Grade 9 Sound

Sound cannot move through vacuum; sound waves are longitudinal waves Sound waves propagate through continuous compressions and rarefactions of the medium
Longitudinal wave: Individual particles of the medium move in the direction parallel to the direction of wave propagation Transverse wave: Particle movement is perpendicular to the wave propagation

Characteristics of sound waves

Amplitude Magnitude of maximum displacement from mean position Wavelength Distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions Frequency (Unit - Hertz, Hz) Number of oscillations per unit time Time period Time taken by two consecutive compressions or rarefactions to cross a fixed point
Frequency = 1 Time period

Pitch Higher the frequency, higher the pitch

Loudness Determined by amplitude

Tone Sound of single frequency Speed of sound Speed in solid > Speed in liquid > Speed in gas Speed depends on temperature, pressure Speed increases with increasing temp. In air, speed 344 m s1 in 22 C Supersonic More speed than sound Shock wave created by supersonic object is sonic boom

Echo- Reflection sound Sensation of sound persists

344 0.1 = 17.2 m 2 1 = 0.1 s in the human brain 10

Minimum distance to hear echo Reverberation Persistence of sound by repeated reflection Use Loud speaker, stethoscope, curved ceiling of a concert hall, sound board in a big hall Range of hearing for humans: 20 20000 Hz But, rhinoceroses use infrasound Application of ultrasound Cleaning, detecting defects in metals, echocardiography, ultrasonography, to break small kidney stone SONAR (Sound navigation and Ranging)

Human ear: Pinna collects sound; eardrum vibrates in response to sound Vibrations amplified by the three ear bones [hammer, anvil, stirrup (smallest human bone)]

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