THE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT ARE TERMED AS STATISTICS OF VARIABLES (NUMERICAL CLASSES)

THE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ARE NOT CAPABLE OF QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT ARE TERMED AS STATISTICS OF ATTRIBUTES (DESCRIPTIVE CLASSES)

CLASSIFICATION
1. CLASSIFICATION WHERE ONLY TWO ASPECTS ARE CONCERNED EITHER ITSPRESENCE OR ABSENCEIS KNOWN AS CLASSIFICATION BY DICHOTOMY.

2. CLASSIFICATION WHERE MORE THAN TWO ASPECTS OR CAN SAY THAT TWO SUBCLASSES ARE CONCERNED IS KNOWN AS MANIFOLD CLASSIFICATION .

POSITIVE CLASSES ARE DENOTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS A B C etc. THE NEGATIVE CLASSES ARE DENOTED BY SMALL
GREEK LETTERS (ALPHA),

(BETA), (GAMMA).
N DENOTES THE UNIVERSE.

THE CLASS FREQUENCIES ARE DENOTED BY PUTTING THE SYMBOLS WITHIN THE BRACKETS (A), (B), (AB). N IS NEVER PLACED IN BRACKETS & DENOTES NO. OF ATTRIBUTES

FOR ONE ATTRIBUTE 31 =31 FOR TWO ATTRIBUTE 32 =9 FOR THREE ATTRIBUTES 33 =27

THE NO. OF ULTIMATE CLASS FREQUENCY IS DENOTED BY 2n, WHERE n DENOTES THE NO. OF ATTRIBUTE.

CLASS HAVING
1 ATTRIBUTE=FIRST ORDER CLASS 2 ATTRIBUTE=SECOND ORDER CLASS AND SO ON.

TAKE AN EXAMPLE
N CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 CLASSES (A) and () N=(A)+() (A)=N-() ()=N-(A)

TOTAL NO. OF OBSERVATION (N) IS EQUAL TO THE POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FREQUENCIES OF SAME CLASSES OF IST ORDER

FOR INSTANCE N=(A)+()

SIMILARLY N=(A)+() N=(B)+() N=(C)+() (B)=(AB)+(B)

THE FREQUENCIES CAN ALSO BE SHOWN BY A NINE SQUARE TABLE (92)

B (AB) (A) (A) (B) (b) () (B) () N

Total

VERTICAL TOTALS (AB)+(A)=A (B)+()=() (B)+()=N

HORIZONTAL TOTALS (AB)+(B)=(B)

(A)+()=()
(A)+()=N

QUESTION
Que: FROM THE FOLLOWING ULTIMATE CLASS FREQUENCIES , FIND THE FREQUENCIES OF THE POSITIVE & NEGATIVE CLASSES & TOTAL NO. OF OBSERVATIONS ? (AB)= 9 (A) = 14
(B) = 4 () = 37

SOLUTION
(AB) 9 4 (B) (B) 13

(A) () 14 37 (A) 23 () 41

() 51
N 64

TWO ATTRIBUTES ARE SAID TO BE ASSOCIATED, IF THEY APPEAR TOGETHER IN A LARGER NO. OF CASES THEN IS EXPECTED FROM THEM.

*POSITIVE ASSOCIATION *NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION

*INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION

*POSITIVE ASSOCIATION (AB)

Actual Frequency

>

(A) (B) N
Expected Frequency

*NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION (AB) < (A) (B) N

*INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION (AB) = (A) (B) N

QUESTION
Ques:From The Following Data Calculate Whether ( A) & (B) Are Independently , Positively , Negatively Associated?

1.) N=200 (A)=30 (B)=100 (AB)=15;

2.) N=400 (A)=50 (B)=160 (AB)=25;

3.) N=800 (A)=160 (B)=300 (AB)= 50;

SOLUTION
1.)Expected Frequency Of (AB) = (A) (B) N = = 30100 200 15

This Is Equal To The Actual Frequency Of (AB) Hence, (A)&(B) Are Independent

2.)Expected Frequency Of (AB) = (A) (B) N = = 50160 400 20

Expected Frequency Is 20, Actual Frequency Of (AB) Is 25, Which Is Greater Than The Expected Frequency Hence (A) & (B) Are Positively Associated.

3.)Expected Frequency Of (AB) = (A) (B) N = = 160300 800 60

Actual Frequency Is 50 & Which Is Less Then Expected Frequency. Hence (A) & (B) Are Negatively Associated.

1.)COMPARISION OF OBSERVED AND EXPECTED FREQUENCIES 2.)COMPARISION OF PROPORTIONS

3.)YULES COEFFICIENT OF ASSOCIATION

1.)COMPARISION OF OBSERVED AND EXPECTED FREQUENCIES

Attribute (A)and(B) (A)and() ()and(B) ()and() Independent (AB)=(A)(B) N (A )=(A)() N (B)=()(B) N ( )=(B)() N Positive Association (AB)=(A)(B) N (A )=(A)() N (B)=()(B) N ( )=()() N Negative Association (AB)=(A)(B) N (A )=(A)() N (B)=()(B) N ( )=()() N

2.)COMPARISION OF PROPORTIONS
Association Proportion Of B In
A and Independent (AB) = (B) A Positive ()

Proportion Of A In
B and (AB) = (A) B ( )

(AB) > (B) A ()

(AB) > (A) B ( )

Negative

(AB) < (B) A ()

(AB) < (A) B ( )

3.)YULES COEFFICIENT OF ASSOCIATION.

The Formula To Measure The Association Q Falls Between 1.

If Q = 0, No Association; If Q = +1, Perfect Positive Association; If Q = -1, Perfect Negative Association;

QUESTION

For Two Attributes A and B, We Have (AB) =35; (A)=55;N =100 and (B) =65.Calculate Missing Values?

GIVEN
35 (AB) (B) ( ) 55 (A) () 65 (B) () 100 N

(A )

SOLUTION
30 (65-35) (B) 15 (35-20) ( )

(AB) 20 (55-35) (A ) (A)

(B) 35 (100-65) () N

45 (100-55) ()