Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh Sinh vin Nghin cu Khoa hc ln th 6

i hc Nng - 2008

NGHIN CU SN XUT VIN NHIN LIU T BIOMASS

RESEARCH MANUFACTURE OF PELLET FROM BIOMASS SVTH: HONG NGUYN THU H
Lp 03N2- Trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng

GVHD: TS NGUYN THANH QUNG

Trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng
Tm tt: Vit nam l mt nc nng nghip v hng nm thi ra mt lng ln n hng chc triu tn cc cht ph thi(sinh kh i) nh tru, b ma, v ht iu, mn ca, rm... S dng ngun sinh khi ny mt cch thch hp sn xut nhit v in nng s em li c hi mi cho Nng nghip, ci thin an ninh nng lng, v mang li li ch cho mi trng v x hi. Bi nghin cu gii thiu k thut chuyn sinh khi thnh vin nhin liu bng cch nn tru, mn ca di tc dng nhit, vin nhin liu c t hoc ng t vi than trong cc l hi, nh my in hoc s dng trc tip h gia nh. Abstract: Vietnam is agricultural country and annual release of agricultural waste(Biomass), such as rice husk, bagasse, cashew shell, wood sawdust, straw may be amount of many decade millions tones. Using Biomass ressonable for heat and electricity will provide new opportunities for agricultural, improve energy security, and bring environmental and social benefits. This research introduces a conversion technology biomass into pellets fuel, that are made by compressing rice husk, sawdust in the presence of heat to produce small blocks that can be fired, co-fired in boilers, power stations or used directly in home heating units.

1. M u: S dng hiu qu nng lng sinh khi ang l vn c quan tm trn th gii nhm gim mt phn sc p v s dng nhin liu. Sinh khi nc ta c nhiu di dng ph thi nng nghip (tru, rm,v lc ....), ph thi ca sn xut, ch bin g (mn ca, dm bo, g vn...). Ngoi tr ma ng th cc ngun sinh khi khc Vit Nam vn cha c khai thc s dng hiu qu. Hin nay trn th gii nghin cu v ng dng pht trin cng ngh sn xut vin nhin liu v tm c th trng thng mi rng ln. S dng vin nhin liu t Biomass va tn dng lng ph thi t Nng Nghip, gim chi ph vn chuyn v lu tr, c th s dng lm cht t cho nhiu loi l cng sut va v nh, va ct gim nng lng ho thch, tit kim chi ph sn xut, nhit tr cao, tng cht lng qu trnh chy, gim lng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh. Vic u t nghin cu v ng dng pht trin cng ngh sn xut to vin nc ta ang m ra hng s dng nng lng mi t biomass trong cc h thng chy Bng 1.2. S dng vin cng tt nh cc ngun nng lng kh, hi nc,nhit nhin liu mt s nc khc, mang li li ch mi trng v m bo an ninh trn th gii nng lng cho cc qu trnh pht trin kinh t bn vng. NC S dng(tn) 2. Ni dung: 2.1. S dng sinh khi v vin nhin liu trn th gii v Vit Nam: Ph phm tha t Nng nghip bao gm: v tru (100 triu tn), mn ca(250 triu tn), v lc (4,5 triu tn), v ht iu, b ma, g vn(400 triu tn), Canada Thy in Italia c M an Mch 690.000 1.400.000 550.000 400.000 650.000 400.000

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Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh Sinh vin Nghin cu Khoa hc ln th 6

i hc Nng - 2008

rm r (s liu th gii nm 1987). Theo thng k 60% lng ny l cc nc ang pht trin v hu ht b thi ra mi trng. Nn to vin nhin liu l cch bin hng triu tn biomass ny thnh nng lng sn xut phc v i sng, sn xut va v nh cho thng mi v sn xut in vi quy m vi trm MWh, th trng vin nng lng ngy cng si ng nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Vit Nam t khi gia nhp Bng 2.2. Lng ph phm Vit Nam WTO m rng th trng hp tc Ph phm Tng c nc >11 triu tn u t, m ra c hi thch thc cho Tru Tng 6,8 triu tn tt c cc ngnh kinh t, c bit l Bsng Cu Long 3,7 triu tn Nng Nghip vi nhiu mt hng B Bc Trung B 0,76 triu tn xut khu ch lc: thc go, g, c DH Nam Trung 0,68 triu tn ph Do lng ph thi s tp B trung quy m ln v nhu cu cn x Mn ca Tng 5,8 triu tn l sao cho c hng tt nht pht Min Trung 1,15 triu tn trin tim nng sinh khi t Ty Nguyn 2,5 triu tn mang li. Lng ph phm sinh ra Ty Bc 0,055-0,06triu tn mt s vng do tc gi tnh ton Ty Nguyn 0,3 - 0,5 triu tn bng 2.2. Khong 10% ph phm C ph ny c s dng lm cht t ti ch nh l gch, l nu nng h gia nh nng thn, 5% l nhin liu cng nghip (tru, b ma) sn xut nhit cc b trong l hi, h thng sy,3% lm thc n gia sc, lm hng liu, phn bn cho t Hn 80% cn li l thi ra mi trng, xung knh, sng, hoc t tri hon ton. Ti Bng SCL vic t tru ly nguyn liu sn xut in c mt s tnh thnh nh Cn Th, An Giang tnh n v sn xut 1KW in cn 2kg tru, hoc s dng thay du FO tit kim chi ph 3 ln, trong khi gi nhin liu tru, mn ca cc r khong 100-300 /kg so vi than l 2.400 /kg. Cng sut pht nhit tng ng ca mt s nhin liu biomass so vi than, cc gi tr ch r sinh ra 1kWh nhit th cn bao nhiu kg nhin liu c tnh ton bng 3.2. Bng 3.2 Cng sut nhit pht ra tng ng Nhin liu Tru B V ht Mn ca Rm Than ma iu cm Pht nhit tng ng b, 3,78 2,08 4,25 4,04 3,56 6,61 kg/kWh Hin nay n v Calofic Cn th t hng thit b nn vin nhin liu t tru sn xut theo cng ngh Nht Bn ang m ra th trng cho vin nhin liu. 2.2. c im vin nhin liu: Nu tp trung li tru, mn ca l ngun nng lng mi c th thay th cho than (bng 4): + Lng nhit sinh ra ln s dng cho mc ch pht nhit in lin tc. + C thnh phn chy nh nng lng truyn thng. + C th xc nh cc thit b k thut tn dng nhit ca n. Bng 4.2. Thnh phn ph phm v so snh than Thnh phnKL Qtlv %C %H %O %S %N %A %W (MJ/kg) (kg/m3) Tru 13,6 37,13 4,12 31,6 0,05 0,36 17,75 9 150 Mn ca 14,56 39,6 5,2 34,4 0 0,3 0,48 15 190 Than cm5 13,72 36,7 2,7 11,1 3,2 0,7 28,6 2,34 1000

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Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh Sinh vin Nghin cu Khoa hc ln th 6

i hc Nng - 2008

Vin nhin liu c to t ph phm l vin hnh tr ng knh 6- 8mm, di khng qu 38mm, m cao hn 2 ln, nhit tr thp hn 1,2 ln vi cc c im sau: +Khi lng ring tng 5-10 ln, gim chi ph vn chuyn lu tr. +Tng cht lng qu trnh chy do m thp. +Gim lng CO2,SO2, gim hiu ng nh knh (xem bng 5.2), lng cht thi trung bnh 1,2g so vi tiu chun M l 7,5g/h. Bng 5.2:Lng CO2 tit kim +Sn xut nhit hn do nhit lng trong vin nhin liu cao Nhin liu Tit 88130 kCal/h so vi than 17600- 22700 kCal/h. kim +S dng cht t rt thun li, cht lng ng nht, c th CO2 t nhiu loi l khc nhau t t ly nhit l in 3323 lbs h gia nh n l hi cng sut va v nh,gi thnh nhin liu Du 943 lbs gim. Kh Gas 549 lbs 2.3. c im cng ngh to vin: 8872 lbs p sut qu trnh nn t 30- 150 Mpa, p sut cao s gii Vin NL phng lng Lignin(chim khong 15% khi lng vt liu) lin kt cc thnh phn t bo. Nu khng t c p sut th c th thm cht ph gia, tu loi sinh khi s dng lm vin nhin liu.Ph gia c th l hp densit cht hu c r tin nh nc mt, btTu y thuc thnh phn vt liu, kch thc, m, qu trnh to vin m p sut khc nhau. Hnh1. Quan h gia p sut v mt vin -p sut thp t 1-5 Mpa -p sut trung bnh t 5-100 Mpa -p sut cao trn 100 Mpa -p sut cao nht ca qu trnh nn 450 Mpa Mt vin nhin liu b nh hng bi kch thc u vo, nguyn vt liu cng mn, mt cng dy t 700- 1200 kg/m3. ng knh ca nguyn vt liu <1mm th qu trnh to vin tit kim nng lng n 3 ln. m cng nh hng n mt v hi nc trong vt liu bay hi to khong trng, gim mt t ngt dn n tan r vin, m thch hp l 13-15% tu loi nhin liu. 2.4. Dy chuyn sn xut vin nhin liu t Biomass: Phng php sn xut vin nhin liu c tiu chun ho v xy dng thnh h thng hon chnh (hnh2.2) v cc qu trnh v thit b chnh to vin trong bng 6.2. Bng 6.2.Cc qu trnh v c im Qu trnh chnh Mc ch Sn phm Thit b Ghi ch Sy gim m, Vt liu c m L hi, tb sy L hi t tng nhit <15%, nhit thng quay, xiclon, bng nhin liu vt liu >700C qut, ng ng gi biomass Nghin gim kch vt liu ng knh Thng nghin,qut, gim nng thc vt <1mm,d*r <3*3mm ng ng gi, lng cho qu liu xiclon lc bi trnh nn 3 ln

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Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh Sinh vin Nghin cu Khoa hc ln th 6

i hc Nng - 2008

To vin Vin nhin liu c My to vin, tb quyt nh cht nhin liu ng knh t 6-8 gu ti, thng cha lng vin mm,chiudi<38mm liu,cp du t nhin liu ng Lm mt Gimm,sn Vin nhin liu c thit b thp lm sn phm c phm cui m t 10- 12 % mt, xiclon kh bi, hnh thcp, cng c cht my sng lc thi gian lu lng tt tr di **Qu trnh nn to vin yu cu sc p rt ln, lc tc dng cn thng c lc n hi ca vt liu, sau di tc dng ca sc p v nhit nn to vin. y l giai on kh nht quyt nh cht lng vin nhin liu. Mt s phng php nn trong bng 7.2: Bng 7.2.PP nn vin nhin liu: p sut QT M t qu trnh Nn bng pittng 110 140 MPa c kh Nn bng pittng >30MPa thu lc Nn Nn bng trc vt 60 100 MPa

Nn bng rul

206 448 MPa

Hnh2.S h thng sn xut vin nhin liu

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Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh Sinh vin Nghin cu Khoa hc ln th 6

i hc Nng - 2008

2.5. Ch to th nghim: H thng cu to nh hnh 3.2, vt liu lin tc c a qua phu vo xylanh, pittng chuyn ng ln xung nh c cu n by nn vt liu lin tc trong xylanh, di sc p ca pittng, lp vt liu nn thnh vin v ra ngoi. Cc lc chnh trong qu trnh to vin: +Lc pittng(P2) : lc ny do n by tc ng ln pittng nn vt liu thnh vin v y vt liu ra ngoi. +Lc ma st ca xylanh: lc ny ngn dng vt liu ra ngoi lm n kt dnh li thnh vin. Hnh 3. Thit b nn to vin nhin liu L1=10cm L2=73cm H1=3cm 1. HT on bay H2=8cm 2. Canh dan hng D1=8mm 3. Pittong D2=16mm 4. Xylanh 5. Lo tao vien

Trong qu trnh thc nghim, ta xc nh c cng lng mn ca, khi lc tc dng cng ln th mt vin cng tng. Hnh 4 biu din mt v vn ca vin ph thuc vo lc nn tc dng vo pittng khi cng mt lng mn ca cho mt ln nn to vin l 2g, m thch hp cho qu trnh nn l 15%.

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Hnh4. vn v mt vin ph thuc vo lc nn Sau qu trnh nn to vin nhin liu, sn phm to ra c hnh dng, kch thc nh hnh 5.2. Sn phm bn, khi th t cao 21cm khng v, khi t sn phm bt la nhanh, chy hon ton, khi t t 10 vin tr ln s to ngn la vng chy rt mnh v cao, thi gian chy khong 5 pht.

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Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh Sinh vin Nghin cu Khoa hc ln th 6

i hc Nng - 2008

Hnh 5.2Vin nhin liu t mn ca v qu trnh chy 3. Kt lun: Vi tc tng trng kinh t hn 8,5% nm 2007, th trng cung cu nng lng Vit Nam ang ngy cng si ng, vin nhin liu t biomass vi nhng c im hiu qu chy cao hn, sn xut nhit nhiu hn, l nhin liu chy sch, khng gy bi bn, khng gian lu tr nh, d s dng, c th t nhiu loi l vi cng sut khc nhau, v do tn dng ngun ph thi t Nng Nghip nn gi thnh nhin liu r, tit kim chi ph nhin liu c kh nng thay th cho cc ngun nng lng ho thch trong cc qu trnh sn xut. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam vn cha c s u t v pht trin cng ngh sn xut vin nhin liu t biomass dng cng nghip. Kt qu nghin cu ny l c s xy dng dy chuyn sn xut vin nhin liu ng dng thc t, ch to my to vin v nm bt cng ngh sn xut mang li nhiu li ch kinh t v gp phn ln bo v mi trng. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Trang web v pellet-process ca FAO http://www.FAO.Org/Introduction.. [2] Trang web v pelltizing ca c http:// www.agico.com.cn [3] Nguyn Thanh Quang_ Pht in ph phm Nng Nghip_Tp ch Khoa nhit

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