n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.

Li m u.
Ngy nay, khoa hc k thut pht trin rt nhanh, trong in tNgay nay,
khoa hoc ky thut phat trin rt nhanh, trong o in t lla mt trong nhng
lnh vc mi nhn. S xut hin cc vi mch vimt trong nhng lnh vc mui
nhon. S xut hin cac vi mach vi mt mt d tch hp linh kin ngy
cng cao v m nhim nhiu chc nng, gitch hp linh kin ngay cang cao va
am nhim nhiu chc nng, gia thnh h ang c s dng rng ri trong cc
thit b in t.thanh ha ang c s dung rng rai trong cac thit b in
t.
Tuy nhin, mch tch hp vn tn ti nhng hn ch nn khngTuy nhin,
mach tch hp vn tn tai nhng han ch nn khng thth thay th hon
ton cho linh kin ri trong cc thit b in t. Mchthay th hoan toan cho linh
kin ri trong cac thit b in t. Mach lplp rprap bng lin kin ri c
nhng u im m mch tch hp khng p ngbng linh kin ri co nhng u
im ma mach tch hp khng ap ng c nh cng sut ln, tui th cao, d
dng sa cha v thay thc nh cng sut ln, tui tho cao, d dang sa
cha va thay th linh kin khi hng.kin khi hong.
Chnh v vy, trong Cng Nghip cng nh trong cc hn thng yu cu ngun
xoay chiu cung cp lien tc, mch nghch lu l c s thit k b ngun d phng
UPS, vi nhng yu cu ng dung thc t khc nhau chng ta cng cn bin i
ngun mt chiu thnh ngun xoay chiu
Trong phm vi n mn hc, yu cu thit k mch nghch lu mt pha,
chng ta cn vn dung nhiu kin thc v k thut xung, v IC, c bit l cc kin
thc cn bn ca mn hc in t ng dng. an ny giup em hiu su hn v ng
dng ca in t vo i sng cng nh lm quen vi vic thit k mch in t ng
dng cn bn .
Do thi gian v ti liu hn ch nn khong trnh khi sai st, Em rt mong
nhn c nhng ch dn v gp sai sot va han ch. Em rt mong nhn c
nhng ch dn va gop y cacua thy c.thy c.
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio ging dy, hngEm xin chn
thanh cam n cac thy c giao a giang day, hng dn cho em hon thnh
n ny.dn cho em hoan thanh an u tay nay.

--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 1
a
a
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
Nng, thng 06 nm 2005.
a Nng, thang 06 nm 2003
L THUYT.
NGHCH LU.
I. i cng v nghch lu :
Mch nghch lu l mch lm nhim v bin i in mt chiu thnh
in p xoay chiu.ng dung ph bin ca mch nghich lu l thit k b
ngun d phng UPS.
S nguyn l:
Q1,Q2 hot ng nh hai kho in t, lun phin tt,dn.
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 2
Tai
Vs/2
Vs/2
Q2
Q1
+
+
i
1
i
2
v
i1
v
i2
b
a
a
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
Chiu dng in (in p) trn ti thay i nh s lun phin kch dn 2 BJT,
tt v dn bo ho.
Trong thc t, ng vai tr l cc kho in t, ngi ta c th dng bt k
linh kin no hot ng nh mt kho in t nh SCR chn hn. hin nay vn tn ti
hai loai INVERTER Dng SCR hoc BJT, mi loi u c u nhc im ca n.
- i loi mch dng SCR thng cho hiu sut cao, cng nh chu
ng ch xung tt, nhng n kh khn vn kch dn v tt khi hot ng cng
sut cao. ng thi d qu dng khi khi ng c th lm SCR khng tt c, dng
sng ra khng c Sine hoc mun Sine th phi chu tn hao kh ln.
- i vi loi mch dng BJT thng b khng ch v mt cng sut ( c vi
trm W ) nhng mch n gin, d hot ng, c th to c dng sng rt tt, hiu
sut kh tt khi hot ng ch xung nhng hiu sut km khi phn cc tuyn
tnh.
II. Phn loi nghch lu :
Da vo tnh nng lm vic, b Nghch lu c th chia lm hai loi :
+ Nghch lu ph thuc vo in p l i xoay xhiu .
+ Nghch lu c lp nh ta xt trn khng ph thuc vo li in.
III. iu khin bin in p ra ca b Nghch lu :
C th dng cc phng phap sau :
- thay i din p DC ng vo.
- iu ch rng xung .
- iu khin pha.
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 3
V
S/2
-V
S/2
0
0
Q
1
Q
2

T
0
T
t
i
0
t
V
0
= V
ab
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
Trng cc phng php trn th phng php iu ch rng xung dng mch
hi tip n gin v c chnh xc cao .
IV. s khi ca b nghch lu :
1. Tc dng ca cc khi :
- ASTABLE : Mch dao ng a hi khong trng thi bn dng to xung
vung ng ra co tn s f ( 50Hz).
- Mch sa dng : thay i rng v dng xung thch hp bo m kch
cho mch monostable hot ng.
- Monostable : To di xung ra cho mi bn k.
- Driver : Kich cho tng Cng Sut ng ra.
- KDCS : lp ghp tu ph thuc Cng Sut ng ra.
- Mch lc LC : loc ly tn s f=50Hz va dng sng c Sine.
- Khu hi tip : gm mch ly mu, so snh v to tnh hiu hi tip, cui
cng a vo iu khin mch Monostable thay i di xung ra.
2. Dng sng ng ra cc khi :
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 4
(1)
ASTABLE
(BJT)
(2)
Sa dng.
(RC)
(3)
MONOSTABLE
(IC555)
iu khin
rng xung.
(4)
DRIVER
(5)
KCS.
Mch ly mu,
so snh sai
lch.
(2)
Sa dng.
(RC)
(3)
MONOSTABLE
(IC555)
(4)
DRIVER
(5)
KCS.
Q
C
L
S khi ca b nghch lu.
Q
Q
Q
2
V
0
2
3
3
V
ti
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
3. Phn tch dng sng ra :

'

- 2 wt Khi
- wt 0 Khi
) ( 0
a
a
t v
Khai trin Fourier cho tnh hiu :
f 2 w
bn.sinnwt ........ sin2wt b2, b1.sinwt
cos . ...... 2 cos . 2 cos . 1
2
0
) 0 ( 0

+ + + +
+ + + + nwt an wt a wt a
a
v

+ +
1 1
sin . cos .
2
0
) ( 0
n n
nwt bn nwt an
a
t v

hay :
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 5
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
) ( . ..... ) 2 2 ( . 2 ) 1 ( 1
2
0
) ( 0 n nwt Sin An wt Sin A wt Sin A
A
t v + + + + + + +
vi :

+
T
T
T
k k
dwt Sinnwt t v
T
bn
dwt nwt t v
T
an
dwt t v
T
a
bk
ak
artg
b a Ak
0
0
0
2 2
. ) ( 0 .
2
. cos ) ( 0 .
2
) ( 0 .
2
0
k
n 1 k ;

C th vi dng sng trn ta tnh c nh sau :

[ ]
1 2.k n oi v .
2
.... ..........
0 4
3 .
3
2
3
0 2
.
2
sin
. cos . . cos .
1
. cos ). ( 0
2
1
0 . .
1
). ( 0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0
2
0 0
+

1
]
1

1
]
1

Sinn
n
a
an
a
Sin
a
a
a
Sin
a
Sinwt wt
a
dwt wt a dwt wt a dt wt t v
T
a
dwt a dwt a dt t v
T
a
t
T
t
T
Tng t ta cng tnh c :
1 2k n voi ) 1 .(
2
......... ..........
) 3 1 .(
3
2
3
0 2
) 1 .(
2
1
+ +
+

Cosn
n
a
bn
Cos
a
b
b
Cos
a
b
Vy, ta c :
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 6
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
2
;
2
.
4
.. .......... .......... ..........
2
3
;
2
3
.
3
4
0 A ...., .......... , 0 , 0
2

2
2
4
) 1 .(
4
. 2 ) 1 .(
4
.
4
0 0
n
3 3
2k 4 2
1 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1

n n
Cos
n
a
A
Cos
a
A
A A
tg tg
Cos
a
A
Cos
a
Cos
a
Sin
a
b a A
A
n



>

+ + + +

Tm li ta c :
.... )
2
5
5 sin( .
2
5
.
5
4

)
2
3
3 sin( .
2
3
.
3
4
)
2
sin( .
2
.
4
) ( 0
+ + +
+ + +

wt Cos
a
wt Cos
a
wt Cos
a
t v
Sau khi qua b lc, ta lc li ch cn thnh phn c bn tn s
2
w
f
.
)
2
( .
2
. .
4
) ( 0

+ wt Sin Cos k
a
t v
Nhn xt :
- Cc thnh phn hi bc chn b trit tiu .
- Cc thnh phn hi bc l c bin suy gim rt nhanh, d dng lc b.
- Bin dng song ra c th c khng ch bng cch thay i rng
xung, thay i gc ngh .
BJT lm Vic Ch Kho.
I. Gi Thiu Chung :
Trong mch nghch lu, BJT Cng Sut lam vic ch kho( ngng dn v
dn bo ho).
II. Cc c im khi BJT lm vic ch kho :
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 7
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
im cng tc ca BJT nm min ct v min bo ho, nh vy trong
qu trnh dch chuyn im cng tc t min ngng dn sang dn bo ho s qua
min khuych i.
III. Cng Sut tiu tn trn BJT :
P
Q
= P
Qoff
+ P
Qs
+ P
Qsw
P
Qoff
: Cng Sut tiu tn ca BJT khi min tt.
P
Qs
: Cng Sut tiu tn khi BJT dn bo ho.
P
Qs
= V
CES
. I
CS
P
QSW
: Cng Sut tiu tn ca BJT trong giai oan qu t bo ho n
ngng dn va ngc li .
Thc t cho d dang xung kich vo cc B ca BJT vung vc ti u th vn
tn ti thi gian chuyn mch c m t th nh sau :
Gi s trong thi gian chuyn mch in ap v dng in bin thin tuyn tnh,
ta c :
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 8
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
Ta tnh c :
t t TSW
T
ICS
VCES PQSW
TSW
t
ICS t i
TSW
t TSW
VCES t v
SW
). ( .
) (
. ) (
2

Cng Sut tiu tn trung bnh trong thi gian chuyn mch :
6
. V

. ) (
T
. V
. ) (
T
S .
TSW
1
Wtb
CES
T
0
W
3
SW
S
CES
W
2
SW
S
T
0
SW
SW
OS
S
C
S
C
I
dt t t T
I
dt t t T
I
VCE PQS

R rang Cng Sut tiu tn trong thi gian chuyn mch khng ph thuc vo
tc chuyn mch.
Trong mi chu k, mi BJT 2 ln chuyn mch, do :
T
T
P P
SW
QSWtb QSW
2
.
f
T
1

: f : tn s ca tnh hiu ra.

--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 9
t
t
i
(t)
P
QS
P
QSW
U
CES
I
0S
U
(t)
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
IC 555.
I. Gii thiu v IC 555 :
Chn 1 : ni mass.
Chn 2 : chn kch khi.
Chn 3 : Ng ra.
Chn 4 : Chn Reset.
Chn 5 : Chn iu khin bng in th.
Chn 6 : chn ngng(nh in p iu khin).
Chn 7 : chn x i n p c a t .
Chn 8 : ngu n cung c p.
Vi mch nh thi 555 m h ca n c ng dng rt nhiu trong thc t.Nu
kt hp vi cc linh kin ri RC th n l mch nh thi, clock hay bo hiu. cn kt
hp vi cc vi mch khc s to nn cc mch ng dng rt l th. Trong phm vi
n mn hc ny, ta quan tm IC555 vi chc nng l mch to di xung ra (dao
ng monostable).
II. Mch tch hp.
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 10
1
Gnd
2
Trg
3
Out
4
Rst
5
Ctl
6
Thr
7
Dis
8
Vcc
UA555
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
- Khi p ng 6, gi l ngng vt cao hn 2/3 th Opamp 1 bt trng thi
logic ng ra la mc cao.
- Khi p u 2, gi l xung pht, kch khi vt qua gii hn 1/3 VCC th
Opamp 2 bt trng thi v mc thp.
- Chn 5, dng thay i thi hng Thay tn s xung nhp theo kiu VCO .
Bnh thng s c ni mass qua t 0,1 uF hay h.
- Tnh hiu ra ca RSFF c ly trn ng o Q nn mc logic ng ra ca
FF s ng pha vi mc logic ng vo R, c ngha l Q lp theo R.
- Tnh hiu trn Q qua cng o a n ng ra 3 ca vi mch ng thi iu
khin s np x ca t ngoi qua u 7.
- Khi chn 4 mc 0 ng ra ca FF lun mc 0 ng ra ca IC lun
mc 1. v vy trnh ng ra ca IC555 lun mc 1do nhiu tc ng,
ta ni chn 4 vi V
CC
FF lun lun hot ng.


*. Cc c tnh k thut ch
yu ca IC555.
1. Nun in : +5
V

+15
V
2. Dng tiu th : 3mA vi V
CC
= +5
V
8mA vi V
CC
= +12
V
3. Dng ti chu ng :
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 11
8
3
4
1
7
2
5
6
RSFF
SS2
SS1
Q
R
R
R
S
R
Q
Re
R
S
F
F
R S
1
Q
+ n
3
0 0
n
Q Q
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 X
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
cp dng t V
CC
mc H l 40mA
Ht dng ti mc L l 10mA
Dng ti ti a cho php 200mA.
4. Thi hng T m vi mch m bo t 2,12s 2h
5. Tc tng trng ln nn tn s xung nhip c th ln n vi trm kHz m
thi.
III. Cc mch ng dng c bn :
1. Mch dao ng Astable :
- khi mi ng ngun, in p trn t np t gi tr l Vc(0) = 0 nhng sau khi
np n 2/3Vcc t s x n gi tr 1/3Vcc v tip tc np li t 1/3Vcc n
2/3Vcc.
- Mch dao ng Astable to song ra dng xung vung.
- Ch t Cm dung lc nhiu tn s cao c th lm nh hng n in p
chun 2/3Vcc.
Trong phm vi n ny vi tn s f = 50Hz v c bn ta chn :
nF
f R
Cm
c
636 , 0
50 . 10 . 5 . . 2
1
. . . 2
1
3


=> chn Cm = 0,68nF
Khi mi ng in :
Opamp 1 c V
+
< V
-
=> R = 0
Opamp 2 c V
+
> V
-
=> S = 1
=> Q = 0 => V0 = 1
Khi t n p n gi tr 2/3Vcc th

'

0
0
S
R
=> V0 = 1
Khi t x , p tr n t gi m n 1/3Vcc th
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 12
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.

'

0
1
S
R
=> Q = 1 => V0 = 0
- Hai Diode gi p t n p x qua 2 i n tr RA v RB. n u RA = RB thi
d i xung ra ng b ng chu k xung.
- t ng qu t, ta x t tr ng h p khong co hai Diode :

n

p
= (RA + RB).C

x
= RB.C
t
n

p
= 0,7.(RA + RB).C
t
x

= 0,7R
B
C
T = t
np
+ t
x
= 0,7.(RA + RB).C
=>
C R R T
f
B A
). . 2 ( 7 . 0
1 1
+

- Khi c hai Diode v RA = Rb = R
RC T
f
. 4 , 1
1 1

2. Mch dao ng Monostable :
- Mch c mt trng thi bn l ng ra lun bng 0, Q dn bo ho t C c
in p 0,2V 0V.
- Khi c xung hng m hp kch vo chn 2 => S = 1 , khi cha c xung kch
Vi = 1 => R = 0 v S = 0, ng ra Q = 1 => V0 = 0 khi mi ng ngun
V0 = 0.
Khi c xung kch chn 2 =>

'

0
1
S
R
=> Q = 0 => V0 = 1 => Q2 tt
t bt u np Vc tng.
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 13
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
- Khi in p trn t tng ln n 2/3 Vcc => R = 1, Lc ny tnh hiu Vi
mc cao => S = 0 => Q = 1 => Q2 dn, t x nhanh qua Q2 v ng ra v0 = 0.
Nu chu k Vi l T th chu k xung ra cng l T, nu thi gian np t
tnp < T tx = 1,1.RC .
Tr s in tr v t in c gi hn : R = 10k 14k
C = 100pF 1000pF
THIT K V TNH TON.
YU CU : Thit k mch nghch lu mt pha c cc thng s sau :
- VDC = 24V
- VAC = 110V
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 14
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
- f = 20kHz
- Imax = 1,5A
- Mch dao ng dung IC555.
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 15
n mn hc : IN T NG DNG.
--
Sinh vin thc hin: H Nguyn Trng Lp 01T3
Trang 16