06-07

1' - 07
:
.1
: ) ( .
, , .
, .
, ,
) .(0
: .

De = ,Deborah ) (
texp
) (.

""De :
De 1 :
""De 0 :

: ).(continuum
"" , ,' ... .

M
V V ' V

( x, y, z ) = lim
M
V

) log( V

)' log( V
, ~ .
.
= .C , V


V ( x, y, z , t ) = Vxi + Vyj + Vzk
)
(a=0 !
:


V ( x, y, t ) = V ( x)i + V ( y ) j

:


V = V ( y )i

 06-07

: , .
: ) ( . ) , (
) .(X
) (.
? ,
) ( . .
,
. .
) (.
) (




= : F = g V -
= : , ... .
: .

Fn
:
A 0 A
n
Fs
n = lim
)( A 0 A :
n
n = lim
n

:
) (

) C ( An

:C

Fx
AX

Ax 0

Fy
AX

Fz
AX

xx = lim
xy = lim

Ax 0

xy

xx
A = iAx
xz

xz = lim

Ax 0

" y ,z- 3 .
: = .

= ) ( . : .
) (.
) " (
.

 06-07



, F = 0 :



Fx = 0
Fx - Fs sin = 0
dy
= 0 dydz
:X
ds
F
Fx Fs
Fs
= 0 lim x=0
V 0 dydz
dydz dzds
dzds

xx + ss = 0 xx = ss

Fx - Fs



Fy =0

Fy - Fs cos g V = 0
dx
dxdydz
g
= 0 dxdz
:Y
ds
2
Fy Fs
Fy Fs
dy
dy
g
= 0 lim
g = 0
V 0 dxdz
dxdz dzds
dzds
2
2

yy + ss = 0 ss = yy = xx

Fy - Fs

Z .

ss = xx = yy = zz = P :
1 3
1
n = ( xx + yy + zz ) :

3 1
3

P=

:u

,Fx dl d .dt

 u
= V = u ( y )i
: x yi :y
y
:
Fx
= lim
:
Ay 0 A
y

BC) (0 < y < y, 0 < u < u ) , *(

d
=
. yx ) ( :
t dt

lim

t 0

) *( :
t + t
d du
u
.
=

=
l = udt = dudt = y tan y
dt dy
t y

t

) (

* :

)

u (

 06-07

u
xx
y

) ( .

, ,) ... , ,
(...
:
, l1 > l2 2 ,1- .
:

xx

u
y
F T
M
du
=
yx = :
: ,:
2
L
L T
dy
si Pa s , cgs poise( gr / cm s ) : "1P = 0.1Pa s :
.

M L3 L2

=
: = ::
LT M T

:

?

) (

du
=
yi
dy
.

yx y

 06-07

) ( ) (

: ) (


+ V = 0 :
dV + V da = 0 :
t
dt

) (

' :
' :
' "".
:
) (


v(r (t ), t ) = v(t ) :
) ,(.




d2r
F = ma = m 2 :
dt
"":
) (
) (.
-


v = v(r , t ) :



, ) v = v(r ,


v = v(r , , t ) -
:

 06-07

: .
: ) ( .
)
" . ""(.

: . ) ( .
v
, ) M = < 0.3 :
c
(0.3 - - 5% -.
, . 300m / s -
. 100 m / s = 360km / hr "
) (.

.
) > > (
.
) . > > (0

.
, , :
.

ut

ul

) ( .
u = < u > + u ' :

 06-07

vs L vs L
" , ":
=

.2

= Re

= .
: ) , (...
.



, F = 0 -



' ) F = ma - "" ) (... (

2.1



)  g = g (k

dz

dx

dy







d F = d F Body + d F Surface

?








d F Body = g dm = g dV = g dxdydz :
.
) ( .
:yz
dy
2

dy
2

P ) ( "
P
2 P ( y y0 ) 2
P = P0 +
( y y0 ) + 2
+ ... :
y
y
!2
) ( ,P - ) ( :

P
P y
( yL y ) = P
y
y 2
P
P y
PL = P +
( yR y ) = P +
y
y 2
PL = P +

:
*

y
* / " -
2

P y
P y


. P
dxdz j , P +
zx dxdz j :

y
2

y
2

) (

. :

)(

 06-07


P x
P x
P y
P y




dFS = P
dydz i + P +
dydz i + P +
dxdz j + P
dxdz j +
x 2
x 2

y
2
y
2

) (

)(

) (

P P P
=
+
+
dxdydz = P dV
x y z



? = g dV P dV







)(

P z
P z



+ P +
dxdy k + P
dxdy k
z 2
z 2

) (

)(

= d F
d F B )+ d F S


(





d F = g dV P dV = 0 g P = 0 ,

" :

:




)  g = g ( k

= 0
dP
x

) P = P( z
= g

P
dz
= 0
y

:
! ) P = P ( z

dP
" ? ) = g dP = gdz P P0 = g ( z z0
dz
P0
z0
) P = P0 + gh : ,z0-z :h (.

- , / ) ,z -
x -/ .(y
" ".

: " .101kPa = 1atm = 760mmHg ,

Pgage

: , .

P0 = Patm

gage :

Pabs

0 = Pvaccum

2.2

Air
.
. P = P0 + gh :2.1
?

A
h2
2

C
'B

h1

 06-07

) (.
) ?(A
) (:
) "" " (... !
.
:

PA PB = 1 g ( z B z A ) = 1 gh1

)(1

' PB = PB

)(2

PB PC = 2 g ( zC z B ) = 2 gh2

)(3

PA PC = PA P0 = 2 gh2 1 gh1 = PAg

)(1 + 3

PAg 2 gh2 1 <<< 2

) /(

?A,B

B
h5

) : , : , :(
x
H O

Special Grade

h4

h3
:
''h1 = 10 '' h2 = 3'' h3 = 4 '' h4 = 5'' h5 = 8

SGHg = 13.8
, :

D
E

A
h2
C

SGoil = 0.88
>C
C > D
> E
E > F
> B

A
 
D
 

F

PB = PA + H 2O gh1 Hg gh2 + oil gh3 Hg gh4 H 2O gh5

= PA PB = H 2O gh1 + Hg gh2 oil gh3 + Hg gh4 + H 2O gh5

= ) = g H 2O ( h1 + SGHg h2 SGoil h3 + SGHg h4 + h5
= = 1000 kg 9.8 m ( 10 + 13.6 3 0.88 4 + 13.6 5 + 8 )in 0.0254 m
in

s2

m3

= 25.7 kPa

2.3







d F = P dV + g dV = a dm = a dV :
 

P + g = a
 

P + ( g a) = 0

h1

 06-07


* - a = 0 .


* - a = g . ) (P = 0 P = const. .



. a = ax i = .H
?
?
-


a = ax i



g = g j
H
b

 

P + g = a :

P  P P


i
+j
+
" g j = ax i :

P
x = ax
:
P

= g
y
?
' =< , P = P0 = const. . dP = 0
:
P
P
= dP surface
dx +
dy = 0
x
y
ax dx gdy = 0
:x,y

a
dy
= x
dx surface
g

ax
a
a
) ( y = x x + C : x
g
g
g

:
=< =<
= :
1
) H b = b ( H + L1 + H L2
2
L1 = L2

dy
surface

dx
L1

L2

ax b
a b
b
. H , + C C = H + x :
g 2
g 2
2


: ) (

H

* : ?

H =

 06-07

: -
.
2.4 )(
.
. .
P0

z ,(2.4.1) yz

H
dF '
dA
FR

:dA

) xy (:

dA
P0

x
dA

?FR
, ) ( .
?dA -




d F = Pd A






F A = d F = Pd A




F A = Pd A






F R = Pd A = ( P0 + g h )dA = P0 A + g sin ydA
y sin

A P0 A + g sin yC A = A ( P0 + g sin yC ) = PC A

y
(ydA
)

: , ,
.
, . Pgage = P0 + ghC P0 = ghC ,
) : (.

)(2.4.2

HxW
.

P0
FR

H2
2

ydxdy = P0 A + gW

x =0 y =0

FA = P0 A + g ydA = P0 A + g

H2
H
= gA = PCgage A :Pg
2
2
) (

FRgage = FR P0 A = gW

 06-07

?
,
.










'r
r ' FR = r d F = r Pd A :




FR = FR k :


d A = dAk

k

j

 dA
r


r ' = x ' i + y ' j

r = xi + y j

i

- -

( x, y, 0) (0, 0,1) = x y 0 = i ( y ) j ( x) :
0 0 1

. iy ' jx ' FR = iy jx PdA :

A

x ' FR = yPdA :

y ' FR = xPdA , )' , ( x ', y .

A

P = P0 + gy sin
y ' FR = y ( P0 + g sin ) dA = :2.4.1
A

= P0 ydA + g sin y 2 dA
A
A






) :(2.4.2
- Pgage
P0

P0



H
H3
2
y ' FR = y g sin dA = gW y dy = gW
3
A
0

P0

y ' = gW

H3
H3
H 2 2H
/ FR = gW
/ gW
=
 3
3
2
3

h
FR

2.5 )(Buoyancy
= ) (.







FB PdA :
A












P = P0( z0 ) gz FB ( P0 gz ) dA = P0 dA + gzdA
A
A
A









I2

I1



g


n
V, S
z

P0

 06-07



I1 = P0 dA = P0 ndA = P0 dV = 0

A
A
V const





I 2 = gzdA = gzndA = ( gz ) dV = g kV
A



FB = g kV

 06-07

.3
3.1 ':

)
(:

.


) V ( x, y , z , t

) / (

:




) V ( x(t ), y (t ), z (t ), t ) = V (t
) (

):(3.1.1
.
Vx ) (x

Vx (0) = V0

V0
r

Vx = V0 + ax + bt :

V0
) ( V0 R 2 = (V0 + ax) r 2 :
V0 + ax
'

dx
= VP = Vx
) (= V0 + ax + bt :

dt
x(0) = x0

" :

V b
) dx(t
b

) ( )*(= a x0 + 0 + e at :
dt
a a
a

x ,t - :
V
V
a= x , b= x
x
t
)*( Vx = V0 + ax + bt :
3.2

= d
dx +
dy +
dz +
dt
x
y
z
t
d dx dy dz
=
+
+
+
dt x dt y dt z dt t

(x,y,z) :I )(

dx
dy dz
=
=
=0
dt
dt dt

t
dt

= VP

r=R

 06-07

dx
dy dz

(x,y,z) :II ) ( 0
dt
dt dt

d

dx

dy

dz
=
+ V
=V x ,
=V y ,
(x,y,z) :III )'( = V z
dt
t
dt
dt
dt

, .

,3.1.1 " :
dVx Vx dx Vx
=
+
:
dt
x dt t
dVx Vx
V
=
" Vx + x = b + a Vx
dt
x
t
Vx (0) = V0
:
)*(.


D d
=
=
+ V
Dt
dt
t

3.3
) (Pathlines .
) (Streamlines . .
) - (Streaklines
) - (Timelines .t


V
, , :
,
t
:

dx dy dz
=
=
:
Vx Vy Vz

t4



d r = Vdt


 d r
=V
dt

dz

= dt
V



V


V

:
) (

t3
t2
t1


z

 06-07

3.4

)( .

.

dy

dz

:









 dV


V dV
= aP = P
=
+ V V :
dt
t
dt

dx

x
z













 dVx

 Vx

 Vy
= aPX
+ Vx
+ Vy
dt
x
y



-

 :






 dVy

 Vx

 Vy
= aPY
+ Vx
+ Vy
dt
x
y

= .
:z



= i x + j y + k z


a
x



x
= lim
0 a = lim
t 0 t
t 0
t







Vy
V ya = V y 0 +
x + ...
x







Vy
= = V ya V y 0 t
xt
x





b
y

V y

x
0



y
= lim
0b = lim
t 0 t
t 0
t






V
Vx b = x
y






1 Vy Vx

z =

2 x
y






1 Vz Vy

x =

z
2 y






1 Vx Vz

y =

2 z
x







= i x + j y + k z




Vy







1
2



= V




Vy

xt
=

xt



0 a = lim

t 0

 06-07

y
b
y

= ( + )

=
t 0 t
dt
lim


Vy



xt V
d

x = x
= lim
= lim
= y
t
t

0
dt
t
t
xt
x



d Vx
=
dt
y






Vy Vx
d

= =
+
= 2 xy = 2 yx
dt
x
y

y

:1 2

1 x


Vx

x
lim
= ... =
t 0
t
x





= Vx b Vx a t

:x 12


Vy

t1

y
x

x ' = x +
y ' = y +










Vx Vy Vz
+
+
= V :
x
y
z


V = 0 : =< ( = const. )

t2

x '

:y

y '

A
A A1
= lim 2

0
t
t
A1 = xy

lim

t 0






Vy

Vx
A2 = ( x + )( y + ) = x +
yt y +
xt =

x
y










V
V
V V
= xy + x yxt + y yxt + x y yxt 2
x
y
x y











Vx Vy Vx Vy
A A1
lim 2
y
x
=

 x + y + x y yxt = 0
t 0
t
0




=


0
V =0

 06-07

3.5




 

 

A = Vd A = V ndA = V n cos dA M - dA
T

< <=

> <=

+
" = 0 :

 

dV
+

V
ndA = 0 :

t Control
Control
Volume



 Surface





 

V ndA =

( V ) dV

 

= V ndA

Control
Surface

Control
Volume

t + ( V ) dV = 0
Control

Volume

) ( :

+ ( V ) = 0
t


) <= = const . ( V = 0 :
) (
)(3.5.1


A = 0.31/ s , x, ym
) V = A(ix jy
:
(
( ' )(2,8,0
( ' )(2,8,0
( t=6s ' ) (2,8,0 .t=0
( )( .t=6s
( ' )(2,8,0

:
( :




dVx dVy
d
r

=V
=
dt
dx
dx
dVy Ay
dy
y
=
=
=
dx dVx
Ax
x
dy
dy
=
' ln y = -ln x + C
y
x
=> yx = C

Control
Surface

 06-07

( ):(2,8,0

yx 2,8,0 = C
2 8 = C

yx = 16
) = A(ix jy

( = 0.3(2i 8 j ) = 0.6i 2.4 j :

2,8,0

( ) '(:
dy
= U Py
= Vy = AyP
dt

dx
= Vx = AxP
dt

= U Px

dx
x xP = A0 dt
0

dy
y xP = A0 dt
0
y
= At
y0

2,8,0



V

x
= At
x0

ln

yP (t ) = y0 e At

ln

xP (t ) = x0 e At

=< = ( 2e 0.36 ,8e 0.36 ) = (12.1m,1.32m ) :t=6s

( = 0.3(12.1i 1.32 j ) = 3.63i 0.396 j :t=6s

t =6

, y0 e At

At

(x e

) = A(ix jy
12.1,1.32,0

t =0



V

( ) ) ( x(t ), y (t x (t ) = x0 e At , y (t ) = y0 e At :

x y0
=
x0
y :
xy = x0 y0 = C

= e At

!
, . ) (Acc=0 = = .
:

? = 0

V
1 Vy
x
2 x
y

? = 0

z =

Vx
1 Vy
 xy =  xy =
+

2 x
y

 06-07

 V V
? V = x + y = A A = 0
x
y


V = 0 - !
3.6 ' ) ,(
' ( r , , z ) :
: .

.4
4.1
:



= : F = g V -
= : , ... .
: .
:

Fn
:
An
Fs
n = lim
)( A 0 A :
n
n = lim

An 0

:
) (

) C ( An

:C

Fx
AX

Ax 0

Fy
AX

Fz
AX

xx = lim
xy = lim

Ax 0

xy

xx
A = iAx
xz

xz = lim

Ax 0

" y ,z- 3 .
: = .

= ) ( . : .
) (.

 06-07

4.2 -

xx xy xz



= yx yy yz n = T
Stress tensor

zx zy zz

Traction force

yx
y
2

xy

) ( xy = yx , zx = xz , zy = yz :

x
2

yx

" -

y
x
2 + xy yz 2 = I  z
2
2
y / 2

xy

M = I  z

F = xy xz

=*

M = yx xz

x / 2
2
2
2
I = r dm = r dV = r dxdydz = z )(

x 2 + y 2
( x + y )dxdy = zxy 12
x / 2 y / 2
2

x 2 + y 2
 z
12

xy yz x yx xz y = z xy

x 2 + y 2
 z
x , y 0 0
12

xy yx =

0-

xy yx 0
xy = yx
) dVx ( y
, :
dy

, :

2
( V )( ) I

3

Bulk
viscosity

V Vx ( y ) xy =

= P I + ; = 2 

 = 2
)****(

 xx  xy  xz

T
v
1 v v

1
 =  yx  yy  yz = v + v ,  xx = x ,  xy =  yx = y + x
x
2 x y
 zx  zy  zz 2

 v v v
Tr {} = v = x + y + z
x y z
:
ij = ij

Rate of strain tensor

 06-07

P 0
0

I) = 0 P 0 : (

0 P
0

4.3



P
= F :

t system


F = FS + FB



P = mv
) t ( ) t+ t (:
:I ' .t
:II ' .t+ t
:III .
,t+ t ) (III+II ":

/:t

+ PIII

t +t

/:t
t

PI t + PIII
t
t

t +t

PI

+ PIII

t +t

t
PII

t +t

t +t

I2

Pt +t = PII

Pt = PI t + PIII

PII
Pt +t Pt
= lim
t 0
t 0
t
lim

PIII

t +t

?


0 III c.v. I + II 0
P PIII
=< !
=
:
t
t

: - +

PIII
dP
= lim
dt t t 0

I3

I1

 06-07




  
 F = v
dV + v v n dA
t c.v. dm


 c.s.

) (


n


v

m

 

dV
+
v

v
n dA :
x
x

t
c .v .
c.s.
 

Fy = v y dV + v y v n dA
t c.v.
c .s .
 

Fz = vz dV + vz v n dA
t c.v.
c.s.

) (

= Fx

) (

) (

 
N

dV

v
=
+
n dA :

t system t
c .v .
c.s.

) (

) N ( ) ( .
=N :1= ,
=N= ,

4.3.1
:D

r2
u (r ) = u0 1 2
R
- )( v .d
?d/D
: ) (.
.
:

 

dV +
V ndA = 0 :

t CV
CS
:

r 2
u0 1 dA + vdA = 0
R
S1
S2

R
r 2
d2
2 u0 1 rdr +
v=0
R
4
0

r
= y, r = Ry, dr = Rdy
R
1
d2
2
2
2 u0 R (1 y ) ydy +
v = 0 ...
4
0
u0 2
D = vd 2
2




N

of c.s.

 06-07




  
= F
v

dV
+
v
v n dA :

t
c .v .
c.s.
 
) x( Fx = vx v n dA = 0 :

) (

) (

c.s.

?
vx
. xy =
, ,  0
y

 
v

v
x n dA = + = 0

) (

c.s.

u (r ) 2 dA = v 2 dA
S2

v 2 ...

d2
4

S1

dA =

) u (r
S1

u0 2 D 2 = 3d 2 v 2
:
u0 2
2
D = vd
2
u 2 D 2 = 3d 2 v 2
0

d
3
=
 0.866
D
2
? :
u
) u (r
xy = air
air 0
d /2
r
:
u0
u0
F = xy A air
LD air LR air u0 L
d /2
R

f v 2 d 2 >> F :
f vd 1000 1 0.1
d
<<

106 :
air
2 105
D
4.3.2
)( .
) (
" : .

v2
A2

Patm
A3
v1
A4

:
,
.
/ .

A1

Patm




  

F
=
v

dV
+
v
v n dA :
" .

t
c .v .
c.s.

) (

 06-07







F =
PndA
+
W
+ B :

CS

!gage =<


PndA
=

Pg dA +

P dA

CS

CS

CS




PdV = 0
CV

FX = P1g nx dA + P2 g nx dA + Bx


A1

A2

cos

FX = P1g A1 P2 g A2 cos + Bx

:x

  
v
v n dA =

( )

c.s.

 
v n = v1

1
 
v n = v2

2
= v12 A1 + v2 2 A2 cos

v1x = v1

v2 x = v2 cos

P1g A1 P2 g A2 cos + Bx = v12 A1 + v2 2 A2 cos

.

Bx = P1g A1 + P2 g A2 cos v12 A1 + v2 2 A2 cos

:
:Y
FY =
Pg dA W + By = 0 P2 g n y dA W + Bx


n y1 = 0
CS
A
2

  
v
v n dA =

( )

sin

:Y

c.s.

 
v n = v1

1
 
v n = v2

2
= 0 + v2 2 A2 sin

v2
v1A1= v2A2 :v1,A1, A2
()

v1 y = 0

v2 y = v2 sin

By = P2 g A2 sin + v2 2 A2 cos + W :

 06-07

07 - ' 1
:

m = 0

yx +
xx

zx
z

zx zx
z

zx +

xx dx
+ ...
x 2

dz
+ ...
2
dz
+ ...
2

yx dy
+ ...
y 2
y
2

z
2

yx

(NS) Navier-Strokes .4.5

 dp



F=
; p = mv

dt system



dv
d F = dm
dt system




dv
Dv v
v
v
v v  
=
=
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
=
+ v v

x
y
z t
dt system Dt t



v  
d F = dm + v v
t

?dm
:X
xx +

x
2

xx dx
+ ...
x 2

.dxdydz

: zx , yx , xx

yx dy
+ ...
y 2

:( )=

yx dy
yx dy

dx
xx dx

dFS X = xx + xx
dxdz yx
dxdz +
dydz xx
dydz + yx +
x 2
x 2
y 2
y 2

dz
dz

+ zx + zx
dxdy zx + zx
dxdy

z 2
z 2

dFS X = xx + yx + zx dxdydz
y
z
x

dFBX = g x dm = g x dV = g x dxdydz

:dm
:x

yx zx

dFX = dFS X + dFBX = g x + xx +

+
dV
x
y
z

xy yy zy

:y,z
+
+
dFY = g y +
dV
x
y
z

yz zz

+
dFZ = g z + xz +
dV
x
y
z





Dv
Dv
d F = dm
= dV
:
Dt
Dt
yx zx
v

v
v
v
x : g x + xx +
+
= x + vx x + v y x + vz x
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
y : gy +
z : gz +

xy
x

yy
y

zy

v y
v y
v y
v y
=
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
:
z
x
y
z
t

v
xz yz zz
v
v
v
+
+
= z + vx z + v y z + vz z
x
y
z
x
y
z
t

 06-07




v  
g + = + v v
t

: . .
:II .


+ v = 0 :
t
9 4-!

' :

= PI +

1  T
=  = v v
2

:
v v
v v
v v
xy = yx = y + x ; xz = z + x ; yz = y + z
x z
x y
z y
v
v
v
xx = P + 2 x ; yy = P + 2 y ; zz = P + 2 z
x
y
z
, x:
Dv
v v v v v
x = g x P + 2 x + y + x + z + x
Dt
x
x y x y z x z
) = const. :III ' (:
* :
2
2
2
2 = 2 + 2 + 2
x y z

2 v 2 v 2 v y 2 vx 2 vz
Dvx
P
= gx
+ 2 2x + 2x +
+
+

Dt
x
y
xy z 2 xz
x

Dvx
v v v
= g x P + 2 vx + x + y + z
Dt
x x y z








:IV v = 0 :

Dvx
P
v v v
= gx
+ 2 vx + x + y + z
Dt
x
x x y z






v = 0

:NS





Dv

= g P + 2 v
Dt

4 : , , .

3 ) ( ) 3 +(.
 v v v
v = x + y + z = 0 :
x y z

Dvx
P
= gx
+ 2 vx
Dt
x

 06-07

.5 NS


v v v


 x r r
v  
Dv
2

= + v v = g P + v v y v v
Dt
' ; ; :
t


vz vz v
v = 0
P P P

:v -


:I v = ui ; u = const - :


v = ui

:NS-

P
P
= gy
= g P = gy
y
y
!

v
=0
t
vx v y vz
=
=
=0
x
y
z

) ' (



g = g j

P
x = 0

P = 0
z



g

:II :

: v = v ( y )i

f ,f

v
= v y = vz
t
vx v y vz
+
+
=0
x y z
2 vx
2 vx
P
' P
NS x :
+ 2 =0
= 2
x
y
x
y
P
P
NS y :
g = 0
)= g P = gy + P '( x
y
y
P
NS z :
) = 0 P ( x, y
z
) v x = v x ( y

) P ' = P '( x
2 vx
' P

=
x 2 y = C
1 P ' 2 C1

y + y + C2

2 x

= ) vx ( y

x y
.

' P
C
,
x

W >> d

 06-07

vx ( y = 0) = 0

vx ( y = d ) = u
1 P '
C1
= )vx (0

0 + 0 + C2 = 0 C2 = 0
2 x

1 P '
1 P ' 2 C1

d + d = u C1 = u
d

2 x
d 2 x
1 P ' 2
u
d P '
vx ( y ) = y

y+

y
2 x
2 x
d
= ) vx ( d

) (

) (

,:

' dP
?
dx

P1

P2
L
A ( P1 P2 ) S = 0 :
' P1 P2 = P
' dP ' P
=
dx
L
' dP

>0
dx
' dP

<0
dx

x
x

:III :
, , ,z .

: v = v (r )k
z

vr = v = 0
 1
1 v v
= v
( rvr ) + + z = 0
r r
r z

u

} v = {vr , v , vz

 06-07

1 vz 1 2 vz
vz
vz v vz
vz
2 vz
P
NS z :
+ vr
+
+ vz
=
+ gz +
r
+
+

r r r r 2 2
z 
t
r 
r



z
z 2



steady
g z =0
state
v = v ( r ) z

P vz
I)
+
r
=0
z r r r
Dv
P
NS r : r = 0 ; 2vr = 0 II)
+ gr = 0
Dt
r
Dv
1 P
NS : = 0 ; 2v = 0 III)
+ g = 0
Dt
r
P
II)
g sin = 0 P = r g sin + f ( z , )
r
1 P
III)
g cos = 0 P = r g sin + g ( z , r )
r
f ( z, ) = g ( z , r ) = P '( z )
P = r g sin + P '( z )

P ' vz
+
r
=0
z r r r
dP '
1 vz

=
r
=C
dz
r r r
1 dP ' 2
vz (r ) =

r + C1 ln r + C2
4 dz
I)

r z :
.

vz (r = 0) =

1 dP '

0 + C1 ln 0 + C2 < C1 = 0
4 dz

vz (r = R ) =

1 dP ' 2
1 dP ' 2

R + C2 = 0 C2 =

R
4 dz
4 dz

1 dP ' 2
R 2 dP ' r 2
2

=
r
R

4 dz 1 R 2
4 dz

dP ' P
=
dz
L
R 2 P
r2
=
vz (r ) =
1

-
4 L R 2

vz (r ) =

?
R

Q = vdA = vz (r ) 2 rdr = ... =

s

vz max = vz ( R) =

R P
8 L
4

R 2 P
4 L

Q R 4 P 1
R 2 P 1

=
= vz max
v z (r ) = =
2
A 8 L R 2 8 L

 06-07

) ( air << fluid

0
y =h

vx
y

= air
y =h

vx
y
=0



g

y = h fluid
y =0

y = 0 vx

.6
, ) (.




  
 F = v
dV + v v n dA :
t c.v. dm


 c .s .

) (
m

:
) ( v 2 L2 :

v 2
L = vL :
L

xy A =

PL2 :

gL3 :

:
v L
vL vL
=
=
=
= Re
vL

2 2

Re , " .

PL2
P
= 2 2 = 2 = Eu
v L
v
v 2 L2 v 2
=
=
= Fr 2
3
gL

gL
?

= ; vx
) ( x, y ) v = (vx , v y
x
y
v v y 2 2
.( x +
=

) = 0 :
x y xy xy
x part

v
=
x

dx
dy
t

=
=< v y dx = vx dy :

dvx dv y
v = y part
y
t

dx +
dy = 0
x
y

. vy =

=< =< = C :
.

 2 v x 2 vx
P

0=
+ 2 + 2 + g x /:
)I
x
y
y
x
2v y 2v y
P

) II
0=
+ 2 + 2 + g y /:

y
y
x
x
2
2
2 vx 2 vx v y v y
) I II
+
+ 2

=
y x 2 y 2 x x 2
y
2 vx v y
2 v y vx

x 2 y x
y 2 x y
4
4
4
+
2
+
=0
x 4
x 2 y 2 y 4

06-07

4 = (2 ) = 0
?

4
2 2
=

2
2
+
x 2 y 2

4 = 0

=u
; v=
y
x

4 = 0

= ; v
r
r

E 4 = 0

1
1
; vz =
r z
r r

E 4 = 0

1
1
; v =
2
r sin
r sin r

= 2

4 = 2 2
2 1 1 2
+
+
r 2 r r r 2 2
E4 = E2E2

= 2

2 1 2

+
r 2 r r z 2
E4 = E2E2
= E2

2 sin 1
2

r 2
r sin

= E2

= vr

= vr

= vr

?
.
r

? ) (

P + 2 v = 0

v = 0

v
L
? ?
2
P * L vL

P* *

FDrag = C uL :

?C- !

FDrag

 06-07

. ,2-3 . ( : )
.



v


g

v
u

:

: v = ( u, v )

u v
+
= 0 :
x y

2u 2u
u
Du
u
u
P
= +u
+v =
+ 2 + 2
Dt
x
y
x
y
t
x

2v 2v
v
Dv
v
v
P

= +u +v =
+ 2 + 2 g
Dt
x
y
y
y
t
x

:
 = P ; u = u ; v = v ; x = x ; y = y ; t* = L t = t = v t
P
P
v
v
L
L
v
t* v

1
1
 ; = v
P; u = uv
 ; v = vv
=
; =
;P = P



x x L y y L
t t L
v u v v
u v
+
=0
+
=0
L x L y
x y


v 2 u v 2  u v 2  u
P P
v 2 u 2 u
+
u
+
v =

+ 2 2 + 2
 L x L y
L x
L x
y
L t

v 2

L


v v 2  v v 2  v
P P
v 2 v 2 v
+
u
+
v =

+ 2 2 + 2 g
L y
L x
t L x L y
y

 2 u 2 u
v 2 L2 u  u  u
P L2 P

+
+

 +u  +v  =
L v x x 2 y 2
v L t
x
y

v
-
L2

 2 v 2 v gL2
v v 2  v v 2  v
P L2 P
u
v
+
+

+
+

=
L v y x 2 y 2 v
t L x L y
 2 u 2 u
v L u  u  u
PL P
+
u
+
v
=

+
+

t
v x x 2 y 2
x
y
 2 v 2 v gL2
v L v 2 v v 2  v v 2  v
PL P
+
u
+
v
=

+
+

v y x 2 y 2 v
L t L x L y
v L
= Re

v 2 L2 v 2

v L L

PL P v L
=

= Eu Re
v v 2

gL2 v L gL Re
=

=
v
v 2 Fr 2

 06-07


 Re
v  
2
Re + v v = Re Eu P + v + 2 eg
Fr
t

v = 0

:
.
o Recr = 2300-2600 :
o Recr ~ 1500 :
.

.7 Creeping Flow -
, :NS

Re
:NS-
eg = 0
Fr 2
vL P * vL v
Re
v
= Re Eu
= 2
= 1 P + 2 v + 2 eg = 0 :
*
2
L
Fr
v
v L




2
: P + v + g = 0 :

v = 0
Re  0 Re EuP + 2 v +

Re << 1
*P


? :
, .
v v

x x : = !
P P

:
1

Re -

) ( !

V1 A1 = V2 A2 :
V 21 A1 << V2 2 A2 :
.
.

 06-07

)(Re<<1

) FD = C uR , (.
C - :
uR
= Re
<< 1


v = uk

vr = r 2 sin
) (r , ) : ' (.
:
v = 1

r sin r
Stokes :
:

E 2 ( E 2 ) = 0

2 sin 1
+ 2

r 2
r sin

= E2

=0
vr ( R, ) = 0

r =R

v ( R, ) = 0
=0

r r = R

 uk
v
r >> R

) (

) (

k = cos er sin e
1
1

vr u cos
u cos
) r 2u sin 2 + f (r
2

r sin

v u sin
1 u sin
) 1 r 2u sin 2 + g (

2
r sin r
1
r >> R r 2u sin 2
2

)
(

, . = f (r ) sin 2

2 2
E 2 = E 2 f (r ) sin 2 = ... = 2 f (r ) sin 2
r
r
2 2 2 2
E 2 ( E 2 ) = 2 2 f ( r )sin 2 = 0
r r
r
r
2 2 2 2
r 2 r r 2 r f ( r ) = 0

= 0 f ( R) = 0
r =R

= 0 f '( R ) = 0
r =R
2

2 2
4
8
IV
r 2 r f ( R) = f r 2 f '' r 4 f = 0

) (

) (

) - (

 06-07
()

r 4 f IV 4r 2 f '' 8 f = 0

()

( n 4 )( n 2 )( n 1)( n + 1) = 0
D
f (r ) = 
Ar 4 + 
B r 2 + Cr +
r
1

2

:f(r)
.B=1/2u ,A=0

: D -C
1 2
D

f ( R) = 2 uR + CR + R = 0
3
1
C = uR , D = uR

4
4
f '( R) = uR + C D = 0
2

R
R 3 3R

1
(r , ) = u 2 sin 2

r + r2
2
2
2

vr = r 2 sin = ... = u cos (...)

1 = u sin (...)
r sin r
?

F=
nds =
PndA +
ndsdA

P + v = 0
2

3 Ru
P
2
r = vr = ... = r 3 cos

P = 2 v = ... = 3 Ru sin

2r 2

P = P0

3 Ru
cos
2r 2

F =
P(k n)dA +
k ndsdA

P (k n)dA = 2 Ru

uR
FD = 6
 ndsdA = 4u R
C
k

:C

:
FB FD

du
=0
dt
3
3
= R 3 s g = R 3 f g + 6 Ru
4 

4 



F =

uTerminal

.

- + +

FB

3
R3 g ( s f ) 2 R2 (
s
f
=4
=
6 R
9

W = mg

 06-07

.8


 Re
v  
Re + v v = Re Eu P + 2 v + 2 eg :
Fr
t

<= Re>>1 , , ,0- .


Dv
1
= Re Eu P + 2 eg :
Dt
Fr



Dv

= P + g :
Dt

: - .

, . .

en

' es , e , en ,

v = ves , = ( x( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ) ) :

es


, t . d s = es ds

y
x

:

   Dv

 
1
= P d s g k d s
 d s ; d s = dx ( s )i + dy ( s ) j + dz ( s ) k

Dt
 
1
1 P P  P 
1
j+
k dx ( s )i + dy ( s ) j + dz ( s ) k = dP
P d s = i +

y
z

 
g k d s = gdz


= ds

 

( v v ) d s = 12 ( v v ) d s v ( v ) d s = 12 v

1 (v 2 )  (v 2 )  (v 2 ) 
=
i+
j+
= k dx ( s )i + dy ( s ) j + dz ( s ) k
2 x
y
z
) 1 (v 2
) (v 2
(v 2 )  1
=
dx ( s )i +
) dy ( s ) j + dz ( s
) k = d (v 2
y
z 2
2 x




Dv  v  1
d s = d s + d (v 2 )
Dt
2
t


1
v  1
= : dP gdz
) d s + d (v 2

t
2

. .

 06-07

1
1
d (v 2 ) + dP + gdz = 0
2

P
d (v 2 ) + + gz = 0

) ( = const

P
(v 2 ) + + gz = Const.

= .
.

v12 P1
v2 2
P
= + + gz1
? + 2 + gz2

2
2
v12 P1 v2 2
P
= +
)+ 2 <= (z1=z2
2
2

1
P

v2


2
1
1

v  :
2
1 dP gdz = 1 2 d (v ) + t d s

2
v12 P1
v2 2
P2
 v
= + + gz1
+
+ gz2 + d s
2
2
t

1
2


dn
:

 Dv v
v
v
 v
dn
= + vs
+ vn
+ v
dn
Dt t
s
n


v = ves

es

en
e



v en
:
 en
en
v
v en dn = v
dn v
vdn = v 2 es
dn
s
s
s
s

1
1 P
P en dn =
dn

n

gk d n = g k e dn

) (
e
 1 P

d n g ( k e ) dn = v e
dn
s
n
n

. k en , k -

P
n

=< P = P0 + gz :
en

1
:
s R
1 P v 2
=< ) P' (.
=
n R
=

es , :
R

 06-07

P
)= 0 ,(R
n
:
P1 v12 P2
" :
+
=
v1 v2 = 0 :
2

v12

P2 = P1 +

) (

)(

(0

P1

P2
.

.9

v2
= u + + gz :
2

edm = e dV

; e Enery
mass

sys

= Esys

sys

dE
 
= Q W :
dt sys
' " :

 
E
=  W
=
+
n dA
Q
e

dV
e

t system
t
c.v.
c .s .

) (

= . :t0

v2
; e = u + + gz
2

 

= e dV + e v n dA
C .V .
t c.v.
c .s .
+ W
+ W

) (

other

normal

?
CV
) (.
.

T F / L = n = Tn n + Ts s

Tn

dW
ds
= Wsurr
=F
= F V
dt
st
Wsurr = V F = V TdA

Wsys =
V TdA =
Tn n V dA
Ts sn V dA

CS
CS
CS

 


Wshear

Wnormal

Ts

) ( Q W

W = Wshear

 06-07

? Wnormal
) = pI + I (
= 0

. = pI

Tn = ( n ) n = ( pI n ) n = ( p n ) n = p

L:

-.
:
v
=
) xx = p + x vx( =< P (v n )dA

x
CS

Wnormal

? Wshear
. W shear = 0 ,
? , :
:
- .

  P


, Q W = e dV + e + v n dA :

t c.v.
c .s .

) (

, :

v2
P
v2
P
) Q = u1 + 1 + gz1 + 1 ( A1v1 ) + u2 + 2 + gz2 + 2 ( A2 v2
2

A1v1 = A2 v2 = m

) e(
) (

v2 2
v2
P
P
+ gz2 + 2 m = 1 + gz1 + 1 m + Q

2
2

( u2 u1 ) m +

,  ( u2 u1 ) m = Q ! ) (.
?
= .
Q = 0 , u1 u2 = 0 :
<= Q u1 u2 .

 06-07

=< : .
:.
:
m m
" t - ":
m = lim

t 0 t
t
Tds = du + PdV
1
d = dV = 0 :

=< du = Tds

t
2

) u = u (T
2

dQ
dt
1 du = Tds dq = m = 1 Q m
Q
Q
u1 u2
( t1 t2 ) u1 u2
m
m

) m ( u1 u2 ) Q (
:
, .
. .

.10

v2
) (+ gz :
2

;e=u+

 
Q = e v n dA

) (

c. s.

W shear = Wother = 0

)(
P1 P2
v12
v2 2




Q = m(u1 u2 ) + m( ) + m( gz1 gz2 )
v1dA1 +
v2 dA2
2
2

1
2

v2

n v1 = v1

n v2 = v2
!
"" :
v2
v2
Q

vdA
=

A 2
A 2 vdA ; vavg = A
2
m

A v vdA
v2
v2
= vdA = m
2 A
2
v 2 m

v2 v 2
P P
Q = m (u1 u2 ) + m 1 2 + m ( gz1 gz2 ) + m 1 2
2

2

v1

 06-07

.u=u(r) :


2
2

R dP
r
r2
= ) U (r
1
U
(
r
)
U
1

max

2
2
4
dx
R



 R
P / L

R 4 P

8 L

) (

= Q = n v dA = ...
A

Q R 2 P U max
=

=
A 8 L
2

v vdA

=v

= ... = 2 :

v 2 m

:
Re<2200 : 2200-4000 , Re>4000 , .

u = u + u ' :

) . u = u ( r
1

) u (r "; n ( Re ) = 1.7 + 1.8log Re > 1 :

u (r )
r n
= 1
umax R
n=6 n =8

?
,
) (

1
laminar

r
R

]) d [u (r

r
=1
R

dr
]) d [u (r

0
r
=0
R

dr

2n 2
v :
( n + 1)( 2n + 1) m

...


u (r )dA
A

R2

) u (r
umax

=v

n - , ) (n v vm :

 06-07
3

vmax
2n 2
vmax
= ...
=
= f (n) :

n + 3 2n + 3
v
()
)
( v

u ( r ),v

:1-

(r )dA

u
A

v A

n << 1 ; v vmax
n = 6 = 1.08
n = 8 = 1.03

v 2 v 2
P P
Q = m (u2 u1 ) + m 2 1 + m ( gz2 gz1 ) + m 2 2 1 1
2

2
Q
=v
A
1v12
P1 2 v2 2
P2
dQ
+
gz
+

+
gz
+
=
u

1
2
2
1
dm
2

dQ

dm

<- u2 u1 ' .

F L M T2 L
L2
=

= hLT 2
M
T
M

2
2
v1
P v
P h
,g -+ z1 + 1 2 2 + z2 + 2 = LT = H LT :
1
g 2g
g g
2g
HLT .
dQ
u2 u1
= hLT
dm

hLT = hL + hLm :
 

:
2

) ( ?1-2

P1 P2

= hL

) '(

,Re<2,600 , :

 06-07

D2

8L

4 = 32 L v
2
D D
D

16
P
L v
L v 2 64 L v 2
= 32
= 64

= hL
D D
D vD 2 Re D 2

R P
8L Q
=

= P
8 L
R4
4

1
D2

=Q

hL v , L,

. Re > 4 10 4 ,
P = P ( L, D, , , v , e ) ,

Dv , L e
P
= f
, , :
2
D D
v

P
h
L e
L e

= hL
L2 = F Re, , hL = F Re, , v 2

v
D D
D D

. .
L
e v2
hL = f Re,
) f (64/Re
D
D 2

> - :

f ) - fD -( . ) f F = f D :(
4
?

) (

 06-07

= = .fully rough fD - .

 06-07

DH v

= Re

4S
,DH , :
N
D2
4
, 4 = D :
= DH
D

= DH S N- " ".

.1

.2

D
D2
4

4
4 D12 D2 2

= DH
=
= D1 D2
D1 + D2
D1 + D2
2

D2
D1

a
b

1 a
< <4
4 b
4ab
2ab
= DH
=
2a + 2b a + b

2
L
v
= f + KC + K E + Ki


 D
2
i

hLT

Le v 2
: f = Le .

D 2

L,Q,D P

Q,D, P L
D,L, P Q
: f <- Re <- v
Q,L, P D

2
1

 06-07

) (.
: .

:
L = 150m
:
D = 75 = 0.075
m

? 0.0084 m3 / s

1: P0 , v0
z

mm

D
2 : P0 , v

square edge

v 2
P v 2
P
hLT = 1 1 + gz1 + 1 2 2 + gz2 + 2
2

2
P1 = P2 ; z1 z2 = d ; v1 0

2
L

v2
= f + K in
gd
D
2
Square 2
Edge

v2

8Q 2 L

d
f + K +
=

2 4

D g D

2
1 L
v2
+
+
f
K

2
g D
Q
=v
A

=d

Dv 4 Q
=
' = 1.4 105 <= W = 0.001Pas ; W = 999kg / m : T = 10C

D
3

= Re

K = 0.5 ; =1 d = ... = 4.45m

.11
'
) (Re , ,

) (.

u
u

: .
.x
?
99% .

 06-07

)( ,
.
?

x = 20cm , 12mm
U = 30 m / s ,

y
x

?
) (x , ) "" (.

U x
< 4 105

= , Re x ) (.

, Re x > 4 105 ) (.

'

) ) ( vx = u , v y = v : , , , g ,
(
2
2
du
u u
du
P
+v =
+ 2 + 2 + gx
u
dy
x
v
dx
x
NS :
2
2
u dv + v dv = P + v + v + g
2
y

2
dx
dy
y
x v

du du
cont.:
+
=0
dx dy
:

u
v
x
y
= ; v = ; x = ; y
u
*v
L

= u

u
y
x

* u v

v* = u
L

L
, y
? x
*v
U

cont. :
u du v * dv
+
=0
L dx dy
u du u dv
+
=0
L dx L dy
du dv
+
=0
dx dy

 06-07

:x NS
u U
U u
U u
1 U P
u U
u
+ U v
=
+ 2 2 + 2 2
L x
L y

L x
y
x L
u
u
P 1 2u 2u L2
+ v
=
+
+
u

x
y
x Re x 2 y 2 2
2

1 1 L
1,
,
:
Re Re
1 L2
2u 1
!!
2 2
: , L >>
Re
x Re
2

1
1 L
<< 1
:
Re
Re

L
X
.
=c
Re
Re x

:y NS

U 1 2 v U 1 2 v
U U v U U 1 v
1 U 2 P
u
+
v
=
+
+

2
2
L y
L
L x
L
L y
L 2 y 2
L L x
2
2 2
2
v
v
L P 1 v L v
+
u + v =
2 +
2
x
y
y Re x y
2

1
1 L
L
<< 1
<<
Re
Re

P
()
= 0 =<
y
P = P ( x ) <=

:( )
cont.:

()

du du
+
=0
dx dy

du
du
1 P
2u
u
+
v
=

dy
y 2
x
dx
NS :
P = 0
y

 06-07

)(1908
P
= 0
x
(.
: " " y y - x-.

) dP = 0

u
y
:
= = f ( ) ;
U
) ( x

.
.
: ,
.

v = u ( y, t )i
) (
= const.

u
2u
= 2
t
y

u
2u
= 2
t
y

NS :

t < 0 u = 0

B.I .: t > 0, y = 0 u = u0
t > 0, y u

= .

?y,t
:
y = y ; u = u ; t = t

u0
*t
u0 u
u 2 u
2
= 02

t
*

* (t*) = t
t * t
y 2

x- . x - .t - ?
!

x
x
=
:
u
u

= *) t

u
y
u
= = f ( ) ;
= y -
u
) ( x
x

 06-07

,v=
:( ) '
y
x

u=
u=

= u f ( )
y

= udy = u f ( ) d = u x f ( ) d = u x g ( )
= ( x , )

u
=
( u y '( ) ) = ... = g ''( )
x
x
2x
u

u
=
( u y '( ) ) = ... = u g '( )
x
y
y
u 2
2u
g '''( )
= ... =
x
y 2
u=

= ... = u y '( )
y y

1 u
=

= ... =
[ g '( ) g ( )]
x
x x
x
2
u = u ( ) , v = v ( x, )

u
u
2u
u + v 2 =
x
y
y
u
u 2
u
1 u
= u g ' g '' +
[ g ' g ] u g '( ) g ''' = 0
x
x
2x
2 x
2 g '''+ g g '' = 0

: .III "

u ( x,0) = 0

B.I : v( x, 0) = 0

u ( x, ) = u
1. u ( x, 0) = 0 u g '(0) = 0 y '(0) = 0
2. v ( x, 0) = 0 0 g '(0) g (0) = 0 g (0) = 0
3. u (v, ) = u u g '() = u g '() = 1

=5
=

****
( ) g '( = 5) = 0.992 :
5
5x
:=<
=
=
u
Re x
x

y
( x)

x
( x ) =

v ux
u

0.8

 06-07

u
= 0.99
u
5x
Re x

=5
x
u

y
) ( x

x
= ) ( x

u
) g '(
u

.
.
=

?
( x) x

y=0

v
= P + 2
 =
P
y

u v
u
= +
=

y
y x y = 0

y =0

wall = xy

yy

u
y

yx

zx

=0
z

: u = u g '( ) :
u

u
=
'' ( u g ') = ... = u g
x
y
y

u
u
0.332u
x
x

) wall = u g ''(0

1
x

wall

?
.<<D )
) ( u ) (.

 06-07

'
: u ( x) ,
y

u(x)

u = 0.99 u ( x)

c
b

C.V .
a

:C.V.

.1

 

dV
+

v
ndA = 0

t
CS
0 = m ab + m bc + m cd + m da


 
; m = v ndA
CS

m ab = W udy
0

m

m cd = m ab + ab dx = W udy + W udy dx
x
x

0
0

m bc = ( m ab + m cd ) =

W udy dx
x 0

.2
 


F =
udV + uv ndA

t
CS

/ i

 
Fx = u (v n)dA = FBx + FSx

(.x ,)

CS

FSx = m fab + m fbc + m fcd + m fda



 

m fab = W u udy ; v n = u
0

m fab

m fcd = m fab +
dx = W u udy + W u udy dx
x
x 0

 
 

m fbc = u (v n)dA u (v n)dA = u m bc = u W udy dx
x 0
bc
bc

 06-07

 

(
v

n
)
dA
=

W
u

udy
+
W
u

udy
W
u

udy
dx
u
W

udy
dx
+

0
0
x 0
x 0
CS

:

F = P ndA

Fab = P W

:
. cd ,ab +
ab +
bc +
0 -)
(

; nab = i

dP

Fcd = P +
dx ( + d ) W
dx

; ncd = i

Fbc = Pbc dA


F = P ndA
Fab = P W

; nab = i

dP

Fcd = P +
dx ( + d ) W
dx

; ncd = i

n

Fbc = Pbc dA

d << dx

u = 0.99 u ( x)

tan sin

()

d
d
Fbc = Pbc
dA = Pbc
dx
dx
1 dP

Fbc = P +
dx WdP
2 dx

Wdx

; Pbc P +

1 d w

dx Wdx
Fad = wWdx = w ab +
2 dx

1 dP
dx
2 dx

()

()
:

ad
cd
bc

 

 

ab

dP
1 d w
1 dP

FSx = PW P +
dx ( + d ) W w ab +
dx Wdx + P +
dx WdP
dx
2 dx
2 dx

1 dP
1 d w
dP
FSx =
d dx w dx
dx W
dx
2 dx
2 dx
dx

d << ; d << dx ; d w << w

dP

FSx =
dx w dx W
dx

 06-07

dP

dx w dx W = W u udy dx u W udy dx W

x 0
dx

x 0

dP

w = W u udy u W udy
dx
x 0
x 0

) ( ) (:
P u2
dP
)du ( x
; + = const.
= u
dx
dx
2

du
w = u udy + u udy + u dy
x 0
x 0
dx
0

dU
u udy + U udy + U
dy

x 0
x 0
dx
0

w =

u
u
U
u
u
w = ... = U 1 dy +
1 dy
U U
x
U U
0
0








2

* - displacement thickness

- momentum thickness

w
U
= U 2 + *U
x
x

?
" - *"
U

u
* = 1 dy
U
0
" - "

"

U 2 = (U u )udy
0

. .U .
. "" ) ( .u
. w?u -
P
(:
: ) = 0
x

U = const.

P U2
+
= const.
2

dy

u
1
U

d u
dx 0 U

w = U 2

 06-07

u
y
= f : .
U

y
dy = d ; =
: -
1

w = U 2

d u
dx 0 U

u
1
U

1
d u

2
d = U
1 d

dx 0 U U




w = U 2

dx
u = a + by + cy 2 :

U
U

y =0
y =

dU
dy

=0

a=0

=U

b + c 2 = U

U :
2U
b
=
;
c
=

b + 2c = 0

=0
y =

u=

2U

y2

u
y y2
= 2 2 = 2 2
U

du
w =
dy

2 U

= U

( U ) d

( )

d u

y =0

u
U d U
=
d

dy

y =0

d
= U
dx
2

? .

2 U

y =0

( 2 )(1 2 ) d
2

0



2/15

2
d
U
15
dx

d =

15
dx
U

1 d

=
15 dx U

2
2

15 x
+C
U

?
. ) ( ( x = 0) = 0

30 x
300
x
=
x 5.48
U
U
U

(10% -! ) 5