Dinh Duong Co So

KHNG KH
NC
CUC SNG Hot ng hng ngy Duy tr hot ng ca cc h thng chc nng trong c th
Cht dinh dng cn thit ti to cc m v pht trin c th
Nng lng
THC PHM
PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM
Thc phm : vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo sc khe tt tm hiu thnh phn ca thc phm chc nng ca cc thnh phn ny
Thc phm : lm cho cuc sng th v hn : - em li cho con ngi : mi, v, mu, cu trc - con ngi dng thc phm mng nhng s kin trng i trong cuc sng, l lc
Cc chc nng ca thc phm : 1. Chc nng sinh l 2. Chc nng tm l 3. Chc nng x hi
THC PHM
L TT C NHNG VT CHT N C NHM NUI DNG C TH. THC PHM C TH DNG RN HOC LNG CUNG CP : Nng lng cho hot ng, duy tr cc chc nng, pht trin thng qua cc cht dinh dng. c phn thnh 6 nhm: 1. Protein 2. Carbohydrate 3. Cht bo 4. Vitamin 5. Cht khong 6. Nc A DNG : mi thc phm cha mt lng cht dinh dng khc nhau. i khi mt thc phm ch cha 1 cht dinh dng (ex: ng)
CHT DINH DNG ?

L HP CHT C TRONG THC PHM M C TH CN S DNG THC HIN CC CHC NNG Substance in foods used by the body to serve one or more of the following purposes: Provide a source of energy Provide structure Regulate chemical reactions in the body
L nhng hp cht cha trong thc phm c c th s dng thc hin mt hay nhiu mc ch sau: Cung cp nng lng Xy dng c th iu ha cc phn ng hoa hc trong c th C 6 nhm chnh : 1. Protein, 2. Carbohydrate, 3. Cht bo, 4. Vitamin, 5. Cht khong, 6. Nc Mi nhm gm vi cht dinh dng v mi cht dinh dng c mt chc nng ring i vi c th
PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM 4
DINH DNG ?
1. L khoa hc v s nui dng c th - ch dinh dng cn i - nghin cu cc cht dinh dng: c tnh, chc nng, nhu cu, ngun tiu ha, hp th, bin dng nh hng ca s thiu, d tha mi tng quan gia cc cht DD 2. L s phi hp gia cc qu trnh qua con ngi nhn v s dng cc cht dinh dng Cn thit cho vic thc hin cc chc nng ca c th ti to c th v pht trin c th. Bao gm cc qu trnh : - n: n ng LOI v ng LNG thc phm - Tiu ha thc phm - Hp th cc cht dinh dng vo trong mu - S dng cc cht dinh dng t bo - S loi thi cc cht b
TNG QUAN GIA THC PHM V SC KHE

1. DINH DNG KHNG CN I (malnutrition) Tnh trng suy yu sc khe do thiu, tha hoc khng cn i cc cht dinh dng trong ch n. Bao gm s thiu dinh dng (undernutrition v s tha dinh dng (overnutrition) THIU DINH DNG : thiu calorie v/hoc mt hay nhiu cht dinh dng. Ngi km dinh dng l ngi b thiu cn (underweight) THA DINH DNG : tha nng lng v/hoc mt hay nhiu cht dinh dng. a n tnh trng tha cn v bo ph. D tha vitamin tan trong du s dn n ng c
2. CH DINH DNG (diet) : Loi v lng thc phm v thc ung tiu th hng ngy. Ch dinh dng bnh thng v ch n king KILOCALORIE (kcal) n v o gi tr nng lng ca thc phm. L nhit lng cn thit lm tng nhit ca 1000g nc ln 1oC
3. SC KHE ? World Health Organisation (WHO): trng thi khe mnh ca ton b cc mt th cht, tinh thn v x hi, khng ch n thun l khng mc bnh hoc khng yu ui.
MT NGI KHE MNH

u c qun bnh c nhn thy khe mnh Cm thy khe mnh
C trch nhim i vi x hi Khi mt mi hoc kit sc th khng th tp trung vo cng vic. Cn c s cn bng gia lm vic v ngh ngi.
4. TNH TRNG DINH DNG (nutrition status) Trng thi sc khe ph thuc vo vic s dng cc cht dinh dng trong c th
Tnh trng dinh dng ca c th hoc cng ng c nh gi qua:
Kho st loi v lng thc phm c tiu th
Chiu cao, cn nng
Du hiu, triu chng suy nhc
lng cc cht dinh dng - trong mu - loi thi trong nc tiu

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DINH DNG
Sch Lnh y
SC KHE
Khe mnh Khng bnh tt
Qu trnh ch bin : SCH Bn cht ca thc phm : LNH Ch dinh dng : CN I
m bo sc khe tt
Mua
Phc v
Bo qun
Ch bin
Phi c hiu bit c bn v dinh dng v v sinh

CHC NNG CA THC PHM

TM L SINH L X HI
Nng lng
Pht trin
Phc hi
Bo v
iu ha
Carbohydrate Cht bo (Protein)
Protein Cht khong Nc (Carbohydrate) (Cht bo) (Vitamin)
Protein Cht khong Nc (Carbohydrate) (Cht bo) (Vitamin)
Vitamin (Protein)
Cht khong Vitamin Nc Cht x
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CHC NNG SINH L
Cung cp nng lng Cho nhng hot ng theo mun: i, chi th thao, lm vic Cho nhng hot ng khng ch ng : tiu ha, tun hong Tng trng v pht trin c th pht trin cc t bo, tng trng ca t bo v cc m pht trin ca tr em thnh ngi ln khe mnh Duy tr v phc hi t bo mi thay th cc t bo cht ngi ln phc hi cc t bo b tn thng iu ha cc qu trnh trong c th kim sot, iu ha nhp tim, thn nhit, bi tit Bo v chng qu trnh vim nhim to sc khng
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CHC NNG TM L Thc phm lun i i vi mt cm xc, mt tnh cm Ngi m th hin tnh cm bng cch chun b mn n m con mnh a thch Thc phm c dng th hin s n p Thc phm c th b tc i th hin s trng pht Con ngi cm thy d chu v an ton khi uc phc v mt thc phm m h tng n C ngi n lm du i ni u t v tht vng
C ngi n t i hoc t chi khng n khi phin mun v c n
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CHC NNG X HI Thc phm mang ngha x hi Tnh bn v s m cng c th hin qua s chia s thc phm Chun b mt thc phm c bit hoc mt thc phm c a chung l cch th hin s tn trng hoc s tru mn Thc phm l mt phn ngha ca cc bui l gia nh hoc x hi
Thc phm cng mang ngha tn gio thng qua vic cng bi
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PHN LOI CHT DINH DNG

C khong 15 cht dinh dng c xp vo 6 loi Da trn nhu cu ca c th cc cht dinh dng c chia lm 2 nhm chnh : cht dinh dng a lng (macronutrient) v cht dinh dng vi lng (micronutrient)
Cht dinh dng a lng (macronutrient)
Nc Glucid Protein lipid Con ngi cn mt lng ln cc cht dinh dng a lng Cht dinh dng vi lng (micronutrient) Vitamin Khong
Con ngi cn mt lng rt nh cc cht dinh dng vi lng
C hai u c tm quan trng nh nhau Nhu cu cht dinh dng a lng tnh theo gram Nhu cu cht dinh dng vi lng tnh theo miligram v microgram
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES (RDA) NHU CU KHUYN CO Lng thc phm cn thit m bo mt sc khe tt thay i ty theo c th. Mi ngi c mt nhu cu dinh dng khc nhau ph thuc vo tui gii tnh kch thc c th hot ng tnh trng sc khe
Nhu cu nng lng thp hn

Nhu cu nng lng cao hn
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RDA:
Cho bit lng lng cc cht dinh dng cn tiu th hng ngy c tnh theo nhm tui, gii tnh, mc hot ng Trng hp sinh l c bit nh thai nghn, cho con b Da trn kin thc ca cc nh khoa hc
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TIU HA, HP TH, V BIN DNG

THC PHM N UNG
TIU HA CHT DINH DNG (NUTRIENTS)
HP TH
Thc phm c tiu ha thnh nhng hp cht n gin nh tc ng c hc : nhai, co bp d dy tc ng ha hc : acid, cc enzyme C th hp th nhng hp cht n gin ny nc, vitamin, cht khong c hp th trc tip
CHT DINH DNG T BO
BIN DNG
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NG TIU HA:
TUYN TIT DCH TIU HA
MING (XOANG MING) HU TUYN NC BT
THC QUN D DY GAN RUT NON
TI MT
TY TNG
RUT GI
TRC TRNG HU MN
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TIU HA THC PHM
MING Khi u qu trnh tiu ha nghin nh bng c hc : nhai c thm t : nc bt mt phn carbohydrate (bt) c thy phn nh amylase (ptyalin) trong nc bt. Nhai k, nhai lu maltose c v ngt nh
2. THC QUN Di chuyn thc phm i t ming n d dy Khng c tc dng tiu ha 3. D DY
Thc phm c nho trn vi dch v Dch v : hydrochloric acid, enzyme, nc D dy co bp : thc n th lng snh c gi l nh trp (chyme) Tnh acid ca dch v : tiu dit vi sinh vt c hi hin din trong thc phm hot ha enzyme pepsin bin tnh protein gip d tiu ha to iu kin cho s hp th calcium v st
RUT NON
Ni tiu ha ch yu protein, carbohydrate, cht bo mt : - tit ra t gan, d tr trong ti mt v i vo t trng - gip nh ha cht bo - tnh kim trung ha tnh acid ca nh trp cc enyme hot ng rut non tit enzyme
dch ty : tuyn ty tit ra, i vo t trng hon tt vic thy phn thc phm protein amino acid carbohydrate monosccharide cht bo acid bi + glycerol Hp th cc cht dinh dng qua thnh rut vo mu
RUT GI Thc phm khng c hp th rut non s i xung rut gi ti hp th nc v dch tiu ha cc cht b dng rn cht b : phn cha thnh phn khng tiu ha : x, mui mt, cholesterol, nhy, vi khun, t bo cht
YU T NH HNG N TIU HA chc, kch thc, loi thc phm thc phm lng d tiu ha hn thc phm rn chc thc phm ct thnh mu nh d tiu hn cc mu ln thc phm c nhai k d c tiu ha bi cc enzyme Hot ng ca vi sinh H vi sinh bnh thng gip phn gii thc phm Yu t ha hc acid mnh, gia v, caffein, dch ly trch t tht : kch thch s tit dch tiu ha cht bo : gim s tit dch tiu ha Yu t tm l gin d, hong s, lo lng : gim s tit dch v nhn, ngi, mi thm : tng s tit nc bt v dch v Carbohydrate tiu ha nhanh nht. Hn hp carbohydrate, protein, cht bo to cm gic no v lu li trong h tiu ha mt thi gian kh lu
HP TH
Qu trnh cc cht dinh dng c chuyn t rut vo mu v h bch huyt
Thnh rut non c cu to t 4 5 triu np gp gi l villus. Mi villus c h thng mch mu v bch huyt
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Hu ht cc cht dinh dng c hp th t trng (duodenum) v rut chay (jejunum), phn cn li hp th rut hi (ileum)
Cht dinh dng c hp th qua mng t bo biu m (epithelial) trn villus theo 2 cch : Khuych tn th ng. i khi mt cht vn chuyn cng cn thit mang cht dinh dng i qua mng t bo
a s cc cht dinh dng c hp th bng qu trnh vn chuyn v i hi nng lng.
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Cc acid bo, vitamin tan trong du, cc phn t bo khc c hp th vo trong h bch huyt Glucose, amino acid, vitamin tan trong nc, cht khong c hp th vo mu, qua tnh mch ca vo gan
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CHUYN HA (BIN DNG) (metabolism) Cc cht dinh dng theo h tun hon n tt c cc t bo trong c th - chng b xy ha cho nng lng : catabolism (d ha) - c s dng tng hp cc hp cht phc tp : anabolism (ng ha) Glucose : - xy ha nng lng - c lu tr trong gan di dng glycogen - c chuyn ha thnh cht bo lu tr trong m m Acid bo : - xy ha nng lng - c lu tr trong m m
Amino acid : - tng hp t bo mi, enzyme, hormone

Cht khong v vitamin : - s dng trong chc nng iu tit Cc cht b c bi tit qua ng rut, thn, da v phi
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Amino acids
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Cht bo
Acid bo, glycerol
Ngun N
Glycogen
Glucose-6-phosphate
Tng hp Cht bo M protein

Lactic acid Pyruvic acid
-xy ha
NH3
CO2
Acetyl-CoA
Chu trnh urea urea CO2
2H+
Chu trnh acid citric 2e
ADP
ADP
ADP
O2
Chui vn chuyn in t
ATP ATP ATP H2O
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BT NG (CARBOHYDRATES) Gm : ng, bt, x R tin : chim t l ln trong khu phn hng ny Ngun cung cp nng lng chnh : khong 45 80% Loi v t l ca cc dng carbohydrate c trong thc phm : lin quan trc tip n sc khe
PHN LOI
Carbohydrate c gi tr (Available carbohydrates) tiu ha c trong c th con ngi v sinh nng lng khi b xy ha
Carbohydrate khng gi tr (unavailable carbohydrates) khng tiu ha c v c th con ngi khng c enzyme thy phn chng khng cung cp nng lng cho c th nhng cn thit cho mt vi chc nng nh tr gip cho qu trnh vn chuyn cht b trong rut.
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Loi 1.
a.
Tn
Ngun
Carbohydrate n gin (ng)

ng n (monosaccharide) ng i (disaccharide) Glucose (dextrose) Fructose (levulose) Galactose Sucrose (glucose-fructose) Maltose (glucose-glucose) Lactose (glucose-galactose) Tri cy, rau, mt ong Thy phn t lactose Ma, c ci ng Hy ny mm, thy phn tinh bt bng acid Sa
b.
2.
Carbohydrates phc tp (polysaccharides) C gi tr dinh dng Tinh bt Glycogen Dextrin Ht ng dc, u, c, r, rau, qu cha chn Gan, c ng vt mi git m Thy phn khng hon ton tinh bt
a.
b.
Khng ga tr dinh dng (x si thc phm) Khng ha tan trong nc Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Pectin Cc loi gm Cc cht nhy Ng cc nguyn ht, cm, rau
Ha tan trong nc
Qu to, qu hc citrus, i, rong bin

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Carbohydrates thc phm
C gi tr DD
Khng gi tr DD
ng
Tinh bt
X, si thc phm
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Dextrin
Ha tan trong nc
Khng ha tan trong nc
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TIU HA, HP TH Ch cc monosaccharide mi c hp th v vo trong mu Carbohydrate phc tp c kch thc qu ln c th hp th qua mng rut phi c thy phn thnh cc monosaccharide
MING Ptyalin (Alylase trong nc bt) thy phn tinh bt dextrin. Nhai k, ptyalin tc dng lu vi tinh bt maltose D DY Khng tit ra enzyme thy phn tinh bt : khng c qu trnh tiu ha tinh bt RUT NON Tuyn ty : Amylase t dch ty thy phn tinh bt v dextrin thnh maltose Rut non : tit maltase, sucrase v lactase thy phn maltose, sucrose v lactose thnh cc monosaccharide Cc monosaccharide c hp th thnh rut non vo trong mu v vn chuyn n gan
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Ming
Nhai : tiu ha c hc tinh bt
Tuyn nc bt Mt s tinh bt b thy phn thnh dextrin v maltose
Khng tc dng ha hc
Mt s glucose chuyn thnh glycogen v d tr trong gan
Khng tc dng ha hc Amylsae tuyn ty thy phn dextrin v maltose thnh glucose Enzyme rut non thy phn maltose, sucrose v lactose thnh glucose, furctose v lactose Vi sinh vt ln men carbohydrate khng tiu ha sinh ra kh Cc cht x bi tit qua phn
Hp th glucoe, fructose, galactose vo mu v i n gan
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CHUYN HA
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Glucose, fructose v galactose c chuyn ha thnh glycogen v d tr trong gan Hoc chuyn ha thnh glucose a n cc m ri b xy ha cho nng lng
Glycogen
Glucose-6-phosphate
Lactic acid
Pyruvic acid
2H+
Acetyl-CoA
ADP
ADP
ADP
O2
Chu trnh acid citric CO2 2e
Chui vn chuyn in t
ATP ATP ATP
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H2O
Nhn n : lng glucose trong mu 70 100mg/100ml mu Sau ba n c nhiu bt ng : 140 150mg/100ml mu Nu vt qu 170 mg/100ml mu vt qu ngng thn bi tit qua nc tiu. bnh nhn tiu ng Nhn n : hm lng vt qu 140 mg/100ml mu : hyperglycaemia hm lng di 70 mg/100ml mu : hypoglycaemia C th c c ch iu ha lng ng huyt : Insulin : c tit t tuyn ty gip iu ha ng huyt. Cn thit cho vic s dng glucose t bo v tng hp glycogen Khi b suy gim insulin : lng glucose trong mu tng Insulin : lm gim lng ng huyt Hormone khc (hormone tuyn gip) : lm tng ng huyt
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TNG : Lng carbohydrate (bt, ng) n vo
GIM : xy ha trong t bo cho nng lng Tng hp glycogen Tng hp cht bo Tng hp cc carbohydrate khc nh chodroitin trong sn, DNA, RNA
Qu trnh phn gii glucogen thnh glucose
Lng glucose trong mu
Chuyn ha cht bo thnh glucose
Chuyn ha amino acid thnh glucose

Thi qua nc tiu nt vt qu mc thn

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The Glycemic index (also glycaemic index) or GI is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels
The effect on blood glucose from a high versus low glycemic index carbohydrate
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NGUN CARBOHYDRATE THC PHM Ch dinh dng cn cung cp 50-70% kcal t carbohydrate Ch dinh dng ca mt c th cn 2.400 kcal Carbohydrate chim 60% x 2.400 = 1440 kcal = 360 g/ngy Carbohydrate l ngun cung cp nng lng r tin, sn c v d bo qun Ngoi tr sa, tht, hu ht thc phm u cha t hay nhiu carbohydrate : ng cc, cc loi c, u, ng, Cc loi ng cung cp 4 kcal/g. Carbohydrate v nng lng cha trong thc phm c th gim thiu i bng cch s dng cc loi ng c ngt cao hn sucrose lng ng s dng t hn
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CHC NNG 1. Cung cp nng lng cho c th : gip duy tr thn nhit 2. Glucose l loi ng duy nht c h thn kinh trung tm s dng. Khi lng ng huyt gim, no b khng nhn c nng lng, chng co git c th xy ra 3. Carbohydrate gi cho protein khng b phn gii thnh nng lng. Ch dinh dng thiu carbohydrate, protein thay v c dng pht trin v phc hi cc m, s b xy ha cung cp nng lng cho c th 4. Cn thit b sung cho xy ha cht bo. Khi thiu carbohydrate, cht bo phn gii nhah chng cung cp nng lng v sinh ra mt lng ln cc hp cht ketone to nn tnh trng gi l ketosis 5. Carbohydrate c th c chuyn ha thnh cc amino acid khng thit yu 6. Lactose gip hp th tt calci v phospho 7. Lactose gip mt s vi sinh vt pht trin trong rut. Cc vi sinh ny c th tng hp cc vitamin B. 8. Cht x gip tng khi lng v gi mc cho cht b, kch thch nhu ng rut nhun trng 9. Cht x gip lm gim cholesterol bng cch lin kt vi mui mt v cholesterol
THIU Ch dinh dng khng c cha thp hn 100g carbohydrate/ngy Khi b thiu : cht bo s c s dng cung cp nng lng cho c th Tnh trng nghim trng : xy hoa khng hon ton cht bo tch ly trong mu cc th ketone THA n nhiu ng tinh luyn su rng hay mc rng n nhiu ng lm gim s ngon ming thiu ht nng lng a n tnh trng suy dinh dng n nhiu ng lm tng lng triglyceride trong mu a n bnh tim mch n nhiu bt, ng chuyn ha thnh m v tch ly trong m m a n bo ph. Tha cn t 20% tr ln. Tha cht x s kch thch mng trong rut gy chng co thc rut hoc vim rut do s to thnh kh Tha cht x s gy tr ngi cho vic hp th cc cht khong nh calci, st
VAI TR CA CHT X TRONG VIC NGN NGA BNH
Tt c nhng hp cht t nhin trong thc phm khng tiu ha c dietary fibers = roughage = bulk = unavailable polysaccharides Lng cht x cn thit trong khu phn hng ngy : 30 40g
Ht v gi nc, lm tng khi lng v lm mm cht b nhun trng v lm gim p sut bn trong rut gi ngn nga vim rut tha Ngn nga chng to bn bng cch kch thch nhu ng rut
Si thc phm ha tan trong nc lin kt vi acid mt v cholesterol c li cho ngi b tim mch. Si thc phm lm gim triglyceride v cholesterol trong mu
Thch hp cho ch n king gim cn. To cm gic no do phi nhai nhiu hn m khng cung cp nng lng Gip lm gim lung ng trong mu i vi ngi bnh tiu ng do gim hp th carbohydrate v gim mc insulin yu cu Ngn nga ung th rut kt (colon) v trc trng (rectrum)
Loi
Ngun
Chc nng
X, si khng ha tan
1 Cellulose
Cm, ng cc nguyn ht, rau qu, u

Cm, ng cc nguyn ht Cm, ng cc nguyn ht Si ha tan
2.
Hemicellulose
3.
Lignin
- gi nc - tng khi lng cht b - gim p sut bn trong rut - ngn nga to bn - lin kt vi cht khong (Ca, Fe) - lin kt vi acid mt
1. 2.
3.
i, to, qu h citrus - lin kt acid mt v cholesterol Thc phm ch Cc loi gm - gi nc bin - ln men bi h vi sinh ng rut trong rut gi Cht ly trch t Cht to gel, to sinh ra acid bo bay hi rong bin cu trc v cc kh Pectin
NHU CU KHUYN CO CHO NGI LN Cht x : 40g/ngy Carbohydrate : ti thiu 100g ti a <70% nng lng tng cng Thc phm Cht x Carbohydrate Bp ngt Go 1,9 0,2 24,6 78,2 Thc phm Cht x To Chui i Cam u Xoi Cm da sy kh ng Mt ong Ma 1,0 0,4 5,2 0,3 0,8 0,7 6,6 Carbohydrate 13,4 27,2 11,2 10,9 7,2 16,9 18,4 99,4 79,5 9,1
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La m
Bnh m u ht
1,9
0,2 4,0
69
51,9 16
u nnh
Khoai ty Khoai lang Khoai m Bp ci
3,7
0,4 0,8 0,6 1,0
20,9
22,4 28,2 38 4,6
Bng ci
1,2
4,0
CHT TO V NGT (SWEETENER)

Cn gi l ng khng nng lng ngt gp 100 350 ln sucrose Rt nhiu cht to v ngt c trn th trng v s dng cho cc thc phm thp nng lng S dng cho ngi bo ph, tiu ng Saccharin, aspartam, sodium cyclamate, xylitol thng dng thay th ng RU (ALCOHOL) Qu trnh ln men k kh carbohydrate Ru khng cung cp cht dinh dng cn thit nhng gp phn cung cp nng lng mt cch ng k : 7 kcal/g hoc 5,6 kcal/ml Ngi ung ru : 10% nhu cu nng lng c cung cp bi ru Ngi nghin ru - n khng thc phm suy dinh dng - n thc n cao nng lng (snack, u rang, ) cng lc vi ung ru Ru c hp th trc tip vo mu. Ung khi i lng alcohol trong mu tng nhanh gp 2 ln so vi ung khi bng no
T l alcohol trong ru = cn chia 2 Whisky 86 = 43 % alcohol Nng lng cha trong 1 ly whisky 30 ml :
43 x 30 x 5,6 78 kcal 100

Nu ru c ung cng vi thuc an thn lm mt tc dng ca thuc Ung nhiu ru km theo n thiu cc cht dinh dng khc s a n suy dinh dng v ri lon gan nh x gan
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PROTEIN L hp cht c bn v quan trng nht ca mi t bo sng L cht dinh dng duy nht gip to t bo mi v ti to cc m Cn c mt lng protein thch hp trong ch dinh dng hng ngy c th pht trin bnh thng v c mt sc khe tt L hp cht h c phc tp cu to t C, H, O, N
n v c bn ca protein l amino acid

Cc amino acid lin kt vi nhau qua lin kt peptide to thnh chui peptide v protein
R1 C
H N
O H C C N H C
R3 OH COOH
H
N H
C O R2
C
O
H2N
CH R
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Trong t nhin c khong 20 amino acid Protein trong thc vt cng nh trong ng vt khc nhau v s lng v cht lng Protein: da, xng, tht, tc, mng, trng, sa, u rt khc bit nhau do s phi hp v th t ca cc amino acid khng ging nhau Hm lng protein trong thc phm c nh gi bng cch o hm lng N. Do protein cha trung bnh 16% N 1g N = 6,25 g protein AMINO ACID THIT YU C th con ngi khng th tng hp nhng rt cn thit cho s sng, phi c cung cp t thc phm Ngi ln : 8 amino acid thit yu Tr em ang pht trin : 10 amino acid thit yu AMINO ACID KHNG THIT YU Khng c ngha l c th khng cn C th c th tng hp c khng nht thit phi c trong thc n
Amino acid thit yu Ngi ln Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Tr em cn thm Histidine Arginine
Amino acid khng thit yu Alanine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine (Cystine) Glutamine Glutamic acid
Threonine
Tryptophan Valine
Glycine
Hydroxylysine Hydroxyproline Proline Tyrosine Serine
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CHT LNG PROTEIN
Ph thuc vo loi v s lng cc amino acid c trong chui so vi nhu cu ca c th Cht lng protein l tiu ch quan trng cho qu trnh tng hp cc m Mi protein trong c th c mt chc nng c bit v khng th thay th c Khi mt protein trong c th c tng hp : tt c cc amino acid cn cho cu to ca protein u phi c sn s lng phi y ch thiu mt amino acid th protein khng th c tng hp
47
Gi tr sinh hc (Biological Value) BV
BV
Nr 100 Na
Nr : lng m t protein c chuyn ha trong c th Na : lng m c hp th t protein Nr = Ni Ne(f) (Ne(u) Nb) Na = Ni Ne(f)
Ni : lng m thu np t protein Ne(f) : lng m loi thi qua phn Ne(u) : lng m loi thi qua nc tiu Nb : lng m loi thi khi trong thc n khng c protein
48
GI TR SINH HC (BIOLOGICAL VALUE = BV) ch s nh gi cht lng protein
S lng N hp th c gi li trong c th.
Yu t kh nng tiu ha ca protein khng c tnh n

BV l php o s lng cho php nh gi gi tr dinh dng ca mt protein thc phm
Protein c BV cao : c th gi li c nhiu N hn so vi protein c BV thp

Ng cc c n chung vi cc loi u s cho gi tr BV cao hn l khi c n ring r. Cc amino acid b thiu trong protein ng cc c b bng cc amino acid c trong protein u. Mt protein hon ho c BV = 100
PHN LOI PROTEIN
Phn loi theo cu trc Protein n gin : ch c cu to t nhng amino acid zein, albumin, gliadin Protein phc tp : protein lin kt vi cc phn t khc phi protein haemoglobin, casein Dn xut protein : protein nguyn thy b bin i hoc thy phn mt phn proteose, peptone, polypeptide
50
Phn loi theo cht lng Protein cn i : protein cha cc amino acid thit yu vi t l y v s lng p ng nhu cu ca c th. Cc protein cn i c BV cao : trng, sa, tht, c
Protein cn i mt phn : protein cha mt hoc vi amino acid thit yu vi s lng khng y . C kh nng gip duy tr s sng Gi tr ca chng tng ln khi c n cng vi cc protein khc trong cng ba n. Cc protein thc vt, ng cc, u, cc ht c du protein ng cc thiu lysine, protein u thiu methionine
Protein khng cn i : hon ton khng c mt hoc vi amino acid thit yu Khng c kh nng gip duy tr s sng zein, gelatin (gelatine thiu 3 amino acid thit yu)
51
CHC NNG CA PROTEIN TRONG C TH NGI 3 chc nng chnh : CU TRC - IU TIT CP NNG LNG Chc nng cu trc (structural function) tt c cc amino acid t protein thc phn c s dng tng trng v duy tr
Tng trng : chc nng hng u : tng hp t bo ca c th tt c cc m v cht lng trong c th (ngoi tr nc tiu v mt) u c cu to t protein protein l thnh phn cu to chnh ca c, cc c quan, tuyn ni tit, collagen collagen l thnh phn cu to chnh ca xng, gn, da, mch mu, m lin kt tt c cc enzyme v hormone u c cu to l protein protein cn thit cho s to thnh v pht trin ca cc m v cc hp cht trn trong giai on c th pht trin mnh, protein rt cn thit tng hp cc thnh phn ca c th
Duy tr : protein cn thit i vi mi la tui duy tr cc t bo trong c th. Cc t bo c tui th khc nhau protein cn thit thay th cc t bo b cht, tn thng
Chc nng iu tit (regulatory function) Mt s amino acid v protein c chc nng c bit trong qu trnh iu tit hot ng ca c th v bo v chng li cc bnh 1. Haemoglobin : cha Fe l protein trong hng cu, gi nhim v quan trng trong qu trnh vn chuyn xy n cc t bo 2. Protein plasma : duy tr cn bng nc v p sut thm thu trong c th 3. Khng th : protein mang chc nng bo v bng cch tng sc khng ca c th i vi bnh 4. Enzyme v mt s hormone : enzyme xc tc cc phn ng trong qu trnh bin dng. Insulin iu ha lng ng huyt 5. Mt s amino acid gi vai tr c bit tryptophan : tin t ca niacin tyrosine : lin kt vi iod hormone thyroxine
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Cung cp nng lng Protein c c th s dng nh mt ngun nng lng ch khi khng c ngun no khc Ch n ung khng cung cp nng lng t carbohydrate v cht bo protein trong thc n b xy ha nng lng p ng nhu cu c th Ch n ung khng calorie c th s dng protein v cht bo d tr. S dng protein nh mt ngun nng lng l iu nn trnh v s lm hao gy c th mt cch ng k
54
TIU HA, HP TH V CHUYN HA

Ming : nhai nghin thc n thnh nhng mnh nh khng c enzyme thy phn protein D dy : HCl trong dch v hot ha pepsin pepsin thy phn protein polypeptide Rut non : cc enzyme tuyn ty trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase tip tc thy phn cc polypeptide enzyme rut non peptidase thy phn oligopeptide v dipeptide thnh amino acid
Cc amino acid c hp th qua rut non vo mu ri a n gan v cc m ni xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha
55
C th cn cc thnh phn amino acid khc nhau xy dng v ti to cc m. Tt c cc amino acid thit yu cn phi c khi cc t bo cn c sinh ra hoc ti to Amino acid d tha s c a tr li gan, b kh nhm amin v i vo tng hp glycogen Phn cn li c dng lm nng lng hoc d tr di dng glycogen trong gan v c hay di dng cht bo trong m m Qu trnh chuyn ho amino acid CO2, H2O v N Mt s N c bi tit qua thn nc tiu Mt s N c s dng tng hp amino acid
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Nhai : tc dng c hc
Khng tc dng ha hc
Kh amin v tng hp glycogen
Pepsin thy phn protein thnh proteose, peptone, polypeptide Enzyme tuyn ty tip tc thy phn cho dipeptide
Hp th amino acid vo mu v i n gan
Enzyme rut non thy phn cho amino acid
Mt phn nh protein khng tiu ha trong phn

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MiNG D DY
Protein thc phm Proteose Peptone polypeptide Oligopeptide Dipeptide Amino acid Amino acid Protein khng tiu ho Nhm amin
Tc dng c hc Tc dng ho hc Pepsin HCl
RUT NON
MU RUT GI
Enzyme tuyn tu Enzyme rut non

Hp th qua thnh rut non Bi tit qua phn Urea Kh amin
GAN
Sn Carbon
Glycogen Acid bo
Tng hp glucose
T BO
1. Protein 2. M m
Energy
THN CO2 H2O Urea
Tng hp protein D tr xy ho Bi tit

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Protein thc phm
D dy
Polypeptide Dipeptide Rut Amino acid Kh amin CO2 + H2O + nng lng
Mu
Protein c th Urea
D tr
Glycogen M
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PHNG PHP CI THIN CHT LNG PROTEIN
Protein ng vt : amino acid thit yu vi t l v s lng u

Protein thc vt thiu 1 hoc 2 amino acid thit yu ng cc thiu lysine ht u thiu methionine Protein trng c BV = 100 c xem l protein chun c thnh phn amino acid p ng nhu cu con ngi Protein trong ch n chay c th c co thin : 1. Thm mt lng nh protein sa, pho-mt, trng vo mi thc phm khi ch bin : ng cc sa, bnh sandwich pho-mt, 2. Phi hp cc loi thc vt c amino acid thit yu vi t l v s lng ph hp : ng cc + u + rau l xanh
3. Thm cc amino acid vo thc phm : bnh m giu lysine,

NHM Nam Trng thnh Trng thnh N Mang thai Cho con b (0 6 thng) Cho con b (6 12 thng) 0 6 thng 6 12 thng 1 3 tui Tr em 4 6 tui 7 9 tui 10 12 tui Nam 13 15 tui 16 18 tui 10 12 tui N 13 15 tui 16 18 tui
TH TRNG (kg) 60 50
PROTEIN g/ngy 60 50 +15 +25 +18
Tr nh
4,5 8,6 12,2 19,0 26,9 31,5 47,8 57,1 31,5 46,7 49,9
2,05 g/kg 1,65 g/kg 22 30 41 57 70 78 57 65 63

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YU T NH HNG N NHU CU PROTEIN 1. Trng lng c th (ngi ln 1g/kg, tr em 1,6 2 g/kg) 2. Nhu cu sinh l trong qu trnh
a. Pht trin
b. Mang thai, cho con b c. Dng bnh d. Nhim trng v st e. Tn thng, gii phu 3. Ch n ung calorie 4. Cht lng protein v kh nng tiu ho 5. Tnh trng dinh dng trc (suy dinh dng, thiu cn)
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NGUN Protein ngun gc ng vt c cht lng cao hn : trng, sa, c, tht, hi sn Protein ngun gc thc vt : cc loi u c bit l u nnh(43% protein), h c du, u phng Ng cc cha 6 12% protein khng y , c s dng vi lng ln trong khu phn n nn cung cp mt lng protein ng k Rau cha rt t protein, rau n l (1 3%)
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NH HNG CA S THIU V THA THIU - Tiu ty, suy yu.Thiu trong mt thi gian di : st cn, mt mi, thiu mu, gim kh nng min nhim, vt thng lu lnh - Hu qu cng nng hn khi b thiu trong giai on c th cn nhiu protein : tr s sinh, tr trong giai on pht trin, thai nghn, cho con b - S thiu ht protein xy ra khi khng n protein hoc thc n khng mang li nng lng - S thiu ht protein nng lng tr em : tnh trng suy dinh dng, th trng gy hc
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THA - Protein tha s c x dng nh nng lng hoc chuyn ha thnh cht bo - Protein d tha s c kh nhm amin gan v hnh thnh ur, than s lm vic nhiu hn loi thi ur : gan v thn phi lm vic nhiu hn. Nu gan v thn b bnh, cht c s tch t li trong c th - Khi n nhiu protein ng vt : tht, tht g, sa nguyn kem : nguy c hm lng cholesterol trong mu cao
- Khi n nhiu protein : calcium s b mt qua nc tiu
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LIPID
- L hp cht cung cp nng lng - Cc lipid quan trng /v sc khe : acid bo, phospholipid, lipoprotein v sterol
Lipid n gin : Chim >98% lipid trong thc phm v trong c th Gm cc triglycerid Lipid phc tp : Cc lipid trong 1 acid bo b thay th bi carbohydrate, protein, hoc phospho : glycolipid, lipoprotein, phospholipid Dn xut ca lipid : Sinh ra t qu trnh thy phn lipid : di-, mono-glycerid, acid bo t do Cc sterol: Cc cht bo mang vng benzen : cholesterol, vit. D, E, K
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LIPID
Lipid n gin
Lipid phc tp
Lipid dn xut
Sterol
Diglycerid Monoglycerid
M B Kem sa M cu M heo M b Du Phospholipid Lipoprotein HDL LDL VLDL Chylomicron Cholesterol Vitami D
Lecithin Lc M Hng dng Cm go -liu
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ACID BO
Acid bo bo ha tht, m, b, ph-mai, trng trng, du da, du c, b ca-cao 10% nng lng phi c cung cp t acid bo bo ha
Acid bo khng bo ha - monounsaturated - polyunsaturated : Hn ch cholesterol, bnh tim mch D tc dng vi xy phn ng xy ha hin tng gt du, i du Phn ng vi hydrogen hydrogen ha khng bo ha thnh bo ha
Du m thc phm : triglyceride o l hn hp ca acid bo bo ha v khng bo ha.
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Acid bo thit yu : 3 v 6, c th khng tng hp c. Cung cp t thc phm Linoleic acid : 18:2 6 Linolenic acid : 18:3 3 EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) 20:5 3 DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 22:6 3 Du cha nhiu 3 : du c, du -liu, du m-tc, du u nnh, du lanh, Du cha nhiu 6 : du hng dng, du u phng, du m, du bp, du ht bng vi
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6
T l thch hp gia 6 v 3 m bo dng nhiu loi du : m + m-tc u phng + m-tc u nnh + -liu bp + cm go
3
Cn thit cho mng t bo Chng li s tn cng ca cc gc t do vo DNA gc t do : O, OH, CO, NO v NOO cc gc t do tng : n nhiu protein n nhiu cht bo stress thuc l ru bia
t l thch hp gia 6 v 3: gip duy tr sc khe c li cho tim mch chng vim nhim min dch Trong c th : linoleic acid AA (Arachidonic acid) : 20:4 6 cn thit cho tng trng da chuyn ha cholesterol tuy nhin AA khng phi l acid bo thit yu
CHT CHNG XY HA xy ha dn n s thoi ha trong c th i.e. tham gia vo s lo ha ca t bo Cht chng xy ha nh vit. C, vit. E, -caroten, gip chng li cc tn hi do cc gc t do gy nn ngn nga ung th ngn nga x va ng mch Ngun:
vit. E : du u nnh, hng dng, hnh nhn, bc h vit. C : i, rau l xanh, tri cy h citrus, u , c chua, bp ci, t -caroten : rau n l, tri cy c mu vng, cam, selenium : cc loi ht, u, bng ci, rau n l cht chng xy ha khng dinh dng : hp cht phenolic, flavonoid, isoflavone c trong ht u, tr c-ph, nho, ngh, m-tc, ru nho
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PHOSPHOLIPID Glycerol + acid bo + phosphoric acid + alcohol cha N
Cn thit cho tnh thm ca mng t bo v cho cu to ca no v m thn kinh Vn chuyn cht bo trong c th v l thnh phn ca lipoprotein
LIPOPROTEIN
Chylomicron (nh trp), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), v high density lipoprotein (HDL)
c to thnh t: lipid + protein Vi t l protein thay i : t nht trong chylomicron nhiu nht trong HDL
triglyceride cholesterol phospholipid
Cn thit cho vic vn chuyn triglyceride n cc m trong h tun hon LDL l cht ch yu mang cholesterol : LDL tng nguy c bnh tim mch HDL gip lm gim cholesterol t l thch hp : LDL/HDL <3
GLYCOLIPID Diglyceride + glucose hoc galactose
CHOLESTEROL
C cu trc mch vng Hin din trong tt c cc t bo. C nhiu trong no v m thn kinh
Thu np nhiu bnh tim mch Hm lng bnh thng /v ngi ln : 200mg/100ml mu
Ngun : - tng hp trong gan - t thc phm ngun ng vt kem sa, b, trng trng, shellfish Chc nng : - tin t hormone steroid - tin t vit. D, 7-dehydrocholesterol c trong da (bin thnh vit. D dc tc dng ca tia UV - cn cho s tng hp mt - thnh phn cu to thit yu ca mng t bo
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CHC NNG CA CHT BO

NNG LNG 9kcal/1g. Ngoi tr trung khu thn kinh v no, tt c cc m u c th x dng cht bo lm nng lng TIT KIM PROTEIN gim s sinh nng lng t protein. Tiu th mt lng bo thch hp cho php protein thc hin vai tr chnh l duy tr v tng trng
CCH NHIT lp m di da nh mt lp cch nhit gip gi thn nhit

BO V C QUAN SNG m nh mt lp m bo v cc c quan trong c th chng li cc va chm v gi chng ng v tr
HP TH CC VITAMIN TAN TRONG DU

NO BNG gim tit dch v, gim nhu ng rut, TNG HP MNG T BO TNG HP HORMONE
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TIU HA - HP TH - CHUYN HA Cht bo n vo phi c thy phn thnh cc thnh phn ca n : glycerol acid bo t do TIU HA Ming : khng tc dng ha hc. Tc dng c hc - nghin nh trn vi nc bt D dy : cht bo c nh ha nh mt lipase d dy + lipase tuyn ty thy phn cht bo thnh : glycerol diglyceride monoglyceride acid bo HP TH Cht bo khng ha tan trong nc : khng hp th trc tip vo mu Mt + cht bo : phc hp c rut non hp th Sau khi hp th mt tch ra v tr v rut tip tc hot ng
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Nhai : tc dng c hc
Chuyn t dng chylomicron thnh triglyceride vo trong mu Hin din cht bo kch thch tit mt nh ha Hp th chylomicron vo h bch huyt
Lipase thy phn lipid Lipase tuyn ty thy phn cho di-, monoglyceride, glycerol, acid bo Lipase rut non thy phn di-, monoglyceride cho glycerol v acid bo
Mt phn lipid khng tiu ha loi thi trong phn

CHUYN HA Hai phn ng quan trng trong thnh rut 1. Lipase rut thy phn di-, monogylceride thnh glycerol v acid bo
2. Acid bo v glycerol li ti hp tr li thnh cc trigylceride mi to nn cht bo ca c th. Cc triglyceride mi lin kt vi lipoprotein to thnh chylomicron Chylomicron hp th vo h bch huyt Chylomicron i qua cng vo gan v c huyn thnh lipoprotein Lipoprotein c vn chuyn trong mu n cc m : chuyn ha thnh nng lng tham gia vo cu tur1c t bo d tr trong m m
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NGUN
Ngoi tr ng cc v rau qu (khng k -liu v qu b) hu ht cc thc phm u c chc cht bo vi hm lng khc nhau
Mt vi thc phm cha cht bo c th nhn thy c Rt nhiu thc phm n cha cht bo : sa, trng trng, tht, c
Cc ngun thc vt : u phng, u nnh, cm go, da, ht iu, bp, ht hng dng,
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Thc phm M b M ln B
Cholesterol (mg) 109 95 250
Thc phm Tht cu Tht b Tht ln
Cholesterol (mg 70 70 70
Ph-mai
Kem Sa Sa tch kem
150
40 14 2
Tht g c da
Gan c C
80
300 2.000 60
Trng trng trng

Trng trng
0
252
S, tm
Margarine
150
0
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THIU CHT BO Do thiu cc acid bo thit yu : tn thng da, eczema thng thy tr em hin tng da kh v ng vy, tn thng da sn si, kh chi trn Dn n thiu vit. tan trong du, nh hng n s pht trin tr em THA CHT BO Bnh bo ph: n thc nng nhiu nng lng hn nhu cu c th D tha cht bo bo ha : tng lng cholesterol, nguy c bnh tim mch RDA (recommended dietary allowances) Khng c >30% tng nng lng Nng lng t cht bo bo ha <10% tng nng lng Nng lng t cht bo khng bo ha a t nht 10% m bo lng acid bo thit yu Lng cholesterol < 20mg/ngy
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Nn phi hp nhiu loi du m bo acid bo thit yu Ngi khng n chay nn dng thm du thc vt u trong nm Ngi n chay cn n du cm go v du bp Nhng bin php n gin gim lng cht bo trong thc n 1. Dng sa tch kem 2. Chn tht nc 3. Hp, luc thay v chin, rn thc n 4. Gim lng du trong nc trn salad 5. Dng tri cy trng ming thay v bnh ngt 6. tng mi v nn thm rau thm, gia v thay v du m
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NC Rt gn gi vai tr ca n b lng qun L thnh phn rt quan trng ca c th : 55 70% trng lng c th T l nc trong c th : nam > n ngi c bp > ngi bo tr em > ngi ln Nc chim 70% trng lng c th : 1/3 ngoi bo + 2/3 ni bo 1. Ngoi bo : nc trong khong trng lin bo v trong huyt thanh 2. Ni bo : nc bn trong t bo
Mt ngi 70kg
42 lt nc nc ngoi bo: 14 lt Khong trng lin bo: 11lt Huyt thanh 3 lt

nc ni bo: 28 lt
Nc trong c th cha cc cht in gii khi c th mt nc mt cc cht in gii Cht in gii trong nc ngoi bo : Sodium Cht in gii trong nc ni bo : Potassium Nng cc cht in gii ni bo v ngoi bo cn c duy tr Cn bng gia thu np nc v mt nc VAI TR Thnh phn cu to ca t bo
Mi trng cc phn ng ha hc din ra

Thnh phn chnh ca cc cht lng trong c th mu, bch huyt, mt, dch tiu ha Cht bi trn gip thc phm di chuyn d dng trong ng tiu ha Mi trng ha tan cc cht dinh dng sau tiu ha v gip vn chuyn n cc m Gip iu ha thn nhit Gip loi thi cc cht b trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha Duy tr s cng phng ca t bo
THU NP Trong cc thc ung Trong cc thc n
2.100 ml/ngy
Trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha: 200ml/ngy xy ha 100g cht bo : 107 ml nc xy ha 100g protein : 41 ml nc xy ha 100g carbohydrate : 56 ml nc
Thu np nc ty thuc vo : kh hu, hot ng th cht, thi quen
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MT NC Mt khng nhn bit : - bc hi nc da (phn tn qua da) 300 400 ml/ngy - mt nc qua ng h hp 300 400 ml/ngy M hi : ph thuc vo hot ng th cht v nhit mi trng 100 ml/ngy. Ln n vi lt khi tri rt nng v hot ng th cht nng
Nc tiu : c ch quan trng duy tr cn bng cht lng c th. 0,5 lt ngi b kh nc, 20 lt ngi ung nhiu. Kh nng lc ca thn 125 ml/pht 18o lt/ngy. 99% ti hp th vo mu, 500 2.000 ml loi thi qua nc tiu. Phn : mt lng nh (100 ml/ngy). Nc bt, dch tiu ha, mt gp vo 8 lt/ngy, sau c ti hp th rut gi. Nn i, tiu chy lm mt nc nghim trng
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THU NP
Thc ung, thc n Chuyn ha 2.200 200
MT
Bc hi qua da Hot ng h hp M hi Phn Nc tiu 350 350 100 100 1.500 2.400
Cng
2.400
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CN BNG Thiu Nguyn nhn : nn i, tiu chy, st, ra nhiu m hi, hot ng th cht qu mc, bnh tiu ng khng kim sot Cp : nh mt nc < 5% va mt nc 5 15% nng mt nc 15 20% Khi c th mt 20% nc t vong Ngi b mt nc cm thy : kht nc, kh ming, mt lm v kh, bc rt, cu knh, v lm i, bt tnh khi mt nc nghim trng
Chm sc : Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT). WHO khuyn co dng Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) pha trong 1 lt nc cho ung tng ngm n khi phc hi.
87
CNG THC ORS THNH PHN Sodium chloride S LNG 3,5 g
Trisodium citrate dehydrate Potassium chloride

Glucose anhydrous Nc
2,9 g 1,5 g
20 g 1 lt
ORS thng uc ch nh trong tiu chy. Thnh phn glucose gip tng kh nng hp th mui Ngoi ORS, ORT cn bao gm : 1. Dung dch mui ng : 40g sucrose + 4 g NaCl + 1 lt nc 2. Nc cho mui : 50 g go + 4 g NaCl + 1 lt nc
Khi c th b mt nc khng th chm sc bng nc thun khit. C th b mt nc ko theo s mt cht in gii

Gi nc Ph : nc v mui b gi li lm da cng phng ln. Khi n ngn tay vt lm vn gi li. Hn ch thu np nc v mui
Nhu cu hng ngy t nht 6 8 ly nc /ngy ri u trong ngy. Lng nc ny c lp vi qu trnh tiu th thng qua thc n
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VITAMIN
Hp cht hu c cn thit trong thc phm vi lng nh nhm duy tr cc chc nng c bn ca c th
Vitamin khc vi cc macronutrient v khng c chuyn ha thnh nng lng Khng dng vo mc ch cu to c th Vitamin khc vi cht khong v l hp cht hu c
Mt vi vitamin khng tuyt i thit yu. Vit D c tng hp da t tin t Niacin trong coenzyme c tng hp t tryptophan
Phn loi: vit trong trong nc v vit tan trong du S phn loi ny lin quan n cc qu trnh tiu ha, hp th, vn chuyn, v c th lin quan n chc nng
90
Vai tr ca vitamin ch yu l cc co-enzyme Tt c vit B, vit C v vit K dng kh gi vai tr coenzyme hoc l thnh phn cu to ca coenzyme. Tng hp cc hormone Vit D cn thit tng hp 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Vit A cn thit tng hp trans-retinoic acid Sc t th gic Vit A di dng 11-cis-retinal Cht chng xy ha Vit E Vit C Vitamin supply
Healthy nutrition Vitamin requirement satisfied Vitamin posoning
Vitamin A and D
Poor nutrition Malnutrition Antibiotics Disturbed resorption
Vitamin intake
Hypervitaminosis
Excess vitamin
Diseases
Hypovitaminosis
Urine
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Vitamin tan trong du 1. Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) Tin t : Carotene (, , ) v Cryptoxanthin 2. Vitamin D (a) D2 : Ergosterol hoc Calciferol (b) D3 : 7-dehydrocholesterol hoc Cholecalciferol 3. Vitamin E (a) -tocopherol (b) Tocotrienol 4. Vitamin K (a) K1 : Phylloquinone (b) K2 : VSV ng rut tng hp (c) K3 : Menadione (dng tng hp tan trong nc)
Vitamin tan trong nc I. B-complex 1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavine) 3. Niacin (a) Nicotinic acid (b) Nicotinamide 4. Vitamin B6 (a) Pyridoxine (b) Pyridoxal (c) Pyridoxamine 5. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine hoc Cobalamin 6. Folic acid hoc Folacin 7. Pantothenic acid
8. Biotin
II. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
92
VITAMIN A Tn gi ca mt nhm hp cht chot tnh vitamin A : Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid Rau qu cha sc t mu vng, cam, : cc carotene Vitamin A Vitamin A thun khit : tinh th mu vng nht, ha tan trong du, tng i bn nhit, trong mi trng acid v kim. Rt d b xy ha v nhanh chng b hy hoi bi tia UV
93
CHC NNG 1 Duy tr th lc trong bng ti. Sc t vng mc (Rhodopsin) sng Retinal ti Opsin
= Opsin (protein)Retinal
Rhodopsin cn thit cho th lc trong bong ti. Mt t retinal b mt i khi Rhodopsin phn ly bi nh sng. Nu b thiu Vit A, Rhodopsin phc hi chm trong bng ti th lc km khi thay i anh sng
2 Gip tng hp v duy tr cc biu m ngoi da v nim mc bn trong ng h hp, ng tiu ha v tit niu. Bi tit cht nhy chng s sng ha 3 Cn thit cho s pht trin bnh thng ca xng v rng 4 Gip c th chng li s ly nhim bng gi cc nim mc khe mnh, cc nim mc hot ng nh mt ro cn chng ly nhim
THIU
Vitamin A c th c d tr trong c th. Nu thu nhn thiu nhng ngun d tr trong c th vn cn c th vn cha b thiu vitamin A
Qung g : mt trong nhng biu hin thiu vitamin A u tin Bin i biu m : kh, ng vy, nhm. Cc nt sn chi trn Bin i mt : - gim lng nc mt tit ra - nhn cu kh v xn - cc m Bitot (m m nh) kt mc - s nh sng - bnh kh mt. Gic mc kh v vim . Dn n thoi ha gic mc v m Ci xng tr nh
95
THA Lng Vitamin A tha c tch ly trong gan v gy c : nn i au vng bng rng tc au khp
NGUN Thc phm gc ng vt : sa, trng, du c, ni tng Thc phm gc thc vt : rau qu c mu , cam, vng NHU CU
Ngi ln : 600 g retinol / ngy = 2.400 g -caroten / ngy

(4 g -caroten chuyn ha thnh 1 g retinol)
96
VITAMIN D Dng quan trng : vitamin D2 : ergosterol (calciferol) vitamin D3 : 7-dehydrocholesterol (cholecalciferol) Vitamin D3 c to thnh khi 7-dehydrocholesterol trong da tip xc vi tia UV Vitamin D khc vi cc vitamin khc v c tng hp trong c th CHC NNG 1. Tham gia vo qu trnh hp th calcium v phosphore rut non
2. Tham gia vo qu trnh khong ha xng v rng (gn kt calcium v phosphore vo xng v rng)
3. iu ha lng calcium v phosphore trong mu
97
THIU - Km hp th calcium v phosphore, gim s khong ha xng. Xng d b cong v bin dng di trng lng c th. - Ci xng tr nh. Xng mm v cong, khp xng lng lo v xng s chm khp kn - Chng long xng ngi ln, nht l ph n b thiu calcium, phosphore v vitamin D. Xng b mm dn n bin dng ct sng, au khp chn, d b gy xng
THA
D tha nhiu s tr nn c: Bing n, nn i, tiu chy, chm ln, ng calcium cc m mm v si thn
98
NGUN nh sng mt tri : tin t trong da vitamin D3. Cc vt cn nh qun o, sc t melanin cn tr qu trnh tng hp vitamin D. Kem chng nng c SPF (Sun Protection Factor) cao cng ngn cn s tng hp vitamin D. Du gan c. Cc thc phm khc nh sa, b, c cha t vitamin D
99
VITAMIN E Vitamin E (tocopherol) bn nhit v bn trong acid. D b xy ho
Nhiu kin cho rng vitamin E co th nga hoc tr mt s bnh : t chc nng sinh sn n cc vn da nh bnh vy nn, mn nhng tht s cha c chng c
CHC NNG L mt cht chng xy ha t nhin c hiu lc nht trong thc phm Cc acid bo khng bo ha a l thnh phn cu to ca mng t bo, chng d b xy ha thnh cc gc t do trong t bo. Vitamin E b xy ha v gip chng li s thng tn ca mng t bo : 1. ngn nga s xy ha vitamin A trong rut non 2. bo v mng t bo bng cch ngn nga s xy ha 3. ngn nga chng huyt tan (hemolysis) t bo hng cu 4. ngn nga xy ha cc PUFA
100
THIU Chng huyt tan (haemolysis) tr em.
NGUN
C nhiu trong thc phm, c bit l du thc vt (bp, u nnh, hng dng), ht ny mm, rau c l mu sm
101
VITAMIN K Vitamin K1 : c trong thc vt Vitamin K2 : c vi sinh vt tng hp trong ng rut Vitamin K3 : tng hp
CHC NNG Cn thit cho s tng hp prothrombin v mt vi protein tham gia vo qu trnh ng t mu. Kh nng ng t ca mu i hi mt lng prothrombin trong mu cao THIU Khng ph bin ngi ln. Tr s sinh c ng rut v trng cn mt liu vitamin K ngn nga xut huyt Thiu vitamin K ngn cn s hnh thnh prothrombinogen gim kh nng ng mu. C th xy ra khi ngi bnh dng thuc khng sinh nh sulfa, hoc cc loi thuc khng vitaminK
102
NGUN VSV ng rut tng hp t nht nhu cu hng ngy Rau l xanh : bp ci, bng ci. C chua Gan heo, trng trng, pho-mt
103
Vitamin Vitamin A (retinol) Carotene Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
RDA (ngi ln) 600 g 2.400 g 200 IU 8 10 mg 60 80 Sa, b, trng
Ngun
Rau qu mu vng, cam, nh sng mt tri, du gan c Du thc vt, ht ny mm, rau l xanh VSV ng rut, rau l xanh, gan, trng trng, pho-mt
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NHM VITAMIN B (B-COMPLEX VITAMINS) Cc nh khoa hc tm ra 11 vitamin trong nhm B-complex. Ch c 8 vitamin thit yu /v ngi 1. Thiamine (vitamin B1) 2. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) 3. Niacin 4. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 5. Pantothenic acid 6. Biotin 7. Folic acid 8. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) Chng c xp vo mt nhm v chc nng ca chng c lin h mt thit
3 vitamin B-complex cn li l : Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Choline Inositol gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ha ca t bo nhng thc phm v qu trnh tng hp trong ng rut c th m bo tt nhu cu
Vitamin B-complex c th chia thnh cc nhm sau :
Vitamin khi thiu ht dn n cc bnh c in (a) Thiamine (b) Riboflavin (c) Niacin Beri-beri Ariboflavinosis Pellagra
Vitamin phng nga bnh thiu mu (a) Pyridoxin Hypochromic anaemia (thiu mu gim sc) (b) Folic aicd Macrocytic anaema (thiu mu i cu) (c) Cyanocobalamin Pernicious anaemia (thiu mu c tnh)
Vitamin va c khm ph vai tr coenzyme (a) Pantothenic acid (b) Biotin
106
THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)
CHC NNG
1. Coenzyme : thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) trong qu trnh chuyn ha glucose thnh nng lng 2. Gip duy tr h thn kinh 3. Cn thit cho s ngon ming v tiu ha THIU Cc triu chng u tin : mt mi, cu knh, suy nhc, bing n, t chn. Tnh trng nng hn a n bnh Beri-beri : - Dry Beri-beri : vim a thn kinh, t chn tay, bp c suy yu, b chut rt - Wet Beri-beri : ph nghim trng, tim m rng, hi hp, tng nhp tim. Beri-beri cn c tn bnh rice eaters v c tm thy ngi n ch yu go ch trng. Nhu cu hng ngy cn 0,5 mg thiamine / 1.000 kcal Ngi ln cn 3.000 kcal cn 1,5 mg thiamine / ngy
107
NGUN Thc phm giu protein : tht heo, gan, cc loi u, u phng, trng, ng cc nguyn ht, go lc, u mc mm, u nnh
NH HNG CA CH BIN
D b ph hy khi nu thc phm trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim.

B mt nhiu hn khi nu nhit cao, thi gian di, nu cht nc
108
RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
CHC NNG 1. Coenzyme cn thit cho s chuyn ha protein 2. Coenzyme trong qu trnh chuyn ha carbohydrate : Flavin mono nucleotide ( FMN) v Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
THIU Sng mi, nt hai bn mp, vim ming li, vim lui Mt ngu, mt mi, xn, nng ran, s nh sng Nhu cu hng ngy : 0,55mg / 1.000 kcal
109
NGUN Sa, pho-mt, trng, ni tng, rau l xanh m
NH HNG CA CH BIN Nhy cm vi nh sng. B mt khi nu trong ni khng np, nhiu nc Sa bo qun trong chai thy tinh trong sut B2 b mt trong thi gian ngn
NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID) CHC NNG 1. Thnh phn ca 2 coenzyme : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) v Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) trong qu trnh chuyn ha nng lng t carbohydrate, protein v cht bo. 2. Gip duy tr da, ng tiu ha v h thn kinh THIU Bnh Pellagra : c ngha l da sn si. c trng bi 4D : diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death tiu chy, vim da, mt tr, t vong Triu chng ban u : yu t, au u, bing n, gim cn, li sng v au nhc. Chng vim da trn nhng phn c th l ben ngoi nh chn, tay v nghim trng hn di nh mt tri.
Nhu cu hng ngy : 6,6 mg / 1.000 kcal

111
NGUN Tht, c, cc loi u, u phng. Rau l xanh, khoai ty, sa, trng khng cha nhiu niacin nhng cha nhiu tryptophan, c chuyn ha thnh niacin trong c th. 60 mg tryptophan
B2 B6
1 mg niacin
NH HNG CH BIN n nh nht trong cc vitamin B-complex.
Tng i n nh /v nhit , acid, kim, nh sng, xy ha.

FOLIC ACID (FOLACIN) CHC NNG thc hin chc nng : folic acid
Vitamin C
folic acid hot ha
L thnh phn cu to ca enzyme cn thit cho s tng hp DNA v nhn heme ca hng cu THIU Bnh thiu mu i cu. Ty xng sn sinh ra cc t bo hng cu c nhn to vo h tun hon, (t bo cha thnh thc immature red blood corpuscles RBCs).
Mc hemoglobin bnh thng 11,5 14,5 (n) v 12,5 16,5 (nam). Khi mc hemoglobin xung n 2 4 g/ml, cn truyn mu.
Yu t, gim cn, xanh xao, vim li
113
NGUN Gan, thn, rau l xanh, nm men, cc thc phm ln men Mt vi VSV ng rut c kh nng tng hp folic acid
114
COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12) CHC NNG 1. Gip folic acid trong qu trnh tng hp cc RBPs thnh thc 2. Thit yu trong qu trnh to mng myelin xung quang dy thn kinh
THIU Bnh thiu mu i cu hoc thiu mu c tnh Thiu mu i cu thng gp ngi n chay (khng ung sa) Thiu mu c tnh thng gp hn v nghim trng hn. Nguyn nhn do thiu mt glycoprotein trong dch v cn cho s hp th B12. (Tim B12 sut i) Da v mt nht nht, li v chy mu, lot ming. Ngn tay b t, cm gic nga, kim chm do h thn kinh b nh hng Hemoglobin gim thp v i cu xut hin trong mu
115
NGUN Ch c trong thc phm gc ng vt : gan, thn, sa, trng
116
PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) CHC NNG 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cn thit cho qu trnh chuyn ha v tng hp amino acid Gip chuyn i tryptophan thnh niacin Chuyn i linoleic acid thnh arachidonic acid Cn thit cho s tng hp nhn heme Sn xut khng th
THIU Thiu mu gim sc do hemoglobin khng c tng hp to mu cho hng cu (RBPs) hng cu c mu ti Li au nhc, suy yu,
117
NGUN Gan, thn, tht, ng cc nguyn ht, u nnh, u phng
118
PANTOTHENIC ACID & BIOTIN Coenzyme cn thit chuyn ha carbohydrate, cht bo, protein thnh nng lng. Biotin c tng hp trong rut C 2 vitamin ny u c nhiu trong thc phm, rt t trng hp b thiu Avidin trong trng trng trng ngn cn s hp th biotin
119
VITAMIN C
CHC NNG 1. Tng hp collagen 2. Gip qu trnh hp th st t thc phm to hemoglobin 3. Gip cha lnh vt thng, vt gy/nt xng 4. Tng sc khng chng nhim trng v st 5. Gip tng trng thch ng trong giai on pht trin nhanh 6. Chng xy ho vitamin A v acid bo
THIU nh hng n s to thnh collagen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cc vt thng kh lnh v collagen khng c to thnh D b nhim trng au khp v chy mu nu rng Vt thm trn da khi tn thng nh Bnh scorbus. Nu rng b sng, nhim trng v chy mu, thiu mu
120
NGUN Tri cy hc citrus, rau qu : i, bp ci, t, rau l xanh, c chua Ng cc v u ht ngho vitamin C. u ny mm cha nhiu vitamin C Vitamin C d b xy ha v b tiu hy khi x l nhit v sy kh
121
Vitamin Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2)
RDA ngi ln 0,5 mg/1.000 kcal 0,55 mg/1.000 kcal
Ngun Ng cc nguyn ht, u, la m, u phng Sa trng, ni tng Thc phm giu protein,tht c, u, u phng La m, la min, u , tht c, gan Sa, trng VSV ng rut Gan, trng trng, VSV ng rut Rau l xanh, Sa, trng, tht Rau qu ti, qu citrus, i
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Niacin 6,6 mg/1.000 kcal (provitamin tryptophan) Pyridoxine (B6) Pantothenic acid Biotin Folic acid Cyanocobalamin (B12) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 0,6 2,5 mg 4 7 mg 30 100 g 100 g 1 g 40 mg
CHT KHONG Hp cht v c, hin din trong thc phm di dng mui Ex. Sodium chloride, calcium phosphate, ferrous sulfate Khng cung cp nng lng nhng c cc chc nng nh xy dng cc m, iu ha cc cht lng trong c th Nhu cu c th /v cht khong rt nh nhng rt cn thit. Cn c cung cp hng ngy v chng loi thi qua thn, qua da Hin din trong c th : - thnh phn hu c : hemoglobin (Fe), thyroxine (Iod) - thnh phn v c : calcium phospgate (xng) - cc ion t do cc t bo - cc cht lng c th Sodium l cht in gii ngoi bo Potassium l cht in gii ni bo
Cht khong khng b ph hy bi nhit, xy ha, acid, hay kim Do ha tan trong nc nn mt phn b mt khi ch bin
Major minerals Nhu cu >100mg/ngy Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chlorine Potassium Magnesium Sulphur
Minor minerals Nhu cu <100mg/ngy Iron Manganese
Trace minerals Nhu cu vi g mg/ngy Iodine Fluorine Zinc Molybdenum
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CHC NNG 1. Thnh phn cu to ca xng, rng, cc m, mu, c. Ex. calcium, phosphorus, magnesium trong xng. 2. iu ha hot ng ca thn kinh lin quan n s kch thch co c. Ex. calcium. 3. Duy tr cn bng acid-base ca cc cht lng trong c th. Ex. sodium v chlorine 4. Kim sot cn bng nc gia p sut thm thu v tnh thm ca mng t bo. Ex. sodium v potassium. 5. Thnh phn cu to ca vitamin. Ex. thiamine (sulphur), cyanocobalamin (cobalt). 6. Thnh phn ca hormone v enzyme. Ex. Iodine trong thyroxine, km trong insulin.
7. Hot ha cc enzyme. Ex. calcium hot ha lipase.

8. iu ha qu trnh xy hoa trong t bo. Ex. St, Manganese 9. Cn thit cho s ng mu. Ex. Calcium
125
CALCIUM C th ngi ln cha : 1,2kg calcium 99% trong xng 1% trong cc cht lng ni v ngoi bo 1. cht xc tc trong qu trnh ng mu 2. tng kh nng thm ca mng t bo gip hp th 3. iu ha qu trnh co c k c c tim 4. hot ha mt s enzyme v hot ng nh mt co-factor YU T NH N S HP TH CALCIUM : Lng Ca hp th ty thuc vo nhu cu c th. 40% Ca n vo c hp th 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Phosphate v phytic acid to mui khng ha tan vi calcium pH kim (>7) trong rut lm gim s hp th do to mui khng ha tan S d tha cht x lm gim kh nng hp th calcium Oxalic acid to mui khng ha tan vi calcium S hp th khng tt cc cht bo to thnh mui khng tan vi calcium Lactose lm tng s hp th calcium Tiu th nhiu protein lm tng hp th calcium
126
Tuyn cn gip iu ha lng Ca trong mu v s chuyn ha Ca trong xng T l Ca/P lun lun = 1/1 THIU : ci xng tr em v long xng ngi ln 1. Long xng : xng tr nn xp, d b gy. p lc trn ct sng lm gim chiu cao, au lng v hng. Thng gp ph n sau mn kinh v c th phng nga bng tp th dc, ung thm Ca 2. Chng co git c : thiu Ca trong mu. Cc c v bn tay, chn b co git mnh km theo c b au nhc. Co git c mt cng xy ra
NGUN
1. Sa v cc sn phm t sa ngoi tr b 2. Rau l xanh : bp ci, bng ci c rt.. 3. Cc kh, ht c du 4. L tru
127
PHOSPHO C th cha 1% phospho Thng i cng vi Ca v c nhiu chc nng 1. cng vi Ca lm chc xng v rng 2. thnh phn cu to ca DNA v RNA 3. thnh phn ca phospholipid : iu ha s hp th & vn chuyn cht bo 4. thnh phn ca ATP v ADP : cht mang nng lng 5. co-factor ca enzyme trong qu trnh chuyn ha carbohydrate, cht bo v protein NGUN : c nhiu trong thc phm sa, tht, ht ng cc, rau u, c
THIU : t khi b thiu khi b thiu c nhng triu chng ging nh khi thiu Ca.
128
ST
C th cha 3 5g, trong 70% cha trong hemoglobin Chc nng : 1. cn thit vn chuyn O2 v CO2 2. thnh phn co-factor ca vi enzyme xy ha 3. gip cc chc nng c bit ca no nh s ch , kh nng hc v tr nh 4. to iu kin cho s xy ha hon ton carbohydrate, protein v cht bo v gii phng nng lng Thc phm cung cp st di 2 dng 1. st trong nhn heme. Ch c trong thc phm t tht. Trong tht c khong 40% st trong tht l st heme, 60% st ngoi heme 2. st ngoi heme, c trong thc vt v ng vt. Thng lin kt vi cc phn t hu c di dng Fe+++. Trong mi trng acid ca d dy chng b phn ly v st b kh tr li thnh dng d ha tan Fe++. S hp th st ngoi heme rt chm v ch c khong 8% Vitamin C v acid chlohydric trong dch v gip chuyn Fe+++ thnh Fe++
Yu t nh hng n s hp th st Cc yu t lm gia tng hp th - Nhu cu c th : trong giai on c th cn, hoc c th b thiu - Mi trng acid - Dng st : st trong nhn heme - Protein : tht Cc yu t lm gim hp th - Fe+++ (ferric) khng heme - Chng thiu acid trong d dy hoc cc cht - Tr v c ph - Phytate v oxalate - Ri lon chc nng rut
St c dng thay th cho s mt qua nc tiu, m hi, tc, t bo cht. Thay th khi cc t bo mu b mt hoc s sinh t bo mu
130
NGUN
1. Gan, ni tng, tm cua, tht nt, trng trng 2. Rau l xanh, ht ng cc, rau u 3. o, m,
THIU Chng thiu st hay thiu mu rt ph bin.Mc haemoglobin c th gim xung n 5 9g Haemoglobin bnh thng nam : 12,5 16,5 g% n : 11,5 14,5 g% Triu chng : mi mt, th gp, chong vng, xanh xao, ph mt c chn. Thiu st gy nn t bo mu nh v ti mu. Thiu hng cu.
131
IODINE c tm thy trong tuyn gip Chc nng : to nn thyroxine, hormone iu ha vn tc xy ha trong t bo Iodine + Tyrosine Thyroxine Khi tiu th khng iod, thyroxine b phn gii dn, tuyn gip s ln ln nhm thc y s tng hp thyroxine NGUN Cc hi sn. Trong thc vt thay i rt ln v ph thuc vo t trng Thng b sung vo mui n t l 1mg / 10g di dng mui Na hoc K
132
THIU
Thiu Iod thng a n bu tuyn gip 1. tuyn gip to ln, 2. chng n n tr, do qu trnh chuyn ha c bn b chm, c nho v yu, da kh, xng khng pht trin, tr tu km pht trin
Goitrogen : hp cht c trong thc phm gy tr ngi cho vic s dng thyroxine v do c th gy nn bu gip. Chng c trong lp v ca u phng, bp ci, bng ci, cy ci.
133
FLUORINE Tm thy trong xng v rng Lng nh fluor c th lm gim su rng do men rng chc hn chng li c mi trng acid to nn bi cc vi khun trong ming NGUN Sa, trng, c. Nng 1ppm trong nc c th phng nga su rng THIU Dn n su rng, thng gp nhng ni trong nc c nng fluor <0,5ppm THA Khi nc cha 3 5ppm fluor s dn n cc vt m trn rng, rng b mt i v bng lng, m c. i khi gy nh hng trn xng
SODIUM C th cha 180g Na, a s nm trong cc cht lng ngoi bo CHC NNG 1. Duy tr s cn bng cht lng v p sut thm thu bnh thng gia bn trong v bn ngoi t bo 2. Duy tr cm ng thn kinh v gip qu trnh co c 3. iu ha tnh kim v acid ca cc cht lng trong c th 4. iu ha kh nng thm ca cc hp cht vo v ra t bo NGUN Sa, trng trng trng, tht, rau l xanh,
135
THIU Thng gp nhng ngi c hot ng th lc nhiu : nng dn, th m, vn ng vin Trng hp nn i nhiu hoc tiu chy nhiu Ngi yu t, chong vng, bun nn, chut rt Cha tr : thm mui vo nc ung. Trng hp nng, truyn nc bin.
THA Lu trng hp nhng ngi cao huyt p Mui cha 40% Na mt tha nh cha 2g Na Na cha trong hu ht cc thc phm hoc gia v : sodium bicarbonate, monosodium glutamate, sodium benzoate, sodium proprionate, sodium nitrate.
136
POTASSIUM
L cht in gii chnh trong cc t bo ca c th.

CHC NNG 1. iu ha cn bng nc cng vi sodium 2. iu ha cn bng acid-kim 3. Gip truyn tn hiu thn kinh v trong qu tyrnh co c NGUN Rau qu, u, tht, ht ng cc THIU Thng khng b thiu C th gp cc tnh trng : suy dinh dng nghim trng, nghin ru, gii phu, nhim trng
137
MAGNESIUM Khong 60% hot ng cng vi Ca v P trong xng v rng 40% c trong cc m CHC NNG 1. C mt ch yu trong cht lng ni bo, cng vi Na, K v Ca duy tr cn bng thm thu 2. Gip truyn tn hiu thn kinh, s co c, v s co bp c tim. 3. Co-factor trong nhiu phn ng chuyn ha dinh dng
NGUN Sa, pho-mt, c, tht, ht ng cc, u

THIU Rt t ph bin Gp trong trng hp suy dinh dng, nghin ru Triu chng : co git c
138
Cht khong
1. Calcium Cht khong nhiu nht trong xng
Chc nng
1. 99% di dng Ca3PO4 gip xng cng 2. Xc tc phn ng ng mu 3. Gip co c 4. Gip thm thu t bo 1. 85% cng vi Ca trong xng, rng 2. Thnh phn ca DNA v RNA 3. iu ha cc phn ng trao i nng lng 1. Thnh phn ca haemoglobin vn chuyn O2 2. Thnh phn cu to ca enzyme
Yu t nh hng hp th
1. Nhu cu c th 2. acid d dy 3. Vitamin D 4. Lc tose 5. Ascorbic acid Phytic v oxalic acid c ch hp th
Triu chng khi thiu

1. Ci xng 2. Long xng 3. Co git c
Ngun
Sa, rau l xanh, c nh, l tru
2. Phosphorus Cn thit tng hp DNA v RNA
t b thiu Tng t nh thiu Ca
C nhiu torng thc phm
3. St 70% tm tht trong haemoglobin
1. Mi trng acid (HCl, Vit. C) gia tng 2. Phytate v oxalate c ch 3. 23% st haeme c hp th 3-8% sy ngoi haeme c hp th
1. Thiu mu, t bo mu nht 2. Mt mi 3. Th gp 4. au u 5. Ph n 6. Xanh xao 7. Haemoglobin 59g/100ml
Gan, ni tng, tm cua, tht nc, trng trng, o, m, rau l xanh, ht ng cc
139
Cht khong
4. Iodine nh hng n tng trng v chuyn ha
Chc nng
1. Thnh phn ca thyroxine iu ha vn tc xy ha trong t bo v xc nh vn tc chuyn ha
Yu t nh hng hp th
1. ph bin vng ni, xa bin 2. Hm lng Iod trong thc phm ph thuc lng Iod trong t canh tc 3. Goitrogen trong thc phm nh hng n hot tnh ca thyroxine
Triu chng khi thiu

1. Bu gip 2. chng n n tr khi m b bu gip 3. chm chuyn ha c bn, c nho, da kh, xng v tr no pht trin km
Ngun
C bin, hi sn, trng, tht Mui iod
5. Fluorine C trong xng v rng cng vi Ca
1. Cng vi Ca to men rng 2. Duy tr cu tr1uc xng
Thiu : 1. Su rng 2. long xng Tha: 1. Rng m, nhm 2. Xng fluor ha
Sa, trng, c, nc pha fluor 1ppm hoc 1mg/lt
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Cht khong
Chloride
Chc nng
Cht in gii ngoi bo Cn bng nc Cn bng acid-base Tiu ha thnh phn dch v Thnh phn amino acid, vitamin, da, tc Trong sn, xng, da Hot tnh enzyme Tng hp haemoglobin Thnh phn ca enzyme Tng hp sc t melaninv v bc myelin Thnh phn enzyme Chc nng ca insulin Lnh vt thng Da, xng, tc bnh thng S nhy cm ca v gic Thnh phn ca vit B12 To hng cu Co-factor Thnh phn metalloenzyme
Triu chng thiu

Thng gp khi nn i, tiu chy nng
Ngun
Mui n
Sulphur
Cha r
Protein cha methionine v cystine nh sa, tht, trng, u, ht Gan, tht, hi sn, ht ng cc, u
ng
Cha r Thiu mu. Tha tr nn c Mt ngon ming Chm tng trng tr Mt nhy cm vi v Vt thng kh lnh Cha r Cha r Cha r
Km
Cm la m, gan, u phng, phomt, hi sn, trng, ht ng cc
Cobalt Manganese Molybdenum
Vitamin B12 Ng cc, rau l xanh Ng cc, sa, rau l xanh 141
CHUYN HA NNG LNG
QUANG NNG
HP CHT HU C Glucid Protid Lipid
XY KHNG KH
SINH VT T DNG
SINH VT D DNG
CO2 H2O CHT B
NNG LNG
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Cng vi nc v khng kh c th cn thc phm Thc phm Nng lng Xy dng / ti to cc m Phc hi cc thng tn iu ha chc nng ca c th
Glucose Acid bo Glycerol Nng lng + CO2 + H2O
+ O2
Amino acid (thiu glucose hoc cht bo)
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DNG NNG LNG Trong dinh dng cc dng nng lng chnh : 1. Ha nng trong thc phm 2. Quang nng (tng hp vit D hoc quang hp) 3. C nng (c ng ca bp tht) 4. in nng (truyn tn hiu thn kinh) 5. Nhit nng Cc dng nng lng c th chuyn i ln nhau
T bo sng c th ly nng lng t trong cc cht dinh dng v s dng - tng hp cc hp cht (protein) - gi thn nhit - c ng (co c)
Nng lng sinh ra t qu trnh xy ha cht dinh dng c tch ly trong hp cht cao nng lng : ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) ATP ADP + 8 kcal ADP + Pi
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ATP
N V O LNG Nng lng trong thc phm hoc nng lng c th cn c o bng : Joule hoc calorie Calorie trong thc phm c biu th l kilocalorie Kilocalorie : nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca 1kg nc ln 1oC Joule : nng lng dng di chuyn mt vt nng 1kg i mt on ng 1m bng mt lc 1N 1 kcalorie = 4,184 kilojoule 1 megajoule = 289 kilocalorie
Nng lng cha trong thc phm c th c o bng - php o nhit tr (calorimetry) - c tnh theo thnh phn
Php o nhit tr : o nhit lng sinh ra t qu trnh t chy mu bng tia la in vi s hin din ca O2 v platinum lm cht xc tc
My o nhit tr : phn trong : cha mu phn ngoi cha mt th tch nc bit trc Khi mu thc phm b t chy sinh nhit, nc xung quanh s hp thu nhit. Gi tr nng lng ca thc phm c tnh bng cch o nhit tng ln ca khi nc.
c tnh theo thnh phn
Phng php n gin hn v nhanh hn

T bng thnh phn cu to ca thc phm, tnh ton nng lng trn c s nng lng sinh ra t 1 g cht ng bt, 1g cht bo, hoc 1g protein
Thc phm cha mt s carbohydrate khng tiu ha khng sinh nng lng do cn h s iu chnh
Nng lng o bng php o nhit tr l nng lng tim tng, lun cao hn nng lng c sinh ra trong c th do qu trnh tiu ha, hp th v chuyn ha. Thc phm cha protein cht lng cao, c th c th hp th : 85 90% carbohydrate 95% cht bo 92% protein
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NHU CU NNG LNG CA C TH ph thuc vo gii tnh, tui NAM : 60 kg, 20-39 tui, khe mnh, khng bnh tt, 8h lm vic, cng vic khng nng nhc 8h ngh ngi trn ging, 4 6h ngi hoc lm vic nh 2h i b, gii tr hoc lm vic nh Nhu cu nng lng 2.875 kcal N : 50 kg, 20-39 tui, khe mnh, khng bnh tt, 8h lm vic, cng vic khng nng nhc 8h ngh ngi trn ging, 4 6h ngi hoc lm vic nh 2h i b, gii tr hoc lm vic nh Nhu cu nng lng 2.225 kcal Khong 60 65% tng nhu cu nng lng phi c p ng bi carbohydrate 30% p ng bi cht bo : tt nht l 15% trong 1,5g cht bo khng bo ha a 10 15% t protein
Tng nhu cu nng lng : - nhu cu nng lng c bn - nng lng cho hot ng tiu ha, hp th - nng lng cho hot ng th lc Tng nhu cu nng lng
Nhu cu chuyn ha c bn
Nng lng hot ng tiu ha hp th
Hot ng th lc
Nng lng cn cho : - duy tr - tng trng - cc qu trnh c bn - iu ha thn nhit - hot ng th lc v tr lc 1. Cc hot ng theo mun : i, ngi, p xe 2. Cc hot ng khng theo mun : khng nm trong tm kim sot ca ch nhng c tnh sng cn nh h hp, co bp tim nng lng trc tin c cung cp cho nhng hot ng ny v c gi l chuyn ha c bn
CHUYN HA C BN
Nng lng cn thit c th thc hin cc hot ng khng theo mun v duy tr thn nhit (Basal Metabolic Rate BMR) - hot ng ca cc c quan - hot ng lin tc ca h thng duy tr cc qu trnh tim v s tun hon, thn v s bi tit
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o BMR cn phi theo nhng iu kin sau

1. c thc hin sau ba n 12 16h giai on sau hp th trnh nh hng ca thc phm 2. Ngi phi nm ngh nhng khng ng. Ng lm gim BMR v hot ng lm tng 3. Ngi phi c nhp mch bnh thng, khng s hi 4. Nhit mi trng phi thoi mi, s ra m hi hoc lnh run s nh hng n BMR 5. Ngi khng b st Nam : BMR = 1 kcal / 1kg th trng 1.440 kcal N : BMR = 0,9 kcal / 1kg th trng 1.080 kcal
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Cc yu t nh hng BMR :
1. Kch thc c th : nhit mt thng xuyn qua da, ngi to ln c din tch da nhiu hn ngi nh b mt nhiu nhit hn BMR ln hn 2. Thnh phn cu to c th : t l c v m nh hng n BMR. Vn ng vin hoc ngi t m c BMR ln hn ngi c nhiu m cng trng lng c th.
3. Tui : trong giai on pht trin, BMR tng ln 15 20%. Hormone tng trng kch thch chuyn ha. N mang thai v cho con b, BMR gia tng. BMR gim theo tui (2% / mi nm) sau 21 tui.
4. Gii tnh : nam cao hn 10% so vi n. T l m n nhiu hn v do s khc bit v hormone
5. St : tng BMR 7% cho mi oF. y l l do b gim cn khi st

6. Tnh trng sc khe : BMR thp khi nhn n hoc b suy dinh dng v m c b gim. Trong trng hp b bnh, khi d ha cao hn BMR tng 7. Hormone : cng tuyn gip tng BMR. Suy tuyn gip gim BMR
8. Kh hu : tri lnh tng BMR duy tr thn nhit. Tri nng m hi, BMR tng nhm gim thn nhit
9. Tm l : lo lng lm tng BMR
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HOT NG C BIT (SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION) SDA : nh hng ca thc phm lm tng qu trnh chuyn ha so vi khi i. Nng lng cn thit tiu ha, hp th v chuyn ha thc n. Thc phm n vo kch thch qu trnh chuyn ha dn n tiu hao nng lng. Protein nh hng ln nht n SDA, lm tng BMR 30% Carbohydrate v cht bo nh hng t hn lm tng 5 10% BMR
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HOT NG TH CHT Bao gm nng lng cho lm vic, gii lao, hot ng tr lc tt c nhng hot ng theo mun. Nhiu ngi s dng nng lng cho hot ng th lc nhiu hn cho chuyn ha c bn 1. Ngi mt ch - lao ng nh : dy hc, lm vic vn phnglm vic nh 2. Cng vic va phi : nng dn, lao ng cng nghip, li xe 3. Cng vic nng nhc : th o , th m, x g Bi lt tiu hao nng lng gp i p xe p i b nhanh tiu hao nng lng gp 3 ln i chm ri Ngi cao to tiu hao nhiu nng lng hn ngi nh b khi cng lm mt cng vic Nng lng cho hot ng th lc c o gin tip bng cch phn tch lng O2 tiu th v CO2 nh ra tnh nng lng
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CN BNG NNG LNG C th x dng nng lng cn c b p Nng lng c cung cp t thc phm : ch yu l carbohydrate v cht bo. Khi nhn n hoc i c th s s dng nng lng d tr p ng nhu cu
3 dng nng lng d tr : 1. Glycogen : trong c v gan, dng cho 12 48h. Khong 300g trong c v 100g trong gan 2. C : protein d tr vi s lng hn ch trong c 3. M m : lng cht bo d tr thay i t ngi ny sang ngi khc
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Nng lng cn bng : trng lng c th khng tng, khng gim n thc n nhiu nng lng> nng lng tiu hao : tha cn, bo ph n thc n thiu nng lng (thiu carbohydrate, bo) : thiu cn, gy
Cn bng nng lng : Tnh trng trong nng lng cung cp bi thc phm = tng nng lng tiu hao, to nn s n nh th trng
THA CN Nng lng thu np qua thc n ln hn nng lng tiu hao tha cn v bo ph. Nng lng khng c to nn cng khng b ph hy i m ch chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc . Do ha nng d tha trong thc phm s chuyn i thnh cht bo d tr nng lng
1. Tha cn : trng lng c th ln hn 10% so vi tiu chun chiu cao tui v gii tnh
2. Bo ph : khi trng lng ln hn 20% so vi tiu chun 3. Cc k bo : trng lng ln hn 100% tiu chun hoc ln hn 45kg so vi tiu chun
CH S KHI LNG C TH (body mass index)
Khi nim v trng lng c th l tng thay i theo thi gian v c tnh ton cho cc vc dng khc nhau Ngy nay trng lng c th c tnh da trn c s khoa hc : ch s BMI
Body mass index
weight in kilograms (height in metres) 2
W H2
Bo ph Cp I Cp II Cp III BMI 25 29 30 40 >40
Gi tr bnh thng : Nam : BMI = 20 25 N : BMI = 19 24
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Nguyn nhn bo ph Thi quen n ung thc phm giu calorie Khng bit n gi tr nng lng ca thc phm Khng n sng nhng n vt snack giu nng lng t hot ng Chuyn ha thp vi s gia tng tui nhng khng gim ch n Gii ta cm xc n nhiu hn khi b stress, lo lng Tham d nhiu tic tng Ngi bo ph phi lm gim 1 n 2 pounds / mt tun bng cch gim 500 kcal / ngy Tng cng hot ng th lc 1 lb m c th = 455g 1g m c th cung cp 7,7 kcal/g v c cha nc trong Nng lng tng ng : 1 lb m c th = 455 x 7,7 = 3.500 kcal Trong 1 tun hoc 7 ngy phi c gim i 3.500 kcal Mt ngy phi gim 3.500/7 = 500kcal
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THIU CN
Do c th khng thu nhn thc n. Nng lng thu np nh hn nhu cu. Do qu trnh ng ha thc n km v ri lon tiu ha, hp th, nhim trng, thi quen n ung, thiu hiu bit v dinh dng, ngho i
n ung khng y nh hng n s tng trng, sc khe, cu trc v chc nng ca no. Cn phi tng cng thc n cha : nhiu nng lng nhiu protein t cht bo
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TNH TON GI TR NNG LNG DA TRN THNH PHN Mt ba n gm 20g protein, 20g cht bo, 125 g carbohydrate trong c 5 g cht x. Tnh gi tr nng lng ca ba n ny 1.Protein : 1g protein cung cp 4 kcal 20g protein cung cp 20 x 4 = 80 kcal 2.Cht bo : 1 g cht bo cung cp 9 kcal 20 g cht bo cung cp 20 x 9 = 180 kcal 3.Carbohydrate : 1 g carbohydrate cung cp 4 kcal. 1 g cht x cung cp 0 kcal carbohydrate tiu ha : 125 5 = 120 g 120 g carbohydrate cung cp 120 x 4 = 480 kcal Tng cng : 80 + 180 + 480 = 740 kcal Nng lng cung cp t ba n : 740 kcal
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C TNH NHU CU NNG LNG c c tnh theo 2 cch : Theo bng RDA Ghi chp li cc hot ng Nhu cu nng lng c th c tnh t nhng nng lng cn thit cho cc hot ng trong 24 h, nu thi gian thc hin cc hot ng ny c ghi li Khng hot ng (ng) : 50 65 kcal/gi Ngi mt ch : 80 100 kcal /gi hnh ng ngi ngi hc trong lp ngi chat ngi n ngi xem TV ngi c ngi vit Lm vic nh : 110 160 kcal / gi ng v i chm ri tm mc qun o ra tay li m t li xe tham d bui thc hnh i b l qun o nu bp may qun o
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Lm vic va phi : 170 240 kcal / gi ngi, ng vi hot ng tay tch cc tp th dc lau chi ct ta cy dn ging git qun o p xe p sn nh ca Lm vic nng nhc : 250 400 kcal / gi vt ro qun o ra bnh, vi to khun vc gia dng giy c v o t trong vn Lm vic cng thng, rng sc : 400 600 kcal / gi tp aerobic bi li i b ln dc i thang b cht g jogging chy b
Hot ng Ng Tm v mc qun o Dn phng Li m t i thang b
Thi gian 8 gi 30 pht 10 pht 15 pht 15 pht
Nng lng (kcal/gi) 65 160 240 160 420
Nng lng tiu hao 520 80 40 40 105
Tham d lp hc
Ngi chat Tham d bui thc hnh i b
4 gi
1 gi 3 gi 50 pht
100
100 160 160
400
100 480 130
n ung
Xem TV Tp th dc aerobic Hc bi, vit bi Tng thi gian Tng nhu cu nng lng RDA
2 gi
2 gi 30 pht 1 gi 24 gi
100
100 500 100
200
200 250 100 2.725 2.640
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N 25 tui, nng 50 kg, cao 155 cm Tnh ton nng lng cho chuyn ha c bn BMR = 0,9 kcal/kg/gi. BMR cho mt ngy : 0,9 x 50 x 24 = 1.080 kcal
Tnh ton nng lng cho hot ng th cht theo BMR Hot ng Nng lng tiu hao % BMR ngi mt ch 20% lm vic va 35% lm vic nng 50% Nng lng tiu hao do lm vic nng : (50% x BMR) + BMR = 50/100 x 1080 + 1080 = 1.620 kcal
Thm vo nng lng cho SDA khong 6 10% tng calorie (n chay 6%, n mn 10%) = khong 100 kcal Nhu cu nng lng = BMR + hot ng th cht + SDA = 1.080 + 1.620 + 100 = 2.800 kcal
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THAY I NNG LNG CHO BA N Trng hp thiu cn : cn cha tr nguyn nhn gy mt trng lng c th tng cn : Ch n giu nng lng, trn 500 kcal / ngy tng I lb / tun Ch n giu protein vi cht lng tt 1,2g/kg th trng Vitamin v khong thch hp Thay i ch n dn dn n 6 ba n nh mi ngy Vui v trong lc n v thc phm hp dn
Loi thc phm : thc phm d ng ha giu nng lng, giu protein salad trn, xp c kem bo trng ming tri cy ti chui, xoi s nguyn kem xp dinh dng, tht hm protein ng vt
Trng hp tha cn bo ph gim cn : ch n t nng lng, giu cht x, giu protein thc phm khng bo thc phm t ng hoc carbohydrate tinh luyn tr, c ph khng ng tht nc n 3 ba mt ngy Loi thc phm : thc phm cho cm gic no nhng t nng lng 1. tng cng cht x 2. tng khi lng xp long, cho hng liu vo to cm gic ngon nc p rau qu - trc ba n salad n sng vi ng cc giu cht x sa tch bo
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CH N UNG CN I Mi ngi cn mt ch dinh dng thch hp m bo sc khe - loi thc phm - s lng mi loi
Ch dinh dng c thit lp cho mt ngi : ng loi thc n v ng t l i hi phi tun th ng chn ngy v n iu Vn s thch, thi quen, tp qun, tui tc, kinh t, d ng Ch dinh dng cn i : 1. bao gm nhiu loi thc n 2. p ng RDA cho tt c cc cht dinh dng 3. cc cht dinh dng c t l ph hp 4. bao gm gii hn m bo s y 4. m bo sc khe 5. duy tr s cn i gia trng lng v chiu cao
169
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES (RDA) Khi thit k ch dinh dng cn da trn nhng hng dn v nhu cu dinh dng m bo sc khe : RDA
Nhu cu ca mt cht dinh dng : mc ti thiu c th cn thu np thc hin mt chc nng trong c th v phng nga triu chng thiu ht. RDA = Nhu cu + Mc an ton Mc an ton c thm vo nhm m bo b p : mt i do ch bin, nu nng b p s thiu ht ca c th trc bn cht ca thc phm s bin ng gia cc c th
170
Th d : St : RDA cc nc phng Ty : nam 10 mg, n 15 mg n : nam 28 mg, n 30 mg dng st tiu th khc nhau tng tc vi hp cht khc nh phytate trong thc phm Vit C : nhu cu 20 mg, RDA 40 mg. do vit C d mt i trong qu trnh ch bin, nu nng
RDA c thit lp da trn cc yu t : gii tnh, tui, vc dng c th, mc hot ng, v tnh trng sinh l.
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RDA i vi cc cht dinh dng c bit :
1. Vitanin B complex : B1, B2, Niacin da trn nng lng (kcal) B1 : 0,5 mg / 1.000 kcal B2 : 0,55 mg / 1.000 kcal Niacin : 6,6 mg / 1.000 kcal
2. Protein : da trn trng lng c th ngi ln : 1 g / 1 kg th trng tr em, v thnh nin, mang thai, cho con b cn nhiu hn 3. Vitamin A : th hin di dng retinol v -carotene
Tong vitamin A (g) retinol (g)
- carotene (g) 4
RDA cung cp s lng cht dinh dng cn c trong ch n ung. xy dng ch n ung cn bit thm gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm
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GI TR DINH DNG CA THC PHM

Mt thc phm cha nhiu cht dinh dng khc nhau phn tch trong phng th nghim bng thnh phn dinh dng ca thc phm T , da trn RDA c th tnh ton ch n ung thch hp Mt loi thc phm khng th cung cp ht ton b cc cht dinh dng mong mun. Lng cc cht dinh dng trong thc phm khc nhau chia thc phm thnh cc nhm
Nhm thc phm da trn thnh phn dinh dng ch yu bn trong chng s phn nhm thay i ty theo quc gia Th d : n khng c nhm thc phm sa, tht v l do tn gio, kinh t
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Mt nhm thc phm : bao gm nhng thc phm c cc c tnh chung c th l : cng ngun gc cng mt tc dng sinh l cha cng mt thnh phn dinh dng
Vic phn chia nhm theo thnh phn dinh dng gip cho vic lp ch dinh dng thun li hn : 1. Nhm ng cc 2. Nhm protein hay nhm xy dng c th 3. Nhm thc phm bo v 4. Nhm thc phm bo v th cp 5. Nhm du m, ng
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NHM NG CC
Cung cp ch yu : calorie (nng lng) protein cht x vitamin B complex : thiamine khong Khi thu nhp cng thp th calorie cung cp bi nhm ny cng tng Ty thuc thi quen, tp qun, nhiu loi ng cc c tiu dng : la m, go, ng, cao lng, i mch, v cc sn phm ca chng nh bnh m, bn, nui, m ng
175
Tiu th mt phn 30 g ng cc tng ng : mt lt bnh m na chn cm 2 chic bnh nng mt bt ng cc n sng S cung cp c 2 3g protein v 80 100 kcal Nn dng t nht 6 phn trong nhm ny / ngy
Nn dng t nht 2 loi ng cc trong ngy, v l sn phm t ng cc nguyn ht tn dng ti a cht dinh dng Cao lng giu Ca, la m giu Fe Khi ng cc c n chung vi cc loi u th cht lng protein tng ln ng k
176
NHM PROTEIN NHM XY DNG C TH
Bao gm thc phm ngun gc thc vt v ng vt giu protein c v s lng v cht lng : tht, c, g, trng, sa u, u nnh cc ht, ht c du u phng, m, hnh nhn Ngoi protein, nhm ny cn cung cp cc vitamin B complex, vit. A, Fe v Ca. Protein ng vt cung cp vit. B12
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Mt phn tng ng : 30 g u 1 qu trng 40 g tht cu 1 cc sa Cung cp 7g protein v 70 100 kcal Nn dng t nht 3 phn nhm ny / ngy
Cht lng protein ng vt cao hn hiu so vi protein thc vt. Nn dng chung ng cc vi u tng cht lng protein thc vt Khi dng u lm ngun protein chnh th nn ci thin cht lng bng cch : - thm mt lng nh protein ng vt vo mi ba n - phi hp ng cc vi u hoc u vi protein ng vt - bao gm nhiu loi u u nguyn ht cn v - cho u ny mm c thm vitamin C, B1, B2, niacin
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NHM THC PHM BO V Gm cc rau qu giu vitamin C v -carotene gip c th tng sc khng, chng li s ly nhim Nhm cc rau qu c mu vng, cam, hoc xanh m : b , c rt, c chua, xoi, u , o, m, i, thm, tri cy h citrus rau l xanh : rau dn, bp ci, bng ci xanh Mt phn tng ng : 1 qu cam 100 g rau l xanh cung cp 50 70 g vit. C, 1g protein v 25 kcal Nn dng t nht 2 phn nhm ny : mt t rau l xanh, mt t tri cy giu vit. C Ngoi ra cn cung cp calore, protein, cht x. Rau xanh cn cung cp folic aicd, Fe, Ca
NHM THC PHM BO V TH CP Tt c nhng rau qu khng thuc nhm thc phm bo v. chui, l, nho, da gan, to da leo, u bp, bu, b ao, u ve, hnh c, khoai m Cung cp carbohydrate, khong, vitamin, cht x Mt phn nhm ny tng ng : 50 70 g rau qu Cung cp 25 50 g kcal v 1g protein
Nn dng t nht 2 phn nhm ny / ngy
180
NHM DU M, NG Nhm thc phm giu nng lng m ng vt cn cung cp vit A v D du thc vt cung cp acid bo thit yu ng ch cung cp calorie ng, mt ong, ko, glucose, dch thy phn tinh bt, mt 1g ng cung cp 4 kcal u phng, da, hng dng, du u nnh margarine, b 50% cht bo tiu th phi l 2 n 3 loi du thc vt m bo cc acid bo thit yu. Cht bo ch cung cp 15 20 % nhu cu nng lng Nn : 25 30 g ng v 25 g cht bo / ngy 1 tha = 5g ng : 20 kcal 1 tha = 5g cht bo : 45 kcal
The Food Pyramid
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183
THIT LP CH N UNG n gin ha vic thit lp ch n ung, ngi ta chia thc phm lm 3 nhm c bn theo chc nng c bn ca chng : 1. Nhm thc phm bo v / iu ha (protective / regulatory foods) 2. Nhm thc phm xy dng c th (body building foods) 3. Nhm thc phm cung cp nng lng (energy giving foods) Nhm thc phm bo v / iu ha : Rau qu Rau l xanh, rau qu mu vng, cam, , tri cy h citrus Cung cp carotene, Vitamin C, cht khong, cht x
Nhm thc phm xy dng c th : thc phm giu protein Protein ng vt, u ht kh, ht c du Cung cp protein, vitamin v cht khong, cht bo
Nhm thc phm cung cp nng lng : Ng cc, c ng Du m cung cp carbohydrate + cc cht khc ch cung cp carbohydrate cung cp nng lng
184
Cc bc tin hnh :
1. thu thp thng tin : tui, gii tnh, hot ng, tn gio, iu kin kinh t, thi quen
2. kim tra RDA i vi nng lng v protein

3. chun b k hoch : lit k liu cho mi nhm thc phm p ng RDA 4. quyt nh s ba n 5. phn b cc liu cho mi ba n 6. chn thc phm trong mi nhm v nh lng chng
7. lp thc n
8. kim tra m bo tt c cc nhm thc phm c a vo vi s lng y
Th d : lp ch n ung cho hc sinh ni tr 1. Thng tin Tui : Gii tnh : Hot ng : Tn gio : /k x hi : Thi quen n ung : 16 18 nam trungbnh Hindu dn thnh th, gia nh thu nhp trung bnh ton cu
2. Recommended Dietary Allowance calorie : 2.640 protein : 78g
3. Lp k hoch
186
Nhm thc phm Ng cc C ng Cht bo
S lng
Trng lng (g)
Calorie (kcal)
Protein (g)
Nhm cung cp nng lng
Nhm xy dng c th Sa u Trng
Nhm bo v
Rau l xanh
Cc loi rau khc

Tri cy
Tng cng
4. S lng ba n : 04 ba 5. Phn b cc phn trong mt ba n Nhm thc phm S lng phn trong mt ba n Sng Tra X Ti
Thc phm
s lng phn
Thc phm cung cp nng lng
Ng cc
C ng Bo
Thc Sa phm xy u dng c Trng th

Thc phm bo v Rau l xanh
Rau khc
Tri cy
188
6. La chn thc phm v lp thc n 7. M t thc n
8. Kim tra li bng lit k thc n

TNH GI TR DINH DNG CA MT SN PHM 1. lit k thnh phn v s lng ca mi thnh phn 2. Chun b mt phiu ghi chp 3. Tham kho bng dinh dng cha trong 100 g n c ca mi thnh phn 4. Tnh ton lng cht dinh dng c trong mi thnh phn ca sn phm 5. Cn sn phm c trng lng tng cng 6. Chia ga tr ny cho s phn trm ca mi thnh phn 7. Thng thng khng tnh cho cc thnh phn c lng <10 g, ngoi tr ng , cht bo, ring bt ni cn ch n lng Na
189
Bng ghi chp

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thnh phn S lng (g) Protein (g) Cht bo (g) Carbohyd Nng rate (g) lng (g)
Tng gi tr
Gi tr cho 1 n v
190
Th d : Tnh gi tr dinh dng cho bnh qui du Thnh phn Bt m Margarine 150 g 60g S lng
B
ng Bt ni Sa
60 g
75 g 1g 15 ml
191
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thnh phn Bt m Margarine B ng Bt ni Sa
S lng (g) 150 60 60 75 1 15ml
Protein (g) 16,5 0,6 17
Cht bo (g) 1,4 60 48,6 1 111
Carbohyd rate (g) 111 75 1 187
Nng lng (g) 522 437 300 18 1.817
Tng gi tr
Tng trng lng ca sn phm : 308g S lng bnh 14 Trng lng 1 bnh 22g Gi tr dinh dng ca 1 bnh = ga tr ca cng thc sn phm / s lng bnh
Protein
17 14
1,2g
Chat beo
187 Carbohydrate 13g 14
1.817 Nang lng (kcal) 130 kcal 14

192
111 14
8g
193

Dinh Duong Co So

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Dinh Duong Co So

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KHNG KH

Cht dinh dng cn thit ti to cc m v pht trin c th

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

CHT DINH DNG ?

TNG QUAN GIA THC PHM V SC KHE

MT NGI KHE MNH

Tnh trng dinh dng ca c th hoc cng ng c nh gi qua:

Kho st loi v lng thc phm c tiu th

Chiu cao, cn nng

Du hiu, triu chng suy nhc

lng cc cht dinh dng - trong mu - loi thi trong nc tiu

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

Qu trnh ch bin : SCH Bn cht ca thc phm : LNH Ch dinh dng : CN I

Phi c hiu bit c bn v dinh dng v v sinh

CHC NNG CA THC PHM

Carbohydrate Cht bo (Protein)

Protein Cht khong Nc (Carbohydrate) (Cht bo) (Vitamin)

Protein Cht khong Nc (Carbohydrate) (Cht bo) (Vitamin)

Cht khong Vitamin Nc Cht x

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

CHC NNG SINH L

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

C ngi n t i hoc t chi khng n khi phin mun v c n

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHN LOI CHT DINH DNG

Con ngi cn mt lng rt nh cc cht dinh dng vi lng

Nhu cu nng lng thp hn

Nhu cu nng lng cao hn

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

TIU HA, HP TH, V BIN DNG

TIU HA CHT DINH DNG (NUTRIENTS)

CHT DINH DNG T BO

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

THC QUN D DY GAN RUT NON

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

TIU HA THC PHM

2. THC QUN Di chuyn thc phm i t ming n d dy Khng c tc dng tiu ha 3. D DY

Qu trnh cc cht dinh dng c chuyn t rut vo mu v h bch huyt

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

Amino acid : - tng hp t bo mi, enzyme, hormone

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Tng hp Cht bo M protein

Chu trnh urea urea CO2

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

Carbohydrate n gin (ng)

Qu to, qu hc citrus, i, rong bin

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

Carbohydrates thc phm

Khng ha tan trong nc

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

Tuyn nc bt Mt s tinh bt b thy phn thnh dextrin v maltose

Mt s glucose chuyn thnh glycogen v d tr trong gan

Hp th glucoe, fructose, galactose vo mu v i n gan

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Chu trnh acid citric CO2 2e

PHAN TH NG - KHOA CNTP - H NNG LM