1

Chng 1: KHI NIM V QU TRNH QU IN T

I. KHI NIM CHUNG
Ch ca h thng in thay i t ngt s lm pht sinh qu trnh qu in t, trong qu trnh pht sinh do ngn mch l nguy him nht. tnh chn cc thit b in v bo v rle cn phi xt n qu trnh qu khi: - ngn mch. - ngn mch km theo t dy. - ct ngn mch bng my ct in. Khi xy ra ngn mch, tng tr ca h thng in gim, lm dng in tng ln, in p gim xung. Nu khng nhanh chng c lp im ngn mch th h thng s chuyn sang ch ngn mch duy tr (xc lp). T lc xy ra ngn mch cho n khi ct n ra, trong h thng in xy ra qu trnh qu lm thay i dng v p. Dng trong qu trnh qu thng gm 2 thnh phn: chu k v khng chu k. Trng hp h thng c ng dy truyn ti in p t 330 KV tr ln th trong dng ngn mch ngoi thnh phn tn s c bn cn cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao. Nu ng dy c t b dc s c thm thnh phn sng hi bc thp. Nhim v ca mn hc ngn mch l nghin cu din tin ca qu trnh ngn mch trong h thng in, ng thi xt n cc phng php thc dng tnh ton ngn mch.

II. CC NH NGHA C BN
Ngn mch: l mt loi s c xy ra trong h thng in do hin tng chm chp gia cc pha khng thuc ch lm vic bnh thng. - Trong h thng c trung tnh ni t (hay 4 dy) chm chp mt pha hay nhiu pha vi t (hay vi dy trung tnh) cng c gi l ngn mch. - Trong h thng c trung tnh cch in hay ni t qua thit b b, hin tng chm chp mt pha vi t c gi l chm t. Dng chm t ch yu l do in dung cc pha vi t. Ngn mch gin tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian, gm in tr do h quang in v in tr ca cc phn t khc trn ng i ca dng in t pha ny n pha khc hoc t pha n t. in tr h quang in thay i theo thi gian, thng rt phc tp v kh xc nh chnh xc. Theo thc nghim:

R=

trong : I - dng ngn mch [A] l - chiu di h quang in [m] Ngn mch trc tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian rt b, c th b qua (cn c gi l ngn mch kim loi).

1000.l I

[]

Ngn mch i xng: l dng ngn mch vn duy tr c h thng dng, p 3 pha tnh trng i xng. Ngn mch khng i xng: l dng ngn mch lm cho h thng dng, p 3 pha mt i xng. - Khng i xng ngang: khi s c xy ra ti mt im, m tng tr cc pha ti im nh nhau. - Khng i xng dc: khi s c xy ra m tng tr cc pha ti mt im khng nh nhau. S c phc tp: l hin tng xut hin nhiu dng ngn mch khng i xng ngang, dc trong h thng in. V d: t dy km theo chm t, chm t hai pha ti hai im khc nhau trong h thng c trung tnh cch t.

Bng 1.1: K hiu v xc xut xy ra cc dng ngn mch

DNG NGN MCH HNH V QUY C K HIU

3 pha 2 pha 2 pha-t 1 pha

N(3) N(2) N(1,1) N(1)

XC SUT XY RA %

5 10 20 65

III. NGUYN NHN V HU QU CA NGN MCH

III.1. Nguyn nhn:
- Cch in ca cc thit b gi ci, h hng. - Qu in p. - Cc ngu nhin khc, thao tc nhm hoc do c d tnh trc...

III.2. Hu qu:
- Pht nng: dng ngn mch rt ln so vi dng nh mc lm cho cc phn t c dng ngn mch i qua nng qu mc cho php d vi mt thi gian rt ngn. - Tng lc in ng: ng lc in t gia cc dy dn c gi tr ln thi gian u ca ngn mch c th ph hng thit b. - in p gim v mt i xng: lm nh hng n ph ti, in p gim 30 n 40% trong vng mt giy lm ng c in c th ngng quay, sn xut nh tr, c th lm hng sn phm.

- Gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin gn do dng th t khng sinh ra khi ngn mch chm t. - Gy mt n nh: khi khng cch ly kp thi phn t b ngn mch, h thng c th mt n nh v tan r, y l hu qu trm trng nht.

IV. MC CH TNH TON NGN MCH V YU CU I VI CHNG:

Khi thit k v vn hnh cc h thng in, nhm gii quyt nhiu vn k thut yu cu tin hnh hng lot cc tnh ton s b, trong c tnh ton ngn mch. Tnh ton ngn mch thng l nhng tnh ton dng, p lc xy ra ngn mch ti mt s im hay mt s nhnh ca s ang xt. Ty thuc mc ch tnh ton m cc i lng trn c th c tnh mt thi im no hay din bin ca chng trong sut c qu trnh qu . Nhng tnh ton nh vy cn thit gii quyt cc vn sau: - So snh, nh gi, chn la s ni in. - Chn cc kh c, dy dn, thit b in. - Thit k v chnh nh cc loi bo v. - Nghin cu ph ti, phn tch s c, xc nh phn b dng... Trong h thng in phc tp, vic tnh ton ngn mch mt cch chnh xc rt kh khn. Do vy ty thuc yu cu tnh ton m trong thc t thng dng cc phng php thc nghim, gn ng vi cc iu kin u khc nhau tnh ton ngn mch. Chng hn tnh chn my ct in, theo iu kin lm vic ca n khi ngn mch cn phi xc nh dng ngn mch ln nht c th c. Mun vy, ngi ta gi thit rng ngn mch xy ra lc h thng in c s lng my pht lm vic nhiu nht, dng ngn mch gy nn dng ln nht, ngn mch l trc tip, ngn mch xy ra ngay ti u cc my ct ... gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic chn la v chnh nh thit b bo v rle thng phi tm dng ngn mch nh nht. Lc y tt nhin cn phi s dng nhng iu kin tnh ton hon ton khc vi nhng iu kin nu trn.

CHNG 2:CC CH DN KHI TNH TON NGN MCH

I. Nhng gi thit c bn:
Khi xy ra ngn mch s cn bng cng sut t in, c in b ph hoi, trong h thng in ng thi xy ra nhiu yu t lm cc thng s bin thin mnh v nh hng tng h nhau. Nu k n tt c nhng yu t nh hng, th vic tnh ton ngn mch s rt kh khn. Do , trong thc t ngi ta a ra nhng gi thit nhm n gin ha vn c th tnh ton. Mi phng php tnh ton ngn mch u c nhng gi thit ring ca n. y ta ch nu ra cc gi thit c bn chung cho vic tnh ton ngn mch. 1. Mch t khng bo ha: gi thit ny s lm cho phng php phn tch v tnh ton ngn mch n gin rt nhiu, v mch in tr thnh tuyn tnh v c th dng nguyn l xp chng phn tch qu trnh. 2. B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p: ngoi tr trng hp my bin p 3 pha 3 tr ni Yo/Yo. 3. H thng in 3 pha l i xng: s mt i xng ch xy ra i vi tng phn t ring bit khi n b h hng hoc do c c d tnh. 4. B qua dung dn ca ng dy: gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, ngoi tr trng hp tnh ton ng dy cao p ti in i cc xa th mi xt n dung dn ca ng dy. 5. B qua in tr tc dng: ngha l s tnh ton c tnh cht thun khng. Gi thit ny dng c khi ngn mch xy ra cc b phn in p cao, ngoi tr khi bt buc phi xt n in tr ca h quang in ti ch ngn mch hoc khi tnh ton ngn mch trn ng dy cp di hay ng dy trn khng tit din b. Ngoi ra lc tnh hng s thi gian tt dn ca dng in khng chu k cng cn phi tnh n in tr tc dng. 6. Xt n ph ti mt cch gn ng: ty thuc giai on cn xt trong qu trnh qu c th xem gn ng tt c ph ti nh l mt tng tr khng i tp trung ti mt nt chung. 7. Cc my pht in ng b khng c dao ng cng sut: ngha l gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh ngn mch. Nu gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in tng ln th dng trong nhnh s c gim xung, s dng gi thit ny s lm cho vic tnh ton n gin hn v tr s dng in ti ch ngn mch l ln nht. Gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, nht l khi tnh ton trong giai on u ca qu trnh qu (0,1 0,2 sec).

II. H n v tng i:
Bt k mt i lng vt l no cng c th biu din trong h n v c tn hoc trong h n v tng i. Tr s trong n v tng i ca mt i lng vt l no l t s gia n vi mt i lng vt l khc cng th nguyn c chn lm n v o lng. i lng vt l chn lm n v o lng c gi i lng c bn.

Nh vy, mun biu din cc i lng trong n v tng i trc ht cn chn cc i lng c bn. Khi tnh ton i vi h thng in 3 pha ngi ta dng cc i lng c bn sau: Scb : cng sut c bn 3 pha. Ucb : in p dy c bn. Icb : dng in c bn. Zcb : tng tr pha c bn. tcb : thi gian c bn. cb : tc gc c bn. Xt v ngha vt l, cc i lng c bn ny c lin h vi nhau qua cc biu thc sau: Scb = 3 Ucb . Icb (2.1)

Z cb =
t cb

U cb

3.I cb 1 = cb

(2.2) (2.3)

Do ta ch c th chn ty mt s i lng c bn, cc i lng c bn cn li c tnh t cc biu thc trn. Thng thng chn trc Scb , Ucb v cb . Khi chn cc i lng c bn th cc i lng trong n v tng i c tnh t cc i lng thc nh sau:

E* ( cb) = S* ( cb) =

E U cb S Scb Z Z cb = Z.

; ; 3.I cb U cb

U * ( cb) = I * ( cb) = = Z.

U U cb I I cb

Z * ( cb) =

Scb 2 U cb

E*(cb) c l E tng i c bn (tc l sc in ng E trong h n v tng i vi lng c bn l Ucb). Sau ny khi ngha r rng v s dng quen thuc th c th b du (*) v (cb). MT S TNH CHT CA H N V TNG I: 1) Cc i lng c bn dng lm n v o lng cho cc i lng ton phn cng ng thi dng cho cc thnh phn ca chng. V d: Scb dng lm n v o lng chung cho S, P, Q; Zcb - cho Z, R, X. 2) Trong n v tng i in p pha v in p dy bng nhau, cng sut 3 pha v cng sut 1 pha cng bng nhau. 3) Mt i lng thc c th c gi tr trong n v tng i khc nhau ty thuc vo lng c bn v ngc li cng mt gi tr trong n v tng i c th tng ng vi nhiu i lng thc khc nhau. 4) Thng tham s ca cc thit b c cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc ca chng (Sm, Um, Im). Lc :

Z * ( m) =

Z Z m

= Z.

3.I m U m

= Z.

Sm 2 U m

5) i lng trong n v tng i c th c biu din theo phn trm, v d nh khng in, my bin p...

X K % = 100.X * ( m) = X K . X B % = X B. 3.I m .100 U m

3.I m .100 U m = UN %

TNH I I LNG TRONG H N V TNG I: Mt i lng trong n v tng i l A*(cb1) vi lng c bn l Acb1 c th tnh i thnh A*(cb2) tng ng vi lng c bn l Acb2 theo biu thc sau: At = A*(cb1) * Acb1 = A*(cb2) * Acb2 V d, cho E*(cb1) , Z*(cb1) ng vi cc lng c bn (Scb1, Ucb1, Icb1) cn tnh i sang h n v tng i ng vi cc lng c bn (Scb2, Ucb2, Icb2):

E* ( cb 2) = E* ( cb1) . Z * ( cb 2)

U cb1 U cb 2
2 Scb 2 U cb1 . 2 = Z * ( cb1) . Scb1 U cb 2

I U = Z * ( cb1) . cb 2 . cb1 I cb1 U cb 2 U m U cb I cb U m . I m U cb

Nu tnh i cc tham s ng vi lng nh mc (Sm, Um, Im) thnh gi tr ng vi lng c bn (Scb, Ucb, Icb) th:

E* ( cb) = E* ( m) . Z * ( cb) = Z * ( m) .

= Z * ( m) .

2 Scb U m . 2 Sm U cb

Khi chn Ucb = Um ta c cc biu thc n gin sau:

E* ( cb) = E* ( m) Z * ( cb) = Z * ( m) . I cb I m = Z * ( m) . Scb Sm

CHN CC I LNG C BN: Thc t tr s nh mc ca cc thit b cng mt cp in p cng khng ging nhau. Tuy nhin, s khc nhau khng nhiu (trong khong 10%), v d in p nh mc ca my pht in l 11KV, my bin p - 10,5KV, khng in - 10KV. Do trong tnh ton gn ng ta c th xem in p nh mc Um ca cc thit b cng mt cp in p l nh nhau v bng gi tr trung bnh Utb ca cp in p . Theo qui c c cc Utb sau [KV]: 500; 330; 230; 154; 115; 37; 20; 15,75; 13,8; 10,5; 6,3; 3,15; 0,525 Khi tnh ton gn ng ngi ta chn Ucb = Um = Utb, ring i vi khng in nn tnh chnh xc vi lng nh mc ca n v gi tr in khng ca khng in chim phn ln trong in khng tng ca s , nht l i vi nhng trng hp khng in lm vic in p khc vi cp in p nh mc ca n (v d, khng in 10KV lm vic cp 6KV). Ni chung cc i lng c bn nn chn sao cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin, tin li. i vi Scb nn chn nhng s trn (chng hn nh 100, 200, 1000MVA,...) hoc i khi chn bng tng cng sut nh mc ca s .

Trong h n v tng i, mt i lng vt l ny cng c th biu din bng mt i lng vt l khc c cng tr s tng i. V d nu chn b lm lng c bn th khi *(b) = 1 ta c:

X * ( cb) = * (b) . L * ( cb) = L * ( cb) X * ( cb) = * (b) . M * ( cb) = M * ( cb) * ( cb) = I * (cb) . L * ( cb) = L * ( cb) . X * ( cb) E* ( cb) = * (b) . * ( cb) = * ( cb)

III. Cch thnh lp s thay th:

S thay th l s cho php th cc mch lin h nhau bi t trng bng mt mch in tng ng bng cch qui i tham s ca cc phn t cc cp in p khc nhau v mt cp c chn lm c s. Cc tham s ca s thay th c th xc nh trong h n v c tn hoc h n v tng i, ng thi c th tnh gn ng hoc tnh chnh xc.

III.1. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn:

Hnh 2.1 : S mng in c nhiu cp in p Xt mng in c nhiu cp in p khc nhau (hnh 2.1) c ni vi nhau bng n my bin p c t s bin p k1, k2, ...... kn. Chn mt on ty lm on c s, v d on u tin. Tham s ca tt c cc on cn li s c tnh qui i v on c s. Sc in ng, in p, dng in v tng tr ca on th n c qui i v on c s theo cc biu thc sau:

En q = (k1. k 2............... k n ) En U n q = (k1. k 2............... k n ) U n I n q = 1 I k1. k 2............... k n n

Z n q = (k1. k 2............... k n ) 2 Z n
Cc t s bin p k trong nhng biu thc trn ly bng t s bin p lc khng ti. Cc thnh phn trong tch cc t s bin p k ch ly ca nhng my bin p nm gia on xt v on c s, chiu ca t s bin p k ly t on c s n on cn xt.

k1 =

' U cs U1 ; k2 = ; .................. ; U1 U2

kn =

U 'n1 Un

Trong nhng biu thc qui i trn, nu cc i lng cho trc trong n v tng i th phi tnh i v n v c tn. V d, cho Z*(m) th:

Z = Z * ( m) .

U m 3.I m

= Z * ( m) .

2 U m Sm

(2.4)

III.2. Qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn:

Vic qui i gn ng c thc hin da trn gi thit l xem in p nh mc ca cc phn t trn cng mt cp in p l nh nhau v bng tr s in p trung bnh ca cp . Tc l:
' U1 = U1 = U tb1 ; U 2 = U '2 = U tb2 ; .................

Nh vy:

k1 =

U tbcs U tb1 ; k2 = ; .................. ; U tb1 U tb 2

kn =

U tbn1 U tbn

Do ta s c cc biu thc qui i n gin hn:

En q =

U tbcs U tb1 U U tbcs . .......... tbn-1 . En = .E U tb1 U tb2 U tbn U tbn n

I n q
Tng t:

U tbn .I U tbcs n
2

Z n q

U = tbcs . Z n U tbn

Nu cc phn t c tng tr cho trc trong n v tng i, th tnh i gn ng v n v c tn theo biu thc (2.4) trong thay Um = Utb.

III.3. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v tng i:

Tng ng vi php qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn ta cng c th dng trong h n v tng i bng cch sau khi qui i v on c s trong n v c tn, chn cc lng c bn ca on c s v tnh i v n v tng i. Tuy nhin phng php ny t c s dng, ngi ta thc hin ph bin hn trnh t qui i nh sau: Chn on c s v cc lng c bn Scb , Ucbcs ca on c s. Tnh lng c bn ca cc on khc thng qua cc t s bin p k1, k2, ...... kn. Cng sut c bn Scb chn l khng i i vi tt c cc on. Cc lng c bn Ucbn v Icbn ca on th n c tnh nh sau:

U cbn = I cbn

1 U k 1. k 2............... k n cbcs Scb 3. U cbn

= (k 1. k 2............... k n )I cbcs =

(Scbn = Scbcs = Scb )

Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i vi lng c bn ca on : Nu tham s cho trong n v c tn th dng cc biu thc tnh i t h n v c tn sang h n v tng i. V d:

U * ( cb) =

U U cb

Z * ( cb) = Z.

Scb 2 U cb

Nu tham s cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc hay mt lng c bn no th dng cc biu thc tnh i h n v tng i. V d:

Z * ( cb) = Z * ( m) .

2 Scb U m . 2 Sm U cb

III.4. Qui i gn ng trong h n v tng i:

Tng t nh qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn, ta xem k l t s bin p trung bnh, do vy vic tnh ton s n gin hn. Trnh t qui i nh sau: Chn cng sut c bn Scb chung cho tt c cc on. Trn mi on ly Um = Utb ca cp in p tng ng. Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i theo cc biu thc gn ng.

III.5. Mt s im cn lu :
- chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton khng ph thuc vo h n v s dng m ch ph thuc vo phng php tnh chnh xc hay gn ng. - Khi tnh ton trong h n v c tn th kt qu tnh c l gi tr ng vi on c s chn. Mun tm gi tr thc on cn xt phi qui i ngc li. V d: Dng tm c on c s l Ics = In q. Dng thc on th n l: In = (k1. k2 ...... kn) In q - Khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i th kt qu tnh c l trong n v tng i, mun tm gi tr thc mt on no ch cn nhn kt qu tnh c vi lng c bn ca on . V d: Dng tnh c l I*n. Dng thc on th n l:

In

= I * n .I cbn = I * n .

Scb 3. U cbn

Bng 2.1: Tm tt mt s biu thc tnh ton tham s ca cc phn t THIT B S THAM TNH TNH TNH THAY TH CHNH XC GN NG S TRONG TRA N V TRONG VT TRONG C C TN VT 2 2 xd, S S U U My pht x " . cb . m x" . cb x" . m Sm,Um d d d 2

Sm

Sm U cb

Sm

My bin p (2 cun dy) Khng in

uN%, k, Sm X%, Im, Um X1 [/Km]

2 uN % U m . 100 Sm

2 u N % Scb U m . . 2 100 Sm U cb

uN % Scb . 100 Sm
X % I cb . 100 I m

X % U m . 100 3.I m
X1.l

X % I cb U m . . 100 I m U cb

ng dy

X 1 .l.

Scb
2 U cb

X 1 .l.

Scb
2 U tb

Ch : i vi my bin p 3 cun dy th cc tham s tra c l in p ngn mch gia cc cun dy: uN I-II% , uN I-III% , uN II-III% , ta phi tnh uN% ca tng cun dy v sau tnh in khng ca tng cun dy theo cc biu thc trong bng 2.1 i vi my bin p 2 cun dy. in p ngn mch uN% ca tng cun dy c tnh nh sau: uN I% = 0,5 (uN I-II% + uN I-III% - uN II-III%) uN II% = uN I-II% - uN I% uN III% = uN I-III% - uN I%

IV. Bin i s thay th

Cc php bin i s thay th c s dng trong tnh ton ngn mch nhm mc ch bin i nhng s thay th phc tp ca h thng in thnh mt s n gin nht tin li cho vic tnh ton, cn gi l s ti gin. S ti gin c th bao gm mt hoc mt s nhnh ni trc tip t ngun sc in ng ng tr E n im ngn mch thng qua mt in khng ng tr X.

IV.1. Nhnh ng tr:

Php bin i ny c dng ghp song song cc nhnh c ngun hoc khng ngun thnh mt nhnh tng ng. Xt s thay th (hnh 2.2a) gm c n nhnh ni chung vo mt im M, mi nhnh gm c 1 ngun sc in ng Ek ni vi 1 in khng Xk, ta c th bin i n thnh s ti gin (hnh 2.2b) bng cc biu thc sau:

Et

k =1 n

Ek . Y k ; Yk X t

1
k =1

k =1

Yk

trong : Yk = 1/ Xk l in dn ca nhnh th k. Khi s ch c 2 nhnh th:

Et

E1. X 2 + E 2. X 1 X1 + X 2

X t

X1 . X 2 X1 + X 2

Khi E1 = E2 = .............. = En = E th Et = E.

Hnh 2.2 : Php bin i dng nhnh ng tr

IV.2. Bin i Y - :
Bin i s thay th c dng hnh sao gm 3 nhnh (hnh 2.3a) thnh tam gic (hnh 2.3b) theo cc biu thc sau:

X 12 X 13 X 23

= X1 + X 2 + = X1 + X 3 + = X2 + X3 +

X 1. X 2 X3 X 1. X 3 X2 X 2. X 3 X1

Ngc li, bin i s c dng hnh tam gic sao thnh hnh sao dng cc biu thc sau:

X1 =

X 12 . X 13 X 12 . X 23 X 23. X 13 ; X2 = ; X3 = X 12 + X 13 + X 23 X 12 + X 13 + X 23 X 12 + X 13 + X 23

Hnh 2.3 : Bin i Y - Bin i Y - cng c th p dng c khi cc nt c ngun, lc c th ng dng tnh cht ng th tch ra hay nhp chung cc nt c ngun (v d nh trn hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4 : Tch / nhp cc nt c ngun

IV.3. Bin i sao - li:

S thay th hnh sao (hnh 2.5a) c th bin i thnh li (hnh 2.5b). in khng gia 2 nh m v n ca li c tnh nh sau: Xmn = Xm . Xn .Y trong : Xm , Xn l in khng ca nhnh th m v n trong hnh sao. Y l tng in dn ca tt c cc nhnh hnh sao.

Hnh 2.5 : Bin i sao - li Php bin i ny s dng tin li trong tnh ton ngn mch khi c mt nt l im ngn mch v tt c cc nt cn li l cc nt ngun. Nu cc ngun l ng th th in khng tng h gia cc ngun c th b qua, lc s s tr nn rt n gin. V d, t s li hnh 2.5b khi cc nt 1, 2, 3, 4 c ngun ng th v nt 5 l im ngn mch ta c th n gin thnh s trn hnh 2.6. Hnh 2.6 : Ap dng bin i sao-li IV.4. Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch: Nu ngn mch trc tip 3 pha ti im nt c ni mt s nhnh (v d, hnh 2.7) , th c th tch ring cc nhnh ny ra khi vn gi u mi nhnh cng ngn mch nh vy. S nhn c lc ny khng c mch vng s d dng bin i. Tnh dng trong mi nhnh khi cho ngn mch ch trn mt nhnh, cc nhnh ngn mch khc xem nh ph ti c sc in ng bng khng. Dng qua im ngn mch l tng cc dng tnh cc nhnh ngn mch ring r. Phng php ny thng dng khi cn tnh dng trong mt nhnh ngn mch no .

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Hnh 2.7 : Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch

IV.5. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s :

Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s ta c th ghp chung cc nhnh mt cch n gin hn hoc c th b bt mt s nhnh m dng ngn mch khng i qua (hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8 : Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s

11

IV.6. S dng h s phn b dng:

H s phn b dng l h s c trng cho phn tham gia ca mi ngun vo dng ngn mch vi gi thit l cc ngun c sc in ng bng nhau v khng c ph ti. Dng h s phn b dng tnh tng tr tng h gia cc ngun v im ngn mch, a s v dng rt n gin gm cc ngun ni vi im ngn mch qua tng tr tng h:

Z kN

Z Ck

trong : Z - tng tr ng tr ca ton s i vi im ngn mch. Ck - h s phn b dng ca nhnh th k. H s phn b dng c th tm c bng m hnh, thc nghim hoc gii tch. Phng php gii tch c thc hin bng cch cho dng qua im ngn mch bng n v v coi rng cc sc in ng bng nhau. Dng tm c trong cc nhnh s l tr s ca cc h s phn b dng C1, C2, ..... , Ck tng ng vi cc nhnh .

Hnh 2.9 : S xc nh h s phn b dng V d, cho s trn hnh 2.9a trong cc sc in ng bng nhau, khng c ph ti v cho dng ngn mch IN = 1. Sau khi bin i s v t iu kin cn bng th ta c: IN . Xt = C1. X1 = C2. X2 = C3. X3 v:

C1

X t X1 X C1

; C2

X t X2 X C2

; C3

X t X3 = X C3

IN . X = C1. X1N = C2. X2N = C3. X3N

X 1N

; X 2N

; X 3N

12

V. Cng sut ngn mch

Cng sut ngn mch SNt vo thi im t l i lng qui c c tnh theo dng ngn mch INt vo thi im t trong qu trnh qu v in p trung bnh Utb ca on tnh dng ngn mch: SNt = 3 INt. Utb Cng sut ngn mch dng chn hay kim tra my ct, lc t l thi im m cc tip im chnh ca my ct m ra. Cng sut ny phi b hn cng sut c trng cho kh nng ct ca my ct hay cn gi l cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct: SNt < SCm = 3 ICm. Um Ngoi ra, khi bit cng sut ngn mch SNH (hoc dng ngn mch INH) do h thng cung cp cho im ngn mch c th tnh c in khng ca h thng i vi im ngn mch:

XH

U tb 3.I NH
= I cb I NH =

2 U tb SNH

khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb v Ucb = Utb th:

X *H

Scb SNH

Chng 3:QU TRNH QU TRONG MCH IN N GIN

I. NGN MCH 3 PHA TRONG MCH IN N GIN:
Xt mch in 3 pha i xng n gin (hnh 3.1) bao gm in tr, in cm tp trung v khng c my bin p. Qui c mch in c cung cp t ngun cng sut v cng ln (ngha l in p u cc ngun in khng i v bin v tn s).

Hnh 3.1 : S mch in 3 pha n gin Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, mch in tch thnh 2 phn c lp: mch pha khng ngun v mch pha c ngun.

I.1. Mch pha khng ngun:

V mch i xng, ta c th tch ra mt pha kho st. Phng trnh vi phn vit cho mt pha l:

u = i.r ' + L' .

Gii ra ta c: T iu kin u (t=0):
r' t L'
r'

di dt

= 0

i = C.e
i0 = i0+ ,

ta c: C = i0
t

Nh vy: i = i 0 .e L' Dng in trong mch pha khng ngun s tt dn cho n lc nng lng tch ly trong in cm L tiu tn ht trn r.

I.2. Mch pha c ngun:

Gi thit in p pha A ca ngun l: u = uA = Umsin(t+) Dng trong mch in trc ngn mch l:

i =

Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta c phng trnh vi phn vit cho mt pha:

Um sin(t + - ) = I msin(t + - ) Z u = i.r + L. di dt

Gii phng trnh i vi pha A ta c:

r Um - t sin(t + - N ) + C.e L i = ZN

Dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn: thnh phn th 1 l dng chu k cng bc c bin khng i:

i ck =

Um sin(t + - N ) = I ckmsin(t + - N ) ZN

Thnh phn th 2 l dng t do phi chu k tt dn vi hng s thi gian:

Ta =
i td =

L r

=
=

x r
r - t L i td0+ .e

r - t L C.e

T iu kin u: i0 = i0+ = ick0+ + itd0+ , ta c: C = itd0+ = i0 - ick0+ = Imsin( - ) - Ickmsin( - N)

Hnh 3.2 : th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch

Trn hnh 3.2 l th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch trong UA, UB, UC, IA, IB, IC l p v dng trc khi xy ra ngn mch, cn IckA, IckB, IckC l dng chu k cng bc sau khi xy ra ngn mch. T th, ta c nhng nhn xt sau: itd0+ bng hnh chiu ca vct (I m - I ckm ) ln trc thi gian t. ty thuc vo m itd0+ c th cc i hoc bng 0. itd0+ ph thuc vo tnh trng mch in trc ngn mch; itd0+ t gi tr ln nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung, ri n mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti v itd0+ b nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in cm. Thc t him khi mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung v ng thi thng c N 90o , do vy trong tnh ton iu kin c tnh trng ngn mch nguy him nht l: a) mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti. b) p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0 hoc 180o).
. .

II. Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phnv cc thnh phn ca n:
II.1. Thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch:
i ck = I ckmsin(t + - N )
- Nu ngun c cng sut v cng ln hoc ngn mch xa my pht (Um = const.), th:

I ckm =

Um = const. ZN

Trong trng hp ny, bin dng chu k khng thay i theo thi gian v bng dng ngn mch duy tr (xc lp). - Nu ngn mch gn, trong my pht cng xy ra qu trnh qu in t, sc in ng v c in khng ca my pht cng thay i, do bin ca dng chu k thay i gim dn theo thi gian n tr s xc lp (hnh 3.3). Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k thi im t l:

I ckt =

I ckmt 2

Et 3. Z N

trong : Et - sc in ng hiu dng ca my pht thi im t ZN - tng tr ngn mch (trong mng in p cao c th coi ZN xN)

Hnh 3.3 : th bin thin dng in trong qu trnh qu Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k trong chu k u tin sau khi xy ra ngn mch gi l dng siu qu ban u:

I" = 0

I ckm0+ 2

E" 3.( x " + x ng ) d

trong : E - sc in ng siu qu ban u ca my pht. xd - in khng siu qu ca my pht. xng - in khng bn ngoi t u cc my pht n im ngn mch.

II.2. Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch:

Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch cn gi l thnh phn phi chu k, tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta ca mch:

i td = i td0+ .e
vi:

t Ta

i td0+ = I msin( - ) - I ckm0+ sin( - N )

Khi tnh ton vi iu kin nguy him nht, ta c: a) mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti: Im sin( - ) = 0 b) p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0) v N 90o .

th:

i td0+ = - I ckm0+ sin(-90o ) = I ckm0+

Tr hiu dng ca dng t do thi im t c ly bng tr s tc thi ca n ti thi im : Itdt = itdt

II.3. Dng ngn mch xung kch:

Dng ngn mch xung kch ixk l tr s tc thi ca dng ngn mch trong qu trnh qu . ng vi iu kin nguy him nht, dng ngn mch xung kch xut hin vo khong 1/2 chu k sau khi ngn mch, tc l vo thi im t = T/2 = 0,01sec (i vi mng in c tn s f = 50Hz). ixk = ick0,01 + itd0,01 trong : ick0,01 Ickm0+

i td0,01 = i td0+ .e
Vy:

0,01 Ta

= I ckm0+ .e

0,01 Ta

i xk = I ckm0+ .(1+ e = 2.k xk I " 0

0,01 Ta ) =

k xk .I ckm0+

vi kxk : h s xung kch ca dng ngn mch, ty thuc vo Ta m kxk c gi tr khc nhau trong khong 1 kxk 2. Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn thi im t c tnh nh sau:
t+ T 2 2 i N .dt = 2 2 I ckt + I tdt

I Nt =

1 T

T 2

Tng ng, tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch xung kch l:

I xk =
vi:

2 2 I ck 0,01 + I td0,01

I ck0,01 = I " 0
I td0,01 = i td0,01 = i xk - i ck 0,01 = i xk - I ckm0+ = (k xk -1)I ckm0+ = 2(k xk -1)I " 0

Vy: hay :

I xk =

I " + 2I " (k xk -1) 2 0 0

I xk = I " 1 + 2(k xk -1) 2 0

III. NGN MCH 3 PHA TRONG MCH c my bin p:

Hnh 3.4 : S mch in c my bin p Gi thit in p ngun khng i pht (Um = const.) v mch t ca my bin p khng bo ha. Khi xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta lp phng trnh vi phn cho mt pha nh sau (tt c cc tham s ca my bin p c qui i v cng mt pha): Pha s cp: Pha th cp:

u = R1.i 1 + L1.

di 1 di - M. 2 dt dt di 2 di - M. 1 dt dt

0 = R 2.i 2 + L 2.

Khi b qua dng t ha ca my bin p (i = 0) th i1 = i2. Cng 2 phng trnh trn ta c:

u = (R1 + R 2 )i 1 + (L1 + L 2 - 2M) = R B .i 1 + L B di 1 dt

di 1 dt

trong : RB = R1 + R2 : l in tr ca my bin p. LB = L1 + L2 - 2M = (L1 - M) + (L2 - M) : l in cm ca my bin p. Phng trnh trn ging nh phng trnh ca mch in n gin kho st mc I trc y. Do vy trong qu trnh qu khi b qua dng t ha, my bin p c th c thay th bng in tr v in cm tnh ton nh mch in thng thng.

Chng 4:TNH TRNG NGN MCH DUY TR

Tnh trng ngn mch duy tr l mt giai on ca qu trnh ngn mch khi tt c cc thnh phn dng t do pht sinh ra ti thi im ban u ca ngn mch tt ht v khi hon ton kt thc vic tng dng kch t do tc dng ca cc thit b TK.

I. Thng s tnh ton ca ngun v ph ti:

Cc thng s c bn ca my in ng b trong tnh trng ngn mch i xng duy tr l in khng khng bo ha ng b dc trc xd v ngang trc xq. Thay cho xd ngi ta c th dng mt i lng l t s ngn mch TN, chnh l dng duy tr tnh trong n v tng i khi ngn mch 3 pha u cc my in vi dng kch t tng i If = 1:

TN =

I ( I f =1) I m C TN

Xut pht t iu kin ngn mch u cc my in ta c:

xd =

trong : C - sc in ng bo ha tng i ca my in khi If = 1. Trung bnh c th ly cc tr s nh sau: - i vi my pht turbine hi: C = 1,2 v TN = 0,7 - i vi my pht turbine nc: C = 1,06 v TN = 1,1 i vi my in cc li, in khng ng b ngang trc xq rt t ph thuc vo s bo ha, thc t c th coi n l khng i v bng: xq 0.6xd Trong tnh ton gn ng coi: xd =1/TN i vi my in c TK, thng s c trng l dng kch t gii hn Ifgh, khi dng kch t kiu my in th tr s tng i ca Ifgh = (35).

II. nh hng ca ph ti v TK: II.1. Anh hng ca ph ti:

Ph ti mt mt lm cho my pht mang ti trc ngn mch, nn trong tnh trng ngn mch duy tr my pht c dng kch t ln hn so vi my pht lm vic ch khng ti. Mt khc, khi c ph ti ni vo mng, n c th lm thay i ng k tr s v s phn b dng trong s mng.

V d trn s hnh 4.1, ta thy ph ti ni song song vi nhnh ngn mch nn n lm gim in khng ngoi ca my pht, do vy lm tng dng trong my pht, lm gim in p u cc my pht v gim dng in ti ch ngn mch. Ngn mch cng xa th nh hng ca ph ti cng ln, ngc li khi ngn mch ngay ti u cc my pht th ph ti khng c tc dng trong tnh trng ngn mch duy tr. Hnh 4.1 Nu ph ti bao gm cc h tiu th tnh c tng tr khng i th vic tnh ton tng tr ca ph ti khng kh khn g. Tuy nhin cc ph ti cng nghip a s l cc ng c khng ng b c tng tr ph thuc rt nhiu vo trt. trt li ph thuc in p t vo ng c, m trong tnh trng s c th in p li l mt hm ca dng in phi tm. Bi v cc quan h tng h ny l khng tuyn tnh nn vic gii mt bi ton nh vy gp nhiu kh khn. Trong mt h thng in phc tp, thc t l khng th tnh ton ph ti mt cch chnh xc. n gin ta thay ph ti bng mt tng tr khng i: xPT = 1,2

II.1. Anh hng ca TK:

Khi ngn mch, TK lm tng dng kch t ca my pht v tr s dng, p ca my pht s lun lun ln hn so vi khi khng c TK. Mc tng ph thuc vo v tr im ngn mch v cc thng s chnh ca my pht. Thc vy, khi ngn mch xa, khi phc in p n tr s nh mc ch cn tng dng kch t ln mt t, nhng khi ngn mch cng gn th cn phi tng dng kch t ln cng hn. Nhng dng kch t ch c th tng n mt tr s gii hn Ifgh no tng ng vi khi ngn mch sau mt in khng ti hn Xth. Khi xN Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v dng ngn mch l:

I=

Eqgh xd + xN

trong : Eqgh - sc in ng tng ng vi dng kch t gii hn Ifgh. Trong n v tng i th: Eqgh* = Ifgh* Khi xN Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi in p nh mc v:

I=
Khi xN = Xth th:

U m xN

Eqgh U m = X th x d + X th

X th = x d

U m Eqgh U m

Trong n v tng i, chn Ucb = Um th: v dng ngn mch l:

X th* = x d*

1 Eqgh* 1

I = I th =

U m X th

Bng 4.1: CC QUAN H C TRNG CHO TRNG THI CA MY PHT C TK Trng thi kch t gii hn xN Xth If = Ifgh ; Eq = Eqgh U Um Trng thi in p nh mc xN Xth If Ifgh ; Eq Eqgh

U = Um

I=

Eqgh xd + xN

I th

I=

U m I th xN

Chng 5: QU TRNH QU TRONG MY IN

I. Khi nim chung:
Qu trnh qu trong my in xy ra phc tp hn trong my bin p hay cc thit b tnh khc do tnh cht chuyn ng ca n. Do vy nu k n tt c cc yu t nh hng th vic nghin cu s v cng kh khn v phc tp. n gin ngi ta a ra nhiu gi thit gn cho my in mt s tnh cht l tng ha. D nhin kt qu s c sai s, nhng so snh vi cc s liu thc nghim thng sai s nm trong phm vi cho php. Vic nghin cu vo thi im u ca qu trnh qu da trn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng i v n gin ch xt trn mt pha ca my in, cc cun dy stato v rto xem nh ch c mt vng dy, lc t thng trong mch t cng chnh l t thng mc vng . Qui c chn h trc ta trong my in nh sau (hnh 5.1): Hnh 5.1 Cc trc ta d, q gi theo dc trc v ngang trc ca rto. Thnh phn dc trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn cng chiu vi sc t ng ca cun kch t. Thnh phn ngang trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn chm o 90 so vi sc t ng ca cun kch t.

II. Cc loi t thng trong my in:

T thng ton phn ca cun kch t: trong : Xf - in khng ca cun kch t.

f = I f .X f
. .

- T thng hu ch: d = I f . X ad trong : Xad - in khng h cm gia cc cun dy stato v rto, c gi l in khng phn ng phn ng dc trc. - T thng tn: trong : Xf - in khng tn ca cun kch t. Nh vy:

f = I f . X f
. .

f = d + f

va X f = X ad + X f

H s tn ca cun kch t:

f =

f f
.

X f Xf

T thng phn ng: - T thng phn ng phn ng: dctrc: ngang trc: - T thng tn: dc trc: ngang trc: ton phn: trong : I =
2 Id
.

ad = I d . X ad

aq = I q . X aq
d = I d .X
. .

q = I q .X
= I.X
2 + Iq
. . . .

Hnh 5.2

T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun kch t: (ch c theo trc dc)

f = f + ad = I f . X f + I d . X ad T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun stato: - dc trc:

sd = d + ad + d = I f . X ad + ( X ad + X ) = I f . X ad + I d . X d
- ngang trc:

sq = 0 + aq + q = I q .( X aq + X ) = I q . X q
T thng k h khng kh dc trc:

d = d + ad = I f . X ad + I d . X ad = ( I f + I d ) X ad
T thng cun cn: - Cun cn dc: t thng chnh: t thng tn: - Cun cn ngang: t thng chnh: t thng tn:

1d = I 1d . X ad 1d = I 1d . X 1d
. .

1q = I 1q . X aq
1q = I 1q . X 1q
. .

III. Sc in ng v in khng qu :
Sc in ng v in khng qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in khng c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch. Khi ngn mch, t thng ad tng t ngt mt lng ado+ (hnh 5.3). Theo nh lut Lenx, tng ado+ s lm cho f tng ln mt lng fo+ sao cho tng t thng mc vng l khng i.

f = fo+ + ado+ = 0
Do f tng nn f cng tng mt lng t l v:

f = f . f
v t thng k h khng kh cng gim xung v:

d = f f

iu ny chng t d, d v sc in ng Eq, E tng ng ca my pht thay i t bin vo thi im u ca ngn mch nn khng th s dng cc tham s ny thay th cho my pht vo thi im u ca ngn mch.

Hnh 5.3 c trng cho my pht trong tnh ton ta s dng t thng khng t bin lc ngn mch l f, trong phn xem nh mc vng vi cun dy stato l:

d = (1 f ) f
d c gi l t thng qu dc trc. . ' . . X f X ad d = (1 )( f + ad ) = X f + X ad X f + X ad
. .

. '

I. ( X + X ) + I. X ad ad f d f

2 X ad = I f X ad + I d X f + X ad T thng mc vng ny ng vi sc in ng Eq c gi l sc in ng qu

E' q = Eq j I d

2 2 . . . . X ad X ad = Uq + j I d (x d ) = U q + j I d . x 'd X f + X ad X f + X ad 2 X .X X ad = xd = X + f ad X f + X ad X f + X ad

xd c gi l in khng qu dc trc.

x 'd

i vi my pht khng c cun cn ngang trc, t thng phn ng phn ng ngang trc aq trong qu trnh qu c th t bin. S t bin ca t thng ny c th xem nh l in p ri do dng Iq trn in khng xq, ngha l: Ed = 0 ; xq = xq Tm li, nu my in khng c cun cn th thi im u ngn mch c th thay th bng Eq v xd. Dng qu thi im u ngn mch ch c thnh phn dc trc:

Hnh 5.4
' ' I o = I do = ' Eq ' x d + x ng

trong : xng - in khng t u cc my in n im ngn mch.

IV. Sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

Sc in ng v in khng siu qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch. Xt mt my in c cc cun cn dc trc v ngang trc, gi thit cun kch t v cun cn dc trc l nh nhau nn c 2 u lin h vi cun dy stato bi t thng h cm chung ad c xc nh bi Xad. Khi c mt lng tng t ngt t thng ad, rto s c thay i tng ng t thng ca cun kch t f v ca cun cn dc trc 1d sao cho tng t thng mc vng khng i, do vy: - i vi cun kch t:
.

f + 1d + ad = 0
. .

I f ( X f + X ad ) + I 1d X ad + I d X ad = 0
- i vi cun cn dc: 1d + 1d + d + ad = 0
. . . . . . .

(5.1)

I 1d ( X 1d + X ad ) + I f X ad + I d X ad = 0
. .

(5.2)

T (5.1) v (5.2) ta c: (5.3) I f X f = I 1d X 1d T (5.3) thy rng lng tng Id to ra 2 cun kch t v cun cn dc cc dng in tng cng chiu nhng ln t l nghch in khng tn ca chng. Thay th phn ng ca 2 cun dy rto ti thi im u ca ngn mch bng phn ng ca mt cun dy tng ng dc trc c dng bng:

I rd = I f + I 1d
v in khng tn Xrd vi iu kin vn tha mn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng i, tc l:

rd + rd + ad = 0

.

I rd ( X rd + X ad ) + I d X ad = 0 ( I f + I 1d )( X rd + X ad ) + I d X ad = 0
X rd = X f . X 1d X f + X 1d
. .

(5.4)

Gii cc phng trnh (5.2), (5.3) v (5.4) ta c:

Nh vy in khng tn ca cun dy tng ng vi cun kch t v cun cn dc bng in khng tn ca 2 cun dy ny ghp song song. tm in khng c trng cho my in theo trc dc thi im u ca ngn mch, ta thc hin tnh ton tng t nh mc III (i vi my in khng c cun cn) trong thay cun kch t c Xf bng cun dy tng ng c Xrd v ta cng tm c: 2 X ad 1 x '' = x d = X + d 1 1 1 X rd + X ad + + X f X 1d X ad xd c gi l in khng siu qu dc trc. Tng t cho trc ngang, ta cng c in khng siu qu ngang trc: 2 X aq X 1q . X aq '' xq = xq = X + X 1q + X aq X 1q + X aq Cc sc in ng tng ng vi cc in khng trn c gi l sc in ng siu qu ngang trc Eq v dc trc Ed, chng c gi tr khng t bin vo thi im u ngn mch.
'' Eq '' = U qo + j I do . x d '' Ed '' = U do + j I qo . x q . . . . . .

trong : Uqo, Udo, Iqo, Ido - p v dng trc ngn mch.

'' '' E'' = Eq2 + Ed2 - sc in ng siu o

qu ton phn. Hnh 5.5 Vy my pht thi im u ngn mch c th c trng bng sc in ng siu qu v in khng siu qu . Gi tr dng siu qu dc trc v ngang trc tng ng l:
'' Id

'' Eq '' x d + x ng '' Ed '' x q + x ng

'' Iq =

V dng siu qu ton phn l:

'' '' I '' = I d2 + I q2 o

Trong tnh ton thc dng gn ng xem xd = xq ta c:

'' E'' = ( U cos ) 2 + ( U sin + I . x d ) 2 o '' '' E'' = ( U + I . x d sin ) 2 + (I . x d cos ) 2 o

hay:

V. ngha vt l ca cc in khng:
T cc biu thc tnh ton in khng ta thy: xd < xd < xd V mt vt l iu c gii thch nh sau: Trong ch bnh thng t thng to bi dng stato gm mt phn mc vng theo ng tn t, cn phn chnh i ngang k h khng kh khp vng qua cc cc v thn rto. V t tr ch yu l k h khng kh c t dn ad nh (hnh 5.6a), t cm ln; do vy tng ng vi in khng xd. Khi t thng stato thay i t ngt, trong cun kch t s c dng cm ng to nn t thng ngc hng vi t thng stato, v vy c th xem nh mt phn t thng stato b y ra ngoi i theo ng tn t ca cun kch t c t dn f (hnh 5.6b). Nh vy t thng stato phi i qua mt tng t dn ln, t cm s nh hn v s c: xd < xd

Hnh 5.6 Rto cng c nhiu mch vng kn, t thng stato cng kh xm nhp vo rto. Trng hp gii hn, khi t thng hon ton khng th i vo rto, ngha l ch i theo ng tn t ca cun dy stato c t dn , in khng ca stato lc chnh l in khng tn X, tng ng vi trng hp xd nh nht c th c. i vi cc my in khng c cun cn, bn thn rto cng c tc dng nh cun cn nn c th xem: xd = (0,750,9) xd

VI. Qua trnh qu trong my in khng cun cn:

n gin trc tin ta kho st cc my in khng c thit b TK. Gi thit ngn mch ti u cc ca my in, mch in xem nh thun khng, dng ngn mch ch c theo trc dc. Khi xy ra ngn mch, thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch s thay i t bin. tng l:

I d =

' I do+

I do =

E'qo+ x 'd

I do

trong : Ido - dng lm vic trc ngn mch. Ido+ - dng qu ti thi im u ngn mch. t thng mc vng khng i, dng kch t If cn phi tng mt lng:

I f = I d

X ad X ad + X f

Do cun kch t c in tr rf nn tr s ny s suy gim theo hng s thi gian Td ca cun kch t v If chnh l tr s ban u ca thnh phn t do khng chu k iftd ca dng kch t (hnh 5.7):

i ftd = i ftdo+ .e

t Td '

= I f . e

t Td '

Dng iftd to nn sc in ng Eq trong cun dy stato v lm xut hin thnh phn t do chu k ick trong dng stato vi tr hiu dng ban u l:
' ' I 'ck = I d = I do+ I d

Id = IN : dng ngn mch xc lp ng vi sc in ng ng b ngang trc Eq do dng kch t cng bc Ifo = If to ra. Nh vy, thnh phn chu k c bn ca dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn: t do chu k ick do dng t do ca cun kch t iftd sinh ra v do cng tt dn theo hng s thi gian Td. chu k cng bc ick do dng kch t cng bc Ifo = If to ra. ick = ick + ick gi l dng ngn mch qu v c tr hiu dng ban u l Ido+. Do dng chu k tng so vi trc khi ngn mch nn trong cun dy stato xut hin thnh phn t do khng chu k itd sao cho dng ngn mch ton phn thi im u ngn mch l khng t bin. Dng ny tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta ca mch stato:

i td = i tdo+ .e

t Ta

= I d . e

t Ta

Dng itd to t thng ng yn i vi stato, do s cm ng sang rto thnh phn t do chu k ifck trong dng kch t. V dng kch t if thi im u ngn mch khng t bin nn tr s ban u ca cc thnh phn trong dng kch t phi tha mn: ifcko+ = -iftdo+ = -If Dng ifck tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta v dng itd stato sinh ra n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta.

Hnh 5.7

Dng ifck sinh ra t trng p mch rto nn c th phn ra thnh 2 t trng quay ngc chiu nhau: - T trng quay ngc chiu vi rto (-) s ng yn so vi stato nn khng cm ng sang stato. - T trng quay cng chiu vi rto (+) s quay vi tc 2 so vi stato v cm ng sang stato to nn dng t do chu k ick(2) c tn s 2. Dng ny tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta. Tm li: Dng trong cun dy stato l: iN = ick + ick - itd - ick(2) = ick - itd - ick(2) Dng trong cun dy kch t l: if = Ifo + iftd - ifck

VII. Qu trnh qu trong my in c cun cn:

Khi t thng phn ng phn ng thay i, trong cun cn cng cm ng nn mt dng t do khng chu k tng t nh trong cun kch t. Dng ny li tc dng ln cun dy stato v cun cn trong qu trnh qu .

VII.1. Dng trong cun dy stato:

Ngoi cc thnh phn dng in ging nh my in khng cun cn, trong cun dy stato ca my in c cun cn cn bao gm: Thnh phn siu qu t do dc trc ick do dng t do trong cun cn dc trc sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Td ca cun cn dc trc. Nh vy thnh phn chu k dc trc gm: ick = ick + ick + ick = ick + ick ick gi l dng ngn mch siu qu dc trc, c tr hiu dng ban u l:

I" + do

E" q x" d

Do Td b nn dng trong cun cn v dng ick tt nhanh hn dng ick do cun kch t sinh ra. Thnh phn siu qu t do ngang trc iq do dng t do trong cun cn ngang trc sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Tq ca cun cn ngang trc v c tr hiu dng ban u l:

I" + qo

E" d x" q

Vy dng ngn mch ton phn ca my in c cun cn: iN = ick + ick + ick + iq - itd - ick(2) Tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu ban u l:

I " = I " 2+ + I " 2+ o do qo

Trong tnh ton gn ng, khi coi xd = xq th:

I" = o

E" o x" d

VII.2. Dng trong cun kch t:

Vn gm cc thnh phn nh my in khng cun cn nhng thnh phn t do khng chu k c khc do nh hng ca cun cn. iftd = iftd(KCC) - if iftd(KCC): thnh phn t do khng chu k xut hin trong my in khng cun cn. if : thnh phn t do khng chu k do nh hng ca cun cn, tt theo hng s thi gian Td.

VII.3. Dng trong cun cn:

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch duy tr, qua cun cn khng c dng in. Trong qu trnh qu , cun cn dc trc xut hin dng t do khng chu k tt dn theo 2 hng s thi gian Td v Td. ng thi di tc dng ca dng t do trong cun dy stato, cun cn s c thnh phn chu k i1dck tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta sao cho dng trong cun cn khng t bin. i1d = i1dtd + i1dck Trong cun cn ngang trc cng xut hin cc thnh phn dng tng t. i vi my pht turbine hi khng c cun cn, li thp cng c xem nh c tc dng tng t cun cn. Do vy trong qa trnh qu , din bin dng trong cun dy stato v rto c dng ging nh i vi cc my in c cun cn. V trong tnh ton vn dng nhng tham s siu qu thay th ti thi im u ngn mch.

VIII. Cc hng s thi gian tt dn:

Do trong mch c in tr tc dng nn cc thnh phn dng t do s tt dn vi hng s thi gian T = L/r. Trong h n v tng i th:

T* =

L* X * X = = r* r* r

VIII.1. Hng s thi gian ca cun dy stato:

Ta = X2 rst
trong : X2 - in khng th t nghch ca my in

Nu ngn mch cch my in mt on c tng tr Z = r + jx th:

Ta =

X2+x rst + r

VIII.2. Hng s thi gian ca cun kch t:

Khi my pht khng ti:

Tfo =

X f X ad + X f = rf rf

Khi ngn mch ngay ti u cc my pht:

X f +
' Tf' = Td =

X . X ad X + X ad X 'f = rf rf

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C th chng minh c rng:

' Td

' X 'f xd = Tfo = Tfo Xf xd

trong : Xf - in khng ca cun kch t khi ni tt cun dy stato. Nu ngn mch cch my pht mt on c in khng bng x th:
' Td

x 'd + x = Tfo xd + x

VIII.3. Hng s thi gian ca cun cn:

Hng s thi gian ca cun cn dc Td v cun cn ngang Tq cng ph thuc vo khong cch n im ngn mch. C th ly cc tr s trung bnh nh sau: - My pht turbine hi: Td Tq 0,1 sec. - My pht turbine nc: Td Tq 0,05 sec.

IX. nh hng ca TK v ph ti n qu trnh ngn mch: IX.1. Anh hng ca TK:

Ti thi im u ca ngn mch, v t thng mc vng vi cc cun dy l khng i nn thit b TK khng c nh hng. iu cho php tnh ton cc tham s thi im u ca ngn mch (chng hn nh Io, Eo, ixk) ging nh i vi cc my in khng c TK. Trong khong thi gian tip theo ca qu trnh qu , TK lm tng dng kch t v do lm tng cc thnh phn dng trong cun dy stato v cun cn dc. Qu trnh ny din ra chm, do vy thc t n ch lm thay i sc in ng quay ca stato v thnh phn chu k ca dng stato. Thnh phn khng chu k v sng iu ha bc 2 stato vn ging nh khi khng c TK. i vi cun cn dc, dng sinh ra trong n l do sc in ng bin p, sc in ng ny nh v dng kch t if thay i chm. Do vy dng t do c b gim xung nhng khng ng k.

IX.2. Anh hng ca ph ti:

Anh hng ca ph ti thi im u ca ngn mch ph thuc vo in p d ti im ni ph ti, tc ph thuc vo in khng xN t ph ti cho n im ngn mch. Khi xN < 0,4: ph ti xem nh ngun cung cp lm tng dng ngn mch. Khi xN > 0,4: ph ti tiu th dng in lm gim dng ngn mch. Khi xN = 0 th dng ph ti chim khong 25% dng ngn mch. Trong tnh ton thc t, cc ph ti c gp chung thnh ph ti tng hp mt im ca h thng in v c thay th gn ng bng: XPT = 0,35 v EPT = 0,8 Ch k n mt cch ring r cc ng c c ln v c thay th nh sau: - Cc ng c ng b c cu to ging nh my pht. thi im u ca ngn mch, ng c ang quay theo qun tnh xem nh vn cn tc ng b nn c th thay th bng cc tham s ging nh i vi my pht l Eo v xd.

11

- Cc ng c khng ng b vi h s trt b xem nh l ng c ng b khng c cun kch t, cng c thay th bng sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

E'' U o I o . X '' .sin o o 1 X " = x" N = = (0,25 0,35) * * I * mm

trong : I*mm - dng m my ca ng c. Uo, Io, o - tham s ca ng c trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

Chng 6: CC PHNG PHP TNH TON NGN MCH

I. Khi nim chung:
Phng php tnh dng ngn mch bng cch gii h phng trnh vi phn i hi nhiu cng sc, mc d chnh xc nhng ngay c tnh mt s n gin khi lng tnh ton cng kh cng knh, bc phng trnh tng nhanh theo s my in c trong s . Ngoi ra cn c nhng vn lm phc tp thm qu trnh tnh ton nh: dao ng cng sut, dng t do trong cc my in nh hng nhau, tc dng ca thit b t ng iu chnh kch t (TK), tham s d trc v ngang trc khc nhau.... Do , trong thc t thng dng cc phng php thc dng cho php tnh ton n gin hn. Ngoi cc gi thit c bn nu trc y, cn c thm nhng gi thit sau: Qui lut bin thin thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch trong s c mt my pht tng t nh trong s c nhiu my pht. Vic xt n thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch trong tt c cc trng hp c th tin hnh mt cch gn ng. Rto ca cc my in ng b l i xng do khng cn phn bit sc in ng, in p, dng in theo cc trc v c th b qua thnh phn chu k 2. Ty mc ch tnh ton c th s dng cc phng php khc nhau vi sai s khng c vt qu phm vi cho php 5% i vi tr s ban u v 1015% cc thi im khc.

II. Phng php giI tch: II.1. Tnh dng siu qu ban u:
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau: a) Lp s thay th, tnh ton qui i tham s ca cc phn t trong h n v c tn hay n v tng i: - My pht: thay th bng Eo v X = xd = xq, i vi my pht khng c cun cn xem rto nh cun cn t nhin, tc l cng dng cc thng s siu qa tnh ton vi xd = (0,750,9) xd. Sc in ng Eo c tnh theo cng thc gn ng vi gi thit my pht lm vic ch nh mc trc khi ngn mch:

E" = ( U F sin + I F x " ) 2 + ( U F cos ) 2 o d

Nu my pht lm vic ch khng ti trc khi ngn mch th Eo = UF. - ng c v my b ng b c tnh nh my pht. - ng c khng ng b v ph ti tng hp thay th bng:

X " = X *N = *

1 I * mm

v: Eo Uo - IoXsino trong : X*N - in khng ngn mch (lc ng c b hm). I*mm - dng m my ca ng c. Uo, Io, sino - c ly tnh trng trc ngn mch. Khi khng c s liu cn thit c th tra bng sau:
THIT B X Eo

My pht turbine hi My pht turbine nc c cun cn My pht turbine nc khng cun cn ng c ng b My b ng b ng c khng ng b Ph ti tng hp

0,125 0,2 0,27 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,35

1,08 1,13 1,18 1,1 1,2 0,9 0,8

b) Tnh ton: Bin i s thnh dng n gin gm mt hay nhiu nhnh ni trc tip t ngun n im ngn mch (hnh 6.1), t tnh c dng siu qu ban u theo biu thc sau:

I" = o
i =1

E" i X" i

c) Ch : Trong thc t, vic tnh ton dng siu qu ban u thng ch xt n nhng ph ti ni trc tip vo im ngn mch.
Hnh 6.1

II.2. Tnh dng ngn mch i vi ngun cng sut v cng ln:
Trong tnh ton n gin s b hay trong mng c ngun cng sut v cng ln th thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch l khng i v c tnh nh sau:

I ck =

U tb = I" = I o 3X

trong : Utb - in p trung bnh ca on c im ngn mch. X - in khng gia ngun v im ngn mch qui v on c im ngn mch. Trong h n v tng i vi lng c bn l Scb v Ucb = Utb th:

S* N = I * ck =
vi:

1 X *

SN = 3U tbI ck

Trong tnh ton thc dng, vic xt n cc h thng thng l gn ng. Nu bit tr s dng siu qa ban u Io hoc cng sut SN khi ngn mch 3 pha ti mt nt bt k trong h thng (hnh 6.2), th c th xc nh in khng XH ca h thng i vi im nt ny:

XH =

U tb 3.I " o

2 U tb

S"N

hay

X *H =

I cb I" o

Scb S"N

(6.1)

Nu khng bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch, c th xc nh in khng XH gn ng t cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct dng ct cng sut ngn mch (hnh 6.3), tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng ICm v SCm thay cho Io v SN.

Hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.3

Nu ti nt ang xt cn c nh my in a phng (hnh 6.3) th phi gim bt lng IF, SF do nh my in ny cung cp, tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng (ICm- IF) v (SCm- SF) thay cho Io v SN. Trng hp c mt s h thng lin lc vi nhau qua mt s im nt, nu bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch mi im nt, cng c th xc nh c in khng XH ca h thng. V d, trn hnh 6.4 ta c:

X M =

U tb 3.I " M
X M = X N

va

X N =

U tb 3.I "N

X H1 ( X H 2 + X MN ) X H1 + X H 2 + X M N ( X H1 + X MN ) X H 2 = X H1 + X H 2 + X M N

t , khi bit IM, IN v XMN c th tnh c XH1 v XH2.

Hnh 6.4

II.3. Tnh dng xung kch:

a) i vi mng c cng sut v cng ln:
Io = Ick = I lc :

i xk = k xk I ckm = 2k xk I ck I xk = I ck 1 + 2( k xk 1) 2

b) i vi mng c cng sut hu hn:

i xk = 2k xk I " o I xk = I " 1 + 2( k xk 1) 2 o
trong cc biu thc trn, kxk l h s xung kch, ph thuc vo hng s thi gian Ta=L/r. Khi xt ring nh hng ca cc ng c v ph ti tng hp th:

i xk = 2k xk I " + 2k xk I " o
vi: I - dng siu qu ban u do ng c hay ph ti cung cp. kxk - h s xung kch ca ng c hay ph ti tng hp. Trung bnh c th ly gi tr nh sau: Ngn mch ti thanh gp in p my pht hoc u cao p ca my bin p tng: kxk = 1,9 Ngn mch cc thit b cao p xa my pht: kxk = 1,8 Ngn mch pha th cp ca cc trm h p (S<1000KVA): kxk = 1,3 i vi ng c khng ng b, suy gim ca cc thnh phn dng chu k v t do do n cung cp cho im ngn mch l gn nh nhau, c th ly: - ng c c ln : kxk = 1,8 - ng c c 100200KW: kxk = 1,51,6 - ng c c b v ph ti tng hp: kxk = 1

II.4. Tnh dng ngn mch duy tr:

Cc phn t c thay th bi cc tham s ging nh ch lm vic bnh thng ca h thng in.

a) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht khng c TK:

- My pht c thay bng Eq v xd vi Eq* = If*. Nu cha bit dng kch t If th c th tnh Eq t ch lm vic ca my pht trc khi xy ra ngn mch:

E" = ( U F sin + I F x d ) 2 + ( U F cos ) 2 q

- Ph ti tp trung ti cc nt c thay bng: xPT = 1,2 v EPT = 0 - Lp s thay th v bin i tm dng ngn mch:

I N = I ck =

E X

b) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht c TK:

Trng hp mch n gin ch c mt my pht th tnh trng lm vic ca my pht khi ngn mch duy tr c th c xc nh bng cch so snh in khng ngn mch XN vi Xth:

X th = x d
hay khi Ucb = Um th:

U m Eqgh U m 1 Eqgh* 1

X th* = x d*

Nu XN > Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc v c thay bng Eqgh v xd vi: Eqgh* = Ifgh*

Nu XN < Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v c thay bng Um v XF = 0. Trng hp mch phc tp c nhiu ngun lin kt nh hng nhau thng khng th s dng ch tiu nu trn xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca cc my pht. Do phi dng phng php gn ng nh sau: - Ty thuc vo v tr ca my pht i vi im ngn mch, gi thit trc tnh trng lm vic ca my pht. - Lp s thay th v tin hnh tnh ton dng ngn mch IN. - Kim tra li gi thit bng cch tnh ngc li tm dng IF do mi my pht cung cp cho im ngn mch v so snh vi Ith ca tng my pht.

I th* =

Eqgh* 1 1 = X th* x d*

Nu IF > Ith th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn. Nu IF < Ith th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc. i vi nhng my pht gi thit lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn cng c th kim tra theo in p u cc my pht (UF < Um) Nu gi thit ng xem nh bi ton gii xong. Nu gi thit sai mt my pht no cn phi thay i trng thi ca n v tnh ton li. - Nhng im cn lu : Ph ti lm tng tng dn so vi im ngn mch, v vy nu b qua nh hng ca ph ti th kt qu tnh ton c th c sai s ln, ch b qua nh hng ca ph ti khi xt n ngn mch ngay u cc my pht. Ph ti cng c th nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca my pht trong iu kin ngn mch, do vy cn phi xt n chng khi gi thit. Nu trong h thng c my pht khng c TK th thay th n bng Eq v xd .

II.5. Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn:

my ct lm vic m bo cn chn SCm v ICm ca n sao cho vo thi im ct t ta c: SCm > SNt v ICm > INt Do cn xc nh tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn vo thi im t:
2 2 I Nt = I ckt + I tdt

trong , Ickt tnh ton bng gii tch rt phc tp, thng tra theo ng cong tnh ton, cn Itdt c tnh bng biu thc sau:

I tdt = I tdo+ .e

t Ta

= 2I " .e o

t Ta

Thc t n gin dng cng thc gn ng sau: INt = t.Io t : h s tnh ton, gi tr trung bnh ca n c th ly nh sau: khi t = 0,05sec: t = 1,1 khi t = 0,1 sec: t = 1 khi t 0,2 sec: c th xem INt Ickt v hu nh thnh phn t do tt ht.

III. Phng php ng cong tnh ton:

III.1. ng cong tnh ton:
ng cong tnh ton l ng cong biu din tr s tng i ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ti nhng thi im ty ca qu trnh qu ph thuc vo mt in khng - in khng tnh ton x*tt = xd + xN. I*ckt = f(x*tt , t)

Hnh 6.5

ng cong c xy dng theo s n gin nh hnh 6.5, trong coi rng trc ngn mch my pht lm vic vi ph ti nh mc v ph ti khng i trong sut qu trnh ngn mch, nhnh b ngn mch 3 pha ti im N c in khng xN khng mang ti trc khi xy ra ngn mch. Cho xN cc gi tr khc nhau, theo cc biu thc bit hoc bng m hnh tnh Ick ti im ngn mch cc thi im khc nhau. T kt qu tnh c, xy dng h ng cong I*ckt = f(x*tt , t). Cc tham s u tnh trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc ca my pht: Ucb = Utb v Scb = SmF.

ng cong tnh ton

Hnh 6.6 Thc t c 2 loi ng cong tnh ton khc nhau cho 2 loi my pht: turbine hi v turbine nc (hnh 6.6). Cc c im ca ng cong tnh ton nh sau: Khi xtt cng ln (ngn mch cng xa) th s bin thin ca bin dng in chu k theo thi gian cng t. Khi xtt > 3 c th xem Ickt = Io. Khi xtt cng tng ln th s khc bit v dng gia 2 loi my pht cng nh v khi xtt > 1 th ng cong tnh ton ca 2 loi my pht hu nh trng nhau. ng cong tnh ton tng ng vi cc thi im khc nhau c th ct nhau. iu ny l do tc dng ca thit b TK lm tng dng ngn mch sau khi qua mt tr s cc tiu no . Cc ng cong tnh ton b gii hn bi ng cong I*ck = 1/x*N do phi tha mn iu kin Ickt Um/xN. Nu hng s thi gian Tfo ca my pht khc vi Tfotc ca my pht tiu chun th cn hiu chnh thi gian t ng cong tnh ton thnh:

t ' = t.

Tfotc Tfo

i vi my pht turbine hi: Tfotc= 7sec, my pht turbine nc: Tfotc= 5sec. ng cong tnh ton c v vi my pht c ph ti nh mc, do trng hp my pht khng c ph ti u cc th tr s dng in tm c I*ck phi hiu chnh thnh:
' I * ck

x tt x " d = (1 + ) I * ck 1,2

III.2. Phng php tnh ton:

III.2.1. Tnh ton theo mt bin i:
Tnh ton theo mt bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo bin i chung. Phng php ny s dng khi khong cch gia cc my pht n im ngn mch gn nh nhau, lc s tt dn ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ca cc my pht l gn nh nhau, cho nn c th nhp chung tt c cc my pht thnh mt my pht ng tr c cng sut tng tnh ton. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau: Lp s thay th trong n v tng i theo php qui i gn ng (vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb): - in khng ca my pht ly bng xd. - khng cn t bt k sc in ng no trong s . - ph ti c th b i, tr trng hp nhng ng c c ln ni trc tip vo im ngn mch th tnh ton nh my pht c cng cng sut. Bin i s thay th, a n v dng n gin nht tnh in khng ng tr x* ca s i vi im ngn mch. Tnh i v in khng tnh ton:

x * tt = x * .

Sm Scb

trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht. T in khng tnh ton x*tt v thi im t cn xt, tra ng cong tnh ton (hnh 6.6) s tm c I*ckt. Tnh i v n v c tn (nu cn) vi lng c bn lc ny l Sm v Utb:

I ckt = I * ckt .I m = I * ckt .

Sm 3. U tb

Mt s im cn lu : - Khi x*tt > 3 th dng chu k khng thay i v bng: I*ck = 1/x*tt. - Nu cc my pht khc loi th dng ng cong tnh ton ca my pht c cng sut ln, gn im ngn mch. - Nu r < x/3 th khng th b qua in tr tc dng v phi tnh ton Z, sau dng Ztt thay v xtt.

III.2.2. Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i:

Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo nhng bin i ring bit. Phng php ny s dng khi trong s khong cch t cc my pht n im ngn mch khc nhau nhiu, nht l khi c ngun cng sut v cng ln, lc phi k n s

thay i dng in ring r ca tng my pht hay tng nhm my pht. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau: Lp s thay th, tham s ca cc phn t c tnh ton gn ng trong h n v tng i (vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb). Da vo s xc nh nhm cc my pht c th nhp chung, h thng cng sut v cng ln phi tch ring ra. Dng cc php bin i a s v dng tng nhnh c lp ni vi im ngn mch. Tnh ton vi tng nhnh ring r theo phng php bin i chung. Cng sut c bn tnh x*tt l tng cng sut cc my pht trn mi nhnh.

x * tti = x * i .

Smi Scb

Tra theo ng cong tnh ton ti thi im ang xt tm ra dng I*ckti trn mi nhnh ring bit. Tnh dng tng trong h n v c tn: Ickt = I*ckti.Imi Nhnh c h thng cng sut v cng tch ring ra v tnh trc tip dng ngn mch do n cung cp:

I NH =

I cb x * NH( cb)

hay I * NH =

1 x * NH ( cb)

trong : x*NH(cb) - in khng tng h gia h thng v im ngn mch tnh trong h n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb. Thng thng trong tnh ton s dng 2 n 3 nhnh bin i c lp.

Chng 7:NGN MCH KHNG I XNG

I. Khi nim chung:
Ngoi ngn mch 3 pha i xng, trong h thng in cn c th xy ra ngn mch khng i xng bao gm cc dng ngn mch 1 pha, ngn mch 2 pha, ngn mch 2 pha chm t. Khi h thng vct dng, p 3 pha khng cn i xng na. i vi my pht, khi trong cun dy stato c dng khng i xng s xut hin t trng p mch, t sinh ra mt lot sng hi bc cao cm ng gia rto v stato: sng bc l stato s cm ng sang rto sng bc chn v ngc li. Bin cc sng ny ph thuc vo s i xng ca rto, rto cng i xng th bin cc sng cng b. Do thc t i vi my pht turbine hi v turbine nc c cc cun cn dc trc v ngang trc, cc sng hi bc cao c bin rt nh, c th b qua v trong tnh ton ngn mch ta ch xt n sng tn s c bn. Tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng mt cch trc tip bng cc h phng trnh vi phn da trn nhng nh lut Kirchoff v Ohm rt phc tp, do ngi ta thng dng phng php thnh phn i xng. Ni dung ca phng php ny l chuyn mt ngn mch khng i xng thnh ngn mch 3 pha i xng gi tng ri dng cc phng php bit gii n.

II. Phng php thnh phn i xng:

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc Fortesene - Stokvis. Mt h thng 3 vct

Fa , Fb , Fc khng i xng bt k (hnh 7.1) c th phn tch thnh 3 h thng vct

i xng: - H thng vct th t thun : Fa1 , Fb1 , Fc1 - H thng vct th t nghch: Fa 2 , Fb 2 , Fc 2 - H thng vct th t khng : Fa0 , Fb0 , Fc0 Theo iu kin phn tch ta c:
. . . . . . . . .

Fa = Fa1 + Fa 2 + Fa0 Fb = Fb1 + Fb 2 + Fb0 Fc = Fc1 + Fc 2 + Fc0

. . . . . . . .

Hnh 7.1 Dng ton t pha a = ej120 ta c:

. F . a 1 Fb = 1 . Fc 1

. 1 1 F0 . a2 a Fa1 . a a2 Fa2 . 1 1 Fa . 2 a a Fb . a2 a Fc

v ngc li:
. F . 0 1 1 Fa1 = 1 . 3 Fa2 1
. . . .

Khi Fa + Fb + Fc = 3 F0 = 0 th h thng 3 vct l cn bng. H s khng cn bng: b0 = F0/F1 H s khng i xng: b2 = F2/F1 H thng vct th t thun v th th nghch l i xng v cn bng, h thng vct th t khng l i xng v khng cn bng.
Mt vi tnh cht ca cc thnh phn i xng trong h thng in 3 pha:

Trong mch 3 pha - 3 dy, h thng dng in dy l cn bng. Dng i trong t (hay trong dy trung tnh) bng tng hnh hc dng cc pha, do bng 3 ln dng th t khng. H thng in p dy khng c thnh phn th t khng. Gia in p dy v in p pha ca cc thnh phn th t thun v th th U d1 = 3U f 1 ; U d2 = 3U f 2 nghch cng c quan h 3: C th lc c cc thnh phn th t.

III. Cc phng trnh c bn ca thnh phn i xng:

Quan h gia cc i lng dng, p, tng tr ca cc thnh phn i xng cng tun theo nh lut Ohm:
. . . .

U1 = j.I 1 . X 1 U 2 = j. I 2 . X 2 U 0 = j I 0.X 0
trong : X1, X2, X0 - in khng th t thun, nghch v khng ca mch. Khi ngn mch khng i xng ta xem tnh trng mch nh l xp chng ca cc mch tng ng vi cc thnh phn i xng tun theo nhng phng trnh c bn sau:
. .

U N1 = E j I N1 . X 1 . U N 2 = 0 j I N 2 . X 2 . U N 0 = 0 j I N 0 . X 0
trong : UN1, UN2, UN0, IN1, IN2, IN0 - cc thnh phn th t ca dng v p ti im ngn mch. Nhim v tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng l tnh c cc thnh phn i xng t cc phng trnh c bn v iu kin ngn mch, t tm ra cc i lng ton phn.
. . . .

IV. Cc tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t:

Tham s ca cc phn t l c trng cho phn ng khi c dng, p qua chng. Do tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t l phn ng khi c h thng dng, p th t thun, nghch v khng tc dng ln chng. - Tham s th t thun ca cc phn t l cc tham s trong ch i xng bnh thng bit. - i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t ng yn nh my bin p, ng dy ... th in khng khng ph thuc vo th t pha, tc l in khng th t thun v th t nghch ging nhau (X2 = X1). i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t quay th X2 X1. in khng th t khng th ni chung l X0 X2, X1, tr trng hp mch khng c ngu hp t th X0 = X2 = X1.

IV.1. My in ng b:
- in khng th t nghch X2 l phn ng ca my in do dng th t nghch to t trng quay ngc vi vn tc 2 so vi rto. Tr s ca X2 ty thuc i xng ca my in, thng ghi trong l lch my. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th ly: My in khng cun cn: X2 = 1,45xd My in c cun cn: X2 = 1,22xd - in khng th t khng Xo c trng cho t thng tn ca dng th t khng: Xo = (0,15 0,6)xd X1 thay i trong qu trnh ngn mch nhng X2 v Xo nu khng xt n bo ha th c th xem l khng i. Tnh ton gn ng c th ly gi tr trung bnh trong bng 7.1.

Bng 7.1:
LOI MY IN

My pht turbine hi < 200MW My pht turbine hi 200MW My pht turbine nc c cun cn My pht turbine nc khng cun cn My b v ng c ng b c ln

0,15 0,22 0,25 0,45 0,24

X2

0,05 0,05 0,07 0,07 0,08

XO

IV.2. Ph ti tng hp:

Ph ti tng hp ch yu l ng c khng ng b nn c th ly mt ng c khng ng b ng tr thay th cho ton b ph ti tnh ton. - in khng th t nghch X2 ng vi t thng th t nghch c trt (2-s), lc s=1 (tc ng c b hm) th X2 b nht, l trng hp nguy him nht c tnh ton trong thc t: X2 = X2(s=1) = XN trong : XN - in khng ngn mch ca ng c vi X*N = 1/I*mm Tnh ton gn ng ly: X2 = X = 0,35 - Hu ht cc ng c c trung tnh cch in vi t nn khng c dng th t khng i qua chng. Do vy khng cn tm Xo ca cc ng c (tc Xo ).

IV.3. Khng in:

Khng in l phn t ng yn, lin lc v t yu nn: Xo X1 = X2

IV.4. My bin p:
My bin p c X1 = X2, cn Xo ph thuc vo t ni dy. T ni dy ch c th cho dng th th khng chy qun trong cun dy m khng ra ngoi li in. T ni dy Y cho dng th th khng i qua cun dy ch khi trung tnh ni t. Ni Yo / :(hnh 7.2) xo >> xII Xo = xI + xII =X1

Hnh 7.2

Ni Yo / Yo :(hnh 7.3) Xo ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

Hnh 7.3 Ni Yo / Y :(hnh 7.4) Xo = xI + xo

Hnh 7.4 i vi my bin p 2 cun dy gm 3 my bin p 1 pha hoc i vi my bin p 3 pha 4 tr hay 5 tr th xo = , i vi my bin p 3 pha 3 tr th xo = 0,3 1. i vi my bin p 3 cun dy thng c 1 cun dy ni v vy c th b qua xo Ni Yo / /Y :(hnh 7.5) Xo = xI + xII

Hnh 7.5 Ni Yo / /Yo :(hnh 7.6) Xo ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

Hnh 7.6

Ni Yo / / :(hnh 7.7)

Xo = xI + (xII // xIII)

Hnh 7.7

IV.5. ng dy:
IV.5.1. ng dy trn khng:
X2 = X1 Xo ph thuc ng i ca dng th th khng, ngha l ph thuc vo s phn b ca chng trong t, trong dy trung tnh, trong nhng mch ni t song song (dy chng st). H cm gia cc pha lm gim X1, X2 nhng lm tng Xo. - i vi ng dy n 3 pha (1 l): Xo > X1 - i vi ng dy kp 3 pha (2 l), Xo ca mt l ln hn in khng th t khng Xo ca ng dy n 3 pha do c h cm gia 2 mch song song: Xo = Xo + XI-IIo trong : XI-IIo - in khng th t khng h cm gia 2 l. in khng tng ng ca 1 pha ng dy kp l: Xo = Xo/2 = (Xo + XI-IIo)/2 - Anh hng ca dy chng st: Dy chng st thng c ni t mi ct to thnh nhng mch vng kn cho dng cm ng i qua khi c dng th t khng trong cc pha (i vi dng th t thun v dng th t nghch khng c cm ng v tng t thng mc vng do chng to nn bng khng). Chnh h cm gia dy chng st v cc pha lm gim Xo ca ng dy, h cm ny ph thuc vo vt liu, s lng v s b tr ca dy chng st. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th ly tr s trung bnh trong bng 7.2. Bng 7.2:
TNH CHT NG DY

ng dy n khng c dy chng st ng dy n c dy chng st bng thp ng dy n c dy chng st dn in tt ng dy kp khng c dy chng st ng dy kp c dy chng st bng thp ng dy kp c dy chng st dn in tt

T S Xo/X1

3,5 3 2 5,5 4,7 3

IV.5.1. ng dy cp:
V cp thng c ni t 2 u v nhiu im trung gian (hp ni cp), do to thnh ng i i vi dng th t khng, v cp c nh hng tng t nh dy chng st ca ng dy trn khng. Gi tr ro, Xo ca dy cp thay i trong phm vi rng. Trong tnh ton gn ng, vi cp 3 li c th xem: ro 10r1 Xo (3,5 4,6)X1

V. S Cc thnh phn th t:
V.1. S th t thun v th t nghch:
S th t thun l s dng tnh ton ch i xng. Ty thuc vo phng php v thi im tnh ton, cc my pht v cc phn t khc c thay th bng sc in ng v in khng tng ng. S th t nghch v s th t thun c cu trc tng t nhau v ng i ca dng th t nghch v dng th t thun l nh nhau. im khc bit ca s th t nghch so vi s th t thun l: - cc ngun sc in ng bng khng. - cc in khng th t nghch khng thay i, khng ph thuc vo dng ngn mch v thi im tnh ton. Ta gi: im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im ni tt c cc trung tnh my pht v ph ti, l im c th in bng khng. im cui ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im s c. in p gia im cui v im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch tng ng l in p ngn mch th t thun v th t nghch.

V.2. S th t khng:
ng i ca dng th t khng rt khc vi dng th t thun v th t nghch. S th t khng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cch ni dy ca my bin p v ch ni t im trung tnh ca h thng in. Mun thnh lp s th t khng cn bt u t im ngn mch, coi rng c 3 pha ti im nhp chung v c in p l UNo. S th t khng ch bao gm cc phn t m dng th t khng c th i qua. Tng tr ni t cc im trung tnh cn nhn 3, v s th t khng c lp cho 1 pha trong khi qua tng tr ni t c dng th t khng ca c 3 pha.

VI. Tnh ton cc dng ngn mch c bn:

Qui c: - Coi pha A l pha c bit ( trong iu kin khc 2 pha cn li). - Xt ngn mch ngay ti u nhnh r ca phn t v chiu dng ca dng in l t cc pha n im ngn mch. Theo iu kin phn tch h thng vct khng i xng, ta c:

I. . NA 1 I NB = 1 . I NC 1

. 1 1 I N 0 . a2 a I NA1 . a a2 I NA 2

I. . N 0 1 1 I NA1 = 1 . 3 I NA 2 1

. 1 1 I NA . a a2 I NB . a2 a I NC

v cc phng trnh c bn:

U NA 1 = E A j I NA 1 . X 1 U NA 2 = 0 U N0 = 0
. .

(7.1) (7.2) (7.3)

j I NA 2 . X 2 j I N 0 . X 0
.

VI.1. Ngn mch 2 pha:

Xt ngn mch gia 2 pha B, C (hnh 7.8). iu kin ngn mch l:

I NA I NB
. .

=0 = I NC
. .

(7.4) (7.5)

U NB = U NC (7.6) Thay vo cc phng trnh th t: . . U 1 1 1 U NA N0 . . U NA1 = 1 1 a a2 U NB . 3 . 1 a2 a U NB U NA 2 I. . N 0 1 1 1 1 . 0 I NA1 = 1 a a2 I NB 3 . . 2 I NA 2 1 a a I NB

Hnh 7.8

U NA1 = U NA 2

(7.7)

I N0 = 0 I NA1 = I NA 2
. .

(7.8) (7.9)

Gii cc phng trnh t (7.1) n (7.9) ta c:

EA j I NA1 . X 1 = 0 j I NA 2 . X 2 = 0 + j I NA1 . X 2
Nh vy:
.

I NA 1

EA = j( X 1 + X 2 )

I NB = I NC = j 3 I NA 1 U NA 1 = U NA 2 = j I NA 1 . X 2 U NA = 2 U NA 1
. . . . .

;
.

U N0 = 0
.

U NB = U NC = U NA 1

Hnh 7.9

VI.2. Ngn mch 1 pha:

Xt ngn mch 1 pha pha A (hnh 7.10). iu kin ngn mch l:

I NB I NC
. .

=0 =0

(7.10) (7.11)

U NA = 0 (7.12) Thay vo phng trnh th t dng: I. 1 1 1 I. NA N0 1 . I NA1 = 1 a a2 0 3 . 1 a2 a 0 I NA 2 T phng trnh th t p ta c:

. .

Hnh 7.10

. . . 1. I N 0 = I NA 1 = I NA 2 = I NA 3

(7.13)

U NA = U NA 1 + U NA 2 + U N 0 = 0 V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) (7.3) ta c:

EA j I NA 1 ( X 1 + X 2 + X 0 ) = 0
Nh vy:

I NA 1 =

j( X 1

EA + X 2 + X 0 )

10

U N 0 = jX 0 I N 0 = jX 0 I NA 1
. . .

;
.

U NA 2 = jX 2 I NA 2 = -jX 2 I NA 1

U NA 1 = ( U N 0 + U NA 2 ) = j I NA 1 ( X 0 + X 2 ) Dng ti ch ngn mch, cng l dng i qua t I:

I NA = I = 3I NA 1
Ap ti ch ngn mch:

U NB = U N 0 + a2 U NA 1 + aU NA 2 = j[( a2 a) X 2 + ( a2 1) X 0 ] I NA 1 . . X = 3 I NA 1 ( X 2 aX 0 ) = 3 I NA 1 X 2 (1 a 0 ) X 2 U NC = U N 0 + aU NA 1 + a2 U NA 2 = 3 I NA 1 ( X 2 a2X 0 )
. . . . .

= j[( a a2 ) X 2 + ( a 1) X 0 ] I NA 1 . X = 3 I NA 1 X 2 (1 a2 0 ) X 2

Hnh 7.11

VI.3. Ngn mch 2 pha chm t:

Xt ngn mch 2 pha B, C chm t (hnh 7.12). iu kin ngn mch l:

I NA
. .

=0

(7.14) (7.15)

U NB = 0

U NC = 0 (7.16) Thay vo phng trnh th t

p:
. U . N 0 1 1 U NA1 = 1 . 3 U NA 2 1

Hnh 7.12

. 1 1 U NA . . . 1 . a a2 0 U N 0 = U NA1 = U NA 2 = U NA 3 a2 a 0
. . . .

(7.17)

T (7.14) ta c: I NA = I NA 1 + I NA 2 + I N 0 = 0 V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) (7.3) ta c:

jX 2 I NA 2 = jX 0 I N 0

11

Nh vy:

I N 0 = I NA 1 (
. .

X 2 ) X 0 + X 2
.

;
.

I NA 2 = I NA 1 (
.

X 0 ) X 0 + X 2

T cc phng trnh c bn v (7.17) ta c:

U NA 1 = EA j I NA 1 X 1 = U N 0 = j I N 0 X 0 = j I NA 1 (
Do : Dng ti ch ngn mch:

X 2 ) X 0 X 0 + X 2

I NA 1 = j( X 1
.

EA X 2 X 0 ) + X 2 + X 0 ;
.

I NB = ( a 2

X 2 + aX 0 . ) I NA 1 X 2 + X 0
. .

I NC = ( a

X 2 + a 2X 0 . ) I NA 1 X 2 + X 0

Dng i qua t I l:
.

I = 3I N 0 = 3I NA 1
.

p ti im ngn mch: U NA = 3U NA 1

X 2 X 0 + X 2 . X 2 X 0 = 3j I NA 1 X 0 + X 2

Hnh 7.13 Bng 7.3: TM TT BIU THC I VI CC DNG NGN MCH

Dng NM Dng p
.

(2)

I NA 1
.

EA = j( X 1 + X 2 )
.

U NA 1 = jX 2 I NA 1
. .

I NA 2 = I NA 1 ;
N
(1)

I N0 = 0

U NA 2 = U NA 1 ; U N 0 = 0

I NA 1 =
.

j( X 1
.

EA + X 2 + X 0 )
.

U NA 1 = j( X 2 + X 0 ) I NA 1 U NA 1 + U NA 2 + U N 0 = 0
. . .

I NA 2 = I N 0 = I NA 1

12

(1,1)

I NA 1 = j( X 1
. .

I NA 1 + I NA 2 + I N 0 = 0

EA X 2 X 0 + ) X 2 + X 0

U NA 1 = j I NA 1 (
. .

X 2 X 0 ) X 0 + X 2
.

U NA 2 = U N 0 = U NA 1

VII. Qui tc ng tr th t thun:

Qua bng 7.3 thy rng cc thnh phn i xng ca dng v p t l vi dng th t thun ch ngn mch, do vy nhim v tnh ton mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k trc ht l tm dng th t thun ch ngn mch. tnh ton ngi ta a ra qui tc ng tr th t thun nh sau: Dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k c tnh nh l dng ngn mch 3 pha mt im xa hn im ngn mch thc s mt in khng ph X(n). Tr s ca X(n) khng ph thuc vo tham s ca s th t thun m ch ph thuc vo X2 v Xo.
. ( n) I NA 1

( n) . ( n) . ( n) U NA 1 = jX . I NA 1 ( n) . ( n) . ( n) I N = m . I NA 1

EA = j( X 1 + X ( n) )

trong , m(n), X(n) ty thuc vo dng ngn mch c tnh theo bng 7.4. Bng 7.4:
Dng NM (n)

3 pha 2 pha 1 pha 2 pha - t

(3) (2) (1) (1,1)

0 X2 X2 + Xo

X(n)

m(n)

1 3 3

X 2 X 0 X 2 + X 0

3 1

X 2 X 0 ( X 2 + X 0 ) 2

Nh vy cc phng php tnh ton, cng thc s dng cho ngn mch 3 pha i xng u c th dng tnh ton thnh phn th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k.

VIII. S thay th phc hp:

S thay th phc hp l s trong bao gm cc s th t ni vi nhau tha mn iu kin quan h gia cc thnh phn dng in v in p ti im ngn mch. Dng th t ti im ngn mch hay trong mt phn t no l dng trong s th t tng ng. Ap th t l hiu th gia im ang xt v im u ca s th t tng ng.

13

Ngn mch 2 pha:

U NA 1 = U NA 2 I NA 1 = I NA 2
. .

EA = j( X 1 + X 2 )

Hnh 7.14

Hnh 7.15

Hnh 7.16

Ngn mch 1 pha:

Ngn mch 2 pha - t:

U NA 1 + U NA 2 + U N 0 = 0 I NA 1 = I NA 2 = I N 0 = j( X 1 EA + X 2 + X 0 )
. . . .

U NA 1 = U NA 2 = U N 0 I NA 1 = ( I NA 2 + I N 0 ) = j( X 1 EA X 2 X 0 ) + X 2 + X 0
. . . .

S phc hp rt thun tin khi cn nghin cu cc thnh phn dng v p ti mt phn t hoc mt nhnh no , nht l khi dng m hnh tnh ton, v n cho php o trc tip kt qu ngay trn m hnh.

14

IX. S dng phng php ng cong tnh ton:

Bng qui tc ng tr th t thun ta c th s dng ng cong tnh ton tm dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch bt k v t tnh c dng ngn mch.

IX.1. Dng mt bin i:

Lp cc s th t thun, th t nghch, th t khng; tnh X1, X2, Xo ca s i vi im ngn mch tnh ton trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb. Tnh in khng ph X(n) ty theo dng ngn mch v t tm c in khng tnh ton X*tt:

X * tt = ( X 1 + X ( n) )

Sm Scb

trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca tt c cc my pht c trong s . Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh ton X*tt c dng th t thun I(n)*N1t. Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:
( I ( n) = m( n) .I * n)1t .I m Nt N

trong : Im - dng nh mc tng tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh dng ngn mch.

IX.2. Dng nhiu bin i:

Lp cc s th t nghch, th t khng tnh X2, Xo ca s i vi im ngn mch trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb. Tnh in khng ph X(n) ty theo dng ngn mch. Lp s th t thun v t thm in khng ph X(n) vo im ngn mch, xem nh ngn mch 3 pha sau in khng ny. Dng cc php bin i, tch ring tng nhnh i vi im ngn mch gi tng tnh in khng Xi ca tng nhnh. Tnh in khng tnh ton ca tng nhnh:

X * tti = X i

Smi Scb

trong : Smi - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht ghp chung trong nhnh th i. Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh ton X*tti c dng th t thun I(n)*N1ti ca nhnh th i. Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:
( I ( n) = m( n) I * n)1ti .I mi Nt N i =1 k

trong : k - s nhnh tch ring ca s thay th. Imi - dng nh mc tng ca nhnh th i tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh dng ngn mch.

15

MT S IM LU :
- Nu c h thng cng sut v cng ln th phi tch n thnh mt nhnh ring, sau khi thm X(n) dng cc php bin i tnh in khng tng h gia h thng v im ngn mch X*HN v tnh ring dng do h thng cung cp:
) I ( n1H = N

I cb X * HN

) I ( n) = m( n) I ( n1H NH N

- V phng php ng cong tnh ton s dng cch tnh gn ng nn c th xem X2 X1 m khng cn lp s th t nghch. - Do cch im ngn mch gi tng thm mt in khng ph X(n) nn s khc bit gia cc ngun t hn. V vy thng dng 1 hoc 2 bin i chung l m bo chnh xc yu cu, ch tch ring nhng nhnh cn thit.

X. S bin i ca dng v p qua my bin p:

Qua my bin p, dng v p thay i c v tr s ln gc pha. Thng t ni dy ca my bin p c gi theo ch s ca kim ng h:
. .

( U a , U A ) = = 30o . N
trong : N - ch s ca kim ng h. Nh vy c th s dng h s bin i phc:

k1 =
vi k =

UA Ua
.

= k.ej = k.ej 30

.N

UA U = mI l t s bin p khng ti. U a U mII

.

k1 chnh l h s bin i ca in p th t thun v n c xc nh trong ch bnh thng, i xng.

k1 =

U A1 U a1
.

U a1 =

1 k1
.

U A1 =

o 1 . U A1.e j 30 .N k

T ta c biu thc bin i dng th t thun da vo quan h:

. .

hay:

. . . . U A1 . U A1 I A1 = U a1 I a1 I a1 = . I A1 = k1 I A1 U a1 . . . . o I a1 = k1.I A1 = k.I A1.e j 30 .N . .

Dng v p th t thun bin i qua my bin p vi cng mt gc pha nh nhau (hnh 7.17).

16

Hnh 7.17

Hnh 7.18 Tng t, dng v p th t nghch bin i qua my bin p cng vi cng mt gc pha (hnh 7.18) ca h s bin i phc k2 lin hip vi k1.

. o k 2 = k1 = k.e j 30 .N . o 1 . 1 . U a2 = . U A 2 = U A 2.ej 30 .N k k
.

. . o I a2 = k 2.I A 2 = k.I A 2.ej 30 .N

. .

Dng v p th t khng bin i qua my bin p (nu c th c) hoc cng pha hoc lch pha nhau 180o. Xt mt s trng hp sau: - Trng hp my bin p ni Y/Y-12 hay /-12 (tc N=12), cc vct dng v p 2 pha trng pha nhau, ngha l h thng vct xem nh khng lch pha khi bin i qua my bin p. Khi N=6, h thng vct 2 pha ca my bin p s lch nhau 180o. i vi my bin p ni Yo/Yo cn tnh n s bin i ca thnh phn dng v p th t khng. - Trng hp thng dng nht my bin p ni Y/-11, khi bin i t pha Y qua pha th h thng vct th t thun s quay mt gc 30o ngc chiu kim ng h. Mt s lu : - Dng trong cun dy ni ca my bin p c th c thnh phn th t khng, nhng dng dy v p dy khng c thnh phn ny. - Trong h n v tng i th t s bin p k = 1, do h thng vct 2 pha ca my bin p c ln bng nhau, ch khc nhau v gc pha.