Mc lc:

Phn 1: NH HNG CA X N CU TRC CA VA XI MNG TRONG MI TRNG

SUNFAT CAO...........................................................................................................................2
I.KHI NIM V X:
1. Khi nim:
2. nh hng ca x n tnh cht ca va xi mng:...
II)N MN BETONG..
1. n mn:
a. n mn do mi trng axit:..............
b.n mn do xm thc:
c.n mn ct liu:
2.n mn Sunphat
III. PHNG PHP CHNG N MN
1.X l b mt..
2.Thay i tnh cht ca b tong
IV.NH HNG.
1.nh hng n tnh cht ca va cha ng rn ..................................................................
-Lng nc nho trn .............................................................................................................
- tch nc ...........................................................................................................................
-Thi gian ng kt...................................................................................................................
-Hm lng bt kh...................................................................................................................
Phn 2: NGHIN CU NH HNG CA HM LNG X L CAO TI BN
SUNPHAT CA XI MNG
I.Li ni u...............................................................................................................................
II.Kt qu nguyn cu ..............................................................................................................
1.Nguyn liu s dng................................................................................................................
2.nh gi kh nng bn Sunphat ca mu xi mngthng qua gin n................................
3.Kt lun....................................................................................................................................

Phn 1
NHNG NH HNG CA X N CU TRC CA VA XI MNG TRONG MI
TRNG SUNFAT CAO
I)KHI NIM V X:
1) Khi nim:
X l ph thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn kim,ch yu t cc l nu gang thp.X l hn hp
pha lng v cc oxit khng phn ng ht,ch yu l phn thu hi y l,hay phn ni trn b
mt kim loi nng chy. Trong x c rt nhiu khong c tnh kt dnh nh: caxi silicat (C2S),
alumosilicat (C4AF),cc oxit v nh hnh
( SiO2,CaO,MgO),v pha
thy tinh c hot tnh cao.
Thnh phn ca x:
Oxit
%KL

SiO2
34-37

Al2O3
10-13

Fe2O3
1

CaO
38-44

SO3
8-11

Na2O
0.3-0.5

K2O
0.3-0.5

nh gi kh nng s dng ca x thng da vo hm lng CaO hay da vo hai ch s sau:

-

Modul kim: M0 =

Modul hot tnh : Ma =

( M0

:x kim tnh , M0

:x axit)

( Ma cng tng hot tnh ca x tng).

Trong x l cao c kh nng l cht kt dnh c lp,v n l loi x dc s dng rng ri lm

ph gia cho xi mng. Mun s dng x l cao lm ph gia cho xi mng,th x cn phi c lm ngui
nhanh nhm to to pha thy tinh hot tnh cao.
X lm ph gia thng c nghin ring v mn hn xi mng vi kch thc 45m ( hay b mt
ring 3500-5000 cm2/g).

Hnh 1: Cc quan st x luyn kim bng knh hin vi quang hc. a. nh sng phn chiu, 250X mu xm
trng C2F, C3S dng tm v cc ht CaO t do dng trn. b. nh sng bnh thng, 250X Tinh th C3S c
ln. c. nh sng phng, 250X Mt cc pha RO v C3S dng tm. d. nh sng phn chiu, 250X pha RO
ging hnh chic l.

Hnh 1: nh SEM ca x phng i 10.000 ln

Hnh 2: nh SEM ca x phng i 20.000 ln

2) nh hng ca x n tnh cht ca va xi mng:

- Gim lng nc s dng.
- Tng thi gian bt u v kt thc ninh kt.
- Gim lng nhit trong qu trnh hydrat ha.
- Gim phn ng akali-ct liu
- Tng kh nng chng n mn ha hc.
II)N MN BETONG:
Qu trnh hydrat
C th m t qu trnh thu ho, ng rn ca cc khong clinker bng cc phng trnh ho hc sau :
2(3CaO.SiO2) + 5H2O = 3CaO.2SiO2.H2O + 3Ca(OH)2 (1)
Qu trnh thu ho v sn phm thu ho ca khong C 2 S tng t nh khong
tc thu ho chm hn nhiu v hm lng Ca(OH)2 thi ra t hn.

C 3 S,nhng

2(2CaO.SiO2) + 3H2O = 3,3 CaO.2SiO2.2,3H2O + 0,7Ca(OH)2 (2)

C3A thu ho theo phng trnh sau:
3CaO.Al2O3 + 6H2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O
Khi c mt thch cao, C 3 A hydrat to thnh hydrosunphaluminat canxi c cng
thc[3.CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4. (30 32) H2O], c tn gi l ettringit.
Trong iu kin thu ho thng thng ca xi mng, C 4 AF thu ho to thnh cc sn phm
hyrat tng hp cha sunpht tng t nh C3A

3.CaO.Fe2O3. 3CaSO4.(30 32) H2O; 3CaO. Fe2O3.CaSO4.12H2O (4)

3.CaO.Fe2O3. 3CaSO4.(30 32) H2O; 3CaO. Fe2O3.CaSO4.12H2O (5)

Lng Ca(OH)2 to ra c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh n mn ca b tng do phn ng vi

cc nhn t xm thc ca mi trng.
1) n mn:
a) n mn do mi trng axit:
Xi mng pooclng hoc b tng s gim cht lng khi lm vic trong mi trng axit.
Nguyn nhn chnh l hydroxit canxi Ca(OH) 2 c to thnh khi hydarat xi mng poc
lng phn ng vi axit sunfuric, phn ng s xy ra nh sau:
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2H2O
Sunpht canxi (CaSO4) to thnh lm n th tch to ng xut gy ra vt nt t vi xi mng.
Hay vi HCl:
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O
L sn phm d tan,b ra tri do mi trng nc lm cho xi mng v b tng c nhiu l rng
dn n gim cng v phn hu.
b)
n mn do xm thc:
X i m n g v b t n g c t h phi l m vi c t r o n g c c mi t r n g n c c ch a c c
l o i mui khc nhau, c bit l nc bin, nc ngm, nc cng nghip v tc ng ca
dng nc chy xit. Tu thuc vo cc tc nhn n mn cha trong nc m tc ng n mn ca
chng i vi xi mng v b tng l khc nhau.
C th chia hin tng n mn xi mng thnh 3 dng sau:
- n mn do ho tan cc cu t xi mng bi mi trng nc c cng thp lm
gim dn chiu dy b tng - gi l n mn ra tri.
n mn dng 1- Ra tri: xi mng c cu trc khng ng nht v l mt h cn bng
khng n nh. Trong nc, cc tinh th Ca(OH)2 b ho tan v to mt h cn bng nng Ca(OH)2.
Nng Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng dao ng trong khong 8 18 %(tnh quy ra CaO) tu theo tui
ng rn. Mc ho tan ca Ca(OH) 2 trong nc kh ln,vo khong 1,18g/l (tnh quy ra
CaO) nc ct iu kin 200C. S c mt ca cc ion khc trong nc s nh hng n s
ho tan Ca(OH) 2 : Cc ion Ca +2 , OH - c tc dng km hm qu trnh, cn cc ion SO4 -2 , Cl - ,
K + , Na + lm thc y qu trnh ho tan. Khi cc phn t Ca(OH)2 ho tan trong nc b cun tri
th s cn bng nng b ph v. m bo s cn bng, cc phn t Ca(OH)2 khc t xi mng li

tip tc b ho tan vo mi trng . Qu trnh ny din ra khng ngng nu Ca(OH)2 c tip tc b cun
i. Kt qu cui cng l trong xi mng ch cn li cc gel silic dng Si(OH)2.Cc nghin cu xc
nh c rng , khi trong pha rn ca xi mng cn Ca(OH) 2 t do, trong dung dch nm cn
bng vi xi mng cn m bo nng 1,2g CaO/lt
- n mn do tc ng ca nc c cha cc hp cht tham gia phn ng trao i vi cc cu t ca
xi mng to thnh cc hp cht d ho tan v b ra tri theo nc hoc khi v nh hnh
ho tan yu nhng khng c tnh kt dnh lm suy gim cu trc xi mng.
n m n d n g 2 : G m cc l o i n m n a xi t ( H Cl , H 2 S O 4 ) n m n mu i
( M gS O 4 ,MgCl 2 , NH 4 Cl, Na 2 SO 4 ). Phn ng gy n mn ca cc loi axit v mui trn u
xy ra vi thnh phn Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng. V d:
HCl + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + 2H2O
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Mg(OH)2
- n mn do cc cu t ca xi mng tham gia phn ng trao i to thnh cc hp cht kt tinh to
thnh l rng v mao mch gy ra ni ng sut lm ph hu xi mng.
n mn dng 3: in hnh ca n mn kiu ny do p lc thm thu, cc mui thm vo
c c l r n g t r on g xi mn g v t i y x y r a q u t r n h m t n c. Do mt
n c ,nng mui tng dn ln v t ti trng thi qu bo ho sau bt u tch ra cc
tinh th. Qu trnh kt tinh ny km theo s pht sinh ng sut lm bin dng v ph v xi
mng v b tng.n mn dng 3 thng xuyn xy ra trong iu kin trong nc c cha cc
mui ny vi nng trn 1% hoc cha trn 3g/l khi m mi trng nh hn 30%.Trong
mi trng c m thay i, cc mui Na 2 SO 4 v MgSO 4 cng gy nt, v b tng v xy ra
qu trnh thay i lng ngm nc lm tng th tch to ra ng sut(t cc mui khan tr thnh
NaSO4.10H2O v MgSO4. 7H2O lm tng th tch t 1,5 n 3l n)
c) n mn ct liu:
Ngoi 3 dng n mn trn, cn mt dng n mn kh nguy him l n mn do phn ng
ki m - ct l i u. Ni ch un g, c c t nh ch t c a c t l i u b t n g l kh n n h, kho n g
silicat trong ct liu tn ti di dng khong kt tinh (khong vt quarzt), n nh. Tuy
nhin, trong mt s trng hp ngoi l, mt phn khong vt quarzt c th tn ti di dng
v nh hnh, lin kt yu. Khi ct liu cha khong silicat khng bn nh vy s phn ng lu
di vi cc cht kim trong xi mng to thnh gel silicat kim, gel ny hnh thnh ngy cng nhiu trong
kt cu b tng, khi vt qu gii hn s gy n th tch lm nt v c th ph v kt cu b tng, phn
ng ny gi l phn ng kim - ct liu.
Phn ng n mn dng ny xy ra khi trong xi mng c cha alkali (c bit l Na2O) v trong ct
liu btng c SiO 2 hot tnh. Phn ng kim - ct liu xy ra theo phngtrnh sau:
= Si OH + OH- + Na+ = = Si ONa + H2O
Phn ng tip theo s to nn cc phn t ca cc polianiton do s ph v cu silocsan
theo phng trnh sau:
[= Si O - Si = ] + [2OH-] = = Si OPhn ng ny lm gin on lin kt silocsan v lm ti mng li cu trc b yu dn n lm
phn tn cc xit silic. Sn phm cui cng ca phn ng ny l dung dch silicat kim cha cc phn t
monome v polime ca xit silic v silicat hydrat

2) n mn sunfat:
Trong mi trng sunfat ( nc bin hay nc phn) cc tc nhn n mn c cha cc mui MgSO4,
Na2SO4,CaSO4 s xy ra phn ng SO42- v Ca2+ trong sn phm xi mng ng rn,sn phm ca phn
ng lun c th tch ln hn cht tham gia phn ng,kt qu l lm xi mng b r.
Nu cc ion SO42- c trong thnh phn cu xi mng, trong mi trng nc cng xy ra phn ng
tng t.
Cc phn ng c th m t nh sau:
Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 +10H2O = CaSO4.2H2O +2NaOH + 8H2O
Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4 +10H2O = CaSO4.2H2O +Mg(OH)2
CaO.Al2O3.6 H2O + 3 MgSO4 + 6 H2O = 3(CaSO4.2H2O) + Al(OH)3 + Mg(OH)2
Sn phm CaSO4.2H2O kt tinh hoc tip tc phn ng vi cc khong khc ca xi mng to thnh sn
phm 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4. (30 32) H2O lm dn n gy vt nt v ph hy xi mng hay cu kin b
tng.Cc phn ng cn lm bin i mnh lin kt ca cu trc gel trong sn phm xi mng.
Cc mui sunfat Na+ cng c tc dng tng t.Mui sunfat nhm ch c tc dng n mn trong dung
dch c hm lng Mg2+ nh,khi hm lng Mg2+ ln khng to cc alumo sunfat ngm nc.Xi mng c
hm lng nhm cao d b ph hy trong mi trng sunfat.
=> nh vy trong mi trng sunfat( tr trng hp hm lng MgSO4 cao),mun ngn cn qu trnh n
mn,cn gim lng Ca(OH)2 t do, gim hm lng C3A.
3) Phng php chng n mn:
3.1: X l mt ngoi
Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch x l mt ngoi cng trnh b tng b n g ch t
t o m n g v c ht t r m n gn s t h m c a n c t m i t r n g xu n g quanh vo kt
cu b tng. Cc cht to mng cho kh nng s dng l Urethan,Neopren hoc Epoxy. Cc
cht trm thng s dng cc hp cht thuc h c silic.
3.2 Thay i tnh cht ca b tong:
C hai cch nh sau:
S dng ph gia c bit
Vic s dng ph gia chng n mn b tng trong mi trng bin da trn cc c s sau:
- a cc ph gia cha SiO2 hot tnh vo xi mng chng phn ng
v i Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng to ra cc tinh th CSH lm tng cng cu trc c chc ca
xi mng v gim lng Ca(OH)2trong xi mng.
- a cc ph gia vo xi mng trn trong qu trnh thi cng nhm gim lng nc b
tng (t l XM/N ) tng c chc v tng kh nng lin kt, chng thm (i vi ph gia
polime) ngn cn s khuch tn cc ion xm nhp vo khi b tng.
- a cc ph gia vo xi mng chng tc dng vi cc sn phm thu ho ca xi mng
(Ca(OH) 2) t o r a c c t i n h t h c k ch t h c l n l p y c c l r ng c a xi mng.
- a mt s ph gia c ch n mn nhm to ra trong khi b tng mt lng cc ion xm
thc ca mi trng bin. Vic ny gim gradien nng ion xm thc ca mi trng so
vi b tng nn hn ch c chng xm thc vo b tng.
Chng n mn b tng bng cch s dng xi mng bn sunphat:
III) NH HNG
-H xi mng - x - nc giai on bt u tip xc vi nc. Cc h t x c k ch t h c
n h c ph n b t r on g m i t r n g n c xe n k gi a c c h t xi mng. Trong giai on

ny, lin kt gia xi mng v x hu nh cha xy ra.Lng nc t do trong h rt ln. Giai on ny

din ra rt nhanh tip theo s xy ra cc giai on ho tan. Trong giai on ny, cc ht c b mt tip xc
nc bt u b ho tan. Sau khi b mt ho tan nc thm thu vo bn trong tip tc qu trnh ho
tan cc phn t khc.
- Tip theo l giai on khuych tn: sau khi ho tan to thnh sn phm C-S-H v
gii phng ra lng canxi hydroxit Ca(OH) 2 . Ngi ta nhn thy rng c n im ho tan th to ra
0,7n C-S-H v 0,61 n CH khuych tn vo mi trng.
-Sa u kh u y ch t n l gi a o n p h n n g: c c ph n t C H c c hu y n t cc
kh o n g clinker vo mi trng nc, c cc ht x bt u c thu ho, di s
kch hot ca CH, hot tnh ca x tng ln v chng phn ng vi nhau to thnh C-SH.Trong thi gian khch tn/phn ng, cc tinh th CH di ng ngu nhin trong pha lng
c phn b gia cc pha rn (cc ht xi mng, cc tinh th hydrat)
-Qu trnh ho tan, khuych tn v phn ng din ra lin tc. Khi lp ngoi thc hin giai on trn th
lp trong tip tc giai on mi.Khi xy ra cc phn ng gia x v CH, t l pha rn trong h tng ln
ng k v t l pha lng gim i tng ng. Ngoi ra, theo chiu hng ny, khong khng do nc
chim ch ngy cng b chia ct bi cc sn phm thu ho v cc ht x v xi mng cha thu
ho. Lng cc l rng di, thng nhau trong xi mng ngy c ng gim. y chnh lnguyn
nhn lm cho xi mng x ngy cng pht trin cng v c chc cao, c kh nng bn
vng trong cc mi trng xm thc
-Trong thnh phn ca x l cao c cha xt nhm v xt st. Nu trong h c lng thch cao
th cc xt ny s phn ng vi thch cao to thnh khong enttigit nh phng trnh phn ng xy ra
di y:
Ca(OH)2 (sn phm ca qu trnh thu ho xi mng) + Al2O3 (hot tnh) + CaSO4.2H2O
3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.(30 32) H2O hoc 3CaO.Al2O3.CaSO4.12H2O
Ca(OH)2 (sn phm ca qu trnh thu ho xi mng) + Fe2O3 (hot tnh) + CaSO4.2H2O
3CaO.Fe2O3.3CaSO4. (30 32) H2O hoc 3CaO.Fe2O3.CaSO4.12H2O
3Ca(OH)2 (sn phm ca qu trnh thu ho xi mng)+ 2SiO2 (hot tnh) + H2O
= 3 CaO.2SiO2.H2O
CaO(hot tnh) + SiO2 (hot tnh ) to C-S-H

1.1)

nh hng n tnh cht ca va cha ng rn:

- Lng nc nho trn:

Do c
Tnh b mt ht x mn v trn nhn, d to trn v st cht cho btng nn khi s dng x nghin mn
s lm tng linh ng v gim nhu cu nc nho trn cho hn hp b tng. Lng nc nho trn c
xu hng gim khi tng t l s dng x.
- tch nc:
tch nc ca hn hp b tng xy ra do hin tng sa lng cc ht ct liu bi trng lng bn
thn, s sa lng ny lm tch nc trn b mt lp va. Kh nng tch nc trn, tc tch
nc ph thuc vo t l v din tch b mt cht rn so vi th tch nc, t l ny tng th
tnh tch nc v tc tch nc gim. Vi b tng c nhiu ht mn nh x nghin mn, tc
l c ch s din tch b mt ln th tnh gi nc trong hn hp b tng cng cao. Nh vy khi s
dng x nghin mn cao s ci thin kh nng tch nc ca hn hp b tng, mc tch nc ph
thuc t l thun vi mn ca x v t l nghch vi t l s dng x trong b tng.
- Thi gian ng kt:Thng thng, thi gian ng kt ca hn hp b tng ph thuc vo cc yu t
nh thi gian ng kt ca xi mng, loi xi mng s dng, hot tnh ca xi mng, t l
nc/ximng, ph gia ho hc a thm vo v mi trng bo dng b tng. Xi mng x c
thi gian ng kt di hn so vi xi mng OPC, c bit l khi s dng x cc l cao, do thi gian
ng kt ca hn hp b tng s dng xi mng x thng ko di hn so vi khi s dng xi mng OPC.
Thi gian ng kt ca hn hp b tng xi mng x ko di hn s l mt thun li cho cng tc thi cng
b tng, c bit l khi thi cng trong iu kin kh hu kh nng.
- Hm lng bt kh:Trong qu trnh nho trn b tng, cc ht vt liu c kch thc nh
hn 75m, v d nh cc ht x nghin mn, s c tc dng ph v s hnh thnh cc bt kh trong hn
hp b tng. Ngoi ra khi thi cng m cht, cc ht x c kch thc nh s c tc dng in y cc l
rng trong b tng, ui cc bt kh trong b tng. cc nc n i, hm lng bt kh c
tc dng tt trong vic nng cao bn bng gi cho b tng. i vi cc nc c kh hu nng

m nh nc ta, bt kh trong b tng s lm gim cc tnh cht nh cng , chng thm v bn

trong mi trng xm thc.
1.2) nh hng n tnh cht v cu trc ca va ng rn:
- Tnh bn axit: i vi xi mng x rt kh hnh thnh cc phn ng vi axit v cn canxi hydroxit c
to ra s phn ng vi cc cu t ca x. iu ny dn n xi mng c tnh bn ho ln hn so
vi xi mng poc lng.
- Tnh chu xm thc: Xi mng x c kh nng kim sot s n mn bi ion xm thc SO4 2mnh hn nhiu so vi xi mng poc lng.Do xi mng x khi hyrat ho hn ch to ra hm lng
Ca(OH)2 nn hin tng n mn ra tri, n mn do axit v cc ion SO4 -2 kh xm thc ph hu
khong xi mng. ng thi xi mng x c cu trc c chc, cha t cc l rng v mao
mch nn c th hn ch s xm thc ca mi trng vo su trong kt cu. Trong mi trng nc
bin, phn ng to mui 3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2. 10H2O gia ion clo v cc thnh phn ca xi mng cng
c tc dng chn l rng xi mng v b tng,lm cn tr s di chuyn ca cc ion clo thm thu gy n
mn ct thp.
- Cng v tc pht trin cng
Cng v tc pht trin cng ni chung ph thuc vo cc yu t nh c chc, t l
ct liu nh/ct liu ln v lc dnh kt gia xi mng vi ct liu.Cng v tc pht
trin cng ca xi mng x thng thp tui ngn ngy (1-3 ngy), c th gii thch l
do tc pht trin cng ca xi mng x chm hn so vi xi mng thng thng, c bit
l trong iu kin kh hu lnh.T u y nhi n , c n g s t v l n hn c n g c a xi
mng poc lng tui di hn.Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng, trong tui di ngy, khi
cc khong trong xi mng poc lng gn nh thu ho ht th cc thnh phn trong x vn
tip tc phn ng vi Ca(OH) 2 to thnh cc sn phm CSH, lm tng c chc v tng
cng cho b tng, t l s dng x cng ln th cng tui di ngy cng cao. T l
tng cng ca xi mng x tui di ngy cng cao hn nhiu so vi xi mng poc lng.
-Nhit trong kt cu b tng:Trong qu trnh thu ho ca cc khong trong clinker
thng sinh ra mt lng nhit,c gi l nhit thu ho. lng nhit ny ph thuc ch yu
vo hm lng khong C 3 S v C 3 A. i vi cc kt cu b tng khi ln, nhit thu ho ca
xi mng l vn c quan tm c bit, khi nhit thu ha ca xi mng ln s lm cho
nhit trong lng khi b tng tch t li v tng dn, s chnh lch nhit gia bn trong
khi btng v bn ngoi mi trng tng dn, khi vt qu gii hn s sinh ra ng sut nhit
gy nt n v ph v kt cu b tng.Xi mng x c u im trong vic hn ch nhit thu ho do gim
hm lng cc khong clinker trong xi mng, nhit thu ho trong xi mng t l nghch vi hm
lng x thay th xi mng. Chnh nh u im ny m nhiu nc s dng x sn xut xi mng t
to nhit s dng cho cc cng trnh b tng khi ln.
- Tnh chng thm nc:
Trong kt cu b tng, ct v l cc vt liu c chc, p lc nh hn 20 at nc rt kh thm qua.
ng thm nc chnh trong b tng ch yu l qua vng chuyn tip gia ct liu v xi
mng cng nh qua cc l rng mao qun c kch thc ln trong xi mng.B tng c kh

nng chng thm km l nguyn nhn gy ln cc hi n tng n mn xm thc lm ph hu kt

cu b tng v b tng ct thp.
i vi b tng s dng xi mng x, khi hm lng x cao s c tc dng lm phn tn v bt kn
mt phn cc l rng mao qun.ngoi ra, do x tc dng vi Ca(OH) 2 trong thi gian lu di to
khong CSH s lm gim cc l rng v tng c chc ca kt cu btng. Kt qu nghin cu cc
mu va s dng cc loi xi mng khc nhau cho thy rng, tng th tch l rng trong mu va xi
mng loi x B v C (theo tiu chun Nht Bn) thp hn nhiu so vi mu va xi mng OPC
v xi mng tro bay, c bit l tui di ngy. Nh vy, xi mng x l cao c kh nng duy tr v
tng tnh bn vng cng nh kh nng chng thm cho b tng
Tm li x c tc dng lm cho xi mng bn sunfat ni ring v cc tc nhn n mn khc l do:
-Gim l xp:do gim lng nc nho trn,lp dn cc l xp.chia ct cc l xp trnh hnh
thnh cc mch mao dn.
-Lm gim lng Ca(OH)2 ( mt trong s cc yu t gy an mn) do qu trnh thy khong
clinker v cc oxit hot tnh ca x tc dng vi Ca(OH)2.
Phn 2
NGHIN CU NH HNG CA HM LNG X L CAO TI BN SUNPHAT CA
XI MNG
ti do tc gi Lu Th Hng (Trung tm Xi mng btng - Vin VLXD)
1. Li ni u
Trn th gii xi mng bn sunpht c s dng t rt lu, c bit l xi mng xi bn sunpht.
nh gi xi mng c kh nng bn sunpht hay khng, ngi ta c nhiu phng php nghin cu v
c tiu chun ho.
Theo ti liu ca M [7,8] xi mng c coi l bn trong mi trng sunpht khi:
- n sunpht tui 14 ngy ngm mu trong nc i vi xi mng poc lng khng ln hn
0,04% [6]
- n sunpht tui 6 thng ngm mu trong dung dch sunpht < 0,05% c coi l bn
sunpht cao v < 0,1% c coi l bn sunpht thng. [3, 4]
- Mt phng php nghin cu ca ngi Nga- khi nh gi bn sunpht ca xi mng theo s
suy gim cng ca mu trong mi trng xm thc v mi trng nc. Xi mng c coi l bn
sunpht khi h s suy gim cng sau 6 thng > 0,9.
y l kt qu nghin cu nh hng t l x l cao n kh nng bn sunpht ca xi mng x.
2. Kt qu nghin cu
2.1 Nguyn liu s dng:

Nguyn liu c s dng trong nghin cu l xi mng pooc lng ca cng ty xi mng Holcim
(OPC), xi mng bn sunpht ca cng ty xi mng Lucksvaxi (SRC), x l cao Thi Nguyn (TISCO), v
x l cao Nht Bn (NSC).
Xi mng pooc lng v x l cao c nghin ring t din 4000 cm 2/g. Thnh phn ho hc ca
nguyn liu c trnh by trong bng 2.1

Tn
mu

Thnh phn ho hc (%)

MKN

SiO2

Fe2O3

Al2O3

Cao

MgO

K2O

Na2O

SO3

Cl

TISCO

34,24

0,64

13,67

42,55

6,93

0,24

0,08

0,07

0.003

0.74

NSC

33,62

0,40

15,56

42,34

6,70

0,22

0,24

0.004

0.62

OPC
4.71
Holcim

19.21

3.49

4.77

63.56

0.8

0.44

0.25

2.6

SRC

21,70

5,43

4,24

64,68

2,06

0,27

0,35

0,66

0,16

2.2 nh gi kh nng bn sun pht ca mu xi mng thng qua n sunpht

Phng php xc nh n sunpht c thc hin theo tiu chun M ASTM C1012 [....]
Bng 2.2 Kt qu n sun pht ca xi mng x

TT

n sun pht, %

K
hiu
mu

1.

OPC

0,0135

0,0270

0,0371

0,080

0,0144

0,0280

0,052

0,057

2.

SRC

0,0104

0,0120

0,029

0,034

0,0103

0,0130

0,029

0,039

3.

NSC
4000G

20

0,0127

0,0250

0,0327

0,165

0,0129

0,0260

0,053

0,321

4.

40

0,0123

0,0170

0,0279

0,158

0,0128

0,0190

0,045

0,313

5.

50

0,0123

0,0160

0,0266

0,157

0,0126

0,0180

0,034

0,181

l thay Dung dch Na2SO4 5%

Dung dch MgSO4 5%
th %
1 thng 2 thng 3 thng 6 thng 1 thng 2 thng 3 thng 6 thng

6.

60

0,0120

0,0150

0,0259

0,155

0,0125

0,0140

0,027

0,138

7.

70

0,0092

0,0150

0,0191

hng

0,0096

0,0130

0,022

hng

20

0,0135

0,0200

0,038

0,054

0,0126

0,0180

0,043

0,050

9.

40

0,0130

0,0160

0,031

0,047

0,0121

0,0150

0,037

0,042

10.

50

0,0107

0,0110

0,021

0,027

0,0106

0,0130

0,029

0,033

11.

60

0,0032

0,0030

0,016

0,021

0,0088

0,0090

0,020

0,027

12.

70

0,0028

0,0030

0,014

0,016

0,0056

0,0060

0,015

0,020

13. TISC
O
4000G

20

0,0130

0,0260

0,08

hng

0,0144

0,0240

0,059

0,94

14.

40

0,0128

0,0230

0,064

hng

0,0135

0,0260

0,055

0,70

15.

50

0,0120

0,0220

0,043

0,091

0,0129

0,0230

0,055

0,69

16.

60

0,0115

0,0210

0,040

0,062

0,0108

0,0220

0,054

0,58

17.

70

0,0103

0,0210

0,039

hng

0,0104

0,0200

0,053

hng

18. TISC
O
4000G

20

0,0130

0,0270

0,063

0,069

0,0127

0,0270

0,040

0,070

19.

40

0,0125

0,0270

0,045

0,051

0,0120

0,0250

0,035

0,048

20.

50

0,0120

0,0250

0,035

0,047

0,0115

0,0200

0,03

0,045

21.

60

0,0107

0,0240

0,032

0,033

0,0108

0,0180

0,02

0,042

22.

70

0,0088

0,0210

0,026

0,031

0,0064

0,0080

0,019

0,036

8.

NSC
4000G
4

G4 v G2 l hm lng SO3 c trong x 4% v 2%.

T bng 2.2 Cho ta mt vi nhn xt v xi mng x l cao nh sau:
- n sun pht gim khi tng hm lng x, ngha l gim hm lng clinker.
- tui 6 thng n sunpht ca mu xi mng ph thuc vo hm lng SO3 trong xi mng.

- i vi xi mng c hm lng SO3 l 2% (trong thnh phn x), tt c cc t l x nghin cu,

cc mu u c n ln hn yu cu ca tiu chun ASTM C595 v ASTM C1157 i vi xi mng bn
sunpht.
- i vi mu xi mng c hm lng SO3 l 4% (trong thnh phn x), n sunpht sau 6 thng
ca tt c cc mu nghin cu u t yu cu ca cc tiu chun ASTM C595 v ASTM C1157 i vi
xi mng bn sunpht.
iu ny c gii thch nh sau:
Trong thnh phn ca x l cao c cha xt nhm v xt st. Nu trong h c lng thch
cao th cc xt ny s phn ng vi thch cao to thnh khong enttigit nh phng trnh phn ng
xy ra di y: [14, 15, 16, 17]
Ca(OH)2 (sn phm ca qu trnh thu ho xi mng) + Al2O3 (hot tnh) + CaSO4. 2H2O
3 CaO.Al2O3. 3CaSO4. (30 32) H2O hoc 3 CaO.Al2O3. CaSO4.12H2O

(1)

Ca(OH)2 (sn phm ca qu trnh thu ho xi mng) + Fe2O3 (hot tnh) + CaSO4. 2H2O
3 CaO.Fe2O3. 3CaSO4. (30 32) H2O hoc 3 CaO.Fe2O3. CaSO4.12H2O

(2)

Sn phm thu ho ny c tc dng lm trng n th tch khi va. Nu cc khong trng n

phng trnh (1) v (2) c hnh thnh trong thi gian xi mng cha ng rn chng s lm chc c
xi mng.
Khi hm lng thch cao khng tng tc vi Al2O3 (hot tnh), Fe2O3 (hot tnh) c trong x theo cc
phn ng (1) v (2) s xy ra cc phn ng sau:
3Ca(OH)2 + Al2O3 (hot tnh) + 6H2O = 3 CaO.Al2O3. 6H2O

(3)

3Ca(OH)2 + Fe2O3 (hot tnh) + 6H2O = 3 CaO.Fe2O3. 6H2O

(4)

Cc sn phm 3 CaO.Al2O3. 6H2O v 3 CaO.Fe2O3. 6H2O khng bn, trong mi trng sunpht,
cc ion sunpht s thm dn vo bn trong cc mu v phn ng vi cc sn phm ny to thnh khong
trng thi bn hn. Qu trnh phn ng tip tc xy ra trong mt thi gian di v cc sn phm phn ng
c th tch tng dn. Ban u s tng s lng v kch thc sn phm phn ng (gia C3AH6, C3FH6 v
ion sunpht t mi trng) c tc dng lm chc c xi mng. Khi th tch chim ch ca cc sn
phm ny tng ln vt qu th tch cc l rng trong xi mng, s ln mnh ca chng s to ra ni
ng sut trong lng khi xi mng. Khi ni ng sut ny vt qu gii hn chu ko ca xi mng v
b tng s ph v khi b tng.
2.3 Cng ca xi mng x trong mi trng xm thc sun pht
Cc mu xi mng dng xc nh cng h khi ngm trong mi trng sunpht c ch to
theo quy nh ca ASTM C1012. Kch thc mu l 50mm x 50 mm x 50 mm. Sau khi to mu, mu
c bo dng trong mi trng nc nng nhit 380C + 30C trong mt ngy v th cng , nu
cng > 20 Mpa th em mu vo ngm trong ba mi trng nc my, Na2SO4 5% v MgSO4
5%. Sau nhng khong thi gian ngm 1,2,3,6,9,12 thng, cc mu c em xc nh cng . Kh

nng bn vng ca cc mu trong mi trng xm thc c nh gi qua s suy gim cng ca mu

ngm trong mi trng xm thc so vi mi trng nc my. Kt quc nh h s suy gim cng
mu theo thi gian trong cc mi trng xm thc c th hin trong 2.3 v bng 2.4.

Bng 2.3. Cng nn mu trong cc mi trng tui 1 v 2 thng

TT K hiu T
mu
l
ph
gia
%

Cng nn, N/mm2

OPC

2
3

Nc thng

Dung dch Na2SO4

1
thng

2
thng

1
thng

2
thng

K1

K2

1
thng

2
thng

K1

K2

56.17

60.54

59.61

65.84

1.06

1.09

51.79

59.83

0.92

0.99

SRC

55.90

61.30

59.60

62.10

1.07

1.01

54.10

54.00

0.97

0.88

NSC

20

53.43

60.67

56.53

61.65

1.06

1.02

51.86

61.05

0.97

1.01

40

56.62

65.28

55.28

60.44

0.98

0.93

49.80

65.30

0.88

1.00

50

58.45

60.62

59.48

61.32

1.02

1.01

54.15

61.46

0.93

1.01

60

53.23

62.56

53.75

57.08

1.01

0.91

49.29

58.64

0.93

0.94

70

49.86

50.13

51.36

57.45

1.03

1.15

51.56

55.46

1.03

1.11

20

50.94

54.69

56.89

60.10

1.12

1.10

46.97

58.33

0.92

1.07

40

53.93

54.03

48.71

52.74

0.90

0.98

49.78

52.27

0.92

0.97

10

50

44.43

49.80

48.46

55.04

1.09

1.11

51.20

52.11

1.15

1.05

11

60

50.11

54.58

52.42

51.04

1.05

0.94

52.18

48.69

1.04

0.89

12

70

50.29

55.11

47.95

45.44

0.95

0.82

49.58

51.44

0.99

0.93

20

56.02

63.38

51.73

58.35

0.92

0.92

48.98

64.43

0.87

1.02

40

51.43

56.10

51.42

60.87

1.00

1.09

52.48

55.00

1.02

0.98

Dung dch MgSo4 5%

4000G2

NSC
4000G4

13

14

TISCO
4000G2

15

50

54.39

58.42

56.50

58.42

1.04

1.00

56.11

54.73

1.03

0.94

16

60

53.77

58.11

48.11

52.57

0.89

0.90

48.64

59.08

0.90

1.02

17

70

46.68

54.89

40.87

56.08

0.88

1.02

47.96

52.07

1.03

0.95

20

53.01

57.03

50.97

53.60

0.96

0.94

50.85

48.71

0.96

0.85

19

40

49.80

60.96

44.89

58.52

0.90

0.96

38.09

54.12

0.76

0.89

20

50

50.28

50.89

41.73

51.30

0.83

1.01

53.57

54.00

1.07

1.06

21

60

39.67

46.70

40.33

46.89

1.02

1.00

43.86

44.87

1.11

0.96

22

70

41.02

47.54

40.05

45.72

0.98

0.96

36.37

40.02

0.89

0.84

18

TISCO
4000G4

Bng 2.4. Cng nn mu trong cc mi trng tui 3 v 6 thng

TT K hiu T
mu
l
ph
gia
%

Cng nn, N/mm2

Nc thng

Dung dch Na2SO4

3
thng

3
thng

6thng

6
thng

K3

Dung dch MgSo4 5%

K6

thng

thng

K3

K6

OPC

60,55

61,00

61,46

48,13

1,02

0,79

57,54

39,53

0,95

0,65

SRC

63,70

65,43

62,13

58,70

0,98

0,90

54,35

50,10

0,85

0,77

NSC

20

62,56

64,37

65,29

56,14

1,02

0,87

61,53

50,09

0,98

0,78

40

66,59

67,66

67,52

58,77

0,99

0,87

62,59

54,12

0,94

0,80

50

61,41

63,64

60,15

52,82

1,01

0,83

55,33

54,89

0,90

0,86

60

62,80

62,98

56,37

49,80

1,01

0.82

54,63

51,64

0,87

0,82

70

51,89

56,03

52,92

45,67

1,02

0,79

44,10

41,38

0,85

0,74

20

56,09

58,87

63,11

53,24

1,13

0,90

53.25

47.85

0,95

0,81

4000G2

NSC
4000G4

40

55,03

56,03

54,74

53,73

1,10

0,96

55.54

51.69

1,01

0,92

10

50

50,80

51,08

56,04

54,04

0,99

1,04

49.13

44.72

0,97

0,86

11

60

55,58

56,68

53,04

52,04

0,95

0,92

50.48

45.26

0,91

0,80

12

70

55,52

56,04

52,06

49,44

0,94

0,91

51.92

44.27

0,94

0,79

20

63,41

63,52

57,47

54,24

0,91

0,85

65.71

47.60

1,04

0,75

14

40

57,43

62,44

58,73

53,65

1,02

0,86

51.64

46.64

0,90

0,75

15

50

60,06

61,02

62,49

58,79

1,04

0,96

55.25

47.59

0,72

0,78

16

60

58,12

58,31

53,52

50,15

0,92

0,85

57.79

49.51

0,99

0,85

17

70

54,92

54,99

47,08

42,43

0,86

0,77

49.70

39.47

0,90

0,72

20

59,83

61,43

56,76

52,22

0,95

0,85

54.60

50.90

0,91

0,83

19

40

60,87

61,03

59,65

54,93

0,98

0,90

56,76

53,10

0,93

0,87

20

50

51,55

56,05

52,05

50,82

1,01

0,91

48,83

47,64

0,95

0,85

21

60

52,54

54,51

53,80

53,34

1,02

0,98

51,49

45,62

0,98

0,84

22

70

47,72

50,62

47,72

46,72

1,00

0,92

46,11

41,56

0,97

0,82

13

18

TISCO
4000G2

TISCO
4000G4

T kt qu th nghim trong bng 2.3, 2.4 c mt s nhn xt nh hng ca x l cao n mc

suy gim cng nn ca cc mu xi mng ngm trong cc mi trng nh sau:
Sau 2 thng ngm trong mi trng xm thc sunpht, cng ca cc mu xi mng suy gim
khng ng k, mt s mu c cng cao hn khi bo dng trong mi trng nc sch.
S nh hng ca mi trng xm thc n cng mu ch th hin r tui sau 3 thng, c
bit l sau 6 thng ngm mu.
Sau 6 thng ngm mu thy rng:
+ Mu xi mng bn sunpht, trong mi trng sunpht natri cn 90% cng , trong mi trng
magi sunpht ch cn 77% cng .
+ Mu xi mng OPC trong mi trng sunpht natri ch cn 69% cng , trong mi trng
magi sunpht ch cn 62% cng .

+ Cc mu xi mng x cha 4% SO3, trong mi trng sunpht natri, vi hm lng x NSC ti

70% mc suy gim cng ca xi mng x vn t hn so vi xi mng bn sunpht, khi hm lng x
ln hn 50%, mc suy gim cng ca mu trong mi trng xm thc ln hn so vi xi mng bn
sun pht.
+ Khi s dng x Thi Nguyn (TISCO) th quy lut cng tng t nh x NSC, tuy nhin mc
suy gim cng ca xi mng x TISCO ln hn so vi xi mng x NSC.

3. Kt lun
Qua cc kt qu nghin cu nh trn, c mt s kt lun v kh nng s dng GBFS Thi
Nguyn v Nht Bn cho sn xut xi mng nh sau:
GBFS l loi ph gia c hot tnh thu lc mnh. Tuy nhin, tui 3 ngy hot tnh thu ca
GBFS cha th hin r, v vy xi mng c th s dng GBFS t 20% tr ln nn c cng tui 3
ngy thp hn so vi xi mng OPC.
Khi s dng GBFS lm ph gia khong cho xi mng th lng nc tiu chun ca xi mng tng,
thi gian ng kt ca xi mng ko di hn so vi xi mng OPC. Mc tng lng nc tiu chun v
ko di thi gian ng kt tng cng vi vic tng hm lng GBFS trong xi mng.
Tu thuc vo nghin mn, c th pha vo xi mng t 60-70% GBFS m cng nn tui
28 ngy ca xi mng x vn khng thp hn cng nn ca xi mng OPC.
GBFS c tc dng lm gim nhit thu ho ca xi mng, tuy nhin tc dng ny ch th hin r
nt lng dng GBFS t 50% tr ln.
Khi s dng GBFS vi hm lng t 20 n 70% v pha thch cao vo m bo tng hm
lng SO3 trong GBFS khong 4%, s nhn c xi mng bn sun pht ph hp vi quy nh ca ATSM
C959 v ASTM C 1157.