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8 .
2
2 , ,
2 .
1 2
.

8.1
2 (imitation)
.

(innate
system) .
1967 Corder (input) (intake) .
, .
Fergson(1971) ,
(Baby talk) (Foreigner talk) .
(Hatch, 1983)
, ,
, , , ) , ,
. 8.3, 260
(Gass & Varonis, 1985)
.
8-1 8-2: , , .
8-3: .
8-4: .
?
, .

8.2

. ,
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?

.
8-5: (Varonis & Gass, 1985) matched-guise format .

. : - 265
.

, .
,
. ? .
.
. ,
(backchannel cues) (: uh, huh,
oh, yeah, really, ~, ~, , , ).
.
8-6: (Varonis & Gass, 1985a, pp. 332-33)

267

(Gass & Varonis,1984),

. 1) , 2)
, 3) (, 8-9, 272 ) .

8.3
(Negotiation of Meaning)
, . ,
. : 8-10 273
Long(1980)
. : (Comprehension Checks) (?
?), (Clarification Requests) (? ?, ..)
: 8-11 8-14

275
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(8-18) - (or-choice)
(8-17).
. ,
. : 8-19, 8-20
. : 8-21
.
8.4
(Comprehensible Output Hypothesis) (Swain, 1985)
.
, ,
(Swain, 1985). - :
1. (Testing)
2. (Feedback)
3. (IL Development)
4. 2
(from Lexical and Semantic to Syntactic)

8.5
. (positive evidence)
, . ,
(negative evidence), ,
. : 8-22

280

.
. ?

. . ,
. : 8-23

282

.
.
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Second Language Acquisition, Susan M. Gass & Larry Selinker/ 2 , &

2
+ = 2

Krashen
. .

Wagner-Gough & Hatch(1975)

. : 8-24 (Eliss,1984)

283

Ellis(1984) . ?
8-25 8-26 (Gass & Varonis, 1989) .

284

Pica, Young & Doughty(1987): 2

.

Gass & Varonis():

(follow-up activity) .

Loschky(1989):
.

:1) .
2) .
3) .
Long(1983) :(Adjustments)

(Comprehension)

(Comprehension)

(Acquisition)

, (Adjustments)

(Acquisition)

?
4) (attentiveness) (involvement)
.
5) (Metalinguistic Awareness)
.
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