Dien Dong Luc Hoc Luong Tu.9829

in ng lc hc lng t 1
H Nam Thanh Nm hc 2009-2010

MC LC

M U .................................................................................................................................... 2
1. Phng trnh Dirac ..................................................................................................................3
2. Cc nghim ca phng trnh Dirac .....................................................................................6
3. Hip bin song tuyn tnh.................................................................................................... 12
4. Photon .................................................................................................................................... 15
5. Cc qui tc Feynman cho in ng lc hc lng t ................................................... 18
6. V d ....................................................................................................................................... 22
7. Th thut Casimir v nh l vt ....................................................................................... 27
8. Tit din va chm v thi gian sng .................................................................................. 31
9. S ti chun ha.................................................................................................................... 38
KT LUN .............................................................................................................................. 44
TI LIU THAM KHO..................................................................................................... 45

in ng lc hc lng t 2

M U

Trong quang hc c in, nh sng c truyn i theo mi phng v s giao thoa
ca chng tun theo nguyn l Fermat. Tng t, trong in ng lc hc lng t
(QED- quantum electrodynamics), nh sng (hay bt k mt ht no nh mt electron
hoc mt proton) c th truyn i theo phng bt k bi cc gng hoc thu knh.
Ngi quan st ( mt v tr c bit) nhn thy mt cch n gin kt qu ton hc ca
mi hm sng tng cng, nh l mt tng cc tch phn ng. Gii thch theo cch
khc, cc qu o c quan nim l phi vt cht, cc cu trc ton hc l tng ng
vi chng, trong gii hn c th. Tng t nh qu o ca c hc lng t phi tng i
tnh, cc cu trc khc nhau ng gp vo s pht trin ca Trng lng t m t r s
tt yu hon thin cc phng trnh chuyn ng c in. Do theo hnh thc lun
QED, nh sng c th truyn nhanh hn hoc chm hn c, nhng s truyn vi vn tc
trung bnh c.

Trong QED, l thuyt nhiu lon lng t miu t cc ht tch in tng tc thng
qua trao i cc quang t. Bin ca cc tng tc ny c th tnh c bng l thuyt
nhiu lon; cc cng thc hon chnh c mt cch biu din hnh tng ng lu nh l
cc biu Feynman. QED l l thuyt m cc biu Feynman c p dng u tin.
Cc biu ny c pht minh ra trn c s ca Lagrangian trong c hc. Dng biu
Feynman, c th biu din mi qu o kh d t im u cho n im cui. Mi qu
o c gn vi mt bin xc sut, v bin thc m ta quan st l tng ca cc
bin trn cc qu o kh d. Cc qu o vi pha khng i ng gp nhiu nht (do
s giao thoa vi cc sng ngc pha) kt qu ny cng ging nh s giao thoa sng
ca hai ngun pht sng ng yn trong c hc.

M hnh c ca in ng lc hc lng t ch bao gm trao i quang t ring l,
nhng Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger v Richard Feynman nhn ra rng tnh
hung li phc tp hn rt nhiu v tn x in t-in t c th bao gm trao i mt vi
quang t. Mt in tch im trn tri khng tn ti trong bc tranh ca h. in tch
lun to ra mt m cc cp ht-phn ht o xung quanh n, do , m men t hiu
dng ca n thay i v th nng Coulomb cng b bin i ti cc khong cch ngn.
Cc tnh ton t m hnh ny ti to li cc d liu thc nghim ca Kusch v Lamb
vi mt chnh xc ngc nhin v m hnh in ng lc hc lng t mi c coi l
mt l thuyt chnh xc nht tng c. Tomonaga, Schwinger v Feynman cng nhn
gii Nobel vt l nm 1965. Pht trin ny ca in ng lc hc lng t li c mt tm
quan trng v i nht cho c vic miu t cc hin tng vt l nng lng cao.
in ng lc hc lng t 3
1. Phng trnh Dirac

Mu ABC tuy l mt l thuyt trng lng t hon ton ph hp nhng n
khng m t c th gii thc v cc ht A,B,C c spin bng 0, trong khi cc quark
v lepton mang spin 1/2, v cc trung t mang spin bng 1. Vic tnh n spin c th l
kh phc tp v mt s hc; l l do ti sao ta a ra php tnh Feynman trong ng
cnh ca mt l thuyt chi hon ton khng c nhng rc ri trn. Trong c hc
lng t phi tng i tnh cc ht c m t bi phng trnh Schrdinger, cn trong
c hc lng t tng i tnh cc ht c spin bng 0 c m t bng phng trnh
Klein Gordon, cc ht c spin 1/2 bi phng trnh Dirac v cc ht c spin 1 bi
phng trnh Proca. Tuy nhin mt khi cc qui tc Feynman c thit lp th phng
trnh trng c bn mt dn hiu lc v cn bn. Nhng vi cc ht c spin 1/2, k hiu
ca qui tc Feynman gi nh v s tng t vi phng trnh Dirac. Th nn trong ba
phn tip theo, ta s nghin cu l thuyt Dirac trong theo ng ngha ca n.
Ta thit lp c phng trnh Schrdinger bng vic bt u vi h thc nng
xung lng c in

p dng cch m t lng t :

v ton t thu c tc dng ln hm sng + cho kt qu :

(Phng trnh Schrdinger)
Phng trnh Klein Gordon c th thu c bng chnh phng php ny, bt
u vi mi lin h nng xung lng tng i tnh

Hoc

(t nay ta s b qua th nng, v ta ch x l cc ht t do ). ng ngc nhin l cch m
t lng t (7.2) khng i hi s bin i tng i tnh; theo k hiu vect bn chiu :

in ng lc hc lng t 4
Vi

Tc l :

Thay (1.5) vo (1.4) v o hm tc ng ln hm sng +, ta thu c :

Hay :

(Phng trnh Klein Gordon )
Schrdinger r rng khm ph ra phng trnh ny trc c phng trnh phi
tng i tnh mang tn ng; n thm ch cn b ph nhn v cn bn v b cho l khng
tng thch vi ngha thng k ca hm sng + [tc (|+|
2
) l xc sut tm thy ht
im (x,y,z)]. Ngun gc ca s kh khn ny l do phng trnh Klein Gordon l
phng trnh bc hai theo thi gian t (phng trnh Schrdinger l phng trnh bc nht
theo t). V th Dirac bt u tm kim mt phng trnh ph hp vi cng thc nng
xung lng tng i tnh bc nht theo thi gian. Nhng nm 1934 Pauli v Weisskopf
ch ra rng ngha thng k t n c vn trong l thuyt lng t tng i tnh,
v hon tr phng trnh Klein Gordon tr li ng v tr tuyt vi ca n, trong khi
vn duy tr phng trnh Dirac cho cc ht c spin 1/2.
Chin lc c bn ca Dirac l t tha s cho h thc nng xung lng
(1.4). Vic ny s tr nn d dng nu ta ch c p
0
(tc nu p = 0) :

Ta c hai phng trnh bc nht :
hoc
Phng trnh no trong s hai phng trnh ny u m bo rng p
p

- m
2
c
2
=0.
Nhng s l mt vn khc khi ba thnh phn cn li ca p

c tnh n, trong
trng hp ta s i tm biu thc di dng :
in ng lc hc lng t 5

vi |
k
v
l tm h s cn c xc nh. Khai trin v phi ca (7.12), ta c :

khng c s hng no ph thuc tuyn tnh vo p
k
, ta chn |
k
=
, sau cng ta
cn tm h s
k
sao cho :

tc l

Ta thy rng c th chn
0
= 1,
1
=
2
=
3
= 1, nhng dng nh khng c cch
no trnh khi cc s hng cho. im ny, Dirac c mt tng sng gi: nu
l cc ma trn thay v cc con s th s nh th no ? Khi cc ma trn l khng giao hon,
ta c th tm thy mt tp hp sao cho :

vi

Hay ngn gn hn l:

vi g
v
l ma trn Minkowski, v du mc nhn th hin mt phn giao hon t.

Ta c th t gii quyt vn ny mt cch bnh thng. iu ny c th thc hin c,
mc d ma trn nh nht l 4 4. C mt s tp hp tng ng cc ma trn gamma;
ta s s dng qui c chun Bjorken v Drell :

Trong o
i
(i = 1,2,3) l cc ma trn Pauli ch ra, 1 biu th cho ma trn n v cp 2
2, 0 biu th cho ma trn cp 2 2 ca cc s 0.
in ng lc hc lng t 6
Nh mt phng trnh ma trn cp 4 4, h thc nng xung lng tng i
tnh cho ra tha s :

By gi ta thu c phng trnh Dirac khi tch ra mt s hng (vn khng phi l s
no, m y l mt cch chn theo qui c):

Thc hin s thay th thng thng p

i

c
(phng trnh 7.5), v cho kt
qu tc dng ln hm sng + :

( Phng trnh Dirac)
Lu rng + l mt ma trn cp 4 4 :

Ta gi l lng Spinor hay Spin Dirac (Mc d n gm 4 thnh phn nhng
khng phi l vect 4 chiu. Trong phn 3 ta s ch ra n thay i nh th no khi ta thay
i h qun tnh; n s khng phi l mt php bin i Lorenzt thng thng).

2. Cc nghim ca phng trnh Dirac

By gi ta s i tm cc nghim n gin ca phng trnh Dirac. Trc ht gi s
rng + c lp i vi v tr :

Cng vi (7.5), phng trnh ny m t mt trng thi c xung lng lng bng
khng( p = 0 ). Phng trnh Dirac gin c thnh :

Hoc :

in ng lc hc lng t 7
Trong

mang hai thnh phn pha trn, v

mang hai thnh phn pha di. Do

V cc nghim l :

Ta xem tha s

nh l s ph thuc thi gian c trng ca mt trng thi lng t vi nng lng E.
i vi mt ht ng th E = mc
2
, do +
A
trong trng hp p = 0 chnh xc l ci m
ta mong i. Nhng vi +
B
th sao ? Dng nh n m t mt trng thi vi nng lng
m (E = -mc
2
). y l mt tht bi ln v l iu u tin m Dirac c trnh bng cch
gi thit v mt bin v hn khng nhn thy c ca cc ht c nng lng m, n
lp y cc trng thi khng mong mun. Thay v lm th, by gi ta gii thch cc
nghim nng lng m bng cch a ra cc phn ht vi nng lng dng. Theo ,
v d nh +
A
m t cc electron th +
B
s m t cc positron. Mi hm sng l mt
spinor hai thnh phn, ng vi h c spin 1/2. Tm li, phng trnh Dirac vi p = 0
tha nhn bn nghim c lp (b qua cc tha s chun ha )

in ng lc hc lng t 8
ln lt m t mt electron vi spin hng ln, mt electron hng xung, mt positron
vi spin hng ln v mt positron vi spin hng xung.
Tip theo ta i tm nghim sng phng di dng :

hoc theo k hiu gn hn :

(vi a l hng s chun ha, tuy khng ph hp vi mc ch biu din ca ta nhng cn
thit sau ny gi cho n v ph hp). Ta hi vng tm thy mt lng spin u(p) sao
cho +(x) tha mn phng trnh Dirac ( lc ny p (E/c,p) ch n gin l mt tp hp
ca bn tham s ty , nhng v chng biu din cho nng lng v xung lng nn n
gin nht l ta gn cho chng cc k t thch hp ngay t khi bt u). Do s ph thuc
vo x xc nh bi s m

Thay biu thc ny vo phng trnh Dirac (7.20), ta c :

hoc
Phng trnh ny c bit n nh l phng trnh Dirac trong khng gian xung
lng . Lu rng l mt phng trnh thun ty i s v khng c o hm. Nu u
tha mn phng trnh (2.12) th + ( phng trnh 2.10) tha mn phng trnh Dirac
(1.20).
Ta c :

Do :

in ng lc hc lng t 9
Trong ch s di A biu th cho hai thnh phn pha trn v B biu th cho hai thnh
phn pha di. tha mn phng trnh (2.12), ta phi c

Thay u
B
vo u
A
ta c :

Nhng do

Nn

vi 1 l ma trn n v cp 2 2.
Vy

V do

Tc l tha mn phng trnh Dirac, E v p ( phng trnh 2.10) phi tun
theo h thc nng xung lng tng i tnh. Phng trnh theo E (2.20) cho ta hai
nghim:

Nghim dng ng vi cc trng thi ht, nghim m ng vi cc trng thi ca
phn ht.

Quay li phng trnh (2.15) v s dng (2.17), vn tr nn n gin khi xy
dng bn nghim c lp ca phng trnh Dirac (b qua cc tha s chun ha)

in ng lc hc lng t 10

t

th

t

th

t

th

t

th

Vi (1) v (2) ta phi dng du cng phng trnh (2.21), nu khng u
B
s bt
nh khi p 0, y l iu d hiu vi hm sng cc ht. Vi (3) v (4) ta buc phi
dng du tr, l cc trng thi ca phn ht. Thng thng ta chun ha cc spinor
ny theo cch sao cho

Vi du cng k hiu cho lin hp chuyn v (hay lin hp Hermit)

Do

Vy bn nghim l :

(
vi

)

(
vi

)

V hng s chun ha l

C th on nhn c u
(1)
m t mt electron vi spin hng ln, u
(2)
vi spin
xung v c nh th, nhng khng phi nh vy. Vi cc ht Dirac, cc ma trn spin l:

vi

v c th d dng kim tra rng u
(1)
, chng hn, khng phi l mt trng thi ring ca E
z
.
Tuy nhin, nu ta hng trc z theo chiu chuyn ng th (trng hp ny p
x
= p
y
= 0)
th u
(1)
, u
(2)
,u
(3)
v u
(4)
l cc spinor ring ca S
z
; u
(1)
v u
(3)
l spin hng ln, u
(2)
v u
(4)

l cc spin hng xung.
Nh ni phn trc th E v p (trong biu thc 2.10) l cc tham s ton hc
tng ng nng lng v xung lng trong vt l, v iu ny hon ton ng cho cc
trng thi ca electron, u
(1)
v u
(2)
. Tuy nhin, E u
(3)
v u
(4)
khng th biu th cho nng
lng ca positron; tt c cc ht t do, nh electron v positron, u mang nng lng
dng. Nghim nng lng m phi c gii thch li nh cc trng thi phn ht vi
nng lng dng. biu din cc nghim ny di dng nng lng v xung lng
ca positron, chng ta o cc du ca E v p :

[cho nghim (3) v (4)]

Ch rng chng ging vi cc nghim c trong phng trnh Dirac; ta ch n
gin l chp nhn mt qui c khc v du cho cc tham s, ph hp hn vi ngha
vt l ca chng. Ngi ta thng s dng k t v cho cc trng thi ca positron, c
biu din di dng nng lng v xung lng :

(vi

)

T ta s khng cp n u
(3)
v u
(4)
na; cc nghim ta s dng l u
(1)
, u
(2)

(biu din hai trng thi spin ca mt electron vi nng lng E v xung lng p) v
v
(1)
, v
(2)
(biu din hai trng thi spin ca positron vi nng lng E v xung lng p).
Lu rng trong khi u tha mn phng trnh Dirac (2.13) trong khng gian xung lng
di dng

Th v tun theo phng trnh vi du ca p
ngc li :

Mt cch ngu nhin, sng phng l cc nghim c bit ca phng trnh Dirac.
Chng m t cc ht vi cc nng lng v xung lng c trng, v trong mt th
nghim n gin chng l cc tham s m ta c th o v iu chnh c.

3. Hip bin song tuyn tnh

Ta cp n trong phn 1 rng cc thnh phn ca mt spinor Dirac khng
bin i nh mt vect bn chiu khi ta chuyn t h qun tnh sang mt h khc. Vy
chng chuyn i nh th no ? Ta s khng ni c th y m ch trch dn ra kt qu:
Nu ta n mt h ang dch chuyn vi tc v theo phng x th qui tc bin i s l

vi S l ma trn cp 4 4

vi

v .
Gi s ta mun xy dng mt i lng v hng khng c mt spinor . Ta th
biu thc

Nhng li khng phi l mt v hng, ta c th kim tra bng cch p dng qui tc
bin i c:

Tht vy:

D nhin, tng cc bnh phng ca cc yu t ca vect bn chiu l bt bin, ta
cn cc du tr - cho cc thnh phn khng gian. Vi mt php th-v-li nh ta s
khm ph ra rng trong trng hp cc spinor, ta cn cc du tr cho thnh phn th 3 v
th 4. Do ta s a ra php hip bin vect bn chiu gi nguyn cc k hiu v
du, by gi ta s trnh by hm lin hip:

Ta tha nhn i lng

l bt bin tng i tnh. Vi S
+
0
S =
0
, v do :

Ta phn bit c v hng v gi v hng theo cc tnh cht ca chng theo
cc php bin i chn l, P: (x,y,z) (-x,-y,-z) . Cc gi v hng thay i du, cn cc
v hng th khng. Vy l v hng hay gi v hng? Trc ht ta cn bit spinor.
Dirac bin i nh th no theo P. Mt ln na, ta s khng thit lp n m ch trch dn
kt qu :

Theo

V th ( ) l bt bin theo php bin i chn- l, n l mt v hng. Nhng ta cng
c th ng thi thc hin mt gi v hng khng c :

vi

Theo php bin i chn l

[lu l (
0
)
2
= 1].
0
ngc pha vi
5
nhng ta c th o v tr ca chng bng cch
lu rng n phn giao hon vi
1
,
2
v
3
(phng trnh 7.15) v t giao hon vi
chnh n (
3

0
= -
0

3
,
2

0
= -
0

2
,
1

0
= -
0

1
,
0

0
=
0

0
)
do

Tng t,
5
cng phn giao hon vi cc ma trn khc:

Trong bt k trng hp no th

do n l mt gi v hng.
Nh vy, c 16 tch c dng
i
*
j
(ly mt thnh phn ca * v mt thnh
phn ca ) khi i, j chy t 1 n 4. Mi su tch ny c th cng li vi nhau theo
nhng t hp tuyn tnh khc nhau xy dng nn cc i lng vi cc tnh cht dch
chuyn d nhn thy, nh l :

= v hng (1 thnh phn)
= gi v hng (1 thnh phn)
= vect (4 thnh phn)
= gi vect (4 thnh phn)
= tenx phn xng (6 thnh phn)
Vi

N cho ta 16 s hng, y l tt c nhng g ta hi vng c th lm c theo cch
ny. Ta khng th thit lp mt tensor i xng song tuyn tnh trong * v , v nu ta
ang tm mt vect th ch l mt n c (ngh theo cch khc chnh l: 1,
5

,

5
v o
v
cu thnh mt c s ca khng gian ca mi ma trn cp 4 4, bt k
mt ma trn 4 4 no u c th vit di dng ph thuc tuyn tnh ca 16 s hng ny.
c bit nu gp phi tch ca nm ma trn chng hn, th ta c th chc chn rng n c
th c rt gn thnh tch ca khng nhiu hn hai thnh phn). By gi ta ch n
cc k hiu (7.68). c tnh tensor ca cc hip bin song tuyn tnh, v thm ch l tnh
cht ca chng theo ton t chn l c ch ra d dng : ging nh mt vect
bn chiu, v n thc s l mt vect bn chiu. Nhng
t n khng hn l mt
vect bn chiu, n l mt tp hp ca 4 ma trn c nh (1.17), chng khng i khi ta
dch chuyn qua mt h qun tnh khc, s thay i l ca .

4. Photon

Trong in ng lc c in in trng v t trng (E v B) c thit lp bi
mt in tch v mt dng J, c xc nh bi cc phng trnh Maxwell :

Trong k hiu tng i tnh, E v B lp thnh mt tensor phn xng bc hai,
tensor cng trng F
v

( tc l F
01
= E
x
, F
12
= - B
z
, vv), trong khi v J cu thnh mt vect 4 chiu :

H cc phng trnh Maxwell khng thun nht [(i) v (iv)] by gi c th c
vit gn li:

T s phn xng ca tenx F
v
(F
v
= - F
v
) , ta thy rng J
l khng phn k.

Hoc theo k hiu vect 3 chiu, V.J = - / t c c ; y l mt phng trnh lin tc
din t s bo ton ca in tch trong trng.
Ging nh vi cc phng trnh Maxwell thun nht, (iii) tng ng vi cch
pht biu rng B c th c vit di dng tch hu hng ca th vect A :

Khi (ii) tr thnh

cng tng ng vi pht biu rng ( )( ) 1/ / E c A t + c c c th c vit nh l mt
gradient ca th v hng V :

Theo k hiu tng i tnh, phng trnh (4.3) v (4.5) tr thnh :

vi
Di dng th vect 4 chiu, cc phng trnh Maxwell khng thun nht (4.4)
cho :

Trong in ng lc c in, cc trng l cc thc th vt l, cc th l cc cng
thc ton hc hu ch n gin. Do biu thc ca th nng lun t ph hp vi h cc
phng trnh Maxwell : vi cc biu thc (4.3) v (4.4), (ii) v (iii) lun c tha mn,
nn V v A ta nh ngha nh trn l c th hp l. Nhng phng trnh (4.8) s
khng thch hp ca biu thc th nng l ch V v A khng c xc nh mt cch
n nht. Thc vy, t phng trnh (4.6) ta thy rng cc th mi

(vi l hm bt k ca v tr v thi gian) cng khng xc nh n nht v
A A A A
v v v v ' '
c c = c c . S thay i cc th m khng nh hng n trng c
gi l php bin i nh c. Ta c th khai thc s nh c t do ny buc cc iu
kin b sung cho th:

chnh l iu kin nh c Lorentz, vi iu kin ny phng trnh Maxwell (7.80)
c n gin ha hn na:

Trong

c gi l ton t DAlember.

Tuy nhin, iu kin Lorentz khng xc nh n nht A
. Cc php bin i nh
c khc c kh nng hn, n khng lm nhiu lon phng trnh (4.10) v ch ra rng
hm nh c tha mn phng trnh sng:

Nhng n khng ch r cch loi b phn khng r rng cn li trong A
, nn ta
c th hoc l (1) chp nhn s bt nh, ngha l chp nhn mt s bc t do khng r
rng, hoc (2) buc mt iu kin b sung, n ph v tnh hip bin Lorentz ca l thuyt
ny. C hai phng php ny u c s dng trong vic hnh thnh in ng lc hc
lng t m ta s tip tc nghin cu. Trong khng gian t do, ni m J
= 0 , ta chn

iu kin nh c Lorentz lc ny l

Cch chn ny (php nh c n Coulomb) l kh n gin, nhng bng cch chn
mt thnh phn (A
0
) vi cho phng php c bit ta b gii hn mt h qun tnh c
th (hoc n buc ta thc hin mt php bin i chun trong trong mi tng quan vi
mi php bin i Lorentz duy tr iu kin chun Coulomb).
Trong in ng lc lng t A
tr thnh hm sng ca photon. Photon t do

tha mn phng trnh (4.11) vi J
= 0

ta thy r cng chnh l phng trnh Klein Gordon cho ht khng khi lng. Nh
trng hp phng trnh Dirac, ta tm cc nghim sng phng vi xung lng
p = (E/c,p):

trong c
l vct phn cc c trng cho spin ca photon v a l tha s chun

ha. Thay biu thc (7.88) vo phng trnh (7.87), ta thu c iu kin trn p
:

do

phi l ht khng khi lng.
Thm vo , c
c bn thnh phn, nhng chng khng hon ton c lp. iu

kin Lorentz (4.10) i hi rng

Hn na, theo php nh c Coulomb ta c:

tc l vct phn cc ba chiu thng gc vi phng lan truyn, ta ni mt photon t do
b phn cc ngang. V th php nh c Coulomb cn c bit nh l php nh c
ngang. Nh vy, c hai vct ba chiu c lp tuyn tnh vung gc vi p; v d, nu p
hng theo trc z th ta c th chn

Do thay v phi c bn nghim c lp vi mi xung lng cho(qu nhiu
i vi ht c spin bng 1), th ta ch cn li hai. Nh vy, liu c phi photon c ba trng
thi spin hay khng ? Cu tr li l khng : cc ht c khi lng vi spin s th c 2s + 1
cch nh hng spin khc nhau, nhng mt ht khng khi lng th ch c hai cch,
khng tnh spin ca n ( ngoi tr s = 0 th ch c mt cch). Dc theo phng dch
chuyn chng ch c th c m
s
= + s hoc m
s
= - s , ni cch khc, xon ca n ch
c th l + 1 hoc -1.

5. Cc qui tc Feynman cho in ng lc lng t

Trong phn 2 ta tm thy rng cc electron v positron t do c xung lng
p = (E/c,p) vi nng lng E = (m
2
c
4
+ p
2
c
2
)
1/2
c m t bi hm sng

vi s =1,2 cho hai trng thi spin. Cc spinor u
(s)
v v
(s)
tha mn cc phng trnh Dirac
trong khng gian xung lng :

v cc lin hip ca chng,

tha mn :

Chng trc giao

chun ha

v , theo ngha l

Mt tp tng minh thng thng (u
(1)
,u
(2)
,u
(3)
,u
(4)
) c a ra trong cc phng trnh
(2.24) v (4.28). Thng thng, ta s tnh trung bnh cc spin ca electron v positron, v
trong trng hp , vn khng cn l spin hng ln hay hng xung na; nhng g
ta tht s cn l tnh ca chng. Vi mt s bi tp trong spin c xc nh th
ta phi dng cc spinor thch hp cho trng hp ny.
Trong khi, mt photon t do c xung lng p = (E/c,p) vi nng lng E = |p|c
c m t bi hm sng

trong s = 1,2 cho hai trng thi ca spin (hoc s phn cc) ca photon. Vct phn
cc
( ) s
c
tha mn iu kin Lorentz trong khng gian xung lng :

Chng trc giao, theo ngha l

v chun ha

Theo php nh c Coulomb

v vct phn cc ba chiu tun theo h thc

Mt cp tng minh thng thng ( c
(1)
, c
(2)
) c a ra biu thc (4.20).

tnh bin M lin h vi s Feynman c th, ta tin hnh nh sau :

1. K hiu : gn cho cc xung lng bn chiu i vo v i ra l p
1
, p
2
, , p
n
, cc
spin tng ng l s
1
, s
2
,, s
n
; cc ni xung lng bn chiu l q
1
, q
2
,, q
n
. t cc du
mi tn cho cc tuyn nh sau : mi tn cc ngoi tuyn Fermion ch ra n l mt
electron hay mt positron; cc mi tn cc ni tuyn Fermion c gn sao cho hng
ca dng qua s c bo ton (tc l mi nh phi c mt mi tn i vo v mt
mi tn i ra ). Cc mi tn cc ngoi tuyn photon hng ra pha trc, vi cc ni
tuyn photon th s la chn l ty ( xem hnh 1).


Hnh 1 Mt s in ng lc lng t in hnh, vi
cc ngoi tuyn t tn (cc ni tuyn khng c
ch ra y.)

2. Cc ngoi tuyn : Cc ngoi tuyn ng gp cc tha s nh sau:

n

Cc electron

i

n

Cc Positron

i

n

Cc Photon

i

3. Cc tha s nh : Mi nh ng gp vo mt tha s

Hng s ghp cp khng th nguyn g
e
lin h vi in tch ca positron :

4. Hm truyn : Mi ni tuyn ng gp mt tha s nh sau:

Cc electron v positron :

Cc photon :

5. S bo ton nng lng v xung lng : Vi mi nh, vit mt hm delta di
dng :

vi k
1
, k
2
, k
3
l cc xung lng bn chiu i vo cc nh (nu cc mi tn hng ra
ngoi th k s l xung lng bn chiu ca cc tuyn nhng mang du tr, ngoi tr
cc positron bn ngoi). Tha s ny buc phi tun theo s bo ton ca nng lng v
xung lng ti nh.

6. Tch phn theo cc ni xung lng: Vi mi ni xung lng q, vit mt tha s:

v ly tch phn.

7. Kh hm Delta : Kt qu s cha tha s

tng ng vi s bo ton nng xung lng ton cc. Kh s hng ny th nhng g
cn li l iM.
Nh trc y, quy trnh thc hin l vit ra tt c s ng gp vo qu trnh
ang kho st (n bc m ta mong mun), tnh bin (M ) cho mi s , v cng
chng li thnh bin ton phn, sau chn bin ny vo cng thc thch hp ca
tit din va chm hoc thi gian sng, nu c th. y ch l mt th thut mi : s phn
xng ha ca cc hm sng fermion i hi ta phi chn thm du tr trong bin lin
kt m ch khc nhau khi ta hon i cc ngoi fermion ging nhau.Vn khng phi l
ta gn du tr vo s no v d sao sau tng cng s c bnh phng; nhng li
c mt du tr tng i gia chng.

8. S phn xng : Tnh n du tr gia cc s m ch khc nhau khi hon i hai
electron (hay positron) vo (hoc ra), hoc ca mt electron vo vi mt electron ra (hoc
ngc li)
Vic iu khin cc vng lp fermion s c tho lun phn cui chng.
6. V d
By gi ta ang trong hon cnh ti thit lp nhiu php tnh c in trong in
ng lc lng t. khng i lc vo chi tit, ta bt u vi mt danh mc cc qu
trnh quan trng nht :
BNG 1. DANH MC CC QU TRNH C BN
CA IN NG LC LNG T

Qu trnh bc hai

n hi
Tn x electron muon ( e + e + )
(Tn x Mott (M >> m) tn x Rutherford
(v << c))

Tn x electron electron (e
-
+ e
-
e
-
+ e
-
)
(Tn x Mller)

Tn x electron positron( e
-
+ e
+
e
-
+ e
+
)
(Tn x Bhabha)

Phi n hi

Hy cp (e
-
+ e
+
+ )

Sinh cp ( + e
-
+ e
+
)

Tn x Compton ( + e
-
+ e
-
)


Qu trnh bc ba quan trng nht :

Mmen t d thng ca electron

Hnh 2 Tn x electron muon

Trng hp n gin nht l tn x electron muon, y ch c mt s ng gp
vo bc hai.

V d 7.1 Tn x electron muon

p dng cc quy tc Feynman, ta tin hnh dch li theo mi tuyn fermion
(hnh 2):

Lu rng cc ch s khng thi gian trong hm truyn photon ph hp vi cc
ch s ca cc tha s nh ti nhng im kt thc khc nhau ca tuyn photon. Ly tch
phn theo q v khai cn hm delta, ta c :

Mc d xut hin s phc tp nhng vi bn spinor v tm ma trn th y vn
ch l mt con s, ta c th tnh ton mt khi cc spin c xc nh r.

V d 7.2 Tn x electron muon

Trong trng hp ny c mt s th hai , trong electron thot ra vi xung
lng p
3
v spin s
3
n t cc electron c xung lng p
2
v spin s
2
thay v t cc electron
p
1
, s
1
(Hnh 3). Ta thu c bin ny t biu thc (5.8) mt cch n gin bng cch
thay p
3
, s
3
p
4
, s
4
. Theo qui tc 8, hai s u b tr i, do bin tng hp l

Hnh 3 Biu xon cho tn x electron-electron

V d 7.3 Tn x electron positron

Mt ln na, li c hai s . S th nht tng t vi s electron muon
(hnh 4).

Lu rng qu trnh git li dc theo ng phn ht ging nh qu trnh i ti
ti cng thi im, th t lun l hm spinor lin hip / ma trn gamma / hm spinor. Do
bin cho biu ny l

S cn li biu th s hy o ca electron v positron, sau l s sinh cp
(hnh 5) :

Bin cho s ny l

Hnh 5
Xy dng biu th
hai vi tn x electron -
positron

Hnh 4
Tn x elctron positron

By gi ta s cng thm chng vo, hay tr i ? Hon i positron vo v electron
ra trong s th hai (hnh 5) v sau v li n theo mt cu hnh ty bin hn

ta li c biu u tin ( hnh 4). Theo qui tc 8, ta cn mt du tr :

V d 7.4 Tn x Compton

Xt mt v d lin quan n hm truyn electron v s phn cc photon, trong
trng hp tn x Compton, + e +e. Mt ln na li c hai s , nhng chng
khng khc khi hon i cc fermion, v bin c cng thm vo. S u tin
(hnh 6) cho ta

Lu rng ch s khng thi gian trong mi vct phn cc photon ph hp vi
ch s ca ma trn ti cc nh ni photon c sinh ra hay b hp th. Cng cn lu
hm truyn electron ph hp th no khi ta li theo tuyn fermion. y ta a ra mt
dng vit tt tin li l a s [du / l du s hoc xuyt tri].

Hnh 7.6 Tn x Compton

R rng bin ng vi s :

Cng lc , s th hai (hnh 7.7) cho ta

V bin tng hp l M = M
1
+ M
2

7. Th thut Casimir v nh l vt

Trong mt s th nghim, cc spin electron (hay positron) n v i c xc nh
r, v s phn cc photon c a ra. Do , vic tip theo ta cn lm l chn cc
spinor thch hp v cc vct phn cc vo biu thc M, v tnh |M|
2
, i lng ta tht
s cn xc nh tit din va chm v thi gian sng. Tuy nhin, thng th ta khng
ch n spin. Mt th nghim in hnh bt u vi mt chm ht c spin nh hng
ngu nhin, v sau n gin l m s ht tn x theo mt hng chn. Trong
trng hp ny tit din va chm ph hp l trung bnh ca cc cu hnh spin ban u i,
v tng cc cu hnh spin sau cng f. V nguyn tc, ta c th tnh |M( if )|
2
cho mi
t hp kh d v sau tnh tng v trung bnh:

trung bnh tnh trn cc spin ban u,

tng ly trn cc spin sau cng

Hnh 7 S th hai cho tn x Compton

Trong thc t, s d hn tnh
2
M mt cch trc tip m khng xt n cc
bin ring l.
V d nh bin tn x electron muon (7.104). Bnh phng hai v, ta c :

( trnh nhm ln, ta dng v cho cc ch s khng thi gian th hai). S hng th nht
v th ba (hoc th hai v th t) c th vit di dng tng qut:

vi (a) v (b) i din cho cc spin v mmen tng ng, v I
1
, I
2
l hai ma trn 44.
Mi qu trnh khc miu t phn 6, tn x Mller, tn x Bhabha v tn x Compton,
cng nh s sinh v hy cp, a ta n cc biu thc vi cu trc tng t. bt u
ta ly lin hip phc(cng l lin hp Hermit, v i lng trong du ngoc l mt ma
trn 11):

Vi , v ,

do :

vi

Do
By gi ta tnh tng trn cc hng spin ca ht (b). S dng h thc (4.7), ta
c:

Vi Q l k hiu tm thi cho ma trn 44

Tng t cho ht (a):

Vit ma trn tch mt cch r rng (ly tng i v j t 1 4)

vi Tr biu th cho vt ca ma trn (tng cc phn t trn ng cho)

Tm li :

cc spin

Biu thc ny c th khng ging mt s n gin ha, nhng lu rng v tri
khng cha hm spinor; khi ta tnh tng trn cc spin, n tr v ma trn tch v thu c
vt. Ta gi biu thc (7.6) l th thut Casimir khi Casimir l ngi u tin s dng
n. Nu thay u [ phng trnh (7.6)] bi v, khi lng tng ng v phi i du.


V d 7.5
Trong trng hp tn x electron muon [biu thc (6,5)], I
2
=
0
v do

. p dng th thut Casimir hai ln, ta tm c:

vi m l khi lng ca electron, M l khi lng ca muon. Tha s 1/4 c tnh
n do ta mun tnh trung bnh trn cc spin ban u; v c hai ht, mi ht c hai cch
nh hng spin, trung bnh l 1/4 ca tng.

Th thut Casimir rt gn mi vn v mt bi ton l tnh vt ca mt s ma
trn tch phc tp. Biu thc s hc ny c h tr bi mt s l thuyt m ta a ra
di y. Trc ht ta nn nhc li ba iu tng qut v vt ca ma trn: nu A v B l
hai ma trn bt k, v o l mt s bt k

T mc 3 ta thy rng Tr(ABC) = Tr(CBA) = Tr(BCA), nhng trong trng hp
tng qut chng khng bng vt ca cc ma trn theo mt th t khc:
Tr(ACB)=Tr(BCA)=Tr(CBA). Theo cch ta c th tch cc ma trn khi mt u ca
mt tch ca chng v chuyn vng ra pha trc, nhng phi gi nguyn th t. Nn lu
rng

v nhc li h thc phn giao hon c bn ca cc ma trn (cng vi mt qui tc ng
vi cc tch s)

T y suy ra mt dy cc nh l thu gn:

V cui cng, c mt tp cc nh l vt:
10. Vt ca mt tch ca mt s l cc ma trn bng 0.

v
5
= i
0
3
l tch ca mt s chn ma trn , t qui tc 10 suy ra
Tr(
5
)=Tr(
5
)= 0. Khi
5
c nhn vi mt s chn ma trn , ta tm c

vi
-1, nu vo l mt php hon v chn ca 0123,
c
vo
= +1, nu vo l mt php hon v l,
0, nu hai ch s bt k trng nhau.

V d 7.6

Tnh vt ca tn x electron muon [biu thc (7.13)]

Gii: Theo qui tc 10, s hng trong mc vung bng khng. S hng cui c th c
tnh khi dng qui tc 12, v qui tc 13 cho s hng u.

Do

Vt th hai ( biu thc 7.13) cng tng t, vi mM, 12, 34 v cc ch s
Hy Lp di. T

8. Tit din va chm v thi gian sng

By gi ta quay li vi lnh vc quen thuc. Mt khi tnh |M|
2
(hoc
(|M|
2
)), ta t n vo cng thc tit din va chm:

Trong trng hp tng qut:

Cho hai vt th tn x trong CM (Center of Mass: h quy chiu khi tm):

Hoc trong phm vi phng th nghim (LF: Laboratry Frame, ngc vi h quy
chiu khi tm):

V d 7.7 Tn x Mott v tn x Rutherford

Mt electron (khi lng m) tn x vi mt muon c khi lng ln hn (M>>m).
Gi s s bt tr li ca M c th b qua, tm tit din tn x sai phn trong phm h quy
chiu phng th nghim (M ng yn).

Gii: Tit din va chm c cho bi

Do bia ng yn, ta c (xem Hnh 8):

vi E l nng lng electron ti (v tn x), p
1
l xung lng ti, p
3
l xung lng tn x,
(chng c ln bng nhau |p
1
|=|p
3
|=p, v gc gia chng l u: p
1
.p
3
=p
2
.cosu). Do
:

Hnh 8 Electron tn x t bia

Trc Sau

Thay vo biu thc (7.15), ta c:

v do ( lu rng

)

y chnh l cng thc Mott. Vi mt php xp x tt, n cho ta tit din va chm sai
phn i vi tn x electron proton. Nu electron ti l phi tng i tnh th
p
2
<<(mc)
2
, phng trnh (7.11) tr thnh cng thc Rutherford:

Cn s phn r th nh th no ? Tht ra, trong QED (Quantum ElectroDynamics)
thun ty, nu mt fecmion n i vo th cng chnh fecmion i ra, mt tuyn
fecmion khng th kt thc trong phm vi mt s ; cng nh khng c mt c ch no
trong QED cho php bin i mt fermion (chng hn mt muon) thnh mt fermion
khc (chng hn mt electron). chc chn, phi tn ti s phn r in t trng ca
cc ht i lp, v d nh t
0
+; nhng thnh phn in t trong qu trnh ny khng
l g khc ngoi s hy cp quark phn quark, q + q + . thc s l mt bin c
tn x, m trong s va chm ca hai ht xy ra trong mt trng thi gii hn. V d r
nht v qu trnh ny l s phn r ca Positronium: e
+
+ e
-
+ , m s xt trong v
d sau y. Ta s phn tch trong h quy chiu Positronium ng yn (hay trong phm vi
h quy chiu CM ca cp electron-positron). Chng thng thng dch chuyn kh chm,
thc t, vi mc ch i tnh bin ta nn gi s chng ng yn. Ni cch khc, y l
mt trong nhng trng hp m ta khng th tnh trung bnh trn cc spin ban u, do
cc h t hp u c cu hnh n nht [singlet] cc spin i song hoc theo cu hnh
tam ng [triplet] cc spin song song v cng thc cho tit din va chm (v do
thi gian sng) l hon ton khc nhau trong hai trng hp.

V d 7.8 S hy cp

Tnh ton bin M cho e
+
+ e
-
+ , gi s electron v positron ng yn v
ang cu hnh spin n nht.

Gii : C hai s ng gp nh c ch ra Hnh 9. Cc bin l ( n gin ta s
b cc du lin hp phc tp c ):

v ly tng

Vi cc ht ban u ng yn, cc photon i ra lng i lng [tng t nh mt
i mt] v ta c th chn trc z trng vi tuyn photon, t

v do

Cc bin c phn n gin ha khi ta khai thc qui tc 5 t phn 7:

Nhng c
3
ch c cc thnh phn khng gian (theo php nh c Coulomb), trong khi
p
1
ch thun v thi gian, do p
1
.c
3
=0, v t

Tng t:

nhng p
3
.c
3
= 0 do iu kin Lorentz (7.90), do

V th

Nhng (p
1
- mc)u(1) = 0, do u(1) tha mn phng trnh Dirac (7.34), v th

Hnh 9 Hai ng gp cho s hy cp

Lm tng t:

Kt hp cc kt qu li, ta tm c:

By gi

do s din t trong du ngoc bnh phng c vit li

Nhng

v do

Ta bit (t s i xng)

N ch ra rng

(ta cng c th thit lp trc tip t qui tc 5) v

vi

. V th

n y, ta vn cha ni g n spin ca electron v positron. Nh rng ta ang
quan tm n trng thi n nht:

V mt k hiu

M
|+
thu c t biu thc (8.13) vi spin hng ln cho electron

v spin xung cho positron

S dng cc spinor ny, ta tm thy

Do

Trong khi, vi M
+|
ta c

T n ch ra rng

Do bin cho s hy ca mt cp e
+
e
-
tnh trong hai photon thot ra theo
phng z l

(lu rng M
+|
= - M
|+
, cu hnh tam ng (|+ + +|) 2 bng 0, khng nh li quan
st trc y ca chng ta lc trc rng s phn r ca hai photon b cm trong trng
hp ny).
Sau cng, ta phi tnh cc vect phn cc photon tng thch. Lu rng vi spin
hng ln(m
s
= +1) ta c

trong khi vi spin hng xung (m
s
= -1)

Nu photon chuyn ng dc theo phng +z, cc spin ny ln lt tng ng vi
vng phn cc bn tri v vng phn cc bn phi. V thnh phn z ca mmen gc ton
phn phi bng 0, cc spin photon phi sp ngc chiu nhau: |+ hoc ||. Trong trng
hp u ta c

do

Trong trng hp th hai, 3 v 4 c hon v cho nhau, v th

R rng, ta cn s kt hp phn xng (|+ - +|) 2 , iu tng ng vi spin
ton phn bng 0, khi kt hp hai ht c spin 1/2 th ta thu c ngay iu ny. Mt ln
na, khi bin bng (M
|+
- M
+|
) 2 th cc mi tn s c trng cho s phn cc
photon.
Sau cng,

[ta t li lin hip phc ca cc vct phn cc, n gin l vic o cc du biu
thc (8.25) v (8.26)].
C nhiu vn xut pht t y. u tin ta c th tnh tng cc tit din va
chm cho s hy electron-positron. Trong h CM, tit din va chm sai phn l ch

y

v khi s va chm l phi tng i tnh

vi v l tc electron (hoc photon) ti (ta ly v=0 khi tnh M nhng r rng ta khng
th s dng n y. c phi l mt mu thun? Khng thc s vy. Ta ngh iu
ny theo hng sau: M(cng l E
1
, E
2
,|p
f
| v |p
i
|) c th c khai trin theo ly tha
ca v/c. Nh vy ta tnh c s hng u trong mi php khai trin). Gp tt c li, ta
c:

Khi khng c s ph thuc gc, tit din va chm ton phn l

Sau cng, ta s xc nh thi gian sng ca positronium trng thi n nht.
Thi gian sng ca positron lin h mt cch r rng vi tit din va chm i vi s hy
cp (8.32), nhng mi lin h chnh xc l g? Ta c

ta thy rng tng s bin c tn x trn mt n v thi gian bng thi gian chiu sng tit
din va chm ton phn:

Nu l s ht ti trong mt n v th tch, v nu chng chuyn ng vi tc
v th cng sng (Hnh 10) l:

Vi mt nguyn t duy nht, mt electron l |+(0)|
2
v N biu th cho xc
sut phn r trn mt n v thi gian, tc tc phn r. Do

Biu thc (8.32) v (8.35) l cc cng thc ta c th s dng xc nh thi gian
sng ca positron, t=1/I

Hnh 10 S ht trong hnh tr l Av dt,
do chiu sng (trn mt n v din
tch trong mt n v thi gian) l v.

9. S ti chun ha

Trong phn 6 ta xt qu trnh tn x electron-muon c m t bc thp nht
bi s

v bin tng ng

vi

Sau y l mt s php hiu chnh bc bn, m tiu biu nht l biu phn cc
chn khng

Ti y, photon o nht thi tch thnh mt cp electron positron, dn n s
thay i in tch hiu dng ca electron. Mc ch ca chng ta by gi l ch ra cng
vic ny mt cch nh lng.

Bin trong biu ny l

N bao gm mt s s thay i ca hm truyn photon:

vi [so snh (8.37) v (8.39)]:

Tuy nhin, tch phn ny l phn k. Ta thy rng

khi

( l mt phn k bc hai). Tht ra, do s c lc trong biu thc s hc, n ch cn li
ln k (s phn k theo lga). Ging nh cc tnh cht ca cc biu mch kn trong
php tnh vi tch phn Feynman, mt ln na, phng php s l hp th s v nh vo
s ti chun ha khi lng v hng s kt hp.
Tch phn dng (8.41) mang hai ch s khng thi gian, khi chng ta ly tch
phn theo k, vector bn chiu duy nht l q
, v th I
v
phi c dng tng qut g
v
( ) +
q
q
v
( ), vi thnh phn trong du ( ) bao gm mt s hm ca q
2
. Do ta vit li:

S hng th hai khng c ng gp g vo M, v q
ph hp vi
biu thc
(8.39), cho ta

mt khc, t phng trnh (4.22)

v do

T ta s b qua s hng th hai biu thc (7.176). Nh s hng u, tch phn
(8.41) gin c v dng

Tch phn u c lp mt cch r rng vi s phn k theo lga. gii quyt n,
ta tm thi t ra gii hn M (khng nn nhm ln vi khi lng ca muon) v ta s cho
n tin n v cng cui php tnh:

Tch phn th hai

l hon ton hu hn. Tuy nhin, tch phn khng th gin c thnh cc hm cc hm c
bn. Nhng cng n gin nh gi mt cch s hc (Hnh 11), v cc biu thc
gii hn cho x ln v x b l n gin:

Trong bt k trng hp no

Lu rng y q
2
c gi tr m. Nu xung lng ba chiu ca electron ti trong
CM l p, v gc tn x l u, th

Do q
2
/m
2
c
2
~ v
2
/c
2
, v trng hp gii hn trong biu thc (9.4) ln lt tng ng
vi tn x phi tng i tnh v tn x siu tng i tnh.
Bin ca tn x electron muon gm c s phn cc chn khng, v v th

By gi ta n bc quyt nh, bc ny ta s can thip vo s v cng (c
cha gii hn M) bng cch a ra hng s ghp cp ti chun ha

Vit li (9.7) di dng ca g
R
, ta c

Hnh 11 th ca f(x) (phng trnh 9.3)
ng lin tc l kt qu tnh s; ng t nt
bn di l lnx (gn ng f(x) vi x ln); ng
thng trn l x/5 (gn ng f(x) vi x b).

(phng trnh (9.7) hp l vi bc g
e
4
, do cng khng c vn g khi ta s dng g
e

hoc g
R
trong du ngoc nhn). C hai lu quan trng kt qu ny:

1. S v cng b loi b: khng cn M trong biu thc (9.9). Mi lin quan n
gii hn u b hp th vo hng s cp. Mi biu thc by gi ch vit di dng ca g
R
,
thay v g
e
. Nhng iu c thun li: g
R
, ch khng phi g
e
, l nhng g ta tht s o
c trong phng th nghim (trong h n v Heaviside-Lorentz l in tch ca
electron hoc muon, v ta xc nh n hon ton bng thc nghim nh h s ca s ht
hoc y gia hai ht). Trong php phn tch l thuyt, nu ch tm thy biu ba mc
(bc thp nht), ta s i n gi thit rng in tch cng ging nh hng s kt hp ti
thiu g
e
. Nhng ngay khi tnh n nh hng ca cc bc cao hn ta thy rng chnh l
g
R
, khng phi g
e
, tng ng vi in tch cn o. iu c ngha l kt qu ban u
ca ta l sai? Khng. Thc ra l do khi gii thch s b g
e
nh l in tch ta khng
ch tnh n thnh phn phn k trong cc s bc cao hn.

2. y vn cn s hng hiu chnh khng thi gian, v mt lu quan trng
l n ph thuc vo q
2
. Ta cng c th thu c n vo hng s cp, nhng hng s
by gi l mt hm ca q
2
; ta gi n l hng s ghp cp chy:

hoc di dng hng s cu trc bn

(

)

in tch hiu dng ca electron (v muon) do ph thuc vo s chuyn bin
xung lng trong va chm. S dch chuyn xung lng cao hn ng ngha vi php gn
ng chnh xc hn, hay ni cch khc in tch hiu dng ca mi ht ph thuc chng
tch ri nhau bao xa. l mt h qu ca s phn cc chn khng _ n che chn mi
in tch. By gi ta c mt cng thc tng minh cho ci m ng lc hc ht c
bn ch l mt cch m t thun ty nh tnh. Th nhng Millikan v Rutherford, thm
ch c Coulomb li khng ch n hiu ng ny. Nu in tch ca electron khng phi
l mt hng s, th ti sao n khng lm ri tung mi th t in hc n ha hc? Cu
tr li l trong trng hp phi tng i tnh, s thay i l cc k nh. Thm ch trong
mt va cham trc din (1/10)c , s hng hiu chnh biu thc (9.11) ch khong
610
6
. Do t c mc ch th o(0)=1/137 l thch hp nht. Tuy nhin, c th
nhn thy s hng th hai (9.11) c ng gp vo lch Lamb. Hn na, ta s gp
phi cng vn trong sc ng lc hc lng t, vi khong cch ngn (do s giam
hm quark) min tng i tnh l khu vc c quan tm nht.

Chng ta tp trung vo mt qu trnh bc bn c bit (phn cc chn khng),
nhng tt nhin cn mt vi qu trnh khc. Chng l nhng s thang:


Chng hu hn v khng biu din cc vn c trng. Nhng cng c ba s phn
k:

(v d nhin cn ba s na m trong photon o bn ngoi kt hp vi muon). Hai
s u ti chun ha khi lng electron; biu th ba lm xc nh mmen t ca
n. Thm vo , c ba biu u tch bit nhau, u ng gp vo s ti chun ha
in tch ca electron. May thay, phn ng gp cn li trit tiu ln nhau do biu
thc (9.8) vn nghim ng (do s hiu chnh ph thuc vo khi lng ht m cc dng
photon o km theo, v nu chng khng kh c ta s s dng mt s ti chun ha
khc cho muon hn l cho electron. ng nht thc Ward (tn ca s kh ny) m bo
rng s ti chun ha bo ton ng thc in tch, bt k khi lng ca ht ti nh th
no). V thm ch cn c cc s bc cao hn.

Nhng s ny gii thiu cc s hng cao hn trong biu thc (9.11), bc o
2
, o
3

vv, nhng ta s khng tip tc theo ui vn ny, v nhng tng c bn by gi
u c trnh by r.


KT LUN

in ng lc hc lng t l mt l thuyt ng n c khng nh t lc mi
ra i cho n tn by gi vn khng mt i gi tr ca n. Tiu lun phn no trnh
by c nhng c im ch yu ca l thuyt ny, a ra mt s v d c th thy
c tnh thc tin ca thuyt. Vai tr ca in ng lc hc lng t trong L thuyt
trng lng t l khng th ph nhn, hin nay n vn ang tip tc pht trin v hon
thin hn.

L mt sinh vin chuyn ngnh vt l l thuyt, thit ngh vic tm hiu nhng vn
v l thuyt trng cng l chun b nhng hnh trang cn thit bc vo th gii
khoa hc ca vt l. Qua bi tiu lun ny ti tng bc tip cn c thm vi L
thuyt trng lng t, thy c cc ng dng c bn ca L thuyt trng.

Tri thc nhn loi lun rng ln hn tng ngy v trnh con ngi th vn cn
nhiu hn ch. Vi thi gian v nng lc bn thn c hn, trong khun kh bi tiu lun
ny ti cha th trnh by ht c nhiu kha cnh khc ca in ng lc hc lng t
m cc nh khoa hc trn th gii ang ngy m nghin cu; v mt iu trn tr na
ca ti l mong mun trnh by bi tiu lun ny trn phn mm Latex, nhng do thi
gian c hn nn ti cha th hon thnh nh ca mnh, u cng l cnh ca m thc
dc cc bn sinh vin kha sau tip tc tm hiu. Mong rng y c th l mt ti liu
tham kho hu ch cho cc bn sinh vin kha sau am m tm hiu v in ng lc hc
lng t, rt mong cc bn ng gp kin v tip tc hon thin hn v ti ny.


TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trn Cng Phong, Bi ging C s l thuyt trng lng t, i hc Hu, 2004.
2. J. D. Bjorken and S. D. Drell, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Relativistic
Quantum Fields (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
3. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Tp 2 (New York: Wiley, 1975), mc
6.5.
4. A. Pais, Inward Bound (New York: Oxford, 1986), trang 375.
5. J. M. Jauch and F. Rohrlich, The Theory of Photons and Electrons, Tp 2 (New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1975), mc 12.6.
6. J. J. Sakurai, Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Reading, MA: Addsion-Wesley,
1967), trang 216.
7. F. Halzen and A. D. Martin, Quarks and Leptons, (New York: Wiley, 1984),
Chng 7.

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in ng lc hc lng t 1

H Nam Thanh Nm hc 2009-2010

l tm h s cn c xc nh. Khai trin v phi ca (7.12), ta c :

tr thnh hm sng ca photon. Photon t do

l vct phn cc c trng cho spin ca photon v a l tha s chun

c bn thnh phn, nhng chng khng hon ton c lp. iu

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