Internetworking Technology Module 9

Module 9
Introduction to TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmitsion Control Protocol/InternetProtocol)
1960 ARPANET
TCP/IP
TCP/IP Model OSI Model

1.
2.
3.
4.

network Access -

Internet Layer - Transport Layer
Network Layer OSI Model IP,ICMP,IGMP
Transport Layer -
Application Layer Session Layer Transport Layer OSI Model
Application Layer - FTP ,
SMTP , Telnet , HTTP , POP

TCP/IP

TCP : (Tranmission Control Protocol) - Transport Layer

(reliable)
(connection-orient)
UDP : (User Datagram Protocol) - Transport Layer
(unreliable,connectionless)
UDP unicast, multicast
broadcast TCP TCP overhead
TCP

IP : (Internet Protocol) - Internet Layer
IP Address 0-255 172.17.3.12
Route
ICMP : (Internet Control Message Protocol) - Internet Layer
IP
IGMP : (Internet Group Management Protocol) Internet Layer UDP

ARP : (Address Resolution Protocol) - Network Access Layer IP
Network Interface MAC Address MAC
Address Hardware Interface MAC Address

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Internetworking Technology Module 9

16 6 23:43:45:AF:3D:78 3 3

RARP : (Reverse ARP) - Network Access Layer ARP

Network Interface IP (Internet Protocol)

Protocol TCP/IP

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Internet Layer

network Access

Encapsulation/Demultiplexing

Header Header Encapsulate
Header
Demultiplexing

1.3 encapsulation
Encapsulate
User User Application User Data
Application user Appliction Application Data
TCP

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Internetworking Technology Module 9

TCP Application Data Header TCP TCP Segment
IP
IP TCP Segment Header IP IP Datagram
Network Access Layer
Network Access Layer IP Datagram Error Correction flag Ethernet Frame

Internet Address
10 2

15

14

13

12

11

10

32,768 16,384 8,192 4,096 2,048 1,024 512 256 128 64

32

16

2 10

bit

128
1

192
1

224
1

240
1

248
1

252
1

254
1

255
1

128
7

64
6

32
5

16
4

8
3

4
2

2
1

1
0

Class IP

IP class octet

bit 8 , 16 24

Address Class
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E

IP 8
1 126
128 191
192 223
224 - 239
240 - 254

IP - IP
1.0.0.1 126.255.255.254
128.0.0.1 191.255.255.254
192.0.0.1 223.255.255.254
224.0.0.1 239.255.255.254
240.0.0.1 254.255.255.254

Class D Class E

network Host
Class A

Class B

Class C

Network
1

Host
3

Network
2

Host
4

Network

4
Host

bit Network = 8

bit Network = 16
bit Network = 24

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Internetworking Technology Module 9

Public and Private IP Addresses

IP ( LAN )

subnet

Network Address IP Subnet

()
Byte Class bit (Borrow bit) bit ()
Borrow bit )

2(
bit Host ()

Class A 12 bit
Network
xxxxxxxx

Class A

Subnet = 2Subnet
Host

Subnet
00000000

= 212

= 212

= 2

= 4,096

0000 0000

Host
00000000

()

4,096 ()

Class B 10 bit
Class B

Network
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx

Subnet = 2
= 2

Subnet

Host

= 210

= 26

= 1,024

Subnet
00000000

Host
00 000000

()

64 ()

Class B 3 bit
Class C

Network
xxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxx

Subnet = 2Subnet

= 23

= 2Host = 25

=8

xxxxxxxx

Sub Host
000 00000

()

32 ()

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Internetworking Technology Module 9

Subnet
Subnet mark Class network id
Class A 2 bit : 11111111. 11000000 . 00000000 . 00000000 255.192.0.0
Class B 2 bit : 11111111. 11111111 . 11000000 . 00000000 255.255.192.0
Class C 2 bit : 11111111. 11111111 . 11111111 . 11000000 255.255.255.192
Subnet bit
2 bit : Subnet = 22 -2 = 2 ()
3 bit : Subnet = 23-2 = 8-2 = 6
4 bit : Subnet = 24 -2 = 16-2 = 14
bit

2 bit
3 bit
4 bit
5 bit
6 bit
7 bit
8 bit

Subnet Class A
2 bit : xxxxxxxx . xx 000000 . 00000000 . 00000000 = 222 2 = 4,194,304 2 = 4,194,302
( -2)
3 bit : xxxxxxxx .xxx 00000 . 00000000 . 00000000 = 221 -2 = 2,097,152 2 = 2,097,150
..
7 bit : xxxxxxx . xxxxxxx 0 . 00000000 . 00000000 = 217 2 = 131,072 2 = 131,070

Subnet Class B
2 bit : xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xx 000000 . 00000000 = 214 2 = 16,384 2 = 16,382
3 bit : xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxx 00000 . 00000000 = 213 -2 = 8,192 2 = 8,190
..
7 bit : xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxx 0 . 00000000 = 29 -2 = 512 2 = 510
Subnet Class C
2 bit : xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xx 000000 = 26 2 = 64 2 = 62
3 bit : xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxx 00000 = 25 -2 = 32 2 = 30
..
6 bit : xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxx 00 = 22 -2 = 4 2 = 2

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Internetworking Technology Module 9

194.17.10.0/27
IP
1. Subnet
2. subnet
2.1 IP Subnet Address
2.2 IP Broadcast Address
2.3 IP
3. Subnet mark

1. Subnet Class IP Class Class

IP IP 194 Address Class Class C
Class C bit Network = 24 /27 3 bit
Class C

xxxxxxxx

Subnet = 23

Network
xxxxxxxx

Sub Host
000 00000

xxxxxxxx

=8

Subnet No
Subnet 0
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
Subnet 3
Subnet 4
Subnet 5
Subnet 6
Subnet 7

3 bit
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

2. Subnet subnet 0 7

IP Subnet (IP Subnet Address)

bit 000 111
32 (2 = 64 , 3 = 32 , 4 = 16 , 5 = 8 . )
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

0
32
64
96
128
160
192
244

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

00000000
00100000
01000000
01100000
10000000
10100000
11000000
11100000

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0)
32 )
64 )
96 )
128 )
160 )
192 )
244 )

IP
Subnet (IP Broadcast Address)
Subnet
Subnet
subnet 1 194 . 17 . 10 . 32 subnet 0
194 . 17 . 10 . 31
Host 1
Subnet 0 194 . 17 . 10 . 000 11111 194 . 17 . 10 . 31
Subnet 1 194 . 17 . 10 . 001 11111 194 . 17 . 10 . 63

(000 11111 = 31 )
(001 11111 = 63 )
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Internetworking Technology Module 9

Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet

2
3
4
5
6
7

194
194
194
194
194
194

.
.
.
.
.
.

17
17
17
17
17
17

.
.
.
.
.
.

10
10
10
10
10
10

.
.
.
.
.
.

010
011
100
101
110
111

11111
11111
11111
11111
11111
11111

194
194
194
194
194
194

.
.
.
.
.
.

17
17
17
17
17
17

.
.
.
.
.
.

10
10
10
10
10
10

.
.
.
.
.
.

95
127
159
191
243
255

(010
(011
(100
(101
(110
(111

11111
11111
11111
11111
11111
11111

=
=
=
=
=
=

95 )
127 )
159 )
191 )
243 )
255 )

IP Subnet

Subnet Subnet Address

Subnet Broadcast Address
( + 1) ( - 1)

Subnet 0 194 . 17 . 10 . 1 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 30

Subnet 1 194 . 17 . 10 . 33 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 62
Subnet 2 194 . 17 . 10 . 65 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 94
Subnet 3 194 . 17 . 10 . 96 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 126
Subnet 4 194 . 17 . 10 . 129 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 158
Subnet 5 194 . 17 . 10 . 161 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 190
Subnet 6 194 . 17 . 10 . 192 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 242
Subnet 7 194 . 17 . 10 . 245 - 194 . 17 . 10 . 254

Subnet 0() bit 0

(Subnet Zero) IP
194.17.10.00000000 ( 194.17.10.0 ) Network Address Subnet
194.17.10.0
Subnet
bit 1 (Subnet All-one) IP
194.17.10.00011111 (194.17.10.255) Broadcast Address
Subnet 194.17.10.255
Subnet 6 Subnet
3. Subnet mark

bit Bit 1
194
Subnet mark
Subnet mark

11111111
255

17

10

000 00000

11111111

11111111

111 00000

255

255

224

4. IP subnet id 5

subnet bit subnet

subnet 5

194 . 17 . 10 . 101 00000 194 . 17 . 10 . 160

194 . 17 . 10 . 101 11111 194 . 17 . 10 . 191

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Internetworking Technology Module 9

VLSM (Variable Length Supnet Mask)

subnet Router (
IP 2 ) bit

class C 2 bit = 22 = 4 2 64
62

2 bit = 22 = 4 2 16
(64/4 = 16) 14 ( 4
bit)

14 2 bit = 22 = 4 2
2 (16/4 = 4) 2

202.15.10.0/26
(0-63)

Class C
202.15.10.0/24

64

202.15.10.64/26
(64-127)

202.15.10.128 /28 (128-143)

16

202.15.10.128/26
(128-191)
202.15.10.192/26
(192-255)

202.15.10.144 /28 (144-159)

202.15.10.160 /28 (160-175)

202.15.10.176 /28 (176-191)

202.15.10.160 /30 (160-163)

202.15.10.164/30 (164-167)
202.15.10.168/30 (168-171)
202.15.10.172/30 (172-175)

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