T VN

Qu trnh pht trin cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v nh y t, du lch, thng mi nc ta lm cho mi trng b nhim nghim trng, c bit s hin din ca kim loi nng trong mi trng t, nc v ang l vn mi trng c cng ng quan tm. Vng ca sng, ca bin, ven bin thng l ni tch t cc cht nhim c ngun gc t ni a. Trong mi trng thy sinh, trm tch c vai tr quan trng trong s hp th cc kim loi nng bi s lng ng ca cc ht l lng v cc qu trnh c lin quan n b mt cc vt cht v c v hu c trong trm tch. S tch t kim loi nng s nh hng n i sng ca cc sinh vt thy sinh, gy nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi thng qua chui thc n; v d nhiu loi ng vt khng xng sng s dng trm tch nh ngun thc n, v th c th chng l ni lu gi v tch t kim loi nng. S tch t kim loi nng trong sinh vt c th e da sc khe ca nhiu loi sinh vt c bit c, chim v con ngi (Wright & Mason, 1999). Do vy, xc nh hm lng kim loi nng trong mi trng l rt cn thit do bi tnh c, tnh bn vng v s tch t sinh hc ca chng (UNEP/FAO/WHO, 1996 trch trong Carles et al., 2000). Trong nhng nm gn y, kim loi nng c nghin cu nhiu trong trm tch ca sng, vng ven bin, v rng ngp mn ti mt s quc gia trn th gii (Bryan et al., 1992; Tam et al., 1995; Zheng & Lin, 1996; Zheng et al., 1997; Saifullah et al., 2004; Defew et al., 2005; Balachandran et al., 2005; Rashida et al., 2005; Sabine et al., 2006). Vit Nam nghin cu v kim loi nng tp trung vng th v vng t phn (Phuong et al., 1998; Hoa et al., 2004), tuy nhin nghin cu kim loi nng trong t vng ven bin vn cha c quan tm nhiu. Vng ven bin BSCL c bit bn o C Mau l ni thch hp cho cc cy ngp mn. Rng ngp mn khng ch c gi tr v kinh t, vn ha, x hi, m cn c gi tr v sinh thi (Field, 1996 trch trong Tong et al., 2004). Rng ngp mn cung cp thc n, ni cho nhiu loi ng vt bin nh chim, cn trng, c,v cng l ni duy tr chui thc n phc tp (Lin, 1988 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997). Tuy nhin, trm tch rng ngp mn rt giu sulphide v vt cht hu c, y chnh l ni lng ng v lu gi cc cht nhim c ngun gc t t lin, nht l kim loi nng (Zheng et al., 1997; Tam & Wong, 2000 trch trong Defew et al., 2005). Trn c s cc vn va mi cp, ti Hm lng kim loi nng As, Cd, Hg trong t vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, tnh C Mau c thc hin vi mc tiu tng qut l xc nh hm lng kim loi nng As, Cd, Hg trong trm tch, t v nc ti huyn Ngc Hin tnh C Mau. Do vy mc tiu c th ca ti: nh gi nguy c nhim ca KLN trong trm tch, t v trong nc da vo tiu chun Vit Nam v ca mt s nghin cu trn th gii.

nh gi s khc bit v hm lng kim loi nng trong vng nghin cu theo khng gian v thi gian thu mu. Kho st s tng quan gia hm lng As, Cd, Hg trong t vi pH t, EC v cht hu c, cng nh mi tng quan gia cc kim loi vi nhau.

CHNG 1: LC KHO TI LIU

1.1 TNG QUAN V KIM LOI NNG 1.1.1 nh ngha v ngun pht sinh kim loi nng Kim loi nng l nhng kim loi c t trng ln hn 5g/cm3 v thng thng ch nhng kim loi hoc cc kim lin quan n s nhim v c hi. Tuy nhin chng cng bao gm nhng nguyn t kim loi cn thit cho mt s sinh vt nng thp (Adriano, 2001). Kim loi nng c c chia lm 3 loi: cc kim loi c (Hg, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Sn,), nhng kim loi qu (Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, Ru,), cc kim loi phng x (U, Th, Ra, Am,). T trng ca nhng kim loi ny thng thng ln hn 5g/cm3 (Bishop, 2002). Kim loi nng hin din trong t nhin u c trong t v nc, hm lng ca chng thng tng cao do tc ng ca con ngi. Cc kim loi nng do tc ng ca con ngi l ngun gy nhim kim loi nng ch yu khi chng i vo mi trng t v nc. Cc kim loi do hot ng ca con ngi nh As, Cd, Cu, Ni v Zn thi ra c tnh l nhiu hn so vi ngun kim loi c trong t nhin, c bit i vi ch 17 ln (Kabata-Pendias & Adriano, 1995). Ngun kim loi nng i vo t v nc do tc ng ca con ngi bng cc con ng ch yu nh bn phn, b bn cng v thuc bo v thc vt v cc con ng ph nh khai khong v k ngh hay lng ng t khng kh (Hnh 1). Phn bn v cc cht ci to t Nc ti Cht thi v b bn cng Thuc bo v thc vt K ngh, khai khong v giao thng Lng ng t kh quyn

Xi mn t

NC MT

NC NGM Hnh 1: nhim kim loi nng do tc ng ca con ngi i vi t v nc (Singh & Steinnes, 1994).

1.1.2 Tnh cht ca kim loi nng Kim loi nng khng b phn hy sinh hc (Tam & Wong, 1995), khng c khi dng nguyn t t do nhng nguy him i vi sinh vt sng khi dng cation do kh nng gn kt vi cc chui cacbon ngn dn n s tch t trong c th sinh vt sau nhiu nm (Shahidul & Tanaka, 2004). i vi con ngi, c khong 12
3

nguyn t kim loi nng gy c nh ch, thy ngn, nhm, arsenic, cadmium, nickel Mt s kim loi nng c tm thy trong c th v thit yu cho sc khe con ngi, chng hn nh st, km, magnesium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum v ng mc d vi lng rt t nhng n hin din trong qu trnh chuyn ha. Tuy nhin, mc tha ca cc nguyn t thit yu c th nguy hi n i sng ca sinh vt (Foulkes, 2000). Cc nguyn t kim loi cn li l cc nguyn t khng thit yu v c th gy c tnh cao khi hin din trong c th, tuy nhin tnh c ch th hin khi chng i vo chui thc n. Cc nguyn t ny bao gm thy ngn, nickel, ch, arsenic, cadmium, nhm, platinum v ng dng ion kim loi. Chng i vo c th qua cc con ng hp th ca c th nh h hp, tiu ha v qua da. Nu kim loi nng i vo c th v tch ly bn trong t bo ln hn s phn gii chng th chng s tng dn v s ng c s xut hin (Foulkes, 2000). Do vy ngi ta b ng c khng nhng vi hm lng cao ca kim loi nng m c khi vi hm lng thp v thi gian ko di s t n hm lng gy c. Tnh c hi ca cc kim loi nng c th hin qua: (1) Mt s kim loi nng c th b chuyn t c thp sang dng c cao hn trong mt vi iu kin mi trng, v d thy ngn. (2) S tch t v khuch i sinh hc ca cc kim loi ny qua chui thc n c th lm tn hi cc hot ng sinh l bnh thng v sau cng gy nguy him cho sc khe ca con ngi. (3) Tnh c ca cc nguyn t ny c th mt nng rt thp khong 0.1-10 mg.L-1 (Alkorta et al., 2004). 1.2 NHIM KIM LOI NNG TRN TH GII V VIT NAM 1.2.1 Ti vng ca sng, vng ven bin v bin nhim kim loi mi trng bin gia tng trong nhng nm gn y do dn s ton cu gia tng v s pht trin cng nghip (Arellano et al., 1999 trch trong Susana et al., 2005). nhim kim loi nng nhiu vng ca sng, vng ven bin trn th gii c bit t lu bi tnh c hi e da n s sng ca sinh vt thy sinh, gy nguy c cho sc khe ca con ngi. nhim Pb v Zn l mt trong nhng iu ng quan tm do nh hng c hi ca chng ln h sinh thi ti cc ca sng c, vi hm lng rt cao 1000g.g-1 Pb, 2000 g.g-1 Zn c th tm thy trong cc trm tch b nhim (Irvine & Birch, 1998 trch trong McFarlane & Burchett, 2002). Bryan et al. (1985) trch trong Bryan & Langston (1992) xc nh hm lng ch v c trong trm tch ca sng Anh bin ng t 25 g.g-1 trong khu vc khng b nhim n hn 2700 g.g-1 trong ca sng Gannel ni nhn cht thi t vic khai thc m ch. Hm lng ca cc hp cht ch ny c l c ngun gc do s dng xng du pha ch.

Tng t nh Pb, hm lng As cng c xc nh nhiu vng ca sng, vng ven bin trn th gii. Hm lng As trong trm tch ca sng c xc nh t 5 g.g-1 ca sng Axe n ln hn 1000 g.g-1 trong cc ca sng Restronguet Creek, Cornwall ni nhn nc thi t cc khu vc khai thc qung m kim loi (Langstone, 1985 trch trong Bryan & Langston, 1992). Hm lng Cd cng c xc nh Anh ti cc ca sng khng b nhim vi hm lng 0.2 g.g-1, ti cc ca sng b nhim nng hm lng ny c th ln n 10 g.g-1 (Bryan & Langston, 1992). Sng Deule Php l mt trong nhng con sng b nhim rt nng do hng chu cht thi t nh my luyn kim. Hm lng kim loi trong trm tch sng ny rt cao (480 mg.kg-1) (Neda et al., 2006). Hm lng kim loi nng trong trm tch ti vng ca sng, vng ven bin trn th gii ni c rng ngp mn cng c xc nh t t b nhim cho n nhim nng. Tam & Wong (1995) xc nh hm Pb trong trm tch rng ngp mn Sai Keng, Hong Kong vi hm lng 58,2 g.g-1. Zheng & Lin (1996) xc nh hm lng Pb v Cd trong trm tch rng ngp mn Avicennia marina, vnh Shenzhen vi hm lng tng ng 28,7 g.g-1v 0,136 g.g-1 tng ng. 1.2.2 Ti vng t phn Theo Breemen (1993), Astrom & Bjorklund (1995), Sundstrom et al. (2002), Hoa et al. (2004) ch ra rng t phn l ngun phng thch kim loi nng gy nhim ngun nc. Khi t phn tim tng tip xc vi xy do hin tng t nhin hoc do thot nc nhn to, pyrite b xy ha to ra acid sulfuric lm h thp pH. Khi pH <4 cc proton c phng thch tn cng cc khong st, ha tan mt s kim loi m nng ca chng c th vt xa nng trong cc loi t khng phn (Trn Kim Tnh, 1999). 1.3 NH HNG CA KIM LOI NNG N MI TRNG V SC KHE CON NGI nhim mi trng do tnh c hi ca kim loi nng gy mt cn bng sinh thi lm suy gim nhiu qun th sinh vt c tm thy nhiu quc gia trn th gii. The Severn Estuary l mt trong nhng con sng ln nht Anh l ni v sinh sn ca nhiu loi c. Nhiu thp k qua, sng ny phi hng chu nhiu nhim kim loi nng nh ch, cadmium v nhiu nguyn t khc t nhiu ngun khc nhau (Owens, 1984 trch trong WHO, 1992). Nhng nh hng ca nhim ny c th l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy suy gim qun th c. Qun th c sng Severn Estuary gia tng tr li khi mc nhim mi trng nc gim (Potter et al., 2001). Nhiu nghin cu v nh hng nhim kim loi trong vng ph cn ca ni tinh luyn ch ln nht th gii ti Port Pirie nc c cho thy rng 20 loi c v gip xc b bin mt hoc gim s lng (Ward & Young, 1982 trch trong Bryan & Langston, 1992).
5

Khi sinh vt sng trong mi trng b nhim, kh nng tch t cc cht nhim trong c th chng l rt cao nht l nhim kim loi, gy nguy c cho sc khe ca ngi tiu th chng thng qua chui thc n. Ohi et al. (1974) trch trong WHO (1985) xc nh mc ch trong mu, trong xng i v trong thn ca chim b cu c thu thp t nhng vng nng thn v nhng vng th Nht. Kt qu cho thy rng mc ch cao nht trong xng i ca chim b cu vi gi tr trung bnh bin ng t 16,5 n 31,6 mg.kg-1 vng th. Trong khi gi tr trung bnh 2,0 v 3,2 mg.kg-1 vng nng thn. Trong mu mc ch cng c xu hng tng t t 0,15 0,33 mg.L-1 vng th, v t 0,054 0,029 mg.L-1. Nhng nm gn y, nh hng nghim trng ca As i vi sc khe con ngi cng c bo co n , Trung Quc, Bangladesh. c tnh c n hng triu ngi c nguy c b ng c do ng c As. Vit Nam c khong 10 triu ngi ng bng sng Hng, 500 ngn n 1 triu ngi BSCL b ng c mn tnh do ung nc ging khoang c cha arsen (Berg et al., 2007). Tng t, s tch t Cd trong gan v thn ca ng vt chn th n c c v New Zealand gy nh hng n tiu th sn phm tht trong nc v xut khu ra nc ngoi (Robert et al., 1994, McLaughlin et al., 2000). 1.4 C TNH V TC HI CA MT S KIM LOI NNG 1.4.1 Asen (As) Asen phn b nhiu ni trong mi trng, chng c xp th 20 trong nhng nguyn t hin din nhiu trong lp v ca tri t, hin din t hn Cu, Sn nhng nhiu hn Hg, Cd, Au, Ag, Sb, Se (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003). Ngun asen khng l phng thch vo kh quyn bi qu trnh t nhin l s hot ng ca ni la. Khi ni la hot ng, mt lng ln arsenic khong 17150 tn phng thch vo kh quyn (Matschullat, 2000). Trong mi trng t nhin, asen ch yu lin kt vi cc khong m sunfide. Hm lng arsenic t nhin trong t ni chung bin ng t 0,1 - 40 mg.kg-1 (Tamaki & Frankenberger, 1992). Theo Murray (1994) hm lng asen trong t trung bnh 2,2-25 ppm. Ngun gy nhim do hot ng ca con ngi - Khai thc qung m (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), luyn kim a vo mi trng mt lng ln arsenic. Khong 62000 tn arsenic phng thch vo mi trng hng nm t cc hot ng ny (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003). - t cc nhin liu ha thch t cc h gia nh, t cc nh my in. - S dng thuc dit nm, thuc tr c, thuc dit cn trng v cng nghip - T khi a vo s dng DDT nm 1947 v cc loi thuc tr su hu c khc c cha cc hp cht arsenic hu c (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003). Tc hi ca asen i vi sc khe con ngi:

Tnh c ca asen ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca cc hp cht m n hnh thnh, c bit l ho tr. Asen ho tr 3 c hn rt nhiu so vi asen ho tr 5. Tnh c ca asen v c (tri xit asen) i vi con ngi c bit t lu. Liu lng gy cht ngi khong 50-300 mg nhng ph thuc vo tng c th (Clark et al.,1997). Nhng biu hin ca ng c asen mn tnh bao gm: yu t, mt phn x, mt mi, vim d dy, vim rut kt, chn n, gim cn, rng tc,... Con ngi b nhim c asen lu di qua thc n hoc khng kh dn n bnh tim mch, ri lon h thn kinh, ri lon tun hon mu, mng gin d gy vi nhng vch trng ngang mng, ri lon chc nng gan, thn (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003). Ng c asen cp tnh c th gy bun nn, kh ming, kh hng, rt c, au bng, nga tay, nga chn, ri lon tun hon mu, suy nhc thn kinh, 1.4.2 Cadmium (Cd) Cd hin din khp ni trong lp v ca tri t vi hm lng trung bnh khong 0,1 mg.kg-1. Tuy nhin hm lng cao hn c th tm thy trong cc loi trm tch nh trm tch phosphate bin thng cha khong 15 mg.kg-1. Hng nm sng ngi vn chuyn mt lng ln Cd khong 15000 tn vo cc i dng (GESAMP, 1984 trch trong WHO, 1992). Hm lng Cd c bo co c th ln n 5 mg.kg-1 trong cc trm tch sng v h, t 0,03 n 1 mg.kg-1 trong cc trm tch bin (Korte, 1983 trch trong WHO, 1992). Hm lng Cadmium trung bnh trong t nhng vng khng c s hot ng ca ni la bin ng t 0,01 n 1 mg.kg-1, nhng vng c s hot ng ca ni la hm lng ny c th ln n 4,5 mg.kg-1 (Korte, 1983 trch trong WHO, 1992). Tuy nhin theo Murray (1994) hm lng Cd trong t hin din trung bnh 0,06 -1,1 ppm. Ngun do hot ng ca con ngi: - Cc ng dng ch yu ca Cd trong trong cng nghip nh: lp m bo v thp, cht n nh trong PVC, cht to mu trong plastic v thy tinh, v trong hp phn ca nhiu hp kim l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn phng thch Cd vo mi trng. - Hm lng ca Cd trong phn ln bin ng khc nhau ty thuc vo ngun gc ca phosphate. Phn ln c ngun gc t pht pht Bc Carolina cha Cd 0,054 g.kg-1, phn ln c ngun gc t Sechura cha hm lng Cd 0,012 g.kg-1, trong khi phn ln c ngun gc t phosphate Gafsa cha 0,07 g.kg-1 (Bolan et al., 2003). Tc hi ca Cd i vi sc khe con ngi: Cadmium c bit gy tn hi i thn v xng liu lng cao. Nghin cu 1021 ngi n ng v ph n b nhim c Cd Thy in cho thy nhim c kim loi ny c lin quan n gia tng nguy c gy xng tui trn 50 (Tobias Alfvn, 2004). Bnh itai-itai l bnh do s ng c Cd trm trng. Tt c

nhng bnh nhn vi bnh ny iu b tn hi thn, xng au nhc tr nn gin v d gy (Nogawa et al., 1999). 1.4.3 Ch (Pb) Hm lng ch trung bnh trong thch quyn c khong 1,6x10-3 phn trm trng lng, trong khi trong t trung bnh l 10-3 phn trm v khong bin ng thng thng l t 0,2x10-3 n 20x10-3 phn trm (Voitkevits et al., 1985). Ch hin din t nhin trong t vi hm lng trung bnh 10-84 ppm (Murray, 1994). Ngun do hot ng ca con ngi: - Ch c s dng trong pin, trong bnh cqui, trong mt s dng c dn in. Mt s hp cht ch c thm vo trong sn, thy tinh, gm nh cht to mu, cht n nh, cht kt gn. - Cc sn phm thi t ng dng ca ch nu khng c ti ch hp l thi vo mi trng lm gia tng lng kim loi c hi ny trong mi trng. Ngoi ra mt s hp cht ch hu c nh tetraetyl hoc tetrametyl ch c thm vo trong xng c bit nhng quc gia ang pht trin. Tc hi ca ch i vi sc khe con ngi: Trong c th ngi, ch trong mu lin kt vi hng cu, v tch t trong xng. Kh nng loi b ch ra khi c th rt chm ch yu qua nc tiu. Chu k bn r ca ch trong mu khong mt thng, trong xng t 20-30 nm (WHO,1995 trch trong Lars Jarup, 2003). Cc hp cht ch hu c rt bn vng c hi i vi con ngi, c th dn n cht ngi (Peter Castro & Michael, 2003). Nhng biu hin ca ng c ch cp tnh nh nhc u, tnh d cu, d b kch thch, v nhiu biu hin khc nhau lin quan n h thn kinh. Con ngi b nhim c lu di i vi ch c th b gim tr nh, gim kh nng hiu, gim ch s IQ, xo trn kh nng tng hp hemoglobin c th dn n bnh thiu mu (Lars Jarup, 2003). Ch cng c bit l tc nhn gy ung th phi, d dy v u thn kinh m (Steenland et al., 2000). Nhim c ch c th gy tc hi i vi kh nng sinh sn, gy sy thai, lm suy thoi ni ging (Ernest & Patricia, 2000). 1.4.4 Km (Zn) Hm lng km trung bnh trong t v thng thng gia tng theo th t: ct (10-30 mg.kg-1), granic (50 mg.kg-1), st (95 mg.kg-1), v bazan (100 mg.kg-1) (Adriano, 1986 trch trong WHO, 2001). Theo Murray (1994) hm lng km hin din t nhin trong t 17-125 ppm. Chy rng phng thch mt lng ln km vo khng kh. Khong 7600 tn km mi nm mc ton cu phng thch vo khng kh do chy rng. S phong ho a cht l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn phng thch km vo mi trng. Ngun do hot ng ca con ngi:
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Khai thc qung m, luyn kim, mi nm trn th gii c khong 1-3 triu tn km t cc hot ng ny i vo mi trng t. - S dng phn bn ho hc cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gia tng hm lng km trong mi trng (Alloway, 1990 trch trong GreenRuiz v Pez-Osuna, 2003). Lng km i vo mi trng t hng nm t vic s dng phn bn trn th gii khong 2601100 tn. - Ngoi ra ngun ng k km i vo mi trng t hng nm trn th gii khong 6401914 103 tn t nhng cht thi c cha km nh cht thi ng vt, cht thi nng nghip, phn bn, bn thi cng rnh, bi than, nng dc (Nriagu & Pacyna, 1988 trch trong WHO, 2001). Tc hi ca Zn i vi sc khe con ngi: Hp th nhiu km c th gy nn, tn hi thn, lch lm gim kh nng hp thu ng v gy bnh thiu mu lin quan n s thiu ht ng. Hp th km trong khu phn n hng ngy > 1000 mg gy nn, st, tn hi thn v lch, t 200-500 mg/ngy gy xo trn d dy, bun nn, hoa mt. Hp th km > 100 mg/ngy gy gim s hp th ng (Ivor E Dreosti, 1996). 1.4.5 ng (Cu) ng c tm thy t nhin trong cc khong nh cuprite (Cu2O), malachite (Cu2CO3.Cu(OH)2), azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), v bornite (Cu5FeS4) v trong nhiu hp cht hu c. Ion ng (II) gng kt qua xy i vi cc tc nhn v c nh H2O, OH-, CO32-, SO42-,...i vi cc tc nhn hu c qua cc nhm nh phenolic v carboxylic (Cotton & Wilkinson, 1989 trch trong WHO, 1998). V vy hu ht ng trong t nhin phc hp vi cc hp cht hu c (Allen & Hansen, 1996 trch trong WHO, 1998). - Trong nham thch ng bin ng t 4-200 mg.kg-1, trong trm tch 2-90 mg.kg-1 (Cannon et al.,1978 trch trong WHO, 1998). - S khuch tn ng t cc ngun t nhin trung bnh trn khp th gii hng nm t bi c mang t gi 0,9-15 103 tn, chy rng 0,1-7,5 103 tn, hot ng ni la 0,9-18 103 tn (Nriagu, 1989 trch trong WHO, 1998). - ng hin din t nhin trong lp v tri t vi hm lng trung bnh khong 60 mg.kg-1 (Lide & Frederikse, 1993 trch trong WHO, 1998), tuy nhin theo (Murray, 1994) trong t bin ng t 6-80 ppm. Tc hi ca ng i vi sc kho ca con ngi: ng c xem l mt trong nhng nguyn t cn thit i vi s pht trin ca con ngi, tuy nhin s tch t ng vi hm lng cao c th gy c cho c th. Cumings (1948) trch trong WHO (1998) pht hin ng thc s l tc nhn c

hi i vi cc bnh nhn Wilson v khm ph rng gan v no ca nhng bnh nhn ny c cha hm lng kim loi ny rt cao. 1.4.6 Thy ngn (Hg) Thy ngn hin din v tn ti trong t nhin nhiu dng khc nhau: kim loi, v c v hu c (metyl v etyl thy ngn). Tt c nhng dng ny c tnh c khc nhau v c th nh hng n sc kho con ngi. Trong mi trng t, dng cation Hg2+ hin din l ph bin nht. S tch t thy ngn trong t c khuynh hng tng quan vi hm lng vt cht hu c. Hm lng thy ngn trong t nhin cao nht c bo co trong t ngp nc v t than bn. Hm lng thy ngn trong t trn th gii trung bnh 0,02-0,41 ppm (Murray, 1994). Nng thy ngn trong nc i dng trung bnh 0,001-0,004 .L-1 (Olafsson, 1983 trch trong Bryan & Langston, 1992) v nng Hg gia tng gn cc ca sng chu nh hng t cng nghip (Baker, 1977 trch trong Bryan & Langston, 1992). Thy ngn n t cc ngun t nhin v ngun do hot ng ca con ngi: - Ngun t nhin: hot ng ca ni la, s phong ho nhiu loi c cha thy ngn. - Ngun do hot ng ca con ngi: n t cc nh my in t than; cc l t rc thi; nhng ni khai thc thy ngn, vng, ng, km, bc; cc hot ng luyn kim; thi b cc nhit k v t t rc thi y t. Ring cht thi t cc thit b y t c th phng thch chim khong 5% thy ngn trong nc thi (WHO, 2007). nh hng ca thy ngn i vi sc khe con ngi: Khi thy ngn kt hp vi cc hp cht hu c v b bin i bi cc vi khun v vi sinh vt trong nc v trm tch hnh thnh cc hp cht khc nht l metyl thy ngn rt c, bn v tch t trong chui thc n (Peter & Michael, 2003). Trong mi trng bin, h vi sinh vt c th chuyn nhiu hp cht thy ngn v c thnh metyl thy ngn v hp cht ny d dng phng thch t trm tch vo nc, sau c th tch t trong cc sinh vt sng (Clark et al., 1997). Metyl thy ngn c hi i vi h thn kinh trung ng v ngoi vi. Ht th hi thy ngn c th nh hng tn hi n h thn kinh, tiu ha v mim nhim, phi, thn v c th t vong. Cc mui v c ca thy ngn c th ph hy da, mt, ng tiu ha, v c th gy ra s tn hi thn nu hp th (WHO, 2007). Thm ha ng c metyl thy ngn (bnh Minamata) nm 1956 c hn 2000 ngi bi ng c trong s ny c 43 ngi cht, hn 700 ngi vi tn tt nghim trng sut i (Clark et al., 1997). 1.5 KHI QUT V VNG NGHIN CU 1.5.1 V tr a l Tnh C Mau c ti lp t cui nm 1996, l mnh t tn cng ca t quc

10

vi 3 mt tip gip vi bin: pha ng gip vi bin ng, pha Ty v pha Nam gip vi vnh Thi Lan. Tnh C Mau c cc huyn nm gip vi bin: huyn Nm Cn, m Di, v huyn Ngc Hin, trong huyn Ngc Hin l mt bn o, pha Bc tip gip vi huyn Nm Cn, cn li c 3 mt tip gip bin vi chiu di b bin 98 km (Hnh 2).

Ngun: S ti nguyn C Mau Hnh 2: Bn huyn Ngc Hin

1.5.2 iu kin t nhin a. iu kin a hnh- t ai Bn o C Mau l vng t thp, thng xuyn b ngp nc, c 5 nhm t chnh gm: t phn, t than bn, t bi bi, t mn v t knh rch. Nhm t mn vi din tch 150.278 ha tp trung ch yu ven Bin ng, pha Nam thnh ph C Mau, v cc huyn m Di, Ci Nc, Ngc Hin v Trn Vn Thi. S hnh thnh cc bi bi bn o C Mau chu nh hng bi p ph sa rt nhiu t h thng sng M Kng. Trong ma kh, lu lng chy ca sng v s vn chuyn trm tch t ni a khng mnh nh vo ma ma (Lap et al., 2000). Huyn Ngc Hin c a hnh bng phng, nhng a hnh b chia ct mnh bi h thng sng rch t nhin v knh mng chng cht, c nhiu con sng rt
11

rng (sng Ca Ln c chiu rng t 400 1000 m). Cao trnh trung bnh t 0,50,7 m, thng xuyn ngp triu bin, ring vng ven bin ng c a hnh cao hn t 1,2-1,5m. t ai ca huyn Ngc Hin c th chia lm 4 nhm t chnh: t phn tim tng mn, t mn, t bi bi v nhm t ct (http://www.camau.gov.vn/index.php?o=modules&n=info&f=intro_detail&id=156 7&idmenu=118, c ngy 26/06/2006) b. iu kin kh hu Kh hu thi tit ca huyn mang c trng kh hu gi ma cn xch o, khu vc huyn Ngc Hin l ni c lng ma cao nht trong tnh C Mau cng nh trong khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long, vi lng ma trung bnh nhiu nm l 2.300 mm, lng ma gim dn v pha ng Bc ca huyn, ti khu vc tip gip vi huyn Nm Cn c lng ma trung bnh 2.200 mm. c. Ch thu vn H thng sng rch trong tnh rt dy c v c ch dng chy phc tp chu nh hng ca c ch thu triu bin ng (theo ch bn nht triu khng u) v theo ch nht triu ca bin Ty. Bin triu ln, mc triu ln cao nht vo thng 12, mc triu xung thp nht vo thng 6. Ch thu vn huyn Ngc Hin chu nh hng ca ch bn nht triu bin ng, v ch nht triu Vnh Thi Lan (ng Trung Tn, 2003). 1.5.3 Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca tnh C Mau a. Tim nng kinh t-x hi ca tnh C Mau c trng kinh t x hi C Mau l vic khai thc tim nng kinh t t ngp nc, nng, lm, ng, nghip v ch bin cc sn phm t ngp nc. Thc t din tch nui thy sn ngy cng c m rng, cng a dng v thc s tr thnh ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca tnh. Vic quy hoch chuyn i mt s din tch trng la nhim phn mn khng c hiu qu sang nui tm kt hp trng la, v th dch v cung ng tm ging; cng nghip ch bin thu sn cng c tc tng nhanh (http://www.most.gov.vn/a_gioithieu/c_so_khcn/mldocument.2006-0705.2716090641/view, c ngy 26/08/2006). b. S lc v huyn Ngc Hin - Kinh t x hi Hin nay, trn a bn huyn Ngc Hin c 22.413 h, trong sng bng ngh sn xut nng-lm-ng khong 15.235 h. Theo Trn Ph Cng (1999) mi h rng ngp mn c giao t khon rng bnh qun l 4,69 ha. Vic giao t rng cho dn sn xut ci thin ng k cuc sng ca nhn dn trong vng, nhng iu ny cng gy khng t nhng tc hi i vi mi trng.

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- Phn b rng ngp mn RNM C Mau c xem l ni c s a dng sinh hc kh cao so vi c nc vi 27 loi cy RNM chnh thc. Hai loi mm trng (Avicenia alba) v c (Rhizophora apiculata) l 2 loi chim u th hu ht ti cc khu rng t nhin mi ln chim. i vi rng trng, c l loi c trng thun loi gn nh duy nht trn nn rng, vi din tch 35.222 ha chim 73,4% tng din tch RNM ca huyn Ngc Hin, cc loi khc c trng nhng khng ng k. - Vai tr rng ngp mn Tc dng ca cc di RNM ca sng, vng ven bin C Mau ng mt vai tr quan trng trong bo v v pht trin t bi t, hn ch xi l b, lm gim tc gi, sng v dng triu vng c ven bin v trong ca sng. Khi RNM cha b tn ph nhiu th qu trnh xm nhp mn din ra chm v phm vi hp. Do bi hu ht RNM c chuyn sang m tm qung canh lm hn ch s phn b ca nc triu ven bin, ca sng. Do mc nc mn theo dng triu ln, c gi ma h tr ln theo cc dng sng vo su trong t lin vi tc ln. Tnh trng thiu nc ngt nh hng n sn xut v s dng trong sinh hot (Phan Nguyn Hng v V on Thi, 2007). RNM l ni sinh sn, nui dng, v cung cp thc n cho nhiu loi tm c c gi tr thng phm cao (Lee, 1995; Rasolofo, 1997; Slim et al., 1997; Athithan & Ramadhas, 2000). Vt rng RNM cn cung cp cht hu c v dinh dng nh cht m v ln cho vng ven bin t y hnh thnh chui thc n t nhng mnh v vn ca vt rng, v chui thc n ny l ngun dinh dng quan trng cho cc loi thu sn ven bin (Alongi, 1990; Alongi et al., 1989; Bi Th Nga et al., 2006). RNM c kh nng loi b kh hiu qu cc vt cht rn v cht dinh dng t cng rnh v t qu trnh nui thu sn (Paez-Osuna et al., 1998; Bi Th Nga et al., 2006).

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CHNG 2: PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP

2.1 A IM V THI GIAN NGHIN CU - ti tin hnh thu mu vo thng 8 nm 2006 (ma ma) v thng 3 nm 2007 (ma nng). - Cc mu trm tch, t v nc c thu ti sng rch thuc thnh ph C Mau bao gm: knh Phng Hip, knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho v ti vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin bao gm: ca By Hp, bi bi khng c rng, rng mm v rng c.

Knh Phng Hip

Knh Tc Vn

Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho

Ca By Hp Bi bi Rng mm Rng c Huyn Ngc Hin

Ngun: bn du lich sinh thi

Hnh 3: S thu mu ti vng nghin cu

Ghi ch: im thu mu

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2.2 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.2.1 Phng tin nghin cu - Dng c thu mu t (khoan t, ti nha ng mu). - Thng tr lnh. - My o pH, EC. - My lc, my ly tm, beaker, phiu, giy lc, bnh tam gic 250 ml, ng chun 25 ml, buret chun , cn. - My hp thu nguyn t u t graphite. - Ho cht: H2O2, H2SO4 m c, H3PO4 (85%), K2Cr2O7 0.1667 M, FeSO4 1.1 M, cht ch th diphenylamin (C6H5NHC6H5 ), v mt s ha cht khc. - Cc ch tiu phn tch c thc hin ti phng th nghim B Mn Mi Trng & QLTNTN, phng th nghim Ho L B Mn Khoa Hc t & QL (Khoa Nng Nghip& SHD) v Phng Th nghim Chuyn Su thuc Trng i Hc Cn Th. 2.2.2 Phng php thu v bo qun mu t v trm tch - Mu t v mu trm tch c thu tng mt (0-20 cm), mu t c thu theo lt ct t bi bi khng c rng ngp mn n bi bi c rng rng mm v rng c. - Mu trm tch sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau: knh Phng Hip, knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho v ca By Hp c thu bng gu cp. - Ti mi im thu 3 mu (trong mi mu thu t nht 10 v tr xung quanh vi bn knh 10 mt sau trn li thnh 1 mu i din). - Mu sau khi thu c cha trong cc ti nha polyethylene c k hiu theo qui nh v em v phng th nghim. Mu c phi nhit phng n khi kh, sau c nghin v qua ry c mt li 0.5 mm. 2.2.3 Phng php thu v bo qun mu nc - Cc chai ly mu nc sng c ra sch v c dn nhn ghi y cc chi tit v a im, ngy gi thu mu. - Dng tay cm chai ly mu nhng vo dng nc, cch b mt nc 3050 cm, ming chai ly mu hng v pha dng nc ti (trc khi ly mu sc ra chai hai ln bng chnh nc ti hin trng), sau y kn ming chai, i vi chai phn tch pH, EC tr lnh 40C, ring i vi ch tiu phn tch kim loi nng cho 1,5 ml HNO3 c nh mu. (Bng 1).

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Bng 1: Dng c cha mu v iu kin bo qun mu nc STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thng s phn tch pH, EC, cht hu c. Cd Pb Cu As Zn Chai ng PE PE PE PE PE PE Th tch 2 lt 1lt 1lt 1lt 1lt 1lt iu kin bo qun 40 C 1,5 ml HNO3 1,5 ml HNO3 1,5 ml HNO3 1,5 mlHNO3 1,5 mlHNO3 Thi gian bo qun 4h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h

2.2.4 Phng php phn tch mu t, trm tch v nc Cc ch tiu mu t v trm tch c phn tch theo gio trnh phn tch mu t ca Trng i hc Wageningen, H Lan (Houba et al.,1995). Mu nc c phn tch theo phng php chun (APHA, 1998). a. pH H2O v EC Cn 8g t hoc trm tch mn sau khi nghin v ry cho vo ng ly tm c dung tch 50 ml (t l 1:5). Thm vo 40 ml nc ct, lc bng tay cho t phn tn u sau lc bng my lc khong 1 gi. Ly tm bng my ly tm vi tc 2000 vng/pht trong khong 4 pht sau lc qua giy lc loi b t. Ln lc nhng ngp in cc ca pH, EC k vo dung dch trch, ghi tr s pH, EC sau khi s c trn my n nh b. Xc nh cht hu c trong t (Phng php Walkley Black) xy ha cht hu c bng K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng H4SO4 m c 4Cr3+ + 3CO2 +8H2O 2Cr2O72- + 3Co + 16 H+ Lng nhit pht ra do s thm H2SO4 vo nc lm xc tin s xy ha cht hu c. Thi gian phn ng hon tt l 20-30 pht. Lng K2Cr2O7 d tha c xc nh bng cch chun vi FeSO4. Cr(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 +7H2O K2Cr2O7 + 7 H2SO4 + 6 FeSO4 Qui trnh - Cn chnh xc 0.5g t hoc trm tch sau khi nghin v ry cho vo bnh tam gic. Thm vo bnh 10ml K2Cr2O7 1N. Thm tip 20ml H2SO4 m c lc nh cho t vo ha cht trn ln vi nhau. yn khong 30 pht sau cho vo 200 ml nc ct. Thm 10 ml H3PO4 v 1 ml cht ch th diphenylamin.

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Chun dung dch vi FeSO4 1N cho n khi dung dch chuyn sang xanh (da tri). Thm tip khong 0.5 ml FeSO4 n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh l cy. Thm 0.5 ml K2Cr2O7 vo dung dch, tip tc chun vi FeSO4 cho n khi mu xanh bin mt. - i vi mu blank, tt c cc bc u lm ging nh trn nhng ch khc l khng c t. c. Thnh phn c gii Xc nh theo phng php ng ht Rhobinson, sa cu c xc nh theo phn loi ca USDA (1998), phng php ny c tin hnh trn c s nh lut Stock, mi cp ht s ri trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau tu thuc vo c ht v cc mi quan h theo phng trnh. V vy thi gian ht mu xc nh cc cp ht l rt quan trng. d. Kim loi nng As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu trong t v trm tch Nguyn l mu c chit sut vi hn hp axt mnh HCl v HNO3 16 gi ti nhit phng, tip theo un si ngng t trong 2 gi. Phn chit sut c cht i v phn cn li c lm y vi HNO3 . Quy trnh phn tch mu t - Cn khong 3 g mu cho vo bnh phn ng 250 ml. Lm m vi mt t nc v thm vo 21 ml HCl, HNO3. Thm 15 ml HNO3 vo bnh ht, kt hp bnh ht v bnh ngng t 16 gi ti nhit phng. - un nng hn hp phn ng di iu kin chy ngc trong 2 gi m bo phn ngng t thp hn 1/3 chiu cao ca bnh ngng t, sau lm lnh. phn cha bn trong bnh ht v bnh ngng t sang bnh phn ng. Trng bnh ht v bnh ngng t vi hn 10 ml HNO3 0.5 M. - Ly nhng phn bn trong ca bnh phn ng sang bnh nh mc 100 ml bng dung dch HNO3 0.5 M ln th tch n vch, lc b cn lng. Mu sau khi lc c xc nh bng my hp th nguyn t u t graphic. e. Qui trnh phn tch mu nc Ly 200 ml mu nc cho bnh tam gic 500 ml v thm vo 5 ml HNO3, sau un cho ti khi th tch trong bnh cn khong 15-20 ml, tip tc cho thm 10 ml HNO3 v HClO4 v tip tc un cho ti khi bc hi khi ca cht HClO4 mt i, dng li ngui ln th tch 50 ml bng nc ct, lc ly phn nc trong, sau mu c xc nh bng my hp th nguyn t u t graphic (APHA, 1998). 2.2.5 Phng php x l s liu - S dng phn mm excel v th. - S dng phn mm SPSS x l s liu. S dng kim nh Duncan mc ngha 5% nh gi s khc bit v hm lng kim loi nng trong vng nghin cu theo cc im thu mu trong cng mt ma. Dng T tets

17

nh gi s khc bit hm lng trung bnh cc kim loi nng ti cc im thu mu gia hai ma. Phn tch tng quan xc nh mi tng quan gia pH, cht hu c i vi cc kim loi nng trong mu t, mu trm tch v gia cc kim loi vi nhau.

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CHNG 3: KT QU V THO LUN

Da vo c im, ngun gc ca h thng sng-rch ti tnh C Mau v s phn b rng ca huyn Ngc Hin, tnh C Mau. Vic thu mu trm tch ti knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho, ca By Hp, v bi bi (khng c rng) v mu t c thu ti rng mm v rng c c thc hin. ti theo di s bin ng ca pH, EC, cht hu c, v thnh phn c gii ca mu trm tch v mu t vo ma ma v ma nng, nhng yu t ny c kh nng nh hng n hm lng kim loi nng trong trm tch v trong t ti vng nghin cu. Ngoi vic xc nh hm lng kim loi nng (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu , Zn) trong t v trm tch, th nng cc kim loi ny trong nc cng c cp trong phn kt qu ca ti nhm tm hiu s tng quan gia cc kim loi trong t, trm tch vi KLN trong nc nc. Mt khc chin lc pht trin kinh t ca vng ven bin tnh C Mau phn ln li ph thuc vo din tch nc mt, nc bin ven b s dng cho nui thy sn. Do vy phn tch nng KLN trong nc ca nghin cu ny rt hu ch cho cc nghin cu tip theo v s hin din v tch t KLN trong t, trm tch v trong nc vng ven bin tnh C Mau
Bng 2: Tng hp mt s c tnh ha hc v vt l ca trm tch v t mt ti vng nghin cu pHH2O CHC TPCG (%) EC V tr thu mu (%C) (1:5) mS/cm

Knh Phng Hip 6.5 7.9 3.9 Knh Tc Vn 6.7 7.6 3.6 Sng Gnh Ho 6.8 6.8 3.1 tht TB pha st Ca Gnh Ho 7.7 5.5 2.0 st pha tht Ca By Hp 6.8 8.6 4.7 tht TB pha st Bi Bi 7.7 7.3 3.3 st pha tht Rng mm 7.1 8.8 3.7 st pha tht Rng c 6.0 8.6 5.1 st pha tht Mt s c im ha hc v vt l ca mu trm tch v mu t trong vng nghin cu c trnh by trong bng 2. Kt qu cho thy trong mu trm tch, pH dao ng khng ng k ti cc sng rch v ca sng (6,5 7,7), y l khong bin ng c tm thy ph bin trong trm tch sng v bin (Edward et al., 2004). pH gim dn t bi bi n rng mm v rng c bin ng trong khong 6,0 7,7.

19

Gi tr EC cao nht c tm thy vng t rng ven bin, trung bnh ti cc im dao ng t 5,5 8,8 mS/cm. Nhn chung EC ti vng ca sng v ven bin cao hn so vi cc im trong sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau. Cht hu c trong mu trm tch v mu t rng dao ng trong khong 2,0 5,1% v l khong bin ng thng thng trong trm tch bin (Ponce, 1996 trch trong Carrasco et al., 2003). Hm lng cht hu c cao ng k trong t rng so vi trong trm tch. Kt qu kho st thnh phn c gii cho thy t ti cc im sng rch, bi bi v vng ven bin c rng ch yu st pha tht v tht trung bnh pha st, trong st pha tht chim u th tp trung vng ca sng v vng t rng. 3.1 pHH2O TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.1.1 pHH2O trong trm tch v pH t rng pH trm tch ti cc sng, rch v pH t rng dao ng trung bnh t 5,3 - 7,7. Gi tr pH tng dn t sng rch trong ni thnh ph C Mau ra n ca sng Gnh Ho, t gi tr cao nht vo ma kh ti ca sng Gnh Ho v khu vc bi bi khng c rng. pH t thp nht c ngha thng k c tm thy khu vc rng c v khc bit so vi pH t rng mm. Kho st thc t cho thy sinh khi vt rng trong rng c cao hn so vi rng mm, lng ri rng cng nhiu cng lm gia tng lng hu c n t qu trnh phn hy vt rng c lu gi nn rng (Nga, 2004). Do vy, pH t cc vng t RNM thng c tnh hi chua hoc trung tnh yu (Bng 3).
Bng 3: pHH2O trong trm tch v trong t ti ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, C Mau KPH Ma ma Ma nng TV SGH CGH CBH BB RM R

6,3b 6,7b

6,5b 7,0b

6,7b 6,9b

7,7a 7,7a

6,7b 6,8b

7,6a 7,7a

6,5b 7,6a

5,3c 6,8b

Nhng s trong cng mt hng c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan. Ghi ch: KPH: knh Phng Hip CBH: ca By Hp TV: sng Tc Vn BB: Bi bi khng c rng SGH: sng Gnh Ho RM: Rng mm CGH: ca Gnh Ho R: Rng c

Kt qu nghin cu ca chng ti ph hp vi nghin cu ca Loi et al., (2002), tm thy pH t trong vng c trng huyn Ngc Hin dao ng khong 5,7 6,5. Nhn chung, pH t ti vng nghin cu c khuynh hng gim vo ma ma, c bit pH c tnh hi chua khu vc rng c, t sng rch ra n ca bin th pH mang tnh trung tnh v hi kim. Mc d pH t trong khu vc rng mm c thp nhng vn cn trong khong thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi cy ngp mn (pH = 5- 8)

20

3.1.2 pH nc Trong mi trng nc pH l yu t nh hng n tnh tan, pha long v hot tnh ca cht gy c (L Huy B, 2000). Trung bnh pH nc ti cc im kho st nm trong khong trung tnh t 7,1 - 7,2. Hu ht gi tr pH cc sng rch v khu vc RNM nm trong khong thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi thy sinh vt. Kt qu v pH nc ca ti ph hp vi cc nghin cu v cht lng nc hu ht cc thy vc ven bin, c gi tr pH t trung tnh n kim (Nga, 1998; Zitzen, 1999, Frozen & Rosenbom 1998). Trung bnh pH t c khuynh hng thp hn so vi pH nc trong vng rng c (Hnh 4). iu ny c th l do s phn hy cht hu c t vt rng ca rng tch t li trong t rng, v khi cht hu c c phn hy gy cho t c tnh chua hn (Phan Nguyn Hng, 1999; Bi Th Nga, 2004). Chng ti tm thy pH t v nc ti cc v tr trn sng rch c mi tng quan thun (r = 0,621**). Trong khu vc t rng ven bin tng quan thun gia pH t v pH nc thp hn so vi trong sng rch ni vi r = 0,543*. iu ny c th thy trong khu vc rng ngp ven bin pH t v nc b nh hng ng k bi vt ri rng trong rng.

Hnh 4: pH nc v t ti sng rch trong ni v ven bin huyn Ngc Hin

3.2 EC TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.2.1 EC trong trm tch v trong t rng Kt qu trnh by hnh 5 cho thy EC trong trm tch v t rng dao ng trong khong 4,0 - 11,3 mS/cm. EC gim ng k vo ma ma so vi ma nng cc sng rch quanh thnh ph C Mau nh: Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho; trong khi EC trong trm tch ti vng ca sng (ca Gnh Ho, ca By Hp), bi bi, cng nh t rng khng dao ng ln gia ma ma v ma nng. Bin
21

ng EC ph thuc vo s ha tan ca cc kim loi trong t, nng ha tan cng cao th gi tr EC cng gia tng (L Vn Khoa, 1999). i vi vng ven bin, EC c quyt nh bi cc ion c trong cc mui ha tan nh Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+. Do vy vo ma ma mn ca cc sng rch gim ng k, nn EC gim. Vo ma ma EC trong trm tch tng dn t sng rch n vng ca sng ven bin, v bi bi. Kt qu thng k cho thy EC trong mu trm tch gia cc im knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho khng c s khc bit, nhng c s khc bit so vi cc vng bi bi v t rng (Bng 4). Trong khi EC trong mu trm tch sng rch tng cao v c s khc bit c ngha so vi vng ca sng, bi bi v t rng vo ma nng.

Hnh 5: EC trong trm tch v trong t ti cc im thu mu

Trong ma nng cc knh rch trong ni bc hi mnh nn hm lng cc ion ha tan tng cao, v li lu lng nc trao i trong thy vc t i, kh nng trao i gia t v mi trng bin thp. Do vy EC trong mu trm tch sng rch lc ny cao hn so vi ni khc (Bng 4)
Bng 4: EC (mS.cm-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti cc im ni thnh ph v ven bin huyn Ngc Hin Knh Phng Tc sng Gnh ca Gnh ca By Bi Rng Rng im thu
Hip Vn Ho Ho Hp Bi mm c

Ma ma Ma nng

5,1cd 10,7ab

3,9d 11,3a

4,5d 9,1c

6,6bc 4,3c

7,8ab 9,5bc

7,9ab 6,6d

8,9a 8,8c

8,4ab 8,9c

Nhng s trong cng mt hng c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.

3.2.2 EC trong nc.

22

EC trong nc tng dn t sng rch n vng ca sng ven bin. c bit cao vng bi bi v t rng. Kt qu EC trong nc ph hp vi s phn b mn trong vng nghin cu, mn tng dn t sng rch ra n ca sng ven bin. iu ny cho thy vng ven bin vi ch triu ng vai tr quan trng, khng ch nh hng n tnh cht dng chy ca sng rch v s vn chuyn ph sa, m cn nh hng n mn ca mi trng nc trong vng. Tuy nhin, i vi khu vc bi bi v khu vc rng do thng xuyn tip xc v trao i vi nc bin nn chnh lch mn vng ny khng ln nh cc vng nm su trong sng rch (Hnh 6).

Hnh 6: EC trong t v nc ti cc im ni v vng ven bin

3.3 CHT HU C TRONG TRM TCH V TRONG T Cht hu c ti vng nghin cu khng khc bit gia ma ma v ma nng dao ng t 1,6 6,2 % (Hnh 7).

23

Hnh 7: CHC trong t ti cc im trong ni v ven bin huyn Ngc Hin

Hm lng cht hu c cao nht c tm thy trong t rng v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi cht hu c trong trm tch vo ma nng (Bng 5). Lng hu c trong t rng c cao l do sinh khi vt rng trong rng c cao v khi vt rng phn hy cung cp lng hu c cho t rng (Nga et al., 2005). Nghin cu ca ti ch ra rng hm lng cht hu c cng cao th pH cng thp. Kt qu phn tch cho thy cht hu c trong t v pH c tng quan nghch (r= -0,743*).
Bng 5: Gi tr cht hu c trong trm tch v trong t rng ti vng nghin cu

im
Ma ma Ma nng

KPH

TV

SGH

CGH

CBH

BB

RM

3,9bc 3,9bc

2,9cd 4,2ab

3,2bcd 2,9d

2,4d 1,6e

4,5b 5,0a

3,4bcd 3,2cd

4,1bc 3,4bcd

6,2a 4,0abc

Nhng s trong cng mt hng c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.

3.4 THNH PHN C GII CA T TI VNG KHO ST Qua phn tch thnh phn c gii cho thy t trong vng kho st ch yu l ht tht chim t l kh cao t 50 - 69%, k n l st chim khong 30 - 50%, cn li l ct chim vi t l thp t 0 - 2%. Da vo tam gic sa cu (Soil Survey Staff, 1998) chng ti xt thy t trong vng nghin cu l st pha tht chim u th c phn b trong vng ca sng, bi bi v t rng (Bng 6).
Bng 6: Thnh phn c gii ca mu trm tch v trong t ti cc sng rch thnh ph v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, tnh C Mau

K hiu mu Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho Ca By Hp Bi Bi Rng c Rng Mm

%Ct 0.05-2mm 2 0 1 1 1 2

%Tht 0.002-0.05mm 66 50 69 53 51 58

%St <0.00mm 32 50 30 47 48 40

Phn loi (USDA, 1998) tht TB pha st st pha tht tht TB pha st st pha tht st pha tht st pha tht

3.5 HM LNG THY NGN (Hg) TI VNG NGHIN CU Thy ngn kt hp vi hp cht hu c b bin i bi cc vi khun, vi sinh vt trong nc k c trong trm tch hnh thnh cc hp cht c nht l metyl thy ngn- rt c, bn v tch t trong chui thc n (Peter & Michael, 2003). Cc hp cht ny d dng phng thch t trm tch vo nc, c th tch t cao trong cc

24

sinh vt sng (Clark et al., 1997). Do vy chng ti tin hnh thu v phn tch thy ngn trong mu t, trm tch v mu nc, kt qu cho thy s hin din ca thy ngn trong vng nghin cu hu nh khng c ( mc pht hin vt), nn phn kt qu tho lun khng cp chi tit v thy ngn. 3.6 HM LNG ARSENIC (AS) TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.6.1 Hm lng arsenic (As) trong trm tch v t rng Kt qu kho st cho thy hm lng As trong trm tch c khuynh hng tng dn t sng rch n ca sng v ca bin, trung bnh dao ng t 3,23 -14,97 mg.kg-1. Hm lng cao nht c tm thy ti bi bi v ca sng Gnh Ho khc bit c ngha thng k so vi cc sng rch kho st (Bng 7). Theo L Huy B (2000), trm tch ch yu l bn lng cha nhiu kim loi nng, v c hin tng keo t t nhin vng ca sng nn hm lng kim loi nng ti cc vng ny kh cao. Hn na trm tch ti cc sng rch thnh ph cng l ni nhim kim loi nng do cht thi th mang li. Kt qu nghin cu ca chng ti ph hp vi nghin cu ca Spencer et al., (2003), ng cho ra rng vng bi bi ven bin v vng ca sng thng l ni tch t v lu gi cc cht nhim nht l KLN. Hm lng As trong t rng mm v rng c vo ma ma khng khc bit so vi trong trm tch thuc sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau nhng li khc bit vi hm lng As ti ca sng By Hp v bi bi (Bng 7). Theo Bryan & Langston (1992) As thng i vo vng ca sng cc dng v c bi s phn hy ca v qung m c cha As trong qu trnh phong ho. Trong qu trnh trn ln gia nc mn v nc ngt, lng ln As v c ho tan ny hp th ln s kt ta ca cc xi hi tr xt st dn n s gia tng As trong trm tch ti vng ca sng. C khong 80 -100% As v c ho tan i vo ca sng Restronguet Creek nc Anh tng ng 9,3 tn hng nm gi li trong trm tch bi qu trnh ny.
Bng 7: Hm lng trung bnh As (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

im thu Knh Phng Hip Knh Tc Vn Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho Ca By Hp Bi bi Rng mm Rng c
.

ma nng 4,47 3,23 b 4,90 b 6,07 b 10,87 a 13,53 a 5,60 b 5,40 b

b

ma ma 4,10 d 8,33 c 10,77 bc 14,97 a 10,88 bc 12,50 ab 11,93 b 9,63 bc

Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan

25

Qua kho st cho thy t rng c v rng mm ti vng nghin cu u c ngun gc t s bi p ph sa t sng v bin v l ni ngp triu khng thng xuyn. Khu vc bi bi v ca sng l ni lng t vt cht t t lin v trm tch t cc dng chy nn gy nn s lng t As cao (L Huy B, 2000). y chnh l nguyn nhn gy hm lng As trong t rng thp hn hm lng trong trm tch ca sng ven bin. Kt qu nghin cu ca chng ti ph hp vi nghin cu ca Preda v Cox (2002) cho rng mt s kim loi nh Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn v As trong trm tch ca sng c hm lng cao hn trong t c ngun gc t ca sng ven bin. Hm lng trung bnh ca As c s khc bit c ngha thng k gia ma ma v ma nng (Hnh 8). Ti hu ht cc im thu nh knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho, v trong t rng mm v rng c hm lng As trong ma ma cao hn gp hai ln hm lng ca chng trong ma nng.

Hnh 8: Hm lng trung bnh As (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau (Ghi ch: Cc ct trong cng mt im thu mu c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c
ngha thng k 5%)

Kt qu ca ti cho thy hm lng As trong trm tch nm trong khong gi tr asen c tm thy mt s ca sng v sng trn th gii (7,1 - 23,2 mg.kg-1). Kt qu ny cho thy c s xm nhim ca As trong vng ca sng ven bin (Wasserman et al., 2001). Theo Langston (1985) trch trong Bryan v Langston (1992), hm lng As trong trm tch ca sng bin ng t 5 mg.kg-1 n hn

26

1000 mg.kg-1 trong cc ca sng nh Restronguet Creek hay Cornwall nc Anh ni nhn nc thi t nhiu khu vc khai thc qung m. T cho thy vng ca sng, t bi bi v t rng c hin tng xm nhim As. Do vy, s xm nhim As vng bi bi th cn c quan tm nghin cu chi tit trong chui thc n do bi bi bi l ni sinh sng ca nhiu loi hai mnh v v ng vt thn mm nh: s, nghu, tm,... Phn tch tng quan ch ra rng hm lng As trong trm tch c mi tng quan thun vi pH, v EC, gi tr pH v EC tng dn t sng rch ra n ca sng ven bin km theo l hm lng As cng gia tng theo xu hng nh vy. iu ny ph hp vi nghin cu ca Mok & Wai (1990) cho rng trong trm tch khi pH tng lm tng kh nng ht bm cc kim loi. Xt v mi tng quan gia cc kim loi chng ti tm thy mi tng quan nghch gia hin din ca As so vi hin din ca Pb, Zn, Cu ln lt theo th t tng ng (r = -0.74**, r= -0.65**, r= -0.54**). iu ny cho thy As c th khng n t mt ngun pht sinh vi Pb, Zn, Cu. 3.6.2 Nng arsenic (As) trong nc Nng As trong nc c khuynh hng tng dn t cc knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho ra n vng bi bi, rng mm, rng c dao ng trong khong 0,4 -23,3 g.L-1; t gi tr cao nht ti ca Gnh Ho v ca By Hp th hm lng As cao nht 23,3 v 17,7 g.L-1. Kt qu hnh 9 cho thy ca sng l ni lng ng cc vt liu trm tch do dng nc ti t t lin ra, hoc do dng bin hay thy triu a t nhng ni khc n, do vy nng kim loi nng ti cc vng ca sng thng cao (L Huy B, 2000).

Hnh 9: Nng As (g.L-1) trong nc ti cc sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

27

Theo nghin cu ca WHO (2001), nng As c trng cho vng bin thng l 1 2 g.L-1, ngoi ra As cn phn b rng nh nc mt v nng As cc sng v h thng thp hn 10 g.L-1. Nhn chung qua kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy nng As ti cc vng kho st nh knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho vn cn thp hn so vi hm lng As nghin cu ti cc sng h. Ring khu vc rng mm v rng c As dao ng 2,07 - 10,3 g.L-1 v ca sng Gnh Ho v By Hp th hm lng As tng i kh cao vo ma ma 17,7 - 23,3 g.L-1 vt ngng hm lng As c trong nc bin v sng h. iu ny cho thy mi trng nc ti vng ca sng v khu vc rng c nguy c nhim As. Cn c vo tiu chun ca Tng Cc o lng cht lng Vit Nam nm tp 1 (2004) th nng As trong nc ca Gnh Ho, By Hp v rng c vo ma ma vt gii hn cho php s dng nc cho nui trng thy sn (10g.L-1). Nhn chung hm lng As trong trm tch, trong t v trong nc t gi tr cao v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi trong sng, rch. Vi hm lng As trong trm tch cao ti ca sng cho thy t c bi p bi s lng ng t cc dng vt cht l lng c kh nng b nhim As. Hm lng As ti ca Gnh Ho v Bi bi cao vt qu tiu chun cho t s dng mc ch nng nghip, lm nghip v vui chi gii tr l 12 mg.kg-1 (Tng cc o lng cht lng, 2004). Nng As trong nc ti vng ca sng vt qu tiu chun qui nh ca nc s dng cho nui thu sn. Ngoi ra nng As trong trm tch ti ca sng c mi tng quan thun vi nng As trong nc v gia tng ng k t cc sng rch trong ni n ca sng ven bin. Hm lng As trong trm tch c khc bit gia ma ma v ma nng. 3.7 HM LNG KM (Zn) TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.7.1 Hm lng km (Zn) trong trm tch v t rng Hm lng Zn trung bnh bin ng t 66,13 - 241,13 mg.kg-1, v hin din vi hm lng cao trong trm tch cc sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau, nhng li thp hn ti cc vng ca sng, bi bi v vng ven bin c rng mm, rng c (Bng 8). Vo ma ma, hm lng km trong trm tch khng c s khc bit knh Phng Hip, knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca By Hp, nhng li khc bit c ngha so vi cc im ti vng bi bi, ven bin, v ti cc im ny hm lng Zn tng i thp hn so vi cc vng khc dao ng trong khong 66,13 73,07 mg.kg-1. Hm lng Zn vo ma nng (116,13 241,13 mg.kg-1) c s dao ng ln so vi ma ma (66,13 102,4 mg.kg-1). c bit trm tch ti knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn c hm lng Zn t gi tr cao nht 228,13, 241,13mg.kg-1 tng ng v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi cc im cn li. Vng ca sng v ven bin th hm lng Zn tng i thp hn so vi trong sng rch, nhng
28

khng c s khc bit ngha gia cc im bi bi v rng mm, rng c. Nghin cu Nga et al. (2005) cho thy hm lng cht hu c trong rng ngp mn thng cao, v kh nng hp th kim loi tng hn so vi cc vng khc (Martin & Kaplan, 1998 trch trong Rodrguez et al., 2006). Mt khc theo Doyle v Otte (1997) trch trong Reboreda et al. (2007) trm tch ngp mn trong nhng khu vc c thc vt cha hm lng kim loi cao hn trm tch ngp mn trong nhng khu vc khng c thc vt. Vi kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy hm lng km trong khu vc rng mm v rng c cao hn c ngha so vi bi bi c th hm lng cht hu c trong t rng (4,5%) cao hn t bi bi (3,3%) nn s tch t Zn cao hn. Mt c trng ca cc sng rch ni trong TP. C Mau l cc cht thi sinh hat ca cng ng c dn hu nh c thi trc tip xung sng rch. Do c th ti cc im knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho thng xuyn tip nhn lng cht thi trc tip t cc hot ng giao thng thy, nng nghip, sinh hot v t cc c s sn xut tm ging gp phn lm gia tng hm lng Zn trong trm tch, sng rch trong ni TP. C Mau.
Bng 8: Hm lng trung bnh Zn (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

im thu Knh Phng Hip Knh Tc Vn Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho Ca By Hp Bi bi Rng mm Rng c

Ma nng 228,13 241,13 a 191,97 b 141,47 cd 178,3 bc 116,13 d 146,93 cd 170,13 bc

a

Ma ma 93,47 ab 88,93 abc 102,4 a 66,27 c 82,03 abc 66,13 c 69,97 bc 73,07 bc

Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.

Kt qu hnh 10 cho thy hm lng Zn khc bit c ngha thng k theo ma, vo ma nng th hm lng Zn cao hn so vi ma ma ti tt c cc im thu mu, iu ny cho thy rng cht thi th t ni thnh ph C Mau c th l nguyn nhn gy gia tng hm lng km. Mc khc theo Morillo et al. (2004) trong s cc kim loi (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn) Zn l nguyn t c tnh d di ng nht v d dng phng thch t trm tch sang mi trng nc khi iu kin mi trng thay i. C Mau l mt trong cc tnh ven bin chu s xm nhp mn vo ma nng v thng vo ma ma th mn c xu hng gim
29

(Nguyen, 1998 trch trong Cenci v Martin, 2004). Hm lng km trong trm tch ti tt c cc im thu mu trong ma ma thp hn ma nng nhng nng km trong nc ti cc im tng ng tng cao. iu ny cho thy rng c th Zn trong trm tch phng thch vo nc, l nguyn nhn lm gim hm lng Zn trong trm tch ma ma so vi ma nng khi mn thay i. Hm lng Zn trung bnh 157,67 mg.kg-1 ti cc sng rch thng cao hn c ngha so vi cc vng ca sng 117,017 mg.kg-1, bi bi 91,13 mg.kg-1 v vng ven bin c rng mm v c 115,1 mg.kg-1.

Hnh 10: So snh hm lng trung bnh Zn (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng
(Ghi ch: Cc ct trong cng mt im thu mu c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%)

Kt qu t bng 9 cho thy hm lng km trong trm tch sng rch mc d cao so vi ca sng v vng ven bin nhng vn cn thp hn trong trm tch cc sng rch ti thnh ph HCM t gi tr khong 442,3 mg.kg-1 (Phuong et al., 1998), ring ti cc vng ca sng huyn Ngc Hin v vng ven bin c rng th hm lng Zn tng i cao nhng vn nm trong khong pht hin ca kt qu nghin cu ti cc ca sng v vng ven bin rng ngp mn ca mt s quc gia trn th gii. Theo Giesy & Hoke (1990) trch trong Cenci & Martin (2004) hm lng Zn trong trm tch t nhin ti cc sng trung bnh < 90 mg.kg-1 th cha c du hiu nhim, nhng t 90-200 mg.kg-1 th mc nhim nh, vi kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy hm lng Zn trong trm tch v trong t ti cc im kho st

30

vo ma ma khng b nhim (tr hai im knh Phng Hip v sng Gnh Ho), ring vo ma nng th nhn chung tt c cc im u b nhim nh. Khc vi As tng quan nghch vi tt c cc kim loi c nghin cu cn li, Zn c mi tng quan thun vi Pb v EC (h s r tng ng 0,568**, 0,551**). iu ny cho thy rng Zn c th n chung t mt ngun vi Pb. Bng 9: Hm lng trung bnh Zn (mg.kg-1) ti vng nghin cu v trong trm tch
mt s sng, RNM v vng ven bin trn th gii a im Zn (mg.kg-1 ) Sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau 157,67 Ca sng huyn Ngc Hin 117,017 Bi bi 91,13 Rng ngp mn huyn Ngc Hin 115,1 RNM Buloh, Khatib Bongsu, Singapore 51,24-120,2 RNM vnh Yingluo, Trung Quc RNM ca sng Shenzhen, Trung Quc RNM Sai Keng, Hng Kng Trm tch ca sng vnh Moreton, c Sng, knh TPHCM, Vit nam Khng b nhim nhim nh 46,6 114 17-147 15-118 442,3 < 90 90-200 Ngun Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Dang et al., 2005 Zheng et al., 1997 Zheng v Lin 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997 Tam v Wong, 1995 Preda & Cox, 2002 Phuong et al., 1998 Giesy & Hoke, 1990 trch trong Cenci & Martin, 2004 Giesy & Hoke, 1990 trch trong Cenci & Martin, 2004

3.7.2 Nng km (Zn) trong nc Nng km ti cc im dao ng t 0,03 - 8,59 mg.L-1, v gim dn t sng rch ra vng ca sng v ven bin. Vo ma ma hm lng km ti knh Phng Hip, Sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho kh cao 2,15 - 8,59 mg.L-1 (Hnh 11) .

31

Hnh 11: Nng Zn (mg.L-1) trong nc ti cc sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

Theo White & Driscoll (1987) trch trong WHO (2001) trong nc vt cht hu c c vai tr quan trng trong vic lin kt vi km, c bit pH cao (>6,5), iu ny cho thy ti cc sng rch ni c cha nhiu vt cht l lng, nc thi th v nc thi cng nghip l cc yu t ng gp quan trng vo s nhim km trong nc mt (USEPA, 1980 trch trong WHO, 2001). Ring ti cc vng bi bi, ven bin th hm lng Zn c trong nc thp hn rt nhiu dao ng trong khong 0,03 - 0,09 mg.L-1. Tng cc o lng Vit Nam (2004) qui nh nng Zn trong nc bin ven b s dng cho nui thy sn khong 0,01 mg.L-1. Theo tiu chun ny th nng km trong nghin cu ca ti vt hn tiu chun cho php. Vi kt qu trn cho thy s hin din ca Zn ti vng nc l v mn cao, nhng so vi kt qu ca ti ti vng nghin cu th hm lng Zn ti im knh Phng Hip v sng Gnh Ho vo ma ma cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc im vng ca sng v ven bin c rng, iu ny cho thy ti cc im sng rch trong ni thnh ph chu nh hng t cc hot ng ca th, nui trng thy sn v phng tin giao thng thy . Nhn chung, nghin cu ca chng ti ch ra rng s hin din ca Zn trong trm tch v trong t mc nhim nh. Nhng i vi nng km hin din trong nc kh cao vt tiu chun cho php s dng nc bin cho nui thy sn ln. y tht s l mi lo ngi v s tch t kim loi nng trong mt s loi thy sinh vt thy sinh vt c bit l s, nghu, tm. 3.8 HM LNG NG (Cu) TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.8.1 Hm lng ng (Cu) trong trm tch v t rng Tng t nh Zn ng hin din vi hm lng kh cao trong cc sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau v gim dn khi ra n ca sng, vng ven bin c rng ngp mn. Hm lng trung bnh bin ng t 13,63 - 39,97 mg.kg-1 (Bng 10). Vo ma nng hm lng Cu trong trm tch sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau cao hn c ngha thng k so vi vng ca sng, v vng ven bin c rng. Vo ma ma hm lng Cu bin ng t 15,5 - 39,97 mg.kg-1. Hm lng Cu trong trm tch cao nht ti knh Phng Hip v khc bit c ngha so vi cc im cn li. Hm lng Cu gim khng ng k dao ng t 25,43 28,3 mg.kg-1 ti knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho. Theo ghi nhn thc t ca chng ti knh Phng Hip l ni tp trung dn c ng nht c rt nhiu tu ghe tp trung ti y, hu ht cc cht thi ca tu ghe v cc h ct nh trn sng rch u thi trc tip xung sng rch. Trn cc on sng

32

ny thy rt r cht thi rn t sinh hot ca ngi dn hu nh che lp b mt sng, ngn cn s i li ca tu v ghe. y l vn mi trng bc xc nht i vi chnh quyn, ngi dn v c quan chc nng ca tnh C Mau. Xut pht t cc c im va cp chng ti nhn thy rng cng xa khu dn c th hm lng Cu cng gim (Bng 10).
Bng 10: Hm lng trung bnh Cu (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

im thu Knh Phng Hip Knh Tc Vn Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho Ca By Hp Bi Bi Rng mm Rng c

Ma nng 28,63 29,23 a 23,87 b 14,43 d 17,5 c 13,63 d 17,4 c 19,83 c

a

Ma ma 39,97 a 25,43 bc 28,3 b 16,8 d 18,07 cd 15,5 d 19,13 cd 18,8 cd

Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.

Trong rng mm v rng c kh nng lu gi ng cao hn c ngha so vi bi bi khng c rng. iu ny c th l do trong rng c v rng mm lng hu c n t vt rng kh cao, chng c tch t trong nn rng v cc knh trong rng (Nga et al., 2005). Nghin cu ca Tam (1998) cho thy cht hu c c kh nng lu gi tt cc kim loi nng. Theo Morillo et al. (2004) Cu d dng to phc vi cc hp cht hu c hay sulphide to nn cc phc bn vng cao. Mc khc vi nhiu qu trnh khc nhau din ra nh s kt ta cc kim loi di dng sulphide l mt trong nhng qu trnh t nhin trong trm tch rng ngp mn (Tam & Wong, 1996) cng vi kh nng xi ho kh thp (ym kh) trong trm tch rng ngp mn sinh ra lng ln H2S tng tc vi cc ion kim loi to s kt ta dng khng ho tan (Huerta-Dz & Morse, 1992 trch trong Soto-Jimnez & Pez-Osuna, 2001). iu ny gii thch ti sao Cu thng hin din cao trong trm tch rng ngp mn. Hm lng Cu trong trm tch ti cc im kho st khng c s khc bit gia ma ma v ma nng. Nhng hm lng ng trong t rng mm v rng c c s khc bit gia ma ma v ma nng (Hnh 12). Nhn chung, s phn b ca Cu c khuynh hng gim dn t sng rch trong ni thnh ph ra vng ca sng, ven bin. iu ny cho thy c th Cu chu nh hng t cc ngun thi ca
33

 th do sinh hot, cng nghip v nng nghip, nht l cc tri sn xut tm ging s dng lng ln cc cht c cha ng trong vic x l v lm sch ngun nc v cc dng c nui tm ging. Hm lng ng trong nghin cu ca ti nm trong khong nghin cu v hm lng ng trong trm tch v trong khu vc RNM ca mt s quc gia trn th gii nh: Trung Quc, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, c c trnh by chi tit trong bng 11. Mc d hm lng ng (29,27 mg.kg-1) trong trm tch sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau cao hn ca sng (16,7 mg.kg-1), bi bi (14,57 mg.kg-1) hay rng ngp mn (18,795 mg.kg-1) tuy nhin thp hn nhiu so vi hm lng Cu (99,2 mg.kg-1) trong trm tch cc sng rch thuc ni thnh ph H Ch Minh, ni b nh hng trm trng t cc hot ng cng nghip v cht thi th (Phuong et al., 1998).

Hnh 12: So snh hm lng trung bnh Cu (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng
(Ghi ch: Cc ct trong cng mt im thu mu c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%)

Hm lng ng (29,27 mg.kg-1) trong sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau trong nghin cu hin ti nm trong khong 25-50 mg.kg-1 cho thy trm tch ti sng rch C Mau b nhim ng mc nh. Hm lng Cu (16,7 mg.kg-1) ti cc ca sng Gnh Ho v ca By Hp kh thp v tng ng vi hm lng Cu trong cc ca sng vnh Moteron nc c, hay cc ca sng Singapore (Preda & Cox, 2002; Sin et al., 1991 trch trong Noverita et al., 2004). Mt khc cho thy hm lng Cu trong cc ca sng ca nghin cu hin ti nm trong khong < 25 mg.kg-1 trong trm tch khng b nhim c xc nh bi Giesy v Hoke (1990) trch trong Cenci v Martin (2004). Hm lng Cu (18,795 mg.kg-1) trong rng

34

ngp mn ca nghin cu hin ti thp hn kh nhiu hm lng Cu (56,3 mg.kg1) trong trm tch rng ngp mn vnh Punta Mala chu nh hng t cc hot ng ca con ngi nh cng nghip v rc thi c xc nh bi Defew et al. (2005) v nm trong khong 1-32 mg.kg-1 trm tch rng ngp mn kh sch khng b nhim kim loi ny (Tam & Wong, 1995; Zheng et al., 1997; Dang et al., 2005). Hm lng Cu (21,658 mg.kg-1) ti vng ven bin ca nghin cu hin ti ging vi kt qu t c ti vng ven bin Kemaman khng b nhim kim loi ny (Ahmad, 1996 trch trong Sahzili et el., 2006). Kt qu hin ti thp hn hm lng Cu (47 mg.kg-1 trong thng 3; 53 mg.kg-1 trong thng 11 nm 1997 vng ven bin C Mau) c xc nh bi Cenci v Martin (2004). Hm lng trung bnh kim loi ny cng thp hn trong vng ven bin Java Indonesia ni chu nh hng t cc hot ng nng nghip, thy sn v cht thi th (Noverita et al., 2004). Tm li trm tch thuc sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau c xem nh nhim Cu mc nh. Hm lng kim loi ny ti vng ca sng hay bi bi v rng ngp mn nm trong khong bin ng kh thp cng gn ging nh khong bin ng nhng vng ven bin, ca sng khc.
Bng 11: Hm lng trung bnh Cu (mg.kg-1) ti vng nghin cu v trong trm tch mt s sng, RNM v vng ven bin trn th gii a im Cu (mg.kg-1) Ngun Sng rch thnh ph C Mau Ca sng vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin Bi bi ven bin huyn Ngc Hin Rng ngp mn ven bin huyn Ngc Hin Vng ven bin mi C Mau thng 3 nm 1997 Vng ven bin mi C Mau thng 11 nm 1997 RNM vnh Yingluo, Trung Quc RNM ca sng Jiulong, Trung Quc RNM Sai Keng, Hng Kng Trm tch ca sng vnh Moreton, c Vng ven bin Malaysia Ca sng Singapore Vng ven bin min trung Java, Indonesia 29,27 16,7 14,57 18,79 47 53 18,9 29,7 12,4 (1-31) <13 9-14 10-80 33-72 Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Cenci & Martin, 2004 Cenci & Martin, 2004 Zheng et al., 1997 Zheng et al., 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997 Tam & Wong, 1995 Preda & Cox, 2002 Seng et al., 1991 trch trong Noverita et al., 2004 Sin et al, 1991 trch trong Noverita et al., 2004 Noverita et al., 2004

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Sng, knh TPHCM, Vit nam

99,2

Phuong et al., 1998

Qua phn tch tng quan (h s tng quan Pearson) cho thy Cu tng quan thun vi Cd, Zn, Pb (vi h s r tng ng 0,57**; 0,244*; 0,51**) nhng tng quan nghch vi As (r = -0,539**). Nh vy Cu c th n t mt ngun pht sinh vi cc kim loi Cd, Zn, Pb nhng khc ngun vi As. 3.8.2 Nng ng (Cu) trong nc Kt qu hnh 13 cho thy nng Cu dao ng t 5,5 36,5 g.L-1. Nng ng trong nc ti knh Tc Vn cao hn c ngha so vi ti ca sng, khu bi bi v vng t c rng. Ring ti cc im vng bi bi v ven bin th hm lng Cu thp hn, iu ny cho thy ti im sng rch l ni tip nhn ngun nc thi t sinh hot, nng nghip v cng nghip, cc hot ng giao thng ng thy. Kt qu nghin cu nng Cu ti cc bn du thuyn bn cng v cc h thng sng chnh c mt lu thng tu thuyn cao vnh Chesapeake, M th nng Cu hin din trung bnh dao ng trong khong < 10-80 g.L-1 ti cc bn du thuyn, 10-14 g.L-1 ti bn cng v 10-20 g.L-1 h thng sng chnh v knh. iu ny c th minh chng rng nng Cu ti cc im nghin cu c s nh hng t cc hot ng i li tu thuyn.

Hnh 13: Nng Cu g.l-1 trong nc ti cc sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

Ring nng Cu vo ma nng ti cc im tng i thp hn dao ng 10,2 19,0 g.L-1 v khng c khc bit gia cc im: sng Gnh Ho, Knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn nng Cu dao ng t khong 14,0 15,2 g.L-1. Vng ca Gnh Ho, ca By Hp, bi bi nng Cu gim nhng khng ng k dao ng t 10,2 13,2 g.L-1 ring ti cc im rng mm nng Cu tng i cao hn so vi cc im cn li 19,0 g.L-1, nhng nhn chung s chnh lch nng Cu ti
36

cc im vo ma nng khng ng k. Theo Nriagu (1979) trch trong WHO (1998), bo co nng Cu trung bnh c trong nc bin bin ng trong khong t 0,15g.L-1 ca bin cho n 1,0 g.L-1 ngoi khi, vng nc ngt l 1.0-20 g.L-1. So vi kt qu trn cho thy rng s hin din ca Cu ti cc im trn u cao hn nng c trong t nhin. iu ny cho thy nng Cu trong nghin cu ca chng ti c th n t hot ng ca con ngi. Nng ng trong nc bin ven b cho nui thy sn l 10g.L-1 (Tng cc o lng, 2005), v th nng ng trong nghin cu ca ti mt s im nh: knh Tc Vn, knh Phng Hip, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho, vng bi bi,.. vt tiu chun cho nui thy sn. 3.9 HM LNG CADMIUM (Cd) TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.9.1 Hm lng cadmium trong trm tch v t rng Cadmium hin din hu ht cc im nghin cu vi hm lng dao ng trong khong 0,023 0,06 mg.kg-1 vo ma nng, v t 0,027 0,093 mg.kg-1 vo ma ma. Hm lng Cd c khuynh hng cao vo ma ma so vi ma nng v gim dn ra ca sng. Vo ma ma, hm lng trung bnh cao nht ca Cd c tm thy knh Phng Hip v khc bit c ngha vi tt c cc im cn li. Trong ma nng, hm lng cadmium trong trm tch cao c ngha thng k knh Phng Hip, Sng Gnh Ho so vi ca sng Gnh Ho, By Hp v trong rng c v rng mm (Bng 12).
Bng 12: So snh hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng

im thu Knh Phng Hip Knh Tc Vn Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho Ca By Hp Bi bi Rng mm Rng c

Ma nng 0,057 a 0,037 ab 0,06 a 0,027 b 0,027 b 0,023 b 0,037 ab 0,037 ab

Ma ma 0,093 a 0,03 b 0,047 b 0,027 b 0,027 b 0,037 b 0,053 b 0,037 b

Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.

Qua hnh 14 cho thy hm lng trung bnh Cd trong vng nghin cu khng khc bit c ngha gia ma ma v ma nng. Nhng chng ti tm thy s khc bit ng k gia sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau v vng ca sng ven bin. Hm lng trung bnh Cd trong trm tch ti ca sng TP. C Mau v trong t

37

rng ngp mn trong nghin cu ca ti nm trong khong dao ng ca s hin din Cd c tm thy Trung Quc, nhng li thp hn so vi Singapore v c (Bng 13). Theo Bryan v Langston (1992) hm lng Cd trong trm tch ti ca sng nc Anh bin ng t 0,2 mg.kg-1 trong nhng vng trm tch kh sch n hn 10 mg.kg-1 trong nhng vng b nhim nng. Theo tiu chun cht lng trm tch ca B mi trng Ontario- Canada (Carrasco et al., 2003 trch trong Rashida et al., 2005) trm tch nhim Cd khi hm lng kim loi ny > 6 mg.kg-1. Qua kt qu t c c th cho thy rng cc knh rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau, cc vng ca sng, ven bin c th xem nh l vng cha b nhim Cd.

Bng 13: Hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch mt s sng v vng ven bin trn th gii

Hnh 14: Hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

a im Sng rch ni TP.C Mau Ca sng Gnh Ho Bi bi huyn Ngc Hin Rng ngp mn huyn Ngc Hin RNM vnh Yingluo, Trung Quc RNM Jiulong, Trung Quc RNM vnh Shenzhen, Trung Quc RNM Kuala Kemaman, Trung Quc RNM Khatibp Bongsu, Singapore

Cd (mg.kg-1) 0,054 0,027 0,03 0,041 0,077 0,094 0,136 0,091,15 0,18-0,27
38

Ngun Nghin cu hin ti. Nghin cu hin ti. Nghin cu hin ti. Nghin cu hin ti. Zheng et al., 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997 Zheng & Lin, 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997 Federico et al., 2002 Kamaruzzaman et al., 2001 trch trong Shazili et al., 2006 Dang et al., 2005

Trm tch ca sng Moreton, c <0,4 Preda & Cox, 2002 3.9.2 Nng cadmium (Cd) trong nc Nng Cd trong nc sng rch, ca sng v khu vc rng ngp mn dao ng t 0,18 - 2,63 g.L-1. Nng Cd kh cao dao ng khong 0,38- 2,63 g.L-1 c tm thy vo ma ma. Vo ma nng bin ng khng ng k trong khong 0,18 - 0,28 g.L-1 (Hnh 15). Theo Korte (1983) trch trong WHO (1992), nng Cd trung bnh c trong nc bin l 0,1 g.L-1. Vi kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy nng Cd ti sng rch mc d thp hn tiu chun ca tng cc o lng Vit Nam (2005) s dng cho nui thy sn ven bin l 5 g.L-1 nhng cao hn pht hin ca Korte (1983) trch trong WHO (1992). Vng bi bi v vng ven bin ni c rng mm, rng c th hm lng Cd kh cao, iu ny c th l do cadmium trong nc c hp thu mt cch nhanh chng bi cc ht vt cht, cn rn l lng v chng c th phc hp vi Cd v th nng Cd thng cao. Theo Sangster et al. (1984) trch trong WHO (1992), cc sng b nhim Cd c th lan truyn s nhim sang cc vng xung quanh thng qua cc hot ng ti tiu trong nng nghip hoc do s ngp ng, chy trn.

Hnh 15: Nng Cd g.L-1 trong nc ti cc sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

Nhn chung nng cadmium trong nc ti bi bi, rng c v rng mm cao hn so vi sng rch trong thnh ph, trong khi nng Cd trong trm tch ti cc im sng rch li khng c s khc bit so vi cc t rng mm v rng c. iu ny cho thy c th Cd n t nhiu ngun v ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng t v nc ti tng khu vc. Theo nghin cu ca WHO (2001) ch ra rng s gia tng nhit s lm tng qu trnh hp thu v tc ng ca Cd, nhng ngc li s gia tng mn hoc cng s lm gim i s hp thu v tc ng gy c ca Cd.
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3.10 HM LNG CH (Pb) TI VNG NGHIN CU 3.10.1 Hm lng ch (Pb) trong trm tch v t rng Tng t nh cadmium, hm lng ch trong trm tch kh cao ch yu trong cc knh rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau (knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn v Sng Gnh Ho) nhng thp hu ht cc vng ca sng, ven bin v rng ngp mn. Hm lng ch bin ng trung bnh t 2,07 n 11,3 mg.kg-1 t cao nht ti knh Phng Hip (11,3 mg.kg-1 ). Vo ma ma khng c s khc bit v hm lng ch gia vng ven bin, ca sng v RNM, nhng c s khc bit ngha thng k gia cc im thu trong knh rch ni thnh ph C Mau (knh Phng Hip v knh Tc Vn). Hm lng ch khng khc bit gia cc im thu thuc vng ca sng (ca Gnh Ho, ca By Hp), RNM (i vi rng c) v bi bi hay gia cc im thuc sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau (knh Phng Hip, sng Gnh Ho), v c s khc bit ngha thng k gia cc im ca sng, vng ven bin c rng vi cc im sng rch thnh ph C Mau (Bng 14).
Bng 14: Hm lng trung bnh Pb (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau

im thu Knh Phng Hip Knh Tc Vn Sng Gnh Ho Ca Gnh Ho Ca By Hp Bi Bi Rng mm Rng c

Ma nng 10,08 a 9,23 b 10.87a 6,17 c 7,1 c 5,9 c 9,03 b 7,1 c

Ma ma 11,3 a 11,2 a 3,57 b 2,9 b 2,07 b 2,53 b 3,13 b 2,27 b

Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.

Nhn chung, hm lng ch qua hai ma u hin din cao cc vng sng rch trong ni thnh ph cao hn so vi ca sng, vng ven bin c rng. Hm lng ch kh cao trong knh Tc Vn v Phng Hip c th nh hng t cc hot ng giao thng thy, do knh Phng Hip, knh Tc Vn nm gn bn tu khch v gn ng b giao thng. Hn na mt dn sinh sng dc 2 knh rch ny rt dy c, do vy nhng cht thi c cha ch nh pin, nc t bnh cquy c thi trc tip xung knh gp phn lm gia tng hm lng ch ti cc sng rch c cp. Hm lng ch tm thy trong ma nng cao gp 2 ln c ngha trong ma ma (Hnh 16). Qua thc t kho st cho thy trong ni thnh ph C Mau ngoi phng tin
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i li s dng nhin liu xng du trn ng b, cc phng tin i li bng ng thu chim u th v hu nh l mt ghe tu cao nht so vi cc tnh ven bin nh: Tr Vinh, Bn Tre, v Kin Giang, nhng phng tin tiu hao rt nhiu nhin liu c th sn sinh ra ch l: tu cao tc, cc phng tin ghe tu nh bt thy hi sn ln vng ca sng ven bin. iu ny c th trong ma kh l ma nh bt cao im do vy tiu th v thi ra nhiu hn hm lng ch t cc nguyn liu xng du. Mt khc theo kt qu nghin cu ca Cenci v Martin (2004), vng ca sng ven bin BSCL vt cht l lng kch c mn hn c cung cp trong sut ma nng, v nhng vt cht ny c kh nng gi cht cc kim loi nng nn lng ng ti ch dn n hm lng kim loi cao hn.

Hnh 16: So snh hm lng trung bnh Pb (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng
Ghi ch: Cc ct trong cng mt im thu mu c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%

Bng 15 cho thy rng qua tt c cc im thu mu Pb hin din cao nht trong sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau (9,505 mg.kg-1) tuy nhin hm lng ny vn thp hn rt nhiu so vi hm lng ch ni khc nh trong sng rch ni thnh ph H Ch Minh, trong trm tch sng Danube, Serbia ni chu nh hng t cc hot ng nng nghip, cng nghip, thng mi v giao thng (Phuong et al., 1998; Biljana & Svetlana, 2004). Hm lng ch ti cc ca sng v rng ngp mn hin din hm lng kh thp so vi cc vng tng ng mt s quc gia nh Trung Quc, Singapore, Ty Ban Nha, Panama (Carman et al., 2006; Sin et al., 1991 trch trong Noverita et al., 2004; Tarid et al., 1993 trch trong Noverita et al., 2004; Dang et al., 2005; Zheng et al., 1997; Zheng et al., 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997; Defew et al., 2005).

41

Tm li, hm lng ch trung bnh trong vng ven bin ca nghin cu hin ti nm trong khong pht hin ti vng ven bin ca Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Kenya c xem khng b nhim ch. Hm lng ch Pb trong vng nghin cu ca ti c tng quan thun vi Cd (r = 0,423* *), Zn (r = 0,586* * ) v Cu (r =0,51* *). iu ny cho thy rng cc kim loi ny c th n t mt ngun pht sinh (Soto-Jimnez & Pez-Osuna, 2001; Tam & Wong, 1995; Noverita et al., 2004).
Bng 15: Hm lng trung bnh Pb (mg.kg-1) trong vng nghin cu v trong trm tch mt s sng, RNM v vng ven bin trn th gii a im Pb (mg.kg-1) Ngun Sng rch thnh ph C Mau 9,505 Nghin cu hin ti Ca sng huyn Ngc Hin Bi bi ven bin huyn Ngc Hin Rng ngp mn huyn Ngc Hin Ven bin ng Malaysia, South China Sea RNM Buloh, Khatibp Bongsu, Singapore Sng, knh TPHCM, Vit nam RNM vnh Yingluo, Trung Quc RNM ca sng Jiulong, Trung Quc RNM vnh Shenzhen, Trung Quc RNM Sei Keng, Hng Kng Vng ven bin min trung Java, Indonesia Ca sng Bidasoa, Ty Ban Nha RNM vnh Punta Mala, Panama 4,558 4,217 5,508 1,0118,8 12,28-30,98 119,3 10 18,3 28,7 58,2 18-44 Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Nghin cu hin ti Shazili et al., 1999 trch trong Shazili et al., 2006 Dang et al., 2005 Phuong et al., 1998 Zheng et al., 1997 Zheng et al, 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997 Zheng & Lin 1996 trch trong Zheng et al., 1997 Tam & Wong, 1995 Noverita et al., 2004 Tarid et al., 1993 trch trongNoverita et al., 2004 Defew et al., 2006

150 78,2

3.10.2 Nng ch (Pb) trong nc Qua hnh 17 cho thy nng ch trong nc dao ng 0,06 - 8,96 g.L-1, v c s chnh lch theo ma, vo ma ma th nng ch trong nc kh thp ti knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, v sng Gnh Ho khong 0,06, 2,04, v 0.07 g.L-1. Tuy nhin nng ch ti ca Gnh Ho chim lng kh cao 8,96 g.L-1, nguyn nhn c th mt phn vo ma ma do nh hng ca nc chy trn mang theo nhiu vt cht hu c t cc ngun thi do hot ng nng nghip, cng nghip v
42

sinh hot ti cc sng rch trong ni thnh ph. Theo nghin cu WHO (2001), nng ch cao nht trong t v sinh vt gn vi cc con ng ni m c mt giao thng cao, bn cnh s tch ly Pb ca cc sinh vt cng gia tng t cc vng hot ng ngnh cng nghip. Vo ma nng s hin din ca ch khng cao nh ma ma nhng khng bin ng ng k gia sng rch, ca sng v vng ven bin (Hnh 17). Nng ch trong nc ti vng nghin cu vn m bo tiu chun nc bin ven b s dng cho nui thy sn ( 50 g.L-1).

Hnh 17: Nng Pb (g.L-1) trong nc ti cc sng rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau.

43

CHNG 4: KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1 KT LUN - Khng tm thy s hin din ca thy ngn ti cc v tr kho st. - S hin din ca As vi hm lng thp trong sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau nhng hin din cao khi ra n ca sng, ven bin. - Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu hin din cao trong sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau nhng hm lng thp pha bin. - C s tng quan nghch gia As vi Cd, Pb, Zn, v Cu, nhng c s tng quan thun gia Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu. iu ny cho thy cc kim loi Cd hay Zn, Pb, Cu c th n t mt ngun- cht thi th. - Zn c tng quan v EC. As c tng quan thun vi pH v EC. - Yu t ma c nh hng n hm lng As, Pb, Zn, Cu ngoi tr Cd. - Kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy c s nhim nh ca As, Zn v Cu trong trm tch, trong t. Nng trong nc ca 3 kim loi ny u vt tiu chun s dung cho nui thy sn ven b. 4.2 KIN NGH - Nghin cu tnh di ng ca As, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd trong trm tch, t v nc. - Nghin cu s tch t ca cc kim loi nh As, Zn, Cu trong cc loi thy sinh vt trong vng. - Vit Nam cn sm ban hnh tiu chun hm lng kim loi trong trm tch.

44

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