KHO ST QUAN H CNG SUT TC DNG V IN P TI NT PH TI NH GI GII HN N NH IN P

AN INVESTIGATION INTO VOLTAGE AND POWER ACTIVE RELATION AT THE LOAD BUS TO ESTIMATE VOLTAGE STABILITY LIMIT
INH THNH VIT NG VN DNG i hc Nng L HU HNG Cng ty Truyn ti in 2 - EVN

TM TT Bi bo trnh by phng php kho st quan h cng sut tc dng v in p (PV) ti nt ti tm gii hn n nh in p lm c s xy dng min lm vic cho php theo iu kin gii hn n nh in p ti nt ti. ABSTRACT This paper presents a method of studying the relationship between the active power and voltage (PV) at the load bus to identify the voltage stability limit. As a foundation for building a permitted operation region working in complying with the voltage stability limit at the load bus.

1. T VN Nh thc hin ch trng i mi ca ng, nn kinh t Vit Nam t nm 1985 n nay tng trng vi tc bnh qun 7%/nm. Nhiu khu cng nghip ln, khu kinh t m v khu dn c mi c hnh thnh, p ng nhu cu tiu th in tng nhanh theo tc tng trng ca ph ti, Nh nc huy ng mt ngun vn ln u t pht trin H thng in. Ngy 27/5/1994 ng in a ng dy 500kV vo vn hnh kt ni HT ba min thnh HT hp nht Bc-Trung-Nam, to iu kin khai thc mt cch hiu qu cc ngun in hin c truyn ti v cung cp cho cc h tiu th. Trong nhng nm qua HT Vit Nam lin tc pht trin, n nay li in 500kV c tng chiu di l 3466km v 11 trm bin p vi tng cng sut l 6600MVA. Hiu qu do cc HT hp nht mang li l rt ln, tuy nhin trn cc HT hp nht c cc ng dy siu cao p xut hin nhiu vn k thut kh phc tp cn c gii quyt trong thit k cng nh vn hnh. Mt trong nhng vn l lng cng sut phn khng do cc ng dy siu cao p sinh ra rt ln t l vi bnh phng in p, gy nh hng n kh nng ti ca ng dy, tc ng n ch lm vic ca my pht v phn b in p trong cc mng in p thp, c bit l tc ng n n nh in p trong HT. gii quyt vn ny thng lp t cc t b dc v khng b ngang trn cc ng dy truyn ti, trong HT Vit Nam trn cc on ng dy 500kV c khong cch ln, hai u c lp t t b dc vi mc b l 60% v khng in b ngang vi mc b l 70%. Tuy nhin tro lu cng sut trn cc ng dy truyn ti thng thay i rt ln, cho nn ch ti nng in p cc nt gim xung ng k v d dng y HT ri vo trng thi mt n nh. i vi HT Vit Nam hin nay cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy 500kV lun mc cao, cng sut trn ng dy 500kV Pleiku Nng khong 1600MW v trn ng dy 500kV Nng H Tnh l 1200MW nn in p cc thanh ci 500kV Nng, Dc Si, H Tnh thng mc thp vo khong 475kV gii hn thp nht

ca in p vn hnh bnh thng v c thi im in p xung n 455kV. Do vic nghin cu nh gi n nh v tm cc gii php nng cao d tr n nh cho HT Vit Nam l rt cn thit. Thc t vn hnh trong thi gian qua HT Vit Nam c nhng s c lin quan n mt n nh in p dn n mt in trn din rng xy ra vo cc ngy 17/5/2005, 27/12/2006, 20/7/2007 v ngy 04/9/2007 [3]. Cc hin tng tan r li trn din rng (blackout) cng xy ra i vi nhiu HT trn Th gii nh: ti ngy 28/9/2003, Nam Thy in v ng an Mch ngy 23/9/2003, pha Nam Lun n ngy 28/8/2003, Phn Lan ngy 23/8/2003, M-Canada ngy 14/8/2003...[1,2], tt c cc trng hp trn u lin quan n mt n nh in p. Hin nay nc ta ang v s ri vo tnh trng thiu ngun in trong khi ph ti tng nhanh, do cc ng dy truyn ti s lm vic cng sut gii hn cho php v in p ti cc nt s c nguy c st gim mnh xung di mc cho php v c th tin n mc gii hn v n nh in p. Mt khc, nc ta ang trong giai on thc hin vn hnh th trng in lc khu pht in v s tin ti th trng bn bun v sau l th trng bn l theo l trnh Chnh ph ra. Khi phng thc iu vn hnh h thng in s phc tp hn nhiu v cng sut truyn ti trong li in s ph thuc khng ch vo cng sut pht ca nh my in, cng sut tiu th ca ph ti m cn ph thuc vo c gi bn in ca cc nh my, cc hp ng song phng nn vic nghin cu n nh in p m bo an ton trong vn hnh h thng in cng c c bit quan tm. 2. KHO ST QUAN H PV TI NT PH TI Xt h thng in n gin cp in cho ph ti 2 t ngun 1 (HT: h thng) nh hnh 1 trong tt c cc i lng c xt trong h n v tng i (pu). 1 jX 2

HT

V1

V2

Hnh 1 = V , V = V l in p ti cc nt 1 v 2. Gi s V1 1 1 2 2 2 lm in p tham chiu, ta c V = 10 pu. Chn in p V1

1

Theo [1, 2] ta c cc cng thc xc nh cng sut ti ph ti 2 nh sau:

(V1.V2 ) V sin( 2 1 ) = 2 sin 2 X X 2 V cos 2 V2 Q2 = 2 X P2 =

T (1) v (2) suy ra: XP2 = V2 sin 2
2 2

(1) (2) (3)

V + XQ2 = V2 cos 2 (4) Bnh phng 2 v (3), (4) v cng 2 phng trnh vi nhau kh 2, ta c phng trnh trng phng sau:

V24 + ( 2 XQ2 1)V22 + ( XP2 ) + ( XQ2 ) = 0

2 2

T (5) cho php xc nh c V2 khi bit P2, Q2 v X vi iu kin rng buc V2 0. Kho st quan h PV trong cc trng hp sau: a. Trng hp cos 2 = 1 (Q2 = 0): T (5) ta c: 2 V24 V22 + ( XP2 ) = 0 Vi iu kin V2 0, phng trnh (6) c 2 nghim: Phng trnh bc 2 i vi V22 cho nghim:

(5)

(6)

2 V = 1 + 1 4( XP2 ) 2a 2 2 1 1 4( XP2 ) V2b = 2

Khi P2 = 0 (khng ti) th (7) s cho 2 gi tr ca V2 : V2a = 1 y l ch bnh thng. V2b = 0 y l ch ngn mch ti nt 2.

(7)

Khi tng dn ph ti P2 t 0 ln th t (7) cho thy in p V2a s gim dn, trong khi V2b s tng dn cho n khi gp nhau ti 1 im G no . Ta th hin 2 ng cong V2a, V2b trn th hnh 2:
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 V2 (pu) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 P2 (pu) 0.5 0.6 0.7 V2b V2a cos = 0.7

Hnh 2: ng cong PV ti nt ph ti 2 im G ng vi cng sut gii hn P2gh ca ph ti 2. P2gh xut hin khi V2 a = V2b , theo (7) ta c:

1 + 1 4( XP2 gh )
P2 gh

Suy ra

2 1 = 2X

1 1 4( XP2 gh ) 2

(8) (9)

Thay P2gh trong (9) vo (7) ta s xc nh c in p gii hn ti nt 2: 1 V2 gh = = 0,7071 (10) 2 Nu P2 > P2gh th (6) v nghim, khi h thng khng tn ti ch xc lp. b. Trng hp cos 2 < 1 (Q2 0): T (5) ta c cc nghim ca in p V2 nh sau:

2 2 V2 a = 1 2 XQ2 + 1 4 XQ2 4 X P2 2 1 2 XQ2 1 4 XQ2 4 X 2 P22 V2b = 2

Thay Q2 = P2 tg 2 vo (11) ta c:

(11)

2 2 V2 a = 1 2 XP2 tg 2 + 1 4 XP2tg 2 4 X P2 2 1 2 XP2tg 2 1 4 XP2tg 2 4 X 2 P22 V2b = 2

(12)

Khi P2=0 ta c: V2a=1 v V2b=0, cho P2 tng dn ln th V2a, V2b s thay i theo nhng ng cong v 2 ng cong ny s gp nhau ti im gii hn G khi P=P gh v khi V2 a = V2b . T (12) suy ra: 1 4 XP2 gh tg 2 4 X 2 P22gh = 0 (13) Gii phng trnh (13) xc nh c 2 nghim P2gh, ta chn P2gh dng: 1 sin 2 P2 gh = (14) 2 X cos 2 Thay (14) vo 12 xc nh c V2gh: 1 sin 2 V2 gh = (15) 2 cos 2 2 T (14) v (15) cho php xc nh c quan h gia V2 gh v P2 gh :
V2 gh = P2 gh X cos 2

(16)

T (14) v (15) ta nhn thy P2gh ph thuc cos 2, sin 2 v X ngha l ph thuc tnh cht ph ti v thng s ng dy, cn V2gh ch ph thuc tnh cht ph ti. Gi s X=0,4pu v cos 2=0,8, xt 2 trng hp sau: - Ph ti c tnh cm Q2 > 0(sin 2 >0): P2gh = 0,7835pu; V2gh = 0,5901pu - Ph ti c tnh dung Q2 < 0 (sin 2<0): P2gh = 2,5pu; V2gh = 1,118pu T (12) biu din mi quan h PV v t (16) biu din mi quan h gia P 2gh v V2gh ln th hnh 3.

Ghep 2 th V2a, V2b

V2a, 1.4 1.2

(pu )

V2b

cos=0,8, ti dung 1 cos =0,9, ti cm

0.8

0.6

V2gh
0.4

0.2

cos=0,8, ti cm P2 (pu) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Hnh 3: th quan h P2V2 vi cos 2 khc nhau

3. KT LUN Qua kho st quan h gia in p v cng sut nt ti (PV) cho thy tn ti im (P2gh, V2gh), y chnh l im gii hn n nh in p nt ti. in p gii hn V2gh ch ph thuc vo h s cng sut ca ph ti m khng ph thuc vo in khng ca ng dy. Trong khi cng sut gii hn P2gh ph thuc vo h s cng sut ca ph ti ng thi t l nghch vi in khng ca ng dy. H s cng sut cng b th cng sut tc dng gii hn P2gh s cng gim, nh vy s dng t b ngang c th nng cao cng sut gii hn ca ph ti. Vi h s cng sut khng i tng cng sut ph ti s lm cho in p gim, khi P2 ln hn P2gh theo th hnh 2 v hnh 3 cho thy khi h thng khng tn ti ch xc lp (h thng mt n nh). y l c s cho php s dng cc phn mm tnh ton gii tch mng in xy dng min lm vic cho php cho nt ti trn mt phng cng sut, bng cch lm nng dn ch (tng dn ph ti cho n khi bi ton khng hi t) xc nh to im gii hn. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] [2] [3] C.W. Taylor (1994), Power System Voltage Stability, McGraw-Hill, New York P. Kundur (1994), Power System Stability and Control, McGraw Hill, New York. Operation Group Report, Operation report on May 2005, December 2006 and September 2007, National Load Dispatch Center EVN, Vit Nam.