v(x) > 0} {0}

v ngoi

m,

n cn c ng mt ian nguyn t l ian khng.

x A m, v(x) = 0 cho nn v(x1 ) = 0 v th th x1 A. Tc l x A m t l kh nghch trong A. iu ny th tng ng vi vic A l vnh a phng v m l ian cc i ca n. Trong A, quan h chia ht v cng n gin : x chia ht cho y khi v ch khi v(x) v(y) v v vy hoc x chia ht cho y , hoc y chia ht cho x. T  ta suy ra tt c cc ian khc khng ca A u c dng
Vi mi

mn = {x A | v(x) n}.
Trong s ny ch c

l nguyn t. Tm li

ch c hai ian nguyn t l

v ian khng. Chiu Krull ca n hin nhin bng

1. A

Mnh  19 Mt vnh nh gi ri rc

l vnh chun. Ngc li, nu

l mt vnh Noether, a phng, chun, c chiu Krul l bng mt vnh nh gi ri rc.

th

phi l

Xem [Atyah-Macdonald] trang 94.

nh ngha 20 Cho

khc khng ca

l mt min nguyn v

l mt ian nguyn t

A.

Ta ni

c  cao

nu nh n ch cha ng mt

ian nguyn t khc n l ian khng.

9.1.

V NH NG NGUYN

131

nh l 21 Cho
nguyn t thng

l mt min nguyn v chun.

Khi  vi mi ian Trong trng cc

 cao

ca

A, Ap

l mt vnh nh gi.

ca

A,

ta c

A=
p

Ap 1
ca

vi giao ly trn tp tt c cc ian nguyn t  cao nu min nguyn

A.

Ngc li

tha mn ng thi hai tnh cht trn th n l chun.

132

CHNG 9.

CHUN HA

Phn V

Hnh hc x nh

133

Chng 10

Khng gian x nh

10.1
Cho

Tp cc siu phng
l mt trng ng i s,

k n+1

khng

gian

vect

chiu

n+1

vi c s cho trc l phng

L ca k n+1 tc l tp cc hch ca mt nh x tuyn tnh khc khng l : k n+1 k . Hai nh x tuyn tnh l v l : k n+1 k c cng mt hch khi v ch khi chng sai khc nhau mt hng s khc khng : l = l vi k .
B  1 Vi mi
ca

v0 , . . . , v n .

Ta k hiu

Pn k

la tp hp tt c cc siu

k n+1

sao cho

khng gian aphin

i = 0, . . . , n, gi Ui l tp con vi L. Khi  tn ti mt song / n-chiu k n . L

l hch ca mt nh x

ca

Pn k

cc siu phng

L
v

nh chun tc gia

Ui

Mt

siu

phng

tuyn

tnh

khc

khng

l :

tnh

k . Vect cho trc vi L khi v ch khi l(vi ) = 0. nh x tuyn / l vi hch l L ch c xc nh vi sai khc l mt hng s khc khng, nhng nu ta t thm iu kin l(vi ) = 1 th n xc nh duy nht. Nh vy ta c mt song nh gia cc phn t ca Ui v tp cc nh x n+1 tuyn tnh l : k k tha mn l(vi ) = 1. Mt nh x tuen tnh nh vy c xc snh hon ton bi n gi tr l(vj ) k vi j = 0, . . . , n v j = i. n Vy nn Ui l song nh chun tc vi k .
B  2 Ta c

n+1

Pn = k

n i=0

Ui

vi

Ui

l tp cc siu phng

vi

vi L. /
no th n

Nu c mt siu phng no khng l phn t ca bt k phi cha tt c cc vect siu phng na.

v0 , . . . , v n

v do 

bng

k n+1

Ui

v khng cn l

135

136

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

V mi khng gian aphin

Ui

l mt tp i s theo ngha ca 4.1, nn

bc u ta c th hiu mt cch nm na thnh bnh cch dn cc khng gian aphin vic ny dng ngn ng lc .

Ui

Pn k

nh l mt tp i s to

li vi nhau. Ta cn m t li

10.2

Ian phn bc ca vnh a thc

Vnh

Cho A l mt vnh giao hon. t0 , t1 , . . . , tn vi h s trong A c

S = A[t0 , . . . , tn ] Sd

cc

a

thc

bin

th phn bc theo bc ca a thc

S=
iN
vi

Sd l A-moun
vi

tp cc a thc thun nht bc t do hu hn sinh.

d.

Ta c

S0 = A
c dng

v cc

Sd
dN

Mt ian phn bc ca

Ji

l mt

A-moun

con

S l ca Sd .

mt ian ca K hiu

J =

Jd S

S+ =

i1

Si . p

nh ngha 3 Tp
khng cha

Proj(S)

l tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc

ca

S+ .

Proj(S) ta cn a phng ha. Xt S[t1 ] l a phng 0 1 ha ca S theo tp nhn sinh bi phn t t0 . Vnh S[t 0 ] l vnh cc phn r thc dng f /x 0 vi f S v r N vi php cng v nhn hin nhin.Ta 1 c th phn bc S[t 0 ] nh sau
 hiu r tp

S[t1 ] = 0
dZ
vi

S[t1 ]d 0
vi

S[t1 ]d l tp cc phn thc c dnh f /xr 0 0 nht bc d + r . Ta c th m t cu trc phn

B  4 Ta c ng cu gia vnh phn bc

l mt a thc thun

bc ca

S[t1 ] 0

nh sau.

S[t1 ] 0

vi vnh phn bc

R0 [t1 ] = 0
dZ
vi

R0 td 0
ng cu ny dc

R0

l vnh cc a thc

bin

R0 = k[u1 , . . . , un ].

xc nh bi

ui = ti /t0 .

10.2.

IAN PHN BC CA V NH A THC

137

Khng nh ch l cch i bin quen thuc gia a thc thun nht

n + 1 bin v a thc khng thun nht n bin. Mi a thc f (t0 , t1 , . . . , tn ) bc d c th vit mt cch duy nht di dng f (t0 , . . . , tn ) = td f0 0
vi

thun nht

t1 tn ,..., t0 t0

f0

l a thc khng (nht thit) thun nht cho bi

f0 (u1 , . . . , un ) = f (1, u1 , . . . , un ).
Th nn mi phn thc dng

t0 , . . . , t n

f /tr 0

vi

l mt a thc thun nht bin

c th vit c mt cch duy nht di dng

f = t d f0 0 r t0
vi

t1 tn ,..., t0 t0

d = deg(f ) r,
1.

v t  ta suy ra khng nh.

Mnh  5

Mi ian phn bc ca vnh

R0 [t1 ] 0

u c dng

I=
dZ
vi

I0 td 0 I
ca

I0

l ian ca

R0 .

Ian phn bc

v ch khi thnh phn bc khng

I0

R0 [t1 ] 0 I

l nguyn t khi

l ian nguyn t ca

R0 .

2.

Ta c mt song nh gia tp cc ian phn bc

ca

vi

I {1, t0 , t2 , . . .} = 0
v tp cc ian tht s ca ian phn bc nguyn t t ca

R0 .
ca

N cho ta mt song nh gia tp cc

vi

x0 I , /

v tp cc ian nguyn

R0 .

Song nh ny cho ta mt song nh gia tp cc ian phn

bc cc i

ca

S , x0 I /

v tp cc ian cc i ca

R0 . 1 kh nghch

Khng nh th nht suy ra t s tn ti mt phn t bc ca

R0 [t1 ] 0

bc ca vect

l phn t t0 . Tht vy, cho I = dZ Id l mt ian phn R0 [t1 ], khi  nh x nhn vi t0 , cho ta mt ng cu khng gian 0 Id Id+1 v t0 l phn t kh nghch bc 1. Vy nn Id = I0 td . 0

138

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

Cho

I=

d dZ I0 t0

ta thy ngay l

R0 [t1 ]/I = (R0 /I0 )[t1 ] 0 0

cho nn

1 R0 [t0 ]/I

l min nguyn khi v ch khi

R0 /I0

l min nguyn.

Ta

cng thy ngay l ca

l ian phn bc cc i trong s cc ian phn bc

R0 [t1 ] khi v ch khi I0 l ian cc i ca R0 . 0 Cho I l mt ian phn bc ca S . Khi  da phng 1 1 mt ian phn bc ca S[x 0 ] = R0 [t0 ] nn t phi c dng I[t1 ] = 0
dZ

ha

I[x1 ] 0

I0 td 0
kin

I0 l mt ian ca R0 . {1, t0 , t2 , . . .} tng ng vi 0 S[t1 ] v n cng tng ng 0

vi nh vo cng thc

I khng c giao vi tp nhn 1 iu kin I[t 0 ] l mt ian tht s ca vi iu kin l I0 l ian tht s ca S0 . 1 Di cng mt iu kin ny, ta bit l I hon ton c xc nh bi I[t 0 ]
iu

I = I[t1 ] S. 0
i vi cc ian nguyn t iu kin

khng

giao

vi

tp

nhn

{1, t0 , t2 , . . .} 0 t0

tng ng vi

t0 I .V / S0 .

vy song nh xy dng nh trn

cho ta mt song nh gia cc ian phn bc nguyn t v tp cc ian nguyn t ca

ca

khng cha

Tng t nh vy ta c song nh

gia cc ian phn bc cc i khng cha ca

x0

ca

v cc ian cc i

R0 .
Trong mnh  trn, ta c th thay bin

Ui

t0 bng bt k bin ti khc. Gi I ca S khng cha ti . Khi  ta c mt song nh gia tp Ui v tp ph Spec(Ri ) vi Ri l vnh cc a thc j i trn k vi n bin u vi ch s j chy trong tp {0, . . . , n} {i} v u = ti /tj . j i V mt ian phn bc I khng cha S+ khng th ng thi cha cc phn t t0 , . . . , tn cho nn ta c
l tp cc idan nguyn t phn bc

Proj(S) =
i=0
Mnh  6 Trong
bi m

Ui .

ui j

Ui = Spec(Ri ), Uij = Ui Uj l tp m chnh xc nh = 0. t Rij = Ri [(ui )1 ]. Trong Uj = Spec(Rj ), Uji = Uj Ui l tp j j j 1 chnh xc nh bi u = 0. t Rji = Rj [(u ) ]. i i

10.2.

IAN PHN BC CA V NH A THC

139

Khi , gia hai vnh

Rij

Rji

ng cu chun tc

th ng nht vi vnh cc phn thc c dng thun nht bc

f /tr ts i j

ij . Chng u c vi f l mt a thc

r + s. Ui = Spec(Ri )
vi b vnh cu tr c trang b

Cc khng gian tp

i, j {0, . . . , n} ta c tp m Uij Spec(Ri ) v Uji Spec(Ri ) v mt ng cu ij : Uij Uji l ng cu gia hai khng gian tp c trang b mt b vnh. Cc ng cu uij tha mn phng trnh i chu trnh c ngi l hn ch vo Uijk = Uij Uik , ta
d kin  dn li vi nhau. Vi m cp ch s c

ki jk ij = 1
vi

l t ng cu on v ca khng gian tp Dn cc khng gian tp

Uijk

c trang b mt b

vnh. dn

Spec(Ri )

c trang b b vnh thao d kin

ij

ta c mt cu trc khng gian tp trn

Proj(S)

v mt b vnh

trn

Proj(S). Proj(S)
l tp ti thiu sao cho mi tp

nh ngha 7 Tp Zariski ca

m ca

Ui

l tp m ca

Proj(S).
l tp m

Mt tp con Zariski ca

U Proj(S) gi l tp m nu giao ca n vi Ui Ui = Spec(Ri ) vi mi i = 0, . . . , n. O

trn

nh ngha 8 B vnh cu trc

Proj(S)

l b vnh xc nh duy

nht, vi sai khc mt ng cu duy nht, sao cho hn ch

vo mi tp m

Ui

ta c b vnh cu trc ca

hai cch vo

Ui Uj ,

qua

Ui ,

Ui = Spec(Ri ), v sau cho n hn ch O theo hay qua Uj , ta c ng cu ij : Rij Rji .

Ta c th m t tp nh ngha nh trn, cng nh th ca b vnh cu trc theo ngn ng ian nh sau.

U Proj(S) l tp m khi v ch khi tn ti mt ian phn bc I ca S sao cho U = U+ (I) l tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc I ca S , khc S+ v khng cha I .
Mnh  9 Mt tp con

V l tp ng khi V = V+ (I) vi V+ (I) l tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc ca S , khc S+ v cha I . Gi s V = V+ (I) vi I l mt ian phn bc ca S . Ta mun chng ming l vi mi i = 0, 1, . . . , n, Vi = V Ui l mt tp ng ca Ui =
Ta chng minh mnh  tng ng : mt tp con sao cho v ch khi tn ti mt ian phn bc

ca

140

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

Spec(Ri ).
Gi s

Theo nh ngha

Vi

l tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc

khng cha

ti

v cha

I.

Mun cho

Vi

khc rng, iu kin cn l

S, ti I . /
ca

Vi

khc rng, khi  c

ca chng theo tp nhn sinh bi

p u oc xc nh bi a phng ha ti , v ta c I p khi v ch khi

I[t1 ] p[t1 ]. i i S[t1 ] = Ri [t1 ] cho nn I[t1 ] = i i i I[t1 ]0 td v p[t1 ] = dZ p[t1 ]0 td . Nh vy p hon ton c xc i i i i i dZ 1 1 nh bi ian nguyn t p[t i ]0 ca Ri v I p khi v ch khi I[ti ]0 p[t1 ]0 . Nh vy Vi = Spec(Ri /)p[t1 ]0 l mt tp con ng ca Ui . i i Tng t nh trong trng hp aphin, vi mi ian phn bc I, J ca S , ta c V+ (I) V+ (J) = V+ (I + J)
M ta  bit l do cu trc n gin ca v

V+ (I) V+ (J) = V+ (IJ).

V vy tp cc

V+ (I)

to thnh tp cc tp ng ca mt khng gian tp.

Nh ta  thy trn mt tp trn tp m, t phi c cc tp

Proj(S) vi cc tp con m ca Ui l V+ (I) l tp ng. Nh vy tp vi cc tp m l phn b U+ (I) ca V+ (I), I chy trong tp cc ian phn bc ca S , l tp ti thiu c cc tp m ca Ui l tp m. U + (f ) l tp m ca Proj(S) bao gm cc ian nguyn t phn bc p khng cha f . Khi , + + khng gian tp U (f ) trang b hn ch ca b vnh O vo U (f ) l lc  1 aphin. Chnh xc hn, a phng ha S[f ] c mt phn bc
Mnh  10 Cho

l mt a thc thun nht.

K hiu

S[f 1 ] =
dZ

S[f 1 ]d

S[f 1 ]d l tp cc phn thc c dng g/f r vi g thun nht bc deg(g) = r deg(f ) + d. Khi  ta c U + (f ) cng vi hn ch ca O vo U + (f ), ng 1 cu vi Spec(R[f ]0 ) cng vi b cu trc ca n.
vi

f p r rng bng / 1 vi tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc ca vnh phn bc S[f ]. Th nhng so snh gia tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc ca S khng cha f vi tp 1 cc ian nguyn t ca thnh phn bc khng S[f ]0 l khng hin nhin
Tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc vi

p Proj(S)

10.2.

IAN PHN BC CA V NH A THC

141

v ta khng c mt phn t kh nghch bc mt nh trong trng hp ring

f = t0 . J = dN Jd ca S , J = S+ v 1 J[f 1 ] = ]d , v vn xc dZ J[f 1 1 nh mt ian nguyn t J[f ]0 ca S[f ]0 . Vn  l lm sao chng 1 minh ngc li J[f ]0 xc nh hon ton J . J0 l tp cc phn thc c r dng g/f vi deg(g) = r deg(f ). Theo gi thit tn ti i sao cho ti J . Gi s i = 0. Khi  J xc / 1 1 1 t0 ]d , ca S[t1 ], v by dnh mt ian phn bc J[f t0 ] = 0 dZ J[f 1 gio thnh phn bc khng J[f t0 ]0 hon ton xc nh J v vnh phn 1 bc S[t 0 ] c mt phn t kh nghch bc 1 l t0 . 1 Ta ch cn cn chng minh l J[f ]0 hon ton xc nh J[f 1 t0 ]0 . Cc 1 phn t ca J[f t0 ]0 c dng t hp tuyn tnh ca g/f r t0 r0 vi deg(g) = r deg(f ) + r0 . Gi r1 l s t nhin nh nht sao cho deg(g) + r1 = r deg(f ) vi r N. Khi  phn t nh th c th vit li l
Tuy th mi ian nguyn t phn bc ta vn c mt ian phn bc

f J, /

g gtr1 1 0 = r rr r0 r1 r tr0 f 0 f f t0
vi

gt01 fr

J[f 1 ]0 .

ng thc ny ni l tp con

ra ian ny.

V th

J[f 1 ]0
hi

xc nh hon

J[f 1 ]0 ca J[f 1 t1 ]0 sinh 1 1 ton J[f t ]0 v cho nn xc

ban u. nhn xt l

nh hon ton ian nguyn t phn bc Ta c th lp lun khc bng

phng v php

S[f 1 t1 ]0 l a 0 deg(f ) 1 /f S[f 1 ]0 ha ca S[f ]0 theo h nhn sinh bi phn t t0 1 1 1 a phng ha ny bin J[f ]0 thnh J[f t0 ]0 .
cch

Tm li l ta  xy dng c mt song nh giua tp

Spec(S[f

]0 )

cc ian nguyn t ca

R[f

U+ (f )

v tp

]0 .

Ta cn chng minh song

U+ (f ) c trang b tp v b vnh hn ch t Proj(S), cn Spec(R[f ]0 ) c tp Zariski v b vnh cu trc. Hn ch song nh ny vo U+ (f ) Ui , th

nh ny l mt ng cu gia hai khng gian tp trang b b vnh;

hin nhin l mt ng cu khng gian tp trang b b vnh v c hai v u l

Spec(S[f 1 t1 ]0 ). Cc ng cu ny cng li tng thch vi nhau trn i U+ (f ) Ui Uj . V tp Zariski cng nh b vnh cu trc hon ton c
xc nh bi hn ch ca n vo mt ph m v d kin dn, cho nn ta c ng cu gia tp Zariski v b vnh trn

U+ (f )

v trn

Spec(S[f 1 ]0 ). f /s
+ Sp

Mnh  11 Cho
vi

p Proj(S).

Gi

+ Sp

l tp cc phn thc c dng

f S

l mt phn t thun nht trong

S p.

Vnh

c mt phn

142

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

bc

+ Sp = dN + (Sp )d

+ (Sp )d

f /s vi f v s l cc a nht, s khng nm trong p, v deg(f ) deg(s) = d. Khi , th + + trc O im p l thnh phn bc khng (S )0 ca S . p p
vi l tp cc phn thc c dng
Cc tp m

thc thun ca b cu

U+ (f ) to thnh mt h c s ca tp trn Proj(S). Tht x Proj(S), v U l mt ln cn ca x. Tn ti i sao cho x Ui , ta c U Ui l mt ln cn ca x trong Ui . V Ui = Spec(Ri ) l mt lc d aphin, tp Zariski sinh bi cc tp m chnh. Tn ti fi Ri d sao cho x U (fi ) U Ui . Vit fi dng fi = f /t i vi f l mt a thc thun nht bc d ta c U (fi ) = U+ (f ti ).
vy vi mi Mnh  suy ra t mnh  trc.

10.3
T vnh

Phn th ng thng

O(d)

trn

Pn k

S = k[t0 , . . . , tn ]
Nu ch c

cc a thc

n, ta  xy dng mt khng gian vnh

O.

vnh phn bc

S.

Pn k

v b vnh

n + 1 bin, vi phn bc t nhin ca n tp P k = Proj(S) c trang b mt b

ta khng th xy dng ngc li c

 tm li

ta cn trang b cho

na,  l cc phn th ng thng Vi mi

O(d). ti .

Pn k

mt cu trc khac

i = 0, . . . , n, ti

ta  nh ngha mt tp m

Ui

ca

Proj(S)

cc

ian nguyn t phn bc ca theo tp nhn sinh bi

khng cha

a phng ha vnh

ta c mt vnh phn bc

S[t1 ] = i
dZ
vi thnh phn bc khng

S[t1 ]d i
l vnh ta  ca

Ui = Spec(Ri ). 1 V ti l phn t bc phn bc d S[t i ]d 1 l mt Ri -moun t S[ti ] cng l mt Ri -moun t do, tng trc tip ca cc moun t do cp 1 l S[t1 ]d = Ri td . i i 1 Ta tm thi khng quan tm n cu trc nhn trong S[t i ] m ch  n cu trc Ri -moun ca n. Gi OU (d) l b OU -moun trn Ui = Spec(Ri ) tng ng vi Ri i i 1 moun t do S[t i ]d . Tng trc tip dZ OUi (d) l b OUi -moun tng 1 ng vi Ri -moun S[t i ].
1 mt kh nghch ca S[t i ], thnh d do sinh bi phn t t . Ton b i

S[t1 ]0 = Ri i

10.3.

PHN TH NG THNG

O(d)

TRN

PN K

143

Hn ch moun V th

dZ OUi (d) vo giao Uij = Ui Uj l OUij tng ng vi Rij 1 1 S[ti tj ] vi Rij l thnh phn bc khng S[t1 t1 ] ca S[t1 t1 ]. i j i j
ta c mt vo ng cu chun ng tc cu gia hn ch ca tha

Ui Uj Uk v trn  hn ch ca dZ OUi (d) dZ OUj (d) v dZ OUk (d) u l cc b OUijk -moun ng vi Rijk -moun 1 1 1 S[ti tj tk ] vi Rijk l thnh phn bc khng ca S[t1 t1 t1 ]. Nh vy i j k theo nh l dn cc b O -moun, tn ti duy nht, vi sai khc l ng n cu duy nht, mt b O -moun dZ O(d) trn Pk vi hn ch vo mi Ui l dZ OUi (d), v vi d kin dn trn cc giao Ui Uj c cho nh
trnh i chu trnh trn trn. Xt c th thnh phn bc

dZ OUj (d)

Uij ,

dZ

OUi (d)

cc

chun

tc

ny

mn

phng

O(d).

Ta bit hn ch ca n vo

OUi -moun tng ng vi Ri -moun t do cp mt vi phn t sinh l td . i Trn giao Ui Uj = Spec(Rij ), ng cu gia hn ch ca OU (d) v OU vo i j Uij dc cho bi s sai khc gia hai c s td v td i j td = (ui )d td j j i
vi

Ui

ui = tj /ti l mt phn t kh nghch j trnh trn Uijk ch n gin l ng thc

ca

Rij .

Phng trnh i chu

(uk )d (uj )d (ui )d = 1. i j k

Nh vy vi mi

d Z,

ta c mt phn th ng thng

O(d)

trn

Pn .

nh l 12 Vi mi
ton cc

d Z, ta c ng cu gia k -khng gian cc lp ct (Pn , O(d)) ca O(d) trn Pn v k -khng gian vect Sd cc a thc thun nht bc d trong S = k[t0 , . . . , tn ]. c bit l vi d < 0, ta c (Pn , O(d)) = 0.
Ta s chng minh tn ti mt ng cu phn bc

(Pn ,
dZ

O(d)) = S d. i, theo nh ngha

v suy ra khng nh trn mi thnh phn bc ca

Vi mi

O(d)

ta c ng cu phn bc

(Ui ,
dZ

O(d)) = S[t1 ] i

144

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

v vi mi

i, j , (Uij ,
dZ

O(d)) = S[t1 t1 ]. i j

Nh vy

(Pn ,

dZ

O(d)) l tp cc b fi S[t1 ] c cung mt nh trong i S = S[t1 t1 . . . t1 ]. 0 1 n

Ni mt cch khc mi

(Pn , dZ O(d)) l tp cc i = 0, . . . , n tn ti r N sao cho f tr S . i f0 . . . trn n

phn t

f S

sao cho vi

V tnh cht UFD ca vnh a thc, mi phn t cch duy nht di dng

f S

vit c mt

f=
vi

tr0 0

r0 , . . . , rn N v f0 S khng chia ht cho bt k ti no. iu kin ri tn ti ri sao cho t f S suy ra rj = 0 vi i = j . iu kin ny vi i mt ch s khc suy ra rj = 0 vi mi j v v vy f S . Vy nn n ta c (P , dZ O(d)) = S . Ly thnh phn bc d ca c hai v ta c n (P , O(d)) = Sd .
Mnh  13 Vi mi

d Z,

ta c

O(d) = O(1)d .

Ui = Spec(Ri ), O(d)|Ui l b tng ng vi Ri d moun t do cp mt vi c s cho trc l t . Nh vy, trn Ui , ta c ng i d cu chun tc O(d)|U = O(1) |Ui . Trn Ui Uj , cc ng cu ny tng i
Trn mi tp m aphin thch vi nhau cho nn ta c khng nh. Cc phn th ng thng trn

Ui = Spec(Ri ) u ng cu vi nhau v Ui Uj . S tng thch d trnh (t1 /tj ) = (td /td ). i j
ny c

Ri

l mt vnh UFD, nn ni dung ca b  l ch c th chn cc ng

cu trn cc

Ui

sao cho tng thch trn

phn nh bi quan h gia hai i chu

10.4

O-moun

trn

Pn k

Spec(A), cho mt b O-moun ta nht qun tng A-moun. Trn khng gian x nh Pn , cho mt O-moun k ta nht qun "hu nh" tng ng vi cho mt S -moun phn bc. Ci
Trn mt lc  aphin ng vi cho mt kh ay l lm sao hiu c ch "hu nh". mc ny. Ta s phn tch n trong

10.4.

O-MOUN

TRN

PN K

145

S = k[t0 , . . . , tn ] l vnh cc a thc n + 1 bin vi phn bc t nhin ca n. Mt S -moun phn bc l mt S -moun M vi mt cu trc phn bc M = dZ Md tng thch vi cu trc mun tc l : Sd Me Md+e . K hiu S -Mod+ l phm tr cc S -moun phn bc. K N hiu OPn -Mod l phm tr cc b O -moun ta nht qun trn P k . k Cho M = dZ Md l mt S -moun phn bc tc l cu trc mdun tng thch vi cu trc phn bc : Sd Me Md+e . Khi  vi mi i = 1 0, . . . , n, a phng ha M [ti ] l mt moun phn bc ca S[t1 ] v Mi = i M [t1 ]0 l mt Ri = S[ti ]0 -moun.Nh vy ta c mt O-moun ta nht i qun Mi trn Ui = Spec(Ri ) tng ng vi Ri -moun Mi . Trn giao Mi Mj = Spec(Rij ), thnh phn bc khng ca M [t1 t1 ] va bng Mi Ri Rij i j va bng Mj R Rij cho nn a c mt ng cu chun tc gia Mi R Rij j i v Mj R Rij , v cc ng cu ny tha mn phng trnh i chu trnh. j Vy nn cc b O -moun Mi trn Ui c th dn li vi nhau thnh mt b trn Pn . Nh vy ta c mt hm t t phm tr cc S -moun phn M k n bc vo phm tr cc b O -moun ta nht qun trn P k k hiu l
Ta vn k hiu

: S -Mod+ OPn -Mod.

Mnh  14 Hm t

l mt hm t khp.

Ngc li nu ta cho mt c th cho ng vi n mt

l mt

O-moun

ta nht qun trn

S -moun

Pn k

ta

phn bc nh sau. t

+ (Pn , M) = k
dZ
vi

(Pn , M(d)) k

M(d) = M O O(d). V O(d) O(e) = O(d + e) nn ta c M(d + e) = M(e) O(d). Ly cc lp ct trn Pn , ta c mt nh x k -tuyn tnh (Pn , O(d)) (Pn , M(e)) (Pn , M(d + e)). k k k

Sd = (Pn , O(d)) cho nn ta c mt cu trc S = d Sd -moun k n phn bc trn + (P , M). Cho nn ta c mt hm t t phm tr cc k O-moun ta nht qun trn Pn vo phm tr cc S -moun phn bc k k
V ta  bit hiu l

: OPn -Mod S -Mod+ .

Hm t

th khng khp cho nn

khng th l nghch o ca

c.

Tuy nhin, ta c khng nh sau y.

146

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

nh l 15 Ta c mt ng cu hm t

idOPn -Mod
v mt nh x hm t

idS -Mod+ .
Nu

M l mt S -moun phn bc hu hn sinh th nh ((M )) cm sinh ra cc ng cu gia cc thnh phn

Cho l b

x phn bc bc

 ln.

mt

O-moun
nht

ta

nht

qun

trn ng

O-moun ta (M ) = + (Pn , M). k

bc khng ca

qun

trn

Pn k

Pn . k
vi

 xy dng n cu chun tc

Khi  (M) S -moun phn bc M M ta ch cn

xy dng n trn mi tp m

Ui ,

c ngha l mt ng cu t thnh phn

(Pn , M(d))[t1 ] k i
dZ
vo

(Ui , M). nh x c xy dng nh sau. Cho mt lp ct f (Pn , M(d)), hn ch n vo Ui cho ta mt lp ct f |Ui (Ui , M(d)). k Theo nh ngha ca O(d), O(d)|U tng ng vi Ri -moun t do vi c s i d d l t . Vy nn tn ti duy nht fi (Ui , M) sao cho f = fi t . nh x ta i i d n mun xy dng gi phn t bc khng f /t (Pk , M(d))[t1 ] trong i i dZ ln phn t fi , v tnh cht ny xc nh nh x mt cch duy nht.
Ta cn chng minh l nh x xy dng nh trn l n nh v ton y l ni dung ca b  II 5.14 ca [Hartshorne] m ta s ch trnh

nh.

by li mt cch vn tt.

f (Pn , M(d)) sao cho fi = 0, tc l f |Ui = 0. Ta cn k 1 d n chng minh l phn t f /t bng khng trong i dZ (Pk , M(d))[ti ], r tc l tn ti r N  ln sao cho f t i = 0 nh l mt lp ct ca M(d + r).
n nh Cho
Vi mi

j = 0, . . . , n, gi fj td = f |Uj . Ta c fj |Ui Uj = 0. M hn ch j ny l nh ca fj trong php a phng ha Mj R Rij . cho nn theo j rj nh ngha ca a phng ha, tn ti rj d ln  sao cho t i fj = 0 . r = 0 vi mi j cho nn l Ly r l cc i ca cc rj th ta c f t |U i j f tr = 0 . i

10.4.

O-MOUN

TRN

PN K

147

Ton nh Ta cn chng minh l vi mi phn t

tn ti

 ln sao cho lp ct

thnh mt lp ct ca Vi mi

(Pn , M(d)). k

fi t d i

fi Mi = (Ui , M), (Ui , M(d)) c th thc trin

j = 0, . . . , n, fi |Ui Uj l mt phn t ca Mj Rj Rij cho nn tn rj rj ti rj sao cho t j fi |Ui Uj Mj , tc l lp ct tj fi |Ui Uj (Uij , M(rj )) c th thc trin thnh mt lp ct trn Uj . Nh vt vi r chn  r ln t fi |U U (Uij , M(r)) c th thc trin ra thnh mt lp ct i i j fj (Uj , M(r)) vi mi j . Trn Uj Uk hai lp ct fj v fk cha chc  bng nhau, nhng v chng bng nhau trn Ui Uj Uk cho s nn nu nhn thm mt ln na vi t i vi s  ln ta c th gi s l fj v fk bng nhau trn Uj Uk . Khi  cc lp ct ny c th dn n li vi nhau v cho ta mt lp ct trn ton b P .
Ta cn nhn xt ngay l trong chng minh trn, vic ta c mt ph aphin hu hn l gi thit khng th thiu, tc l ta  s dng tnh ta compact ca

Pn . k
Ta  xy dng c ng cu chun tc

(M) M

cs tnh hm

t i vi b

bin thin. By gi ta xy dng cu x

M (M )
c tnh hm t i vi

ca

vi

(M ) l M . Trn phn bc d,

(Pn , M (d)) k

S -moun

phn bc

vi

M bin thin. Thnh phn bc = (M ) l b O-moun trn Pn ng M k

nh x chun tc

Md (Pn , M (d)) k
c xy dng nh sau. nht mt lp ct ca Cho f Md . Vi mi i = 0, . . . , n, fi (Ui , M (d)) sao cho tn ti duy

fi =
y ta phi xem

f d t , td i i

f /td nh mt phn t ca Mi , v fi l phn t tng i ng trong (Ui , M (d)). Cc lp ct fj v fk hin nhin l trung nhau trn Uj Uk cho nn dn li c thnh mt lp ct trn Pn . k Cho M l mt S -moun phn bc bt k. Ta  xy dng mt nh x chun tc M (M ). p dng thm mt ln na, ta c mt ng n cu gia hai b O -moun trn P k (M ) (M ).

148

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

= 1 cho nn nh x ny l mt ng cu. GI s M l mt S -moun dng hu hn. Khi  M = (M ) cng l mt S -moun dng hu hn. Gi K l hch v Q l i hch ca M M , khi  K v Q l cc S -moun phn bc dng hu hn. V ng l ng cu cho nn K = Q = 0 v l hm t cu cm sinh M M ri ri khp. Vi mi i = 0, 1, . . . , n, tn ti ri sao cho t K = t Q bng khng. V i i K v Q l hu hn sinh nn iu ny dn n Kd = Qd = 0 vi mi d 
V
1

ln.

nh ngha 16 Cho

O-moun trn mt lc . Ta bit rng cho mt lp ct ton cc s (X, M) tng ng vi cho mt ng cu OX M. Cho n lp ct s1 , . . . , sn . Nu ng cu cm sinh
l mt b

n OX M
l mt ton nh trong phm tr abel cc b, th ta ni l b

sinh bi

cc lp ct
l

s1 , . . . , sn .

Nu tn ti cc lp ct

s1 , . . . , sn

nh vy th ta ni

sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc ca n.

nh l 17 Cho

l mt b nht qun trn

M(k)

Pn . k

Vi mi

 ln, b

sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc ca n.

M l nht qun cho nn Mi i i l Ri -moun hu hn sinh. Chn mt h sinh hu hn s , . . . , s 1 mi ca Mi . Nh ta  bit trong chng minh nh l trc (phn ton nh), tn ti ri ri i  ln sao cho cc lp ct t s (Ui , M(ri )) c th thc trin ra ton b j Pn . Chn r cc i trong s cc ri . Khi , vi mi i, j , lp ct tr si j k (Ui , M(r)) thc trin c ra ton b Pn . Cc lp ct tan cc ny sinh k i ra b M(r), v hn ch chng vo mi tp m Ui l mt h sinh ca t Mi = r (Ui , M(r)).
Gi V

Mi = (Ui , M) vi mi i = 0, . . . , n.

nh l 18 Cho

l mt b nht qun trn c bit l,

S -moun
sinh.

hu hn sinh.

Pn . Khi  k nZ l n (Pk , M) l mt k -moun hu

mt hn

Chng minh sng sa nht dng i ng iu.

Ci ny s chng minh sau.

10.5.

DY KHP EULER

149

10.5

Dy khp Euler

nh l 19 Trn

Pn A

ta c dy khp phn th vect

0 Pn /A O(1)n+1 O 0. A
Ta bit

ti O(1) O.

(Pn , O(1)) A n (PA , O(1) cho ta

A-moun

t do vi c s l

t0 , . . . , t n .

Lp ct

mt ng cu

O O(1),

v v vy mt ng cu

Lt tng trc tip ca chng, ta c mt ng cu

O(1)n+1 O.
Trn cc tp m aphin

Ui

ta c th vit tng minh ng cu ny nh sau.

 n gin k hiu, ch xt trn tp m nhin ca tng tc tip

O(1)

n+1 n

U0 .

Gi

e 0 , . . . , en

l c s hin

ng cu trn ny cho bi

fi ei
i=0 i=0
vi

fi ti gi
l mt a thc thun nht c bc

fi l cc phn thc dng gi /td 0 deg(gi ) = d 1.

vi By gio ta xy dng ng cu

O(1)n+1 .

Trn tp m

U0 ,

ta bit

U0 = Spec(R0 )

vi

R0

l i s a thc

R0 = A[t1 /t0 , . . . , tn /t0 ]

v do 

R0 /A

R0 -moun

t do vi c s l

d(ti /t0 )

vi

i {1, 2, . . . , n}.

Da theo cng thc hnh thc

d
ta xy dng ng cu

x y

ydx xdy y2 U0
cho bi cng thc

O(1)n+1 d ti t0

trn

t0 ei ti e0 t2 0

coi cc phn t ny trn

Ui

vi

khi ta hn ch

ei nh cc bin hnh thc dti . nh ngha tng t nh x i = 0 v nh nghi trn Ui v Uj l tng thch vi nhau vo Ui Uj .

150

CHNG 10.

KHNG GIAN X NH

Ta cng d dng kim tra trn mi tp m aphin, dy ta xy dng l dy khp. V th, khi dn li, ta c mt dy khp phn th vect trn

Pn . A
C

Ti khng r ti sao ngi ta gi dy khp trn l dy hkp Euler. l n lm ta lin tng n cng thc Euler

1 f= d
ng cho mi a thc

i=0

f ti ti
thun nht bc

f A[t0 , . . . , tn ],

d.

Ta c mt h qu ng ch ca dy khp Euler.

H qu 20 Ta c ng cu chun tc

Pn /A A

O(n 1).

T dy khp Euler, ta suy ra ng cu

n+1

O(1)n+1
v t  suy ra h qu.

Pn /A O O A

Chng 11

Cu x vo khng gian x nh

11.1

Hm t biu din bi khng gian x nh

T i s phn bc

S = k[t0 , . . . , tn ]

ta  xy dng lc 

Pn . k

Lc 

ny cn c trang b thm mt cu trc c bit l phn th ng thng

O(1)

vi

(Pn , O(1)) = S1
vi

S1 l k -moun t do cc a t0 , . . . , tn . Ta  chng minh l

ngha l ng cu chun tc

thc bc

trong

cc lp ct

S. t0 , . . . , tn

N c mt c s l sinh ra b

O(1)

On+1 O(1)
l mt ton nh.

k -lc  v f : X Pn l mt k -cu x. Khi  k nh ngc ca L = f O(1) l mt phn th ng thng v nh ngc si = f (ti ) vi i = 0, . . . , n l cc lp ct ton cc c n. V hm t f l
Cho

mt

hm t khp phi cho nn ng cu

n+1 OX L
ng vi cc lp ct

f :X
ton cc

s 0 , . . . , sn

Pn k

s 0 , . . . , sn , L

l mt ton nh.

Nh vy cho mt

ta lp tc c mt phn th ng thng ca sinh ra

k -cu x n + 1 lp ct

L.

Khng nh ngc li cng ng v l

ni dung ca nh l sau y.

151

152

CHNG 11.

CU X V O KHNG GIAN X NH

nh l 21 Hm t
cho ng vi mi

t phm tr cc 

k -lc
trn

 vo phm tr tp hp,

k -lc

tp cc lp ng cu ca cc cp

to thnh bi mt phn th ng thng

n+1

(L, (si )n ) i=0 Pn . k

lp ct ton cc

s0 , . . . , sn (X, L)

sinh ra

L,

biu din c bi khng gian x nh

trn, ta  xy dng mt cp

X Pn . N cho ta mt nh x t k [F F (X)]. By gi ta cn xy dng nh x nghch o, tc l xy dng n n mt cu x f : X P k ng vi mi cp (L, (si )i= ). Trn mi im x trong khng gian tp ca X , ta c th d L(x) l khng gian vect chiu mt trn trng d (x) ca im x. Gi si (x) l nh ca si trong L(x) , ta c th coi l gi tr ca lp ct si ti im x. Ta gi U (si ) l tp cc im x X sao cho si (x) = 0. Nu si (x) = 0 th si (x ) = 0 vi mi x nmg trong mt ln cn  b ca x, cho nn U (si ) l tp m ca X . Theo gi thit, cc lp ct s0 , . . . , sn sinh ra L cho nn vi mi x X , cc gi tr s0 (x), . . . , sn (x) L(x) khng th ng thi bng khng. Tc l cc tp m U (si ) to thnh mt ph m ca X . n Ta s xy dng mt nh x t U (si ) vo tp m Ui ca P k vi mi i = 0, . . . , n.  n gin k hiu ta xt trng hp i = 0. Nhc li l U0 = Spec(R0 ) l tp m ca Pn cc ian nguyn t phn bc p Pn sao k k cho t0 p v R0 = k[u1 , . . . , un ] vi ui = ti /t0 . Ta cng c th nhn xt l / U0 cng l tp cc im ca Pn m ti  lp ct t0 ca O(1) nhn gi tr k
khc khng. Quay li vi tp m

(L, (si )n ) ng vi mi k -cu x f : i=0 n hm t [X Hom(X, P )] vo hm t k

U (s0 )

ca

X.

Lp ct

s0

cho ta mt ng cu b

O-moun

trn

U (s0 ) OU (s0 ) L 1 (U (s0 ), OX ) 1 s0 (U (s0 ), L).

gi lp ct ton cc mi im

ln lp ct

Trn

x U (s0 ),

ng cu ny cm sinh ra mt nh x tuyn tnh khc trn trng d

khng gia hai khng gian vect chiu tnh nh vy t l ng cu. cu b. Hn ch cc

nht vi cc lp ct

OU (s0 ) lp ct khc s1 , . . . , sn vo U (s0 ) phi tng ng ca (U (s0 ), OX ) ta k hiu l s1 /s0 , . . . , sn /s0 .

Vy nn ng cu

(x). nh x tuyn L t l mt n
duy Cc

lp ct ny cho ta mt cu x

U0 U0 = Spec(u1 , . . . , un )
gi

ui = ti /t0

ln

si /s0

vi mi

i = 1, . . . , n.

11.1.

HM T BIU DIN BI KHNG GIAN X NH

153

R rng l hn ch cc cu x mt cu x mt cu x

U (si ) Ui

U (sj ) Uj

cho ta cng

U (si ) U (sj ) Ui Uj . X Pn . k

Th nn chn dn li vi nhau cho ta

Ta c th kim tra l hai nh x hm t xy dng nh trn l nghch o ca nhau.

Ta nhn xt l vi quan nim khng gian x nh nh mt hm t nh trn, ta gn nh quay li vi khi nim th s coi khng gian x nh nh

X = Spec(k). Cho mt phn th ng thng L trn Spec(k) l cho mt k -khng gian vect L chiu 1. Cho n + 1 lp ct s0 , . . . , sn sinh ra L l cho n + 1 phn t s0 , . . . , sn L khng ng thi bng khng. R rng cho cc si tng n+1 ng vi cho mt nh x tuyn tnh k L bng cch gi c s cho n+1 trc v0 , . . . , vn ca k ln s0 , . . . , sn . Hch ca nh x ny l mt siu n+1 n phng ca k , v tp cc lp ng cu (L, (si ) i=0 ) l tp cc siu phng. n Cho mt a tp i s X trn k . Cho (L, (si ) i=0 ) l mt phn th ng thng v n + 1 lp ct sinh ra n. Vi mi im x X(k), th ca L ti x l mt k -khng gian vect chiu mt L(x) cha n + 1 gi tr s0 (x), . . . , sn (x)
tp cc siu mt. Gi s l mt trng ng i s. Ly khng ng thi bng khng. Ta c mt nh ln x tuyn tnh khc khng ca .

n+1

L(x)

gi c s cho trc

n l mt siu phng trong

n+1

v0 , . . . , v n v cu x f

s0 (x), . . . , sn (x). Hch gi im x ln siu phng

Vic m t

Pn

nh mt hm t gip ta chng minh mt tnh cht quan

trng nht ca khng gian x nh l tnh ring.

nh l 22 Cho

l mt vnh giao hon,

Khi  cu x cu trc

Pn A

Spec(A)

Pn A

l khng gian x nh trn

A.

l ring.

Ta xt trng hp ring. Cho

A =k

l mt trng.

Ta cn chng mminh

O l mt k -i s v l vnh nh gi ri rc v F l trng cc n thng ca A. Ta cn chng minh l mi cu x fF : Spec(F ) P k c th n thc trin mt cch duy nht thnh mt cu x fO : Spec(O) P . k Cho cu x fF l cho mt nh x tuyn tnh khc khng t khng gian n+1 vect F vi c s  cho, vo mt F -khng gian vect chiu mt. Gi n+1 V V l hch ca nh x tuyn tnh ny. Cho cu x fO l cho mt nh n+1 x O -tuyn tnh ton nh t O vo mt O -moun t do cp mt. Hch n+1 n+1 ca n l V l mt O -moun con ca O tho mn O /V l O-moun t do cp mt. i hi ny bao gm vic V l O -moun t do cp n.

Pn k

154

CHNG 11.

CU X V O KHNG GIAN X NH

fF khi v ch khi V V vi khi  hin nhin V l mt gin ca V , V O F = V v tenx nh x tuyn tnh V On+1 vi O F ta c nh x tuyn tnh V F n+1 . Vy ta c V b cha trong giao V On+1 . iu kin On+1 /V l O-moun t do ko theo V = V On+1 .
Cu x thc trin cu x

fO

11.2

Proj

ca mt vnh phn bc v n

Cch xy dng lc 

Proj

ca vnh a thc vi phn bc m ta trnh Cc lp lun

by trn c th m rng ra cho tt c cc vnh phn bc.

hon ton c d nguyn nu ta ch xt cc vnh phn bc dng nh sau. Trong thc t, ta cng ch xt cc khng gian

Proj

ng vi cc vnh

phn bc c dng ny. Xt

S=

dN Sd

l vnh phn bc vi

S0 = A S1

l mt vnh giao hon,

l mt

A-moun

hu hn sinh,

vnh l

xem nh mt

A-i

s c sinh bi

A-mun

hu hn sinh, iu ny ko

S1 . V  c gi thit S1 theo Sd l A-moun hu hn

l tp cc idan nguyn t

sinh vi mi

d N.
Khi  ta k hiu

Gi

S+ =

d1

Sd .

Proj(S)
v gi

phn bc ca

khng cha

Chn mt h sinh

S+ . s0 , . . . , sn ca S1

U (si )

l tp con ca

Proj(S)

cc ian nguyn t phn bc khng cha phn bc thi

si . V l mt ian nguyn t p Proj(S) theo nh ngha khng cha S+ nn khng th ng cha s0 , . . . , sn . Ci ny c ngha l
n

Proj(S) =
i=0
V l vnh a phng ha kha nghch bc

U (si ).

1 l si cho nn ht nh trong trng hp S l vnh a thc, 1 tp con U (si ) ca Proj(S) ng cu chun tc vi Spec(Ri ) vi Ri = S[s i ]0 1 l thnh phn bc khng ca S[s ]. Nu ta ly giao Ui Uj th ta cng i 1 1 c Spec(Rij ) vi Rij = S[s sj ]0 . V ta c th dn cc Spec(Ri ) li vi i nhau  c mt cu trc lc  trn tp Proj(S). Hon ton tng t nh trong trng hp Proj ca vnh a thc, ta c lun cc phn th ng thng O(d) trn Proj(S). Trn Ui , calO(d) l

S[s1 ] i

vi phn bc t nhin cha mt phn t

11.2.

PROJ

CA MT V NH PHN BC V N

155

Ri -moun

t do cp mt vi c s l

khc nhau mt hm kh nghch

td . Trn Ui Uj , i td /td Rij . i j

hai c s

td i

td j

sai

Mnh  23 Cu trc lc  trn tp

O(d)

trn

Proj(S)

khng ph thuc

Proj(S) v cc phn th ng thng vo h sinh s0 , . . . , sn ca S1 ta chn.

Cho hai h sinh

{si | i I}

ta c th ly h sinh hp ca hai lc  trn

{sj | j J } khc nhau ca A-moun S1 h sinh ny {si | i I J }. V cu trc

vi cu trc lc  xy V vy hai cu trc lc

Proj(S)

duy nht i vi mt h sinh  cho, th nn cu trc

lc  i vi h sinh dng vi mi h sinh

{si | i I J } trng {si | i I} v {sj | j J }.

 ny cng phi trng vi nhau. Ta lp lun tng t vi cc b

O(d).

Ta c th nhn li xy dng trnh by trn t mt quan im khc. Vic chn h sinh

s 0 , . . . , sn

cho ta mt ng cu vnh phn bc

A[t0 , . . . , tn ] S ti ln phn t thun nht bc mt si . Vic (si ) l mt h sinh ca A-moun S1 v S1 sinh ra S nh A-i s ko theo ng cu trn l ton nh. Gi I l hch ca n, I l mt ian phn bc ca A[t0 , . . . , tn ]. Ta c th d dng kim tra l Proj(S) c song nh chun tc vi tp con ng V+ (I) ca Pn cha ian I . Xy dng trn c th xem nh l xy dng cho A tp con ng V+ (I) ca khng gian x nh mt cu trc lc . Cn ch l ta khng cn c (Proj(S), O(n)) = Sn m ch c khng
gi bin nh yu hn sau y.

Mnh  24 Vi cc gi thit nh trn v vnh phn bc

ng cu chun tc gia hai

S,

ta c mt

A-i
dN

s phn bc

S
N cm sinh ra ng cu nhin

(Proj(S), O(d)).
vi mi s t

A-moun Sd (Proj(S), O(d)) A-moun S1 .

 ln.

Chn

s0 , . . . , sn

l mt h sinh ca

Nh  nhn xt, ta c

mt nhng ng

f : Proj(S) Pn . A
Ta c

(Proj(S), O(d)) = (Pn , f O(d)). A

Ta bit hm t nh xui xa mt

nhng ng bin mt b nht qun thnh mt b nht qun cho nn mnh  l mt trng hp ring ca nh l 15 .
1

Kim tra li nh s

156

CHNG 11.

CU X V O KHNG GIAN X NH

Mnh  25 Cho
Cho

l mt vnh phn bc tha mn cc gi thit nh trn. s bt k, v xt vnh phn bc

l mt

A-i

S A =

dN

Sd A A .

Khi  ta c

Proj(S A A ) = Proj(S) Spec(A) Spec(A ). A-moun S1 . Trn Proj(S) ta c ph aphin bi cc tp m m aphin U (si ) = Spec(Ri ) vi Ri l thnh phn 1 bc khng ca S[s i ]0 . Trn Proj(S ) vi S = S A A , ta cng c tp m 1 tng ng U (si ) = Spec(R ) vi R i i l thnh phn bc khng ca S [si ]. 1 1 V S [s i ] = S[si ] A A ta c ng thc tng t gia cc thnh phn bc khng R = Ri A A . Vi nn ta c ng cu i
Chn l mt h sinh ca

s0 , . . . , sn

Ui = Ui Spec(A) Spec(A ).
Cc ng cu ny tng thch vi nhau trn giao nh.

Ui Uj

nn ta suy ra khng

Ta s xt hai trng hp ring ca cch xy dng

Proj(S).

Trng hp

u tng i tm thng, n tng ng vi trng hp khi

Spec(A)

l ng cu.

Trng hp hai th v hn, cho php ta n

Proj(S) Spec(A)

vi tm im l mt ian.

Mnh  26 Cho
l mt

S=

A-moun

dN

Si

c dng

t do a phng cp

S0 = A l mt vnh giao hon, S1 1, v Sd = Ld vi mi d 1. Khi

 cu x cu trc

Proj(S) Spec(A) L l Ld

l mt ng cu.

 chng minh mt cu x la ng cu, ta ch cn xt cc tp m aphin.

A-moun t do cp 1 sinh bi mt phn A-moun t do sinh bi mt phn d t m ta k hiu l t . R rng l mt ian nguyen t khng cha S+ th khng cha phn t t. Do vy tp m U (t) ca Proj(S) l ton b Proj(S). 1 Khi  ta bit Proj(S) = Spec(A) v A l thnh phn bc khng ca S[t ].
V vy ta c th gi s t mt

no . Khi  cc

cng l cc

By gi ta xt mt v d khc ca ian ca

I ca mt vnh A. Tng trc tip

giao hon

Proj ca vnh phn bc cho bi mt d Noether A. Vi mi d N ta c ian I Id

d1

SI = A

11.2.

PROJ

CA MT V NH PHN BC V N

157

c mt cu trc vnh phn bc hin nhin. Ta gi vi trung tm l tp ng

Proj(SI ) l n ca Spec(A)

V (I).

Mnh  27 Cu x

nh trn l mt ng cu trn tp m khng cha

Proj(SI ) Spec(A) cho bi mt ian I ca A cho U (I) cc ian nguyn t p ca A

I.
ta c

nh vy.

U (f ) U (I) v U (f ) c th ph bi cc tp m chnh Proj(SI ) vo tp m chnh U (f ) l Proj ca vnh 1 phn bc A[f ] d1 I d A A[f 1 ]. V f I , cho nn I 1 A[f 1 ] l mt A[f 1 ]-moun t do cp mt vi mt phn t sinh l f 1.
Cho Hn ch ca V d kh c th l v d n im khng ca mt phng aphin. Ta ly

f I,

A = k[x, y], v I = x, y
vi

l iean cc i sinh bi

x va y .

Gi

X = Proj(SI )

SI = A I I 2 .
Khi  nh x vi

Proj(SI ) Spec(A)

l mt ng cu trn tp m

A2 {0}
ti im

l im ng vi ian cc i

I.

Th

Spec(SI ) Spec(A)

ny l

Proj k
d1
Ta bit trong tng hp ny

I d /I d+1 = Symd (I/I 2 )

v

I /I

d+1

dimk (I/I 2 ) = 2

cho

nn th ny ng cu vi mt ng thng x nh. Ta c th m t bn  aphin ca n ny nh sau.  phn bit vi

x, y A = mt ca SI .

0 SI ,

ta k hiu

Ta c th

x1 , y1 cc phn t x, y I ph X bng hai tp m aphin X = U (x1 ) U (y1 )

xt nh phn t bc

U (x1 ) l tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc ca SI khng cha x1 v U (y1 ) l tp cc ian nguyn t phn bc khng cha y1 . Nghch o x1 1 1 ta c SI [x 1 ] = R1 [x1 ] vi thnh phn bc khng l R1 = k[x, u1 ] vi u1 = y1 /x1 . R1 cha A = k[x, y], bin y c th biu din nh sau y = xu1 . 1 1 Ta c U (x1 ) = Spec(R1 ). Tng t nghch o y1 , ta c SI [y 1 ] = R[ y1 ] vi R2 = k[y, u2 ] vi u2 = x1 /y1 . R2 cha A = k[x, y] vi x = u2 y . Ta dn hai khng gian aphin theo tp m u1 = 0 trong Spec(R1 ) v u2 = 0 trong U (y1 ). Khi  ta c ng cu
vi

R1 [u1 ] = k[x, u1 ] 1 1

R2 [u1 ] = k[y, u1 ] 2 2

158

CHNG 11.

CU X V O KHNG GIAN X NH

vi

u2 = u1 , y = xu1 1
theo tm

x = yu2 .

Mnh  28 Cho
ca

I l mt ian ca X = Spec(A) v X = Proj(SI ) l m I , : X X . Khi d nh ngc cu I ln X l mt phn I = OSI (1).

th ng thng

Cho 

f :Y X

l mt cu x sao cho

phn tch mt cch duy nht

f I qua X .

l mt phn th ng thng, khi

O(1) l b nht qun ng vi mun phn bc II 2 vi I bc khng. V th, n cng ng cu vi I vi I l b nht qun ng vi ian I . T  ta suy ra I l phn th ng thng.
Theo nh ngha Ta gc li chng minh tch cht ph dng ca n n mc sau.

11.3
Cho

Ch tiu nhng x nh
l mt

(L, (si )n ) nh i=0 trong inh l. Ta mun tm hiu xem vi iu kin no th f l mt nhng. Ta nhc li mt cu x f : X Y l mt nhng nu nh f l n nh trn khng gian tp v sao cho vi mi im x trong khng gian tp X , y = f (x), ng cu a phng ca vnh a phng OY,y OX,x l mt k -cu
x tng ng vi mt cp ton nh.  lm n gin chng minh, ta s gi thit l

f : X Pn k

l mt trng ng i

s.

nh l 29 Cho
hu hn v

k l mt trng ng i s. Cho X l mt k -lc  dng (L, (si )n ) to thnh bi mt phn th ng thng L v n + 1 i=0 n lp ct s0 , . . . , sn (X, L). Gi f : X P k l nh x vo khng gan x n nh tng ng vi (L, (si ) i=0 ). Khi  f l mt nhng khi v ch khi hai iu
kin sau tha mn 1. Cho

x, y X(k) l hai im khc nhau, tn ti s trong khng gian vect s0 , . . . , sn trong (X, L) sao cho s(x) = 0 v s(y) = 0 (ni cch khc l f tch cc im).
sinh bi cc

2.

Cho

x X(k), mx

l ian cc i ca

OX,x ,

khi  nh x hn ch

V Lx /m2 Lx x
l ton nh (ni cch khc l

tch cc vect tip tuyn).

11.3.

CH TIU NHNG X NH

159

Nu dng ngn ng hm t ta c th pht biu li hai iu kin trn mt cc sc tch hn nh sau : 1.

X(k) Pn (k)

l n nh,

2.

X(k[ ]/ 2 ) Pn (k[ ]/ 2 ) f
Ta cn chng minh

l n nh. Cho

Trn khng gian tp

l n nh.

x X(k), y Pn (k) = Y (k)

l ton nh.

vi

f (x) = y .

OY,y OX,x

B  30 Cho

: A B l mt ng cu a phng ca hai vnh a phng, a phng ha ca k -i s dng hu hn. Gi mA , mB l ian cc i ca A v B . Gi s l nh x k -tuyn
l mt trng ng i s. Cho tnh cm sinh

mA /m2 mB /m2 B A
l ton nh. Khi 

AB

l ton nh.

Ta c dy khp phi b vi phn tng i

A/k A B B/k B/A 0

vi cc thnh phn u l cc a phng ha ca khp phi

B -moun

dng hu hn do gi thit Tenx vi

A, B

k -i

s dng hu hn.

B k ,

ta vn c dy

A/k A k B/k B k B/A B k

2 A/k A k = mA /m2 v B/k B k = mB /mB . Gi thit mA /m2 mB /m2 A A B l ton nh dn ti B/A B k = 0. V B/A l B -moun hu hn sinh, dng b  Nakayama ta suy ra B/A = 0. Gi I l ian ca ng cu ng cho B A B B . Theo nh ngha I/I 2 = B/A . Li dung Nakayama ln na, ta suy ra I = 0 t kt lun B/A = 0. Tc l B A B = B . T  ta suy ra A B l ton nh v nu tn ti x B khng nm trong nh ca A th x A 1 = 1 A x.
vi
2

Nu ta bit Nakayama vo  7.4, phn l mt

B l A-moun dng hu hn th ta c th p dng thng A-moun mB .  l cch chng minh ca [Hartshorne], b II. Ta bit B l A-moun dng hu hn nu gi thit trc X
 x nh. V phng din logic,  kim tra mt tch cht

k -lc

a phng l tnh nhng m phi thm mt gi thit ton cc l x nh th khng th l ti u. Nhng trong thc t, ta thng ch quan tm n

nhng cc a tp xa nh vo mt khng gian x nh, v khi  nhng lun l nhng ng v nh ca n l tp ng.
2

Ti sao nh ?

160

CHNG 11.

CU X V O KHNG GIAN X NH

11.4

Phn th ng thng giu v rt giu

By gi ta li cho

l mt vnh giao hon bt k.

nh ngha 31 Cho

mt

k -lc

.

Mt

phn

th

ng

thng

X gi l L = f O(1).
trn

rt giu nu tn ti mt mt nhng

f : X Pn k

sao cho

Mnh  32 Cho
giu trn s t nhin

X l mt k -lc  v L l mt phn th ng thng rt X . Khi  vi mi b O-moun nht qun M trn X , vi mi d  ln, b M Ld c sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc ca n.
ca

f : X Pn l nhng k f O(1). Gi s X l lc 
Cho

vo khng gian x nh sao cho

L=

x nh.

y l trng hp ring nhng l

trng hp l th nht, v chng hn trong trng hp aphin th mi b

O-moun

nht qun u c sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc ca n. Nu

l x nh, th nh ca

f : X Pn k

t l mt tp ng ca

Pn

cho nn nhng R rng,

t l nhng ng, v v th nh xui

M f O(n)
ring ri.
3

f M

l mt b nht qun.

c sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc khi v ch khi

f M O(n)

c sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc.

Ta c th khng nh v trng hp

X =

Pn k

v trong trng hp ny th mnh   c chng minh

Trong trng hp tng qut, k hiu Ta cn chng minh l b trn

l bao ng ca

trong

X.

Pn . k

c th thc trin thnh mt b nht qun Ta qui v trng hp

Ta c th tm tt ng tc ny nh sau.

aphin bng cch dn. Cho

Trong trng hp aphin, ta qui v bi ton sau y.

A A
l min nguyn. Gi

l mt vnh giao hon,  cho n gin ta gi s

] l a phng ha ca A theo h nhn sinh bi mt phn t f A. M l mt A[f 1 ]-moun dng hu hn, ta cn chng linh l tn ti mt A-moun dn hu hn M sao cho M = M A A[f 1 ]. Vic chn M 1 tng i ty tin. Ta chn mt h sinh v1 , . . . , vn ca A[f ]-moun M sau  ta c th ly M l A-moun con ca M sinh bi v1 , . . . , vn . Trng
Cho hp tng qut lp lun phc tp hn, bn c tm  bi tp II.5.15 ca [Hartshorne].

A[f

Mt phn th ng thng tha mn kt lun ca mnh  trn cha chc  l rt giu, d l n gn c nh th. t Ngi ta gi n l giu.
3

Xem 10.4

11.4.

PHN TH NG THNG GIU V RT GIU

161

nh ngha 33 Cho

l mt

gi l giu nu nh vi

k -lc . Mt phn th mi b O -moun nht qun

ng thng trn

trn

X,

vi mi s

t nhin

 ln

ML L

sinh bi cc lp ct ton cc ca n.

Mnh  34 Cho

l mt phn th ng thng giu trn mt

k -lc

X.

Khi  vi mi s t nhin

 ln,

l rt giu.

Chng minh trc tip mnh  ny tng i rc ri. Khi c thm cng c i ng iu, chng minh s dng ch tiu nhng x nh, tr nn rt n gin. V vy ta tm gc li sau .
4

Bn c c th xem [Hartshorne]

nh l II 7.6 c chng minh trc tip, khng dng ngn ng i ng iu, nhng v thc cht tng th khng khc.

ng qun nh

162

CHNG 11.

CU X V O KHNG GIAN X NH

Chng 12

H tuyn tnh v c

12.1

H tuyn tnh

Cho

L l mt phn th ng thng trn X . Vi mi phn t l (X, L), ta c xt tp V (l) tt c cc im x X sao cho l(x) = 0 tc l nh ca l trong th d L(x) , l bng
l mt lc  trn mt trng ng v khng. Tp ny l mt tp con ng ca

X.

Trn n ta cn cn mt cu trc

Chn mt ph m aphin X = iI Ui sao cho trn Ui = Spec(Ai ), phn th ng thng L cho bi mt Ai -moun t do cp mt Li . Chn mt phn t sinh li Li . Khi  tn ti duy nht mt phn t ca Ai k hiu l (l : li ) sao cho hn ch ca l vo Ui bng (l : li ).li . Khi  tp ng V (l) Ui l Spec(Ai /(l : li )) v c mt cu trc lc  aphin. V hai phn t sinh khc nhau li , l i Li sai khc nhau mt hm kh nghch ai A cho nn hai vnh thng Ai /(l : li ) i v Ai /(l : l ) l ng nht vi nhau. V l do ny m cc lc  aphin i Spec(A/(l : li )) vi i I dn li vi nhau cho ta mt cu trc lc  trn V (l) v V (l) l mt lc  con ng ca X . Ly L l mt k -khng gian vect con hu hn chiu ca (X, L). Vi mi l L v l = 0, ta c mt tp con V (l) X . Hin nhin l tp V (l) khng thay i khi ta nhn l vi mt hng s khc khng. Khi l l phn t lc  cho nh sau. mi tp m aphin bin thin trong khng gian x nh cc ng thng trong khng gian vect

L,

h cc tp con

V (l)

thay i mt cch i s.

H xc nh nh vy gi

l h tuyn tnh. mt cch i s".

Ta cn lm chnh xc khi nim tp con

V (l)

"thay i

163

164

CHNG 12.

H TUYN TNH V C

Trc ht ta k hiu

PL = Proj(Sym(L ))
l khng gian x nh ng vi khng gian vect

L .

Mi im ca

PL

trn

l mt ng thng trong

hoc l mt siu mt trong khng gian vect

i ngu

L .

Trn

PL

ta c b

OL (1)

vi

(PL , OL (1)) = L .
Trn tch

X k PL L

ta xt phn th ng thng cho bi tch tenx ngoi

OL (1) = pr L prPL OL (1). X OL (1)) = (X, L) k L

Ta bit

(X PL , L
v n cha

L k L = Homk (L, L)
nh

k -khng

gian vect con.

V vy ta c mt phn t chun tc

1L Homk (L, L) (X PL , L
Ta k hiu ta bit

OL (1)).

VL l tp con ng cc khng im ca lp ct ny, nh trn trn VL c mt cu lc d chun tc v l lc  con ng ca VL PL
vi th c th xem nh lc  con ca

X PL .
Ta c php chiu

X.

Ta c th d dang kim tra khng nh sau.

Mnh  35 Vi mi

l L khc khng, gi pl PL (k) l siu mt ca L hch ca nh x tuyn tnh l : L k . Khi  Vl l th ca cu x VL PL trn im pl .
nh ngha 36 Cho

l mt

(X, L).
Nu

H tuyn tnh trn

k -khng gian vect con X ng vi L l lc  L = (X, L)

l mt

hu hn chiu ca con

VL X PL
gian vect hu

xy dng nh trn.

l mt a tp x nh,

k -khng

hn chiu th h tuyn tnh

VL

ng vi n gi l h tuyn tnh y .

12.2.

NH L BERTINI

165

12.2

nh l Bertini

Trng hp quan trng nht ca h tuyn tnh l cc h tuyn tnh giu trn khng gian x nh.

nh l 37 Cho

l mt a tp x nh trn trn mt trng ng i s

k.

L l mt phn th ng thng rt giu trn X v cho mt nhng x f : X Pn vi L = f O(1). Khi  tn ti mt siu phng H ca Pn k k sao cho H X l mt lc  trn v tp cc siu phng nh vy to thnh mt phn m tr mt ca h tuyn tnh y  ca L. Kt lun trn vn cn ng nu t gi thit X ch c k d mt tp con hu hn cc im
Cho nh c lp. Nu

lin thng v

dim(X) 2,

th vi mi siu phng

trong mt

tp m tr mt,

H X

l lin thng.

12.3
Cho

c Weil v c Cartier
l mt lc . Mt im

x X gi l c  cao mt nu nh tn x Spec(A) trong X , v trong Spec(A), x tng ng vi mt ian nguyn t  cao mt. Vi mi im x X c  cao mt, vnh a phng OX,x , th ca b cu trc ti im x l vnh a phng c chiu Krull bng mt. Lc  X gi l chnh qui  cao mt nu vi mi im x  cao mt, cc vnh OX,x u l vnh chnh qui
ti mt ln cn aphin v khi  ta bit, chng t l cc vnh nh gi ri rc.

nh ngha 38 Cho

l mt lc  nguyn Noether chnh qui  cao

mt. Mt c Weil trn

l mt tng hnh thc c dng

D=
x
vi

dx x X
v

chy trn tp cc im  cao mt ca

im

x. D

gi l c tht s nu nh

dx 0

vi mi

dx = 0 vi x X.

hu ht cc

Cho im rc.

X l mt lc  nguyn chnh qui  cao mt. Ta bit vi mi x X  cao mt, vnh a phng OX,x l mt vnh nh gi ri Gi K l trng cc hm hu t trn X . Vi mi hm hu t f K , ordx (f )

ta nh ngha s nguyn

166

CHNG 12.

H TUYN TNH V C

l nh gi ca Vi mi

f , xt nh f1 , f2 K , ta c

mt phn t ca trng cc thng ca

OX,x .

ordx (f1 f2 ) = ordx (f1 ) + ordx (f2 )

Mnh  39 Cho

l mt lc  nguyn Noether chnh qui  cao mt.

Vi mi hm hu t khc khng ht cc im

f K

trn

X,

ta c

ordx (f ) = 0

vi hu

 cao mt.

X Noether, ta c th ph X bng mt ph hu hn cc Ui = Spec(Ai ) vi Ai l vnh Noether. V th ta c th gi s X = Spec(A) l mt lc  aphin, ph ca mt vnh Noether. Vit f = f1 /f2 vi f1 , f2 A, ta ch cn chng minh mnh  cho f1 v f2 nn ta c th gi s f A. Cho f A, xt tp V1 (f ) cc im x X  cao mt sao cho ordx (f ) > 0.  thun mt, ta k hiu px l ian nguyn t ng vi mi im x nh vy, ta c x V1 (f ) khi v ch khi f px . Gi s tp V1 (f ) l tp v hn, ta s xy dng c mt dy tng khng dng cc ian ca A v nh th s mu thun vi gi thit A l vnh Noether. Xy dng nh sau :
Theo gi thit tp m aphin Vi mi hm hu t

f K ,

ta c mt c Weil

ordx (f )
x
vi

chy trn tp cc im  cao mt. Cc c Weil nhn c nh vy

gi l cc c chnh.

nh ngha 40 Cho

lp ct ton cc ca b

X l mt K /O

lc  nguyn. trn

c Cartier ca

l mt

s (X, K /O ).
Theo xy dng ca b thng

K /O , Ui

cho mt lp ct ton cc

(X, K /O )

l cho

mt ph m aphin

X =

Spec(Aij ),
vi mi

iI

ca

X , Ui = Spec(Ai ), Ui Uj =

i I,

mt phn t

si K

12.3.

C WEIL V C CARTIER

167

vi mi cp

i, j I , si s1 A j ij
sau khi ly ph mn nht  qui v trng

vi quan h tung ng l : hp cng mt ph m

(Ui , si ) (Ui , si ) khi v ch khi s1 si A . i i Cho mt c Cartier s = (Ui , si ) nh trn. Ta ni n l c 1 tht s nu nh vi mi i ta c s i Ai .

Mnh  41 Cho

Cartier

l mt lc d nguyn. Cho mt c Cartier trn

cho mt phn th ng thng qut ca

v mt phn t

L.

Cho mt c Cartier tht s ca

l mt phn th ng thng trn ca

l LK vi LK l th tng X l cho mt cp (L, l) vi L l (X, L) l mt lp ct ton cc

L.

s (X, K /O ), ta xy dng mt phn th ng thng L, phn th con ca phn th hng K , nh sau. Trn tp m aphin Ui = Spec(Ai ), ta xt Ai -moun con t do cp mt
Nu cho mt lp ct

si Ai K
ca

K.

Trn

Ui Uj = Spec(Aij ),

hai mun con ny bng nhau

si Ai Ai Aij = sj Aj Aj Aij
v

Ai -moun con t do ny dn li vi nhau thnh mt phn th ng thng L, b con ca b hng K . Th tng qut ca b ny l K cho nn c mt phn t l 1. Ngc li, gi s ta cho mt cp (L, l) bao gm mt phn th ng thng L trn X v mt phn t l ca th tng qut LK . Khi , ta c th ng nht hai khng gian vect chiu mt K LK bng cch gi phn t 1 ca K ln phn t l LK . V L l phn th ng thng cho nn trn mi tp m aphin Ui = Spec(Ai ), Ai l min nguyn, (Ui , L) l mt Ai moun t do a phng, moun con ca LK = K . Chn ph Ui  mn, ta c th gi s l (Ui , L) l Ai -moun t do cp mt. Vi mi ch s i, ta chn mt c s si ca (Ui , L). V hn ch vo Uij cho ta cng mt Aij -moun 1 con t do ca K , cho nn si s j Aij . Cui cng th hai s la chn khc nhau ca si v s c s ca (Ui , L) sai khc nhau mt phn t kh nghch i si s1 A . V vy (L, l) xc nh mt lp ct s (X, K /O ). i j Phn t 1 K ca th tng qut l mt lp ct ton cc nu nh vi mi i ta c 1 (Ui , L) = si Ai . Ci ny hin nhin tng ng vi s1 Ai . i
V vy cc

si s1 A . j ij

168

CHNG 12.

H TUYN TNH V C

Phn VI

i ng iu

169

Chng 13

i ng iu trn tp Zariski

13.1
Cho

Hm t dn xut ca hm t

X.
Ta

l mt khng gian tp. Xt phm tr cc b nhm abel trn

bit phm tr ny l mt phn tr abel. Theo nh ngha, mt dy cc b

0M M M 0
l khp khi v ch khi vi mi im

x X,

ta c dy khp cc th

0 Mx Mx Mx 0.
nh l 42 Phm tr cc b nhm abel trn mt khng gian tp c  vt
ni ti.

Mnh  43 Hm t cho ng vi mi b nhm abel

trn khng gian tp N c cc

X,

nhm cc lp ct ton cc

hm t dn xut l

(X, M ) i M H (X, M )

l mt hm t khp tri.

Ta  bit, mi hm t khp tri i t mt phm tr abel v  vt ni ti, u c cc hm t dn xut. Ta ch cn chng minh tnh khp tri ca hm t

M M , mt lp ct s (X, M ) c nh s (X, M ) bng khng. Vi mi x X , nh sx Mx bng khng nn gi thit M x Mx n nh ko theo sx = 0. Vi mi x tn ti mt ln cn Ux ca x sao cho hn ch ca s vo Ux bng khng. Theo tnh dn c ca b, s = 0.
Cho nh x 171

172

CHNG 13.

I NG IU TRN TP ZARISKI

0 M M M l dy khp tri, cho s (X, M ) vi nh s (X, M ) bng khng. Khi  vi mi x X , tn ti duy nht s x Mx c nh l sx Mx v dy 0 Mx Mx Mx l khp. Lp ct a phng s x xc nh trn mt ln cn Ux ca x. Cho hai im x = x , trn giao Ux Ux hai lp ct s x v sx c cng mt nh l hn ch ca s cho nn nh ta  thy trn, chng nht thit phi bng nhau.
Tng t nh vy, cho

Ta c th th lp lunh nh trn  xem ti sao hm t phi, xem lp lun ca ta b tc ch no. Ly

x X , Mx Mx
ci no.

l ton nh, nn tn ti

Ci mc th nht l ta tuy

sx

l khng khp s (X, M ). Vi mi sx Mx c nh l sx Mx .

nh vy tn ti, nhng ta khng bit chn

Chn ty tin mt phn t

sx ,

cc phn t khc s u c dng

sx + sx vi sx Mx . Li ly mt ln cn  nh Ux ca x tren  xc nh sx . Nhng by gi ci cn tr cho vic dn cc lp ct a phng sx li

vi nhau l sai khc

(sx , sx ) = sx |Ux Ux sx |Ux Ux .

Ci sai khc ny c nh bng khng trong lp ct ca m

X=

M i Ui

trn

Ux Ux .

Nh vy vic la chn cc

(Ux Ux , M ) nn phi l mt sx cho ta mt ph

ta c mt lp ct

v trn mi giao

Uij= Ui Uj

ij (Uij , M )
v cc lp ct ny tha mn phng trnh

ij + jk + ki = 0 Uijk . Gi Z 1 (X, M ) l tp cc lp tng ng theo ngha hin nhin cc b (Uij , ij ). Tn ti s (X, M ) c nh l s khi v ch khi ta c th thay i sx thnh sx + s x sao cho b trit tiu. Mun vy ta phi gi
trn c phng trnh i bin

ij = si sj
vi

si (Ui , M ). Z 1 (X, M )

Phng trnh ny khng phi lc no cng c nghim, v

ci cn tr cho vic phng trnh ny c nghim chnh l mt phn t ca nhm chia cho nhm

B 1 (X, M )

cc b

(Uij , ij )

sao cho phng

trnh i bin gii c.

13.2.

I NG IU CA B TA NHT QUN

173

Mnh  44 Vi mi b nhm abel

trn

X,

hm t dn xut bc mt

H (X, M )

H1 (X, M ) = Z 1 (X, M )/B 1 (X, M ).

Ngi ta  m t c c hm t dn xut bc hai

H2 (X, M ) theo cch

tr ... y l khng

tng t nh vy nhng khi  cu chuyn tr nn phc tp hn nhiu,  m t ngi ta cn n nhng khi nim nh k n

2-phm

H3 , H4 .

Trong hon cnh c bit cc b ta nht qun trn lc

, th ngi ta c cc cch tnh ton c th khc, hiu qu hn.

 ta c hm t b

f : X Y l mt nh x lin tc gia hai khng gian tp. Khi f t phm tr cc b nhm abel trn X vo phm tr cc nhm abel trn Y . N cho ng vi mi b M trn X b trn Y cho bi
Cho

hm t

f F (UY ) = F (UX ) X . Hm t ny l mt b v  kim tra tnh dn c ca f F trn mt ph {UY,i } ca mt tp m UY , ta qui ngay v vic kim tra tnh dn c ca F trn to nh UX ca UY v ph m {UX,i } cho bi to nh UX,i ca UY,i . Hm t f l hamg t trong trng hp ring Y l mt im.
vi mi tp m ca v tp m l to nh ca trong

UY

UX

UY

Mnh  45 Hm t
hiu l

Ri f .

l hm t khp tri. N c cc hm t dn xut k

13.2
Cho

i ng iu ca b ta nht qun

l mt lc  v

l mt b

O-moun

ta nht qun trn

ta

nh ngha

Hi (X, M )
nh trong phn trc ch coi nhm abel trn

nh mt khng gian tp v

nh mt b

Hi (X, M )

vi

X. M l

Tuy vy, vic tnh ton c th cc nhm i ng iu b ta nht qun th c nhng c th ring.

Mnh  46 Cho
ta nht qun

X = Spec(A) l mt lc d aphin. M trn Spec(A) ta c Hi (X, M ) = 0 vi

Khi  vi mi b mi

i 1.

174

CHNG 13.

I NG IU TRN TP ZARISKI

Mc lc

i s

S lc v i s giao hon
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Vnh giao hon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
9 11 11 13 14 17 19

Moun trn mt vnh

Ian, ian nguyn t v ph Tch tenx . . . . . . . . . . .

a phng ho v vnh a phng Moun trn mt vnh a phng . .

Vnh Noether v i s dng hu hn

S lc v l thuyt phm tr
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Phm tr, hm t v cu x gia cc hm t Phm tr i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
21 24 24 26 26 28

nh l Yoneda

V d hm t biu din c

Gii hn quy np v gii hn x nh Tch theo th . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S lc v i s ng iu
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Phm tr cc moun trn mt vnh . Phm tr abel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31
31 34 37 40

Dy khp v hm t khp

Phc, phc gii v hm t dn xut

II

Lc 

45

Lc  aphin

49

175

176

MC LC

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

Tp i s

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

49 55 56 59 63 64

Phm tr i ca phm tr cc vnh Khng gian tp B cu trc . .

Spec(A)
. . . . . .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. . . .

Th ca b v th ca b cu trc Cu x gia hai lc  aphin . . .

Lc  v cu x
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 inh ngha lc  bng cch dn cc lc  aphin V d : xy dng ng thng x nh Dn trong trng hp tng qut Cu x gia hai lc  im : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67
67 68 69 69 70 73 75 76 78

tng qut ho v c bit ho . . . . . . . . .

Nhng m v lc  con m

Nhng ng v lc  con ng

Tch theo th ca lc  v th ca cu x . Cu x ng cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III

B moun

83

B
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

OX -mun B OX -moun

85
nht qun v ta nht qun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 86 90 91 92 95 96 97

Dn b ta nht qun

V d b nht qun trn ng thng x nh Phm tr abel cc b (ta) nht qun nh xui . nh ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B t do a phng

Hm cp ca mt b nht qun

Moun vi phn
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 im v cng gn cp mt . Moun i chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103
. 103 . 105 . 106 . 109 . 110 . 115

Moun vi phn tng i Th ca

A/k

cc

k -im
. . . . . . .

Hai dy khp c bn Ma trn Jacobi . .

MC LC

177

7.7

Phn m trn ca mt a tp i s

. 116

IV

Chiu v chun ha

119

Chiu
8.1 8.2 8.3 Cu x hu hn v chiu Krull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

121
. 121 . 125 . 126

Bc siu vit v b  chun ha Noether Cp tng qut ca b vi phn tng i

Chun ha
9.1 Vnh ng nguyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129
. 129

Hnh hc x nh

133

10

Khng gian x nh
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Tp cc siu phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135
. 135 . 136 . 142 . 144 . 149

Ian phn bc ca vnh a thc Phn th ng thng B

O(d)
. . . . . .

trn . . . . . .

O-moun

trn .

Pn k
. .

Pn k
. .

. .

Dy khp Euler

11 Cu x vo khng gian x nh
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Hm t biu din bi khng gian x nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

151
. 151 . 154 . 158 . 160

Proj

ca mt vnh phn bc v n . . . . . . .

. .

. .

. .

Ch tiu nhng x nh

Phn th ng thng giu v rt giu .

12 H tuyn tnh v c
12.1 12.2 12.3 H tuyn tnh nh l Bertini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163
. 163 . 165 . 165

c Weil v c Cartier

VI

i ng iu

169

13 i ng iu trn tp Zariski

13.1 Hm t dn xut ca hm t

171
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

178

MC LC

13.2

i ng iu ca b ta nht qun

. 173