Kho lun tt nghip

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB
I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Ng Th Nguyn

KHI PHC NH THI, TN S V PHA SNG MANG TRONG TN HIU MSK

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t_Vin Thng

H NI-2005

i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Ng Th Nguyn

KHI PHC NH THI, TN S V PHA SNG MANG TRONG TN HIU MSK

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t_Vin Thng Cn b hng dn: Tin s Trnh Anh V

H NI-2005

i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni

Kho lun tt nghip Li cm n

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Em xin c by t lng bit n chn thnh v su sc nht ti thy Trnh Anh V. Thy tn tnh hng dn v ch bo cho em trong sut qu trnh lm lun vn.

Em cng xin gi li cm n ti ton th cc thy c gio trong khoa in t_ vin thng cng nh cc thy c trong trng i Hc Cng Ngh_ i Hc Quc Gia H Ni gip , to mi iu kin cho em trong qu trnh hc tp v lm kho lun tt nghip.

Cui cng, xin cm n nhng ngi thn, bn b ng vin v gip ti hon thnh kho lun tt nghip ca mnh.

H Ni ngy29 thng5 nm 2005 Sinh vin

Ng Th Nguyn

i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni

Kho lun tt nghip Tm tt ni dung

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Trong phn m u kho lun khi qut cc k thut iu ch s (nh PSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK v GMSK) v qu trnh gii iu ch cc tn hiu . Tip kha lun s dng Matlab 7.0 m phng qu trnh khi phc tn hiu MSK (Minimum shift keying) ti ni thu trong iu kin knh truyn cht lng km, t c ci nhn ton cnh qu trnh khi phc tn hiu MSK qua knh truyn c nh hng ca nhiu trong thc t. Trong m hnh m phng ni n cc yu t ng vai tr nh hng n cht lng truyn dn tn hiu MSK trn ng truyn l cc tham s dch nh thi k hiu pha, dch tn s, dch pha v trn knh truyn cn c cng n Gausian trng (AWGN). Tai ni thu, trc khi gii iu ch tn hiu MSK phi khc phc tt c cc nh hng ca nhiu trn ng truyn. C th, phi khi phc nh thi k hiu pha, khi phc tn s sng mang sau khi phc pha mang. Ngoi ra kho lun c s dng thm cng c BERtool trong Matlab 7.0 tnh ton li bit BER trn ng truyn, t minh ho tnh phc tp ca vn khi phc li tn hiu khi i qua knh truyn cht lng km trong thc t.

H Ni, ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2005

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Li m u
Ngy nay k thut truyn dn tn hiu s c s dng trong hu ht cc lnh vc truyn thng do tnh u vit hn hn truyn dn tn hiu tng t. Trn thc t ng truyn dn lun lun c tp m (n Gaussian), bng tn gii hn v cc giao thoa tn hiu khc nhau i vi cc mi trng, vt liu truyn dn khc nhau. iu ny dn n lm sai lch, mo dng tn hiu v gy li trn ng truyn. V vy vic nghin cu t m cc dng tn hiu v gy li trn ng truyn, phng php ng b nhm lm gim sai st trn ng truyn l nhng k thut c s rt quan trng.

K thut truyn dn ni chung c th chia lm hai loi: Truyn dn bng tn c s, truyn dn qua iu ch sng mang. Trong truyn thng tin s qua knh bng tn c s, tn hiu mang thng tin c truyn trc tip trn knh, tuy nhin hu ht cc knh truyn thng u l bng tn gii hn. Do cn chuyn tn hiu qua knh bng cch dch tn s ca tn hiu mang thng tin ph hp vi bng tn ca knh, c nh vy tn hiu in t mi chm suy gim v truyn i c xa. K thut iu ch s ln sng mang tn s thch hp mi trng truyn dn s tng tm hot ng ca cc thit b vin thng vi mt chi ph ti thiu.

Kho lun hn ch trong vic nghin cu chi tit m hnh m phng v l thuyt k thut v khi phc nh thi, khi phc tn s sng mang v khi phc pha mang trong tn hiu MSK (Minimum shift keying) trn bng tn c s. Km theo m phng trong Matlab 7.0 c th so snh c im mnh, im yu v xc sut li bit trong k thut iu ch tn hiu MSK. Tn hiu MSK khi cho qua b lc Guassian lm trn tn hiu, tr thnh tn hiu GMSK l phng php iu ch ch yu trong GSM.

Do thi gian c hn nn kho lun s khng trnh khi thiu st, em rt mong nhn c cc kin gp ca thy c.

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Chng I: TNG QUAN MT S K THUT IU CH S

Cc h thng tin di ng hin i s dng cc k thut iu ch s. Cc tin b trong cng ngh tch hp c ln (VLSI) v x l s (DSP) lm cho h truyn dn dng iu bin s hiu qu hn h truyn dn tng t. iu ch s cho ta nhiu u im hn iu bin tng t. Mt s u im bao gm tnh khng nhiu tt hn v kho hn cho s khng hon hin ca knh truyn, d dng hn cho vic ghp knh cho cc loi thng tin khc nhau (th d nh ting ni, d liu, hnh nh) v bo mt tt hn. Hn na, iu bin s thch hp vi cc m kim tra li s m chng pht hin v hoc sa cc li truyn, tr gip s iu phi tn hiu phc tp v cc k thut x l nh l m ngun, bo mt v lm bngnhm ci thin hiu sut ca kt ni thng tin ton cc. Trong cc h thng tin khng dy, tn hiu iu bin (th d bn tin) c th c biu din nh mt chui theo thi gian cc k hiu hoc xung, trong mi k hiu c m trng thi gii ni. Mi k hiu biu din bng n bt thng tin, trong m = log 2 n bit/k hiu. Mt s trong cc k thut ny c nhng s khc nhau tinh t gia chng v mi k thut thuc vo mt h cc phng php iu bin c lin quan. Th d, kho dch pha (PSK) c th hoc tch sng kt hp hoc tch sng vi phn v c th c 2,4,8 hoc c th c nhiu mc hn (v d n=1,2,3 hoc nhiu bit hn) cho mt k hiu, ph thuc vo cch trong thng tin c pht ra trong mt k hiu n. 1.1 Kho dch pha (PSK) Trong loi iu ch ny gi l 2-pha (chia 2) hay PSK pha c s 2 (BPSK). Sng mang hnh sin c hai gi tr pha c xc nh bi tn hiu d liu c s hai. Dng sng hnh sin li ra ca b iu ch l cng hay ngc pha (c ngha lch pha 180 0 ) vi tn hiu li vo v l hm s ca tn hiu d liu. S 0 (t) = A cos ( t) S 1 (t) = A cos ( t + ) tng ng vi bit 0 tng ng vi bit 1

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Trong PSK c s M, pha sng mang ly 1 trong M gi tr kh d v vi mi n (M=2 n ) bit ca chui bit c m ho trong mt dng tn hiu c truyn nh sau: S(t) = A sin ( t + ) Trong
= 2(i-1) /M

i = 1,2, , M.

1.2. Kho dch pha vung gc (QPSK)

Trong loi iu ch ny gi l iu ch 4-PSK, kho dch pha 90 0 hay iu ch vung pha. Kho dch pha 90 0 c hiu sut rng di gp hai ln BPSK v 2 bit c truyn i trong mt k hiu iu bin tin. Pha ca sng mang ly 1 trong 4 gi tr cch u nhau nh l 0, /2, v 3 /2 trong mi gi tr pha ng vi mt cp duy nht ca bn tin. Chui bit nh phn li vo {d k }, d k = 0,1,2, b iu ch vi tc 1/T (bits/s), sau c bin i ni tip-song song thnh hai dng bit d I (t) v d Q (t) (cc dng cng pha v lch pha 90 0 ), mi dng c tc bt R s = R b /2 hay bng na tc ca d liu u vo. Dng d I (t) c gi l dng bit chn, dng d Q c gi l dng bit l: d I (t) = d 0 , d 2 , d 4 , d Q (t) = d 1 , d 3 , d 5 ,

Tn hiu sng mang c th nh ngha l: S(t) = 1/ 2 d I (t)cos(2 f o t + /4) + 1/ 2 d Q (t)sin (2 f c t + /4) Hay c th vit di dng nh sau: S(t) = Acos[2 ft + /4 + (t)]. Hai chui c s hai c iu bin ring r bng hai sng mang d I (t), d Q (t) chng lch pha nhau 90 0 . Hai tn hiu iu bin, mi tn hiu c coi l mt tn hiu BPSK, c ly tng li sinh ra mt tn hiu QPSK. Vy QPSK l s kt hp hai i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

BPSK vung pha vi nhau. Chui xung d I (t) iu ch vi hm cosine bin 1 v -1, tng ng vi pha c hai trng thi l 0 0 v 180 0 . Tng t nh vy chui xung d Q (t) iu ch vi hm sine tng ng vi pha c hai trng thi l 90 0 v 270 0 .

Hnh 1. Mt trong bn gi tr pha ca sng mang tng ng vi hai bit d liu hay hai bt trn mt k hiu. Tc k hiu trong QPSK l mt na tc bit. C hai nhnh d liu c th c mang i vi mt lng nh nhau trong di bng thng hn ch. Trong QPSK, pha sng mang c th thay i ch mt ln duy nht trong mi 2T(s), trong khong T(s) pha sng mang gi nguyn khng i.

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Hnh 2. Tn hiu QPSK c tip nhn my thu v c gii iu ch BPSK ring i vi d I (t) v ring i vi d Q (t). Sau d I (t) v d Q (t) kt hp li theo nguyn l bin i song song - ni tip khi phc nguyn dng dng d liu pht. Bin ca mt tn hiu QPSK l khng i mt cch l tng. Tuy nhin khi cc tn hiu QPSK c to dng xung, chng mt i tnh cht hnh bao khng i. S dch pha ngu nhin radian c th gy ra hnh bao ca tn hiu i qua s 0 vo chnh lc . Bt k loi khuych i hn ch bi mch cng hay phi tuyn ca vic qua im khng u mang li cc bp bn c lc trc , v trung thc ca tn hiu cc mc in th nh b mt i trong khi pht. ngn cn vic pht li cc bp sng bn v m rng ph th bt buc l cc tn hiu QPSK c khuych i ch dng cc b khuych i tuyn tnh, mc du chng c hiu sut km. Mt dng bin i ca QPSK gi l QPSK lch (OQPSK) t nhy vi hiu ng c hi ny v cho s khuych i c hiu sut ln. 1.3 Kho dch pha lch vung gc (OQPSK) Bo hiu OQPSK tng t nh QPSK vi s xp t theo thi gian ca dng bit chn v l. Trong tn hiu QPSK, s chuyn dch ca cc dng bit chn v l xy ra ti cng thi im, nhng trong bo hiu OQPSK, cc dng bit chn v l d I (t) v d Q (t) lch i trong s xp t tng i bi mt chu k bit (na chu k ca k hiu). Do s xp t ca d I (t) v d Q (t) trong QPSK chun, cc s chuyn pha xy ra ch ti mi T s = 2T b giy v s cc i khi 180 0 nu c mt s thay i v gi tr ca c hai d I (t) v d Q (t). Tuy nhin, trong bo hiu OQPSK s chuyn bt (v do c s i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

chuyn pha) xy ra ti mi T b giy. V cc thi im chuyn pha ca d Q (t) v d I (t) b lch i T b , bt k thi im cho no ch c mt trong hai dng bt c th thay i cc gi tr. iu ny ng rng s dch pha cc i ca tn hiu pht ra ti thi im bt k cho trc b hn ch ti 90 0 . V vy, do s chuyn pha xy ra mau hn (ngha l sau mi T b giy thay cho 2T b giy), bo hiu OQPSK loi b s chuyn pha 180 0 .

Hnh 3. Cc dng sng lch theo thi gian tc dng vo cc nhnh cng pha v lch pha 90 0 ca mt b iu bin OQPSK.

Hnh 4.

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V cc chuyn pha 180 0 c loi tr, s to xung ca tn hiu OQPSK s khng lm cho hnh bao tn hiu i qua im khng. Nhng cc thay i hnh bao l t ng k v nh vy s khuych i hn ch bng hay phi tuyn ca cc tn hiu OQPSK khng pht li cc nhnh bn cao tn nhiu nh trong QPSK. V vy, s chim ph gim i ng k, trong khi cho php s khuych i RF hiu qu hn. Gii iu ch OQPSK th dng d I (t) b lm tr T b = trng thi thi gian gc nh d Q (t). 1.4 K thut iu ch tn hiu MSK trong thng tin v tuyn 1.4.1 Phng php iu ch v biu din tn hiu MSK GSM s dng phng php iu ch kho dch pha cc tiu Gaussian GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). y l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha. Tuy nhin ta ch xt n phng php iu ch kho dch pha cc tiu MSK (Minimum Shift Key) m phng php iu ch GMSK c pht trin da trn phng php MSK. Kho dch cc tiu (MSK) l mt loi c bit ca kho dch tn s pha lin tc (CPFSK), trong lch tn s nh bng 1/2 tc bit. Ni cch khc MSK l kho dch tn (FSK) pha lin tc vi ch s iu bin 0.5, ng vi khong cch tn s cc tiu cho php hai tn hiu FSK l trc giao kt hp v tn kho dch cc tiu ng s tch bit tn s cc tiu cho php tch sng trc giao. Ta c th trnh by sng mang c iu ch ca tn hiu MSK nh sau: S(t) = A*cos ( ct + t + 0 ) Trong : A l bin khng thay i
c = 2 f c [rad/s] l tn s gc ph thuc sng mang. t l gc pha ph thuc vo lung s liu a ln iu ch
Ts tr li c cng 2

0 l gc pha ban u

i vi iu ch MSK ta c gc pha t nh sau

t = ki * i (t i * T )
i

Trong : Chui bit a ln iu ch l { d i 1 , d , d i +1 }

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Kho lun tt nghip k i = 1 nu d i = d i 1 k i = -1 nu d i d i 1

i (t ) =

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

2T

t , T l khong thi gian bit

Nh vy tn hiu MSK nu bit iu ch thi im xt ging bt thi im trc t s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n , ngc li nu bit iu ch thi
2

im xt khc bit trc th t s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n - . Vi T l khong

2

chu k bit, ti thi im ban u ta xt 0<t<T th i (t) s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n

/2 ng vi bit d liu l 1 v i (t) s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n - /2 ng vi bit

d liu l 0 (nh hnh 5).

Hnh 5: Li trng thi pha ca tn hiu MSK S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h sau:
= d( t )/dt

Trong

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Kho lun tt nghip

(t) = ct + t + 0

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc 0) ta c tn s sau:

1 = 2 f 1 = c +

2T

hay f1 = f c +
1 4 *T

Nu chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin ( 1,0,1,0, ) th ta c tn s sau:

2 = 2 f 2 = c -

2T

hay

f2 = fc -

1 4 *T

phn bit tn s l f = f 2 - f 1 = 1/2T l chnh lch tn s ti thiu bm bo tnh trc giao gia hai tn hiu s 1 (t) v s 2 (t) trong khong thi gian T. Ta cng c th vit tn hiu MSK di dng: S MSK (t) = d I (t)cos (
t
2T

)cos(2 f c t) + d Q (t)sin(

t
2T

)sin(2 f c t)

Trong d I (t), d Q (t) l cc bit chn, l ca dng d liu lng cc c gi tr 1, -1 v chng nui cc nhnh cng pha v lch pha 90 0 ca b iu ch. d I (t) = d 0 , d 2 , d 4 , d Q (t) = d 1 , d 3 , d 5 , Tn hiu MSK c biu din nh hnh di y:

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Hnh 6: Biu din tn hiu MSK

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Kho lun tt nghip 1.4.2 Gin khng gian tn hiu MSK

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Ni chung, tn hiu c pha lin tc khng th biu din bi cc im ri rc trong khng gian tn hiu nh tn hiu QPSK, OQPSK, PSK hay QAM do pha ca vt mang thay i theo thi gian. Thay vo , tn hiu c pha lin tc c m t bi qu o t trng thi pha ny sang trng thi pha khc. Vi tn hiu MSK bin khng i, qu o pha l ng trn. Trn hnh 7 v gin khng gian (qu o pha) tn hiu MSK, qu o pha thay i mi ln trn liu iu ch. im u v im cui ca qu o pha c nh du bi cc im chm (nh trong hnh 7).
1 4

ng trn tng ng vi mt bt d

Hnh 7 : Gin khng gian tn hiu ca tn hiu MSK Gin trn y c gii thch nh sau: Khi dng d liu lng cc c a vo b iu ch MSK th ta thu c tn hiu MSK c qu o pha thay i nh hnh 7. Gi s u tin bit d liu a vo l bit 1 hoc 0 th pha tn hiu MSK s thay i trn ng trn t 0 n /2 hoc t 0 n - /2 v n cc bt d liu tip theo pha ca tn hiu MSK s thay i tip t gi tr pha hin ti. Nu gp lin tc cc bit 1 vi trng thi pha hin thi l /2 th pha s thay i t /2 n 3 /2, tng t nh vy ta s c cc trng thi pha thay i 0, /2, , 3 /2 hoc 0, - /2, - , 3 /2 nh hnh v. S thay i pha ny l tuyn tnh v c th hin trn hnh 8. i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Quan st pha thay i t 0 n /2 th s thay i pha ny c th hin bng 8 im sng, cc im sng ny xut hin ln lt theo thi gian vi khong cch u nhau nh hnh v. Tt c cc trng thi thay i pha khc t bt u t 0 qua 6 im n
2

0, /2, , 3 /2 hoc 0, - /2, - , -3 /2 s cho hnh trn cc im cch u nhau. Hnh 8 biu din pha tn hiu MSK thay i tuyn tnh mt cch r hn, cn trong cc trng hp qua knh truyn c nhiu th vic nh hng ca nhiu nh dch nh thi, dch pha, dch tn cng c th s to ra cc im x dch trng hay st vi mt trong cc im ny v th gin ny s kh quan st c cc nh hng . Do m phng cc nh hng nhiu ln tn hiu MSK ta s quan st gin khng gian tn hiu MSK hnh 7.

Hnh 8: S khng gian tn hiu ca tn hiu MSK 1.4.3 So snh ph ca tn hiu MSK vi tn hiu OQPSK. Mt tn hiu MSK c th coi l mt dng c bit ca tn hiu OQPSK trong cc xung hnh ch nht bng gc c thay th bng cc xung na hnh sin. MSK l mt s iu bin c hiu sut theo ph l c bit hp dn cho vic s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng. N c nhng c tnh nh hnh bao khng i, c hiu sut v ph, cht lng BER tt v kh nng t ng b.

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Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Hnh 9: So snh ph hai tn hiu OQPSK v MSK i vi MSK, hm to dng xung bng gc l:
t cos( ) p(t) = 2T 0

|t| < T v bng khng vi t khc

Nh vy mt ph cng sut chun ho cho MSK l:

16 cos 2 ( f + f c )T 16 cos 2 ( f f c )T 2 + P MSK = 2 1 *16 * f 2 * T 2 2 1 *16 * f 2 * T 2
2 2

T hnh 9 trnh by PSD (mt ph cng sut) ca tn hiu MSK. Mt ph cng sut ca OQPSK v MSK cng c v so snh. Ta thy rng MSK c nhnh bn thp hn OQPSK. 99 0 0 cng sut MSK cha trong rng di B = 1.2/T trong khi i vi OQPSK 99 0 0 cng sut cha trong rng di l bng 8/T. nghing nhanh hn ca ph MSK l do s kin dng cc hm xung trn tru hn. T hnh 9 cng cho thy rng bp chnh ca MSK rng hn OQPSK v do khi so snh rng di thng, MSK km hiu sut v mt ph hn cc k thut kho dch pha khc. V khng c s thay i t ngt ti cc chu k chuyn dch bit, s hn ch rng di tn hiu MSK, p ng cc thng s k thut ngoi di i hi khng

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lm cho hnh bao qua s khng. Hnh bao c gi gn nh khng i ngay c sau khi hn ch rng di. V bin c gi khng i, cc tn hiu MSK c th c khuych i khi dng cc b khuych i phi tuyn c hiu sut. Tnh cht pha lin tc lm cho n a dng hn vi cc ti tr khng cao. Thm vo cc u im , MSK c cc mch gii iu ch v ng b n gin. V l MSK l s iu bin ph bin trong thng tin v tuyn di ng. 1.4.4 S b thu v pht tn hiu MSK + S b pht tn hiu MSK Khi nhn mt tn hiu sng mang vi cos( t / 2T ) to ra hai tn hiu pha kt hp ti f c + 1/4T v f c - 1/4T. Hai tn hiu nay c tch ra nh b lc thng gii hp v c t hp mt cch thch hp to nn ln lt cc thnh phn sng mang cng pha v lch pha 90 0 x(t), y(t). Cc sng mang ny c nhn vi cc dng bit l v chn d I (t), d Q (t) to ra tn hiu iu bin S MSK (t). + S b thu tn hiu MSK Tn hiu thu c S MSK (t) (khi khng c nhiu v giao thoa) c nhn ln lt vi sng mang cng pha v lch pha 90 0 x(t), y(t). Li ra ca cc b nhn ny c tch phn theo hai chu k bt v to dng a ti mch quyt nh ti cui ca mi hai chu k bit. Da trn mc ca tn hiu ti li ra ca b tch phn. B tch sng theo ngng quyt nh xem tn hiu l 0 hay 1. Cc dng tn hiu ra tng ng vi d I (t), d Q (t), chng l cc lch c t hp li c tn hiu gii iu ch. S b thu pht tn hiu MSK (Hnh 10)

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Kho lun tt nghip 1.5 Kho dch ti thiu kiu Gauss (GMSK)

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Trong GMSK, cc mc bp ph ca ph c gim hn na bng cch cho dng sng d liu NRZ iu ch i qua b lc to dng xung kiu Guassian tin iu ch. Dng xung gc lm trn tru qu o pha ca tn hiu MSK v do n nh s thay i tn s tc thi theo thi gian. iu ny lm gim ng k mc bp bn ca ph pht. + iu ch GMSK C hai phng php pht GMSK, phng php th nht l iu ch kho dch tn s v phng php th hai l kho dch pha vung gc.

Hnh 11: M hnh GMSK = GLPF + VCO Hnh 11 trnh by s ni dy chuyn mt b lc thng thp Gauss (GLPF) vi b iu tn nh VCO (h s iu tn m = 1/2) lm thnh tn hiu GMSK (B iu ch MSK Gauss). GMSK gi nguyn cc u im ca MSK l tn hiu iu ch GMSK c ng bao khng i thch hp vi cc b khuych i phi tuyn nn c hiu sut cao, ng thi tng hiu sut s dng ph so vi MSK do gim b rng bp ph chnh v suy gim ln hn ngoi bp ph chnh (v GMSK c th xc nh hon ton t bng thng B v ko di ca tn hiu bng gc T, khi tch s BT gim mc ca bp bn st gim rt nhanh).

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Hnh 12: M hnh GMSK = GLPF + iu ch vung gc Hnh 12 m t m hnh iu ch tn hiu GMSK bng phng php cho tn hiu d liu li vo i qua b lc to dng xung kiu Gaussian sau c iu ch nh mt tn hiu MSK. Phng php gii iu ch GMSK bng tch sng khng kt hp nh FSK n gin v r hn vi tch sng kt hp ng nh mt tn hiu MSK.

Hnh 13: p ng xung ca b lc thng thp Gauss (GLPF) gii thch vic iu ch tn hiu GMSK, ngi ta s dng chn chui d liu nh phn gm 12 bit c lp li tun hon nh sau: { 1,1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,.}.

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Kho lun tt nghip Tn hiu li vo c th c th hin nh sau:

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Hnh 14: Chui d liu trc khi i qua b lc Chui d liu qua b lc thng thp c lc v nhiu ISI c sn sinh khi mi mt bit i qua b lc. Khi BT = 0.5 cc bit c tri ph qua mi chu k hai bit, bit th hai qua b lc ph ca n s chng mt phn ln bit th nht, bit th ba s li chng mt phn ln bit th hai v c th cc bit qua mch lc ph ca chng chng mt phn nn nhau gy ra nhiu ISI.

Hnh 15: Ph ca chui d liu khi qua b lc Gauss Hnh dng xung n l c cng gp li v c th hin nh hnh 15. Hin th bi hm b(t) cho hnh 12.

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Hnh 16: Hm b(t) cho hnh 12 Hm b(t ) c tch hp sau vi thi gian t chy t 0 n . Hm c(t) c th hin di y:

Hnh 17: Hm c(t) cho hnh 12 Sau d liu c bin i ni tip ra song song thnh hai chui tn hiu bng c s I v Q lch pha nhau 90 0 tng ng vi hm cosine v hm sinc. Trc ht ta ni v tn hiu bng c s I: I(t) = Cos[ c(t) ] Hm I(t) c dng nh sau:

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Hnh 18: Tn hiu I(t) bng c s ca hnh 12 Hm c(t) sinh ra tn hiu bng c s Q Q(t) = Sin[c(t)] Hm Q(t) c dng nh sau:

Hnh 19: Tn hiu Q(t) bnh c s ca hnh 12 Khi cng hai d liu bng c s I(t) v Q(t) thnh tn hiu iu ch GMSK: m(t) = Sin(2 f c t) I(t) + Cos(2 f c t) Q(t)

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Hnh 20: Tn hiu iu ch m(t) GMSK

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Chng II

K THUT KHI PHC TN HIU MSK

khi phc li dng d liu, trc ht chng ta phi bit c trn ng truyn c nhiu khng, t s E b /N 0 l bao nhiu, iu kin knh truyn, pha, thi gian v tn s t ta s khi phc li tn hiu mt cch chnh xc. 2.1 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn v tuyn Trong vic thit k cc h thng v tuyn lm vic di tn cao. Bng tn chim dng rng nh cc h thng GSM hay CDMA, chng ta phi i mt vi nhiu yu t lm suy gim cht lng truyn dn. a.Yu t u tin : cn phi cp l tp m v nhiu. Tp m v can nhiu lm gii hn rt nhiu di ng ca thng tin v tuyn. C th coi tp m l nhng quy ri khng mong mun trong bng tn s dng t nhng ngun khc nhau vi nhng c tnh khc nhau. i vi thng tin di ng, t s tn hiu trn tp m hay tn hiu trn nhiu l thng s quan trng v cc i lng ny c nh gi theo cc cch khc nhau i vi cc ngun tp m v nhiu khc nhau. Hn na t s ny li ph thuc vo cc phng php iu ch v m ho. Thng thng t s tn hiu trn tp m nhiu ph thuc mnh vo cch thc phn tn s s dng. + Tp m C th phn to m thnh 2 loi: Tp m cng v tp m nhn. Cch phn loi ny da vo cch thc nh hng ca n n tn hiu truyn lan trong mi trng. Tp m cng c cng chng ln tn hiu lan truyn trong khi tp m nhn li c xem nh l qu trnh iu bin tn hiu bi nhiu. C nhiu loi tp m cng khc nhau. Nhng y chng ta ch ch n loi tp m v tuyn trong quan trng hn c l tp m kh quyn, tp m v tr, tp m nhn to v tp m trong my thu. Ngi ta cng phn tp m thnh 2 loi: tp m nhit v tp m t bin (shot noise). Tp m kh quyn ch yu l do cc hin tng phng in do dng bo gy ra v ch nh hng mnh di tn di 20 MHz. Tp m v tr c ngun gc ngoi tri t ch yu l do bc x mt tri v nh hng mnh trong di tn t 15100MHz. Tp m nhn to do cc hot ng hng ngy nh mt in, n hunh quang n ch nh hng trong vng ng dn c nh cc thnh ph ln, cc cng trnh xy dng . i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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Thng thng tp m cng c bin phn b tun theo phn b chun Gauss. i vi mi trng di ng, tp m thng c th hin di dng tp m nhn v lc tn hiu c xem nh l b iu ch bi tp m hay ngi ta cn coi l pha dinh. Sng truyn trong mi trng phn tn s b gim bi yu t mi trng bao quanh, hiu ng Doppler do my thu chuyn ng so vi my pht, v vy mc cp truyn thu c s thay i lin tc. Cc c tnh suy hao ca cp thng ph thuc vo cc h s truyn dn v phading, loi ny c gi l phading chm, phading nhanh thung l kt qu ca cc hin tng truyn a tia (nhiu ng). Tn hiu tng hp thu c ti pha thu l tng cc tn hiu n my di ng t cc hng khc nhau. Cc tn hiu ny c bin v pha thay i ngu nhin v mi thi im n c th c tng cng hoc b suy gim mnh. Do tnh cht ngu nhin ca phading nn ngi ta khng th nghin cu chng bng cc phng php tin nh m phi dng cc phng php thng k. Hm mt xc sut ca ng bao tn hiu thu i vi phading chm tun theo quy lut phn b chun. i vi phading nhanh ngi ta chia chng ra thnh 2 tn hiu: khi tn hiu tng hp l tng ch ca cc tia khng trc x th hm mt phn b xc xut ca ng bao tn hiu l Rayleigh; khi tn hiu tng hp bao gm c tia trc x v khng trc x th ta c phading Rice. + can nhiu Can nhiu v tuyn l 1 trong nhng vn quan trng bc nht trong thit k, khai thc v bo tr cc h thng thng tin di ng. Do s tng trng nhanh chng s lng cc h thng thng tin v tuyn nn khng th m bo l mt h thng no hot ng khng gy nhiu hoc b nhiu t cc h thng khc. C hai loi nhiu chnh cn phi ch trong thng tin di ng l nhiu cng knh CCI (Co_channel Interference) v nhiu knh ln cn ACI (Adjacent Channel Interference). b. Yu t th hai: Cn phi xem xt n khi thit k cc h thng thng tin v tuyn l cc mch iu ch v gii iu ch, gi tt l modem. iu ch l qu trnh m ho thng tin t ngun tin theo mt phng thc no ph hp vi qu trnh truyn dn. Nhn chung chnh l qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu bng gc thnh tn hiu bng thng di tn cao hn so vi tn hiu bng gc. Tn hiu bng thng l tn hiu iu ch v tn hiu bng gc l tn hiu iu ch. iu ch c th thc hin bng cch thay i bin , pha, tn s ca sng mang cao tn theo tn hiu. Gii iu ch l qu trnh tch tn hiu bng gc t tn hiu sng mang di dng c x l i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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v dch gii trong my thu. Cc mch iu ch tng t ch dng trong cc h thng tin di ng th h th nht. Cc mch iu ch s hin nay c s dng rng ri vi nhiu cu trc khc nhau v cc ch tiu k thut khc nhau. Cc mch iu ch s c nhiu im ni tri hn hn so vi cc mch tng t nh kh nng min nhiu cao, kh nng chng suy gim cht lng knh, d tch ghp ng tn hiu, an ton v bo mt caoCh tiu nh gi mch iu ch l hiu qu cng sut v bng thng. Hiu qu cng sut th hin kh nng k thut ca mch iu ch cho php truyn d liu mc cng sut thp. Trong cc h thng thng tin s, tng min nhiu th phi tng cng sut tn hiu, tuy nhin cng sut ny ch c tng n mt mc nht nh tu theo loi mch iu ch s dng. Ngi ta thng s dng t l nng lng tn hiu ca mt bit trn mt ph cng sut nhiu (Eb/No) cn thit u ra ca my thu vi mt xc sut li nht nh (vd 10 5 ) nh gi hiu qu cng sut ca mch. Hiu qu bng thng c xem nh kh nng ca mch iu ch truyn dng d liu trong mt bng thng hu hn. Nhn chung vic tng tc d liu s lm gim rng xung ca k t s tc l gim bng thng ca tn hiu. Cc mch iu ch la chn cng cn c cn nhc k lng gia tc v bng thng chim dng v c nh gi thng qua t l tc d liu trn 1Hz. Dung lng h thng thng tin di ng s ph thuc trc tip vo hiu qu bng thng ca mch iu ch. Ngoi vic ch n cng sut v bng thng cng cn ch thm nhiu cc yu t khc trong vic la chn modem, v d i vi cc h thng thng tin c nhn phc v cho mt i tng khch hng ln th cn gim mc ti a gi thnh v phc tp ca thit b thu bao. Trong mi trng c phading Rayleigh v Rice cn la chn cc mch iu ch v gii iu ch mt cch thn trng. i vi cc h thng t bo th vn nhiu l quan trng hn c v vy cc mch iu ch cng phi c nhng c im ring bit, c bit l mc nhy cm ca b tch sng i vi rung pha v mt thi gian. Trong k thut iu ch tri ph, cc mch iu ch v gii iu ch c th t c hiu qu rt cao v cng sut. V hiu qu bng thng trong iu kin cc knh nhiu trng l n nh. c tnh cht lng ca cc mch iu ch trong mi trng phading l a tia c nh gi thng qua xc sut ny hon ton ph thuc vo t l Eb/No. c. Yu t th ba: Cn c xt n khi thit k cc h thng thng tin di ng l cc mch chng phading, c bit l phading chn tn. i vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn bin i theo thi gian th k thut pha ding c mt v tr c bit quan trng. Cc phng php thu phn tp theo khng gian, thi gian hoc kt hp thng i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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khng m bo cc yu cu cht lng truyn dn trong mi trng phn tn. V vy cn phi la chn mt phng php chng pha ding thch hp hoc mt phng php cn bng no gim nh nh hng ca nhiu, c bit l nhiu cng knh. 2.2 K thut khi phc tn hiu MSK Trc ht mt cu hi t ra l ti sao phi khi phc tn hiu?. Trong chng hai ny ta ch xt cc k thut khi phc li tn hiu MSK da trn m hnh m phng s khi phc li tn hiu MSK file msk_sync trong Matlab 7.0. Khi chui tn hiu s c iu ch bng c s v truyn dn trn knh truyn, m trn ng truyn lun lun c nhiu, tp m, cc yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn sng mang. Do , m hnh m phng trong Matlab 7.0 tn hiu truyn trn knh c cng n Gaussian trng c thm dch pha, dch tn s v dch ng b pha m phng cho cc yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn trong thc t. Ti ni thu tn hiu trc khi c gii iu ch phi c nh thi li thi gian, khi phc li tn s sng mang v khi phc li pha mang sau l khi phc li tn hiu pht. Thc t, mc kt hp chnh xc gia cc tn hiu thu, pht c th l gn ng, dn n mt s thit hi v cht lng truyn dn. Khi phc li tn hiu MSK trong s m phng trong Matlab 7.0 bao gm cc yu t sau: 2.2.1 Khi phc nh thi k hiu Mt trong nhng u th ca truyn dn tn hiu s so vi truyn dn tn hiu tng t l kh nng ti sinh tn hiu s thu c. Vic ti sinh tn hiu v bn cht l mt th tc ly mu tn hiu thu c, thc hin vo cc thi im thch hp. Ti thi im thch hp ny, t s tn hiu trn tp l cao nht v xc sut xuyn nhiu l nh nht. my thu bit c thi im ny, thng tin no l thch hp c truyn n t ni pht. Khi phc nh thi tn hiu MSK trong s m phng chnh l khi phc nh thi k hiu pha s dng phng php khng tuyn tnh bc bn. y l phng php phn hi phi s liu ph hp cho vic iu ch MSK bng c s. Phng php ny c lp vi khi phc pha mang nhng cn hiu chnh trc dch tn s sng mang. l phng php c lng dch pha thi gian cho mi k hiu v a ra gi tr tng ng vi thi im ly mu ngay lp tc. Li ra cho c lng dch pha thi gian cho mi k hiu, n l gi tr thc khng m nh hn N, m N l s mu trn mt k hiu (symbol). Thng s khuych i li s dng tng bc cp nht c lng pha chnh xc. H thng li ra l kt qu ca vic p dng c lng i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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pha tng ng tn hiu li vo. Pha li ra l c lng pha ca mi k hiu ti tn hiu li vo. * Phng php phn hi cho s khi phc nh thi pha Phng php khi phc nh thi k hiu pha c mn t bng s khi sau: Li vo B ni suy Li ra

B pht hin li ng b e(k) c lng pha B iu khin B lc vng

Hnh 21: S khi phc nh thi pha

Cc thnh phn trong hnh v: Tn hiu li vo ca b lc nhn a ra dng tn hiu li ra c lm cho ph hp vi dng xung truyn. B ni suy pht ra thm cc mu da trn gi tr a ra ca b pht hin li ng b. B ni suy s dng php ni suy tuyn tnh gia hai cp im pht b xung cc mu. Ta c th hiu c ch hot ng ca b ni suy trong s hnh 21 nh sau: b ni suy xc nh im ly mu tn hiu li vo sm ln hay mun i da trn cc gi tr a ra ca b pht hin li ng b. Nhng kh khn l ch xc nh c cc im ri rc t cc im lin tc. M khi li vo tn hiu b rung pha do dch nh thi nn b i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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ni suy phi cn c vo cp im ri rc v bc tr ca tn hiu li vo tng ng vi thi im tr ca tn hiu suy ra im ly mu ca tn hiu, t s khi phc nh thi k hiu pha. B pht hin li ng b pht hin li tn hiu ng b ca mi mt k hiu vo. Thut ton s dng cho pht hin li ng b ph thuc vo th vin ca khi. B lc vng cp nht c lng pha cho dng k hiu s dng tn hiu ng b li v c lng pha ca cc k hiu trc v chn li chng ph. Uc lng pha ti thi im (k + 1) cho mt k hiu l

k+g k +1

*e(k), trong g l kch thc bc v e(k) l li ng b cho mi k hiu, e(k) cng ti thiu cng tt. e(k) = (-1)D+1Re{ r2 (kT T s + dk - 1)r*2( ( k - 1)T Ts + dk - 2)} -(- 1 )D + 1Re { r2( kT + Ts + dk - 1)r*2((k - 1)T + Ts + dk - 1)} Trong r l khi tn hiu li vo T l chu k symbol T s l chu k mu * l lin hp phc d k l c lng pha cho k hiu D l 1 cho MSK v l 2 cho iu ch Gausian MSK (GMSK) Khi iu khin s dng c lng pha xc nh ni suy nhanh. T gi tr c lng pha ny s iu khin ly mu tn hiu sm ln hay chm i bm theo s thay i pha ca tn hiu li vo. 2.2.2 K thut khi phc tn s sng mang Tn hiu sau khi qua knh truyn b dch tn s, iu l hin nhin v tn s thay i theo nhit v trn knh truyn lun lun c nhiu. Ti ni thu dng thut ton khi phc tn s sng mang, thut ton ny bao gm thut ton c lng gi tr dch tn s sng mang sau hiu chnh li tn s b dch v b thay i trn knh truyn. Trong thut ton c lng tn s sng mang l thut ton b xung c lng tn s sng mang trn c s phng php tr v nhn. l thut ton c i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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bit vng h khng cn s tr gip ca d liu v l thut ton c s tr gip ca ng h da trn phng php lu tha 2P. 2.2.3 K thut khi phc pha mang Do knh truyn c tp m nhiu v b dch pha nn tn hiu n ni thu phi c khi phc li. Khi phc pha sng mang ca tn hiu li vo s dng phng php lu tha 2P (2P-Power). l phng php nui tin c s tr gip ca ng h v khng c tr gip d liu ph hp vi cc h thng s dng iu ch bng c s: iu ch pha lin tc (CPM), kho dch cc tiu (MSK), kho dch tn s pha lin tc (CPFSK) v kho dch pha cc tiu Gausian. Nu biu din ch s iu ch CPM nh phn thc h = K/P, th P l s m lu tha 2P (2P-Power) cp n. Phng php lu tha 2P gi thit pha sng mang bin i qua mt dy cc k hiu lin tip v tr li c lng pha mang cho mt lot cc k hiu. Thng s khong quan st l s cc k hiu m pha sng mang gi thit thay i. S ny phi l bi s nguyn ln ca di vec t tn hiu li vo. Coi s k hiu xut hin trong sut khong quan st l x(1), x(2), x(3),..., x(L), th kt qu c lng pha sng mang l:
1 L arg ( x(k )) 2 P 2P k =1

Khi gi tr tr v ca arg l gia -180 v 180 . Bi v t khi khi phc li pha mang ny tnh ton ni i s phc nn vic c lng pha sng mang vn khng xc nh. Vic c lng pha sng mang gia -90/P v 90/P v phi khc vi pha sng mang thc bi bi s nguyn ln ca 180/P . Hay ni mt cch khc P chnh l nhn t quyt nh gi tr c lng pha hay chnh xc ca phng php s dng trong khi khi phc pha mang. 2.2.4 Gii iu ch tn hiu MSK Gii iu ch tn hiu MSK s dng thut ton Viterbi. Thut ton Viterbi l thut ton ti u nht trong vic tm ng i trong mng ca s cy m. Tc l tm t hp chui bt gn st vi d liu c truyn i nht trong s cc t hp chui bit c m ho trong mng ca s cy c truyn n ni thu. Ta c th gii thch thut ton Viterbi nh sau: Gii m vng xon l xc nh 1 trong s 2 r ng c th c ca s cy m, ng cn tm c c ly Hamming gia hai chui k hiu chnh l s k hiu khc i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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nhau gia chng. Vy s con s 1 ca kt qu cng modulo 2 cc bit (k hiu) tng ng chnh l c ly Hamming. V nguyn tc, ta c th ln lt thc hin 2 r php cng modulo 2 ca tng b m vi chui bt bn tin tm ra 1 b m (trong s 2 r b m tin nh) c c ly Hamming nh nht n chui bit bn tin nhn c. B m kt qu ny c xc sut cao nht chnh l bn tin pht. Trong thc t mt n v bn tin c r bng hng trm k hiu th khng c my tnh no lm ni 2 r php cng hai modulo 2 trong thi gian chp nhn c. Thut ton viterbi bin ci khng th thnh ci c th bng cch ch ra quy tc loi b tt c cc b m c xc sut thp, do khoanh vng xt c ly Hamming ca 4r b m (4r << 2 r ).

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Chng III M PHNG H THNG KHI PHC TN HIU MSK

Xem s m hnh m phng qu trnh khi phc nh thi, khi phc tn s sng mang v khi phc pha mang ca tn hiu MSK bng c s (Hnh 22). 3.1 Cu trc chng trnh m phng on chng trnh gii thiu khi phc tn hiu MSK , file msk_sync (ng b msk), minh ho m hnh suy gim knh nh l lm dch nh thi pha, tn s sng mang v dch pha tn hiu kho dch cc tiu (MSK). Chng trnh minh ho vic s dng cc khi t th vin ng b khi phc tn hiu. 3.1.1. Cu trc chng trnh m phng M hnh gii thiu vic pht tn hiu MSK qua knh chu tc ng gim cp (suy gim) bao gm nhng thnh phn: Ngun tn hiu MSK s dng khi my pht nh phn Bernoulli xut ra cc k hiu bit u n v iu ch cc k hiu s dng khi iu ch bng c c MSK . Mt m hnh knh s dng cc gi tr dch c lp v nh thi pha, tn s v pha. M hnh knh cng bao gm khi knh AWGN. Khi phc tn hiu bao gm: Khi phc nh thi s dng khi khi phc nh thi tn hiu MSK. Khi phc tn s sng mang s dng phng php tr v phng php nhn. Khi phc pha mang s dng khi khi phc pha CPM. Khi gii iu ch bng c s MSK (BER). Cui cng khi chy chng trnh, n bt u vi mt vi thng s chung vi mt vi khi khc. Cc khi tnh ton v hin th cc h thng tc li bt

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Khi chy m phng, khi hin th s cho thy gi tr c lng sai lch knh v BER. c bit l hin th BER gm ba thnh phn: tnh ton tc li bt (BER), s li quan st thy v s bit c x l. C th quan st tn hiu MSK qua khi Discrete-Time Scatter Plot Scope (hin th s im phn tn thi gian) ti cc giai on khc nhau. Tn hiu MSK cung cp cng c trc gic cn thit khi thut ton khi phc hot ng, c bit c th bt v tt thut ton. Cng c th khi ng li vic tnh ton BER sau khi tn hiu trng thi n nh. 3.1.3. Th nghim vi chng trnh Chng trnh gii thiu c thit k c th thay i cc sai lch mt cch c lp trong khi m phng ang chy. Cng c th s dng chuyn mch trigg bt hoc tt s khi phc trong khi m hnh ang chy v sau quan st hiu ng qua cc im phn tn. 3.2 Cc khi trong s m phng 3.2.1 My pht nh phn Bernoulli T dao ng Bernoulli-phn phi ngu nhin cc s nh phn a.Miu t

Khi pht nh phn Bernoulli to nhng s nh phn ngu nhin s dng phn phi Bernoulli. Phn phi Bernoulli vi thng s p bng 0 vi xc sut p v bng 1 vi xc sut 1-p. b. Thuc tnh ca tn hiu li ra

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Tn hiu li ra c th l ma trn da trn khung, mt mu c s theo vec t hng hoc ct hoc l mt kch thc mng da trn mu. Cc thuc tnh trn c iu khin bi cc thng s da trn khung li ra, mu trn khung v thng s vec t 1-D. S phn t trong tham s xc nh ban u (Initial seed) v xc sut xut hin gi tr khng (Probability of a zero) tr thnh s ct trong li ra da trn khung hoc s phn t trong vect li ra da trn mu. Cng vy, vic chia (hng hoc ct) ca tham s xc nh ban u v tham s xc sut vi vic xut hin gi tr khng thnh chia da trn mu tn hiu hai chiu li ra. - Xc sut xut hin gi tr khng: Xc sut vi vic xut hin gi tr 0 li ra. - Gi tr khi u: gi tr ban u ca my pht s ngu nhin. Gi tr khi u c th l mt vect c di nh thng s xc sut xut hin gi tr khng (Probability of a zero) hoc v hng. - Thi gian ly mu: Chu k ca mi vect da trn mu hoc mi hng ca ma trn da trn khung. - Cc li ra da trn khung Xc nh li ra da theo khung hay theo mu -Cc mu trn khung: S mu trn mi ct ca tn hiu li ra da trn khung. Trng ny ch c hot ng nu cc li ra da trn khung c nh du.

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- Thng s vector mt chiu 1-D: Nu bng ny c nh du, li ra l tn hiu mt chiu. Nu khng th li ra l tn hiu hai chiu. Bng ny ch hot ng ch khi Frame-based outputs khng c nh du. 3.2.2 iu ch tn hiu bng c s MSK iu ch s dng phng php kho dch cc tiu a. Miu t

Khi iu ch bng c s MSK iu ch s dng phng php kho dch cc tiu. Li ra l biu din bng c s ca tn hiu iu ch.

- Thuc tnh li ra: Li ra c th mt l v hng hoc l vect ct da theo khung. Nu tham s kiu li vo Input type c t l nguyn, khi s cp nht gi tr 1 v -1. Nu tham s Input type t l bit, khi cp nht vi gi tr l 0 hoc 1. - Ly mu nhanh tn hiu iu ch: Khi ny c th cho ra mt phin bn ly mu nhanh ca tn hiu iu ch. Thng s mu trn k hiu l h s ly mu tng, n phi l s nguyn dng. - Loi li vo: xc nh d liu li vo l lng cc hay nh phn. - Dch pha (rad): Pha ban u ca dng sng li ra. - Mu trn k hiu: s mu m khi to ra i vi mi s nguyn hoc bit ti li vo.

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Kho lun tt nghip 3.2.3 Knh AWGN Cng n Gaussian trng vo gi tr li vo a. Miu t

Ng Th Nguyn_K46DB

Khi knh AWGN cng n Gassusian trng l thc hoc phc vo tn hiu li vo. Khi tn hiu li vo l thc, khi ny cng gi tr thc n Gaussian v sinh ra gi tr thc tn hiu li ra. Khi tn hiu li vo l phc, khi ny cng gi tr phc n Gaussian v sinh ra tn hiu phc li ra. Khi tip theo ny ly mu thi gian t tn hiu li vo. Khi ny s dng khi ngun ngu nhin ca khi t x l tn hiu to ra n. Thng s gi tr xc lp ban u trong khi khi to my pht n. Gi tr xc lp ban u c th hoc l v hng hoc l vect khp s knh trong tn hiu li vo. Khi knh AWGN gm cc thng s sau:

- X l da trn khung v li vo l tn hiu mt chiu: Khi ny c th x l nhiu knh tn hiu da theo khung hoc da theo mu. Ch dn di y gii thch hot ng ca khi tu thuc vo dng d liu v trng thi khung: Nu li vo l mu v hng, khi s cng n Gaussian v hng vo tn hiu. Nu li vo l vect da theo mu hoc vect hng da theo khung, khi cng n Gaussian c lp vo mi knh.

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Nu li vo l vect ct da theo khung, khi cng mt khung n Gaussian vo mi knh tn hiu. Nu li vo l mt ma trn m*n da trn khung, khi s cng khung di m ca n Gaussian c lp vo mi knh trong n knh. Li ra c th khng phi l ma trn m*n da trn mu nu c hai m v n ln hn 1. - Xc nh s bin thin mt cch trc tip hay gin tip C th c th ho s bin thin ca n c to ra bi khi knh AWGN s dng mt trong nhng cch sau: T s tn hiu trn n lng t (Eb/No), khi khi tnh ton s bin thin t s lng c c th ho bng bng di y: Eb/No: t s nng lng bit trn mt ph cng sut nhiu. S bit trn k hiu. Cng sut tn hiu li vo, cng sut ca k hiu li vo. Chu k k hiu. T s tn hiu trn n lng t (Es/No), khi khi tnh ton s bin thin t s lng c c th ho bng bng di y: Es/No: t s nng lng tn hiu trn mt ph cng sut nhiu. Nng lng tn hiu vo, nng lng k hiu li vo. Chu k k hiu T s tn hiu trn n (SNR), khi khi tnh ton s bin thin t s lng c c th ho bng bng di y: SNR: t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut n Cng sut tn hiu li vo, cng sut ca mu li vo Variance from mask: Ni xc nh variance trong hp thoi v phi l gi tr dng.

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Variance from port: khi cp variance nh l mt u vo ca khi. Variance li vo phi l gi tr dng v n c tc ly mu phi bng tn hiu li vo. Nu tn hiu li vo l da trn k t, variance vo phi l da theo k t. Nu tn hiu u tin li vo da theo khung, variance li vo c th hoc l da theo khung vi chnh xc mt dng, hoc da theo mu. Trong c hai kiu(mode) Variance from mask v Variance from port, nhng quy tc ny miu t phng thc khi gii thch s bin thin: Nu s bin thin l v hng, tt c cc knh c lp nhau nhng chia s bin thin nh nhau Nu s bin thin l mt vect di ca n l s knh trong tn hiu li vo, mi thnh phn i din cho bin thin ca mi tng quan cc knh tn hiu. a. Mi quan h gia Eb/No, Es/No, v SNR Tn hiu li vo phc, khi knh AWGN c quan h vi Eb/No, Es/No v SNR theo cc phng trnh sau: Es/ No = SNR . ( Tsym/Tsamp ) Es/No = Eb/No + 10log(k) dB Trong Es = nng lng tn hiu ( J ) Eb = nng lng bit ( J ) No = Mt ph cng sut nhiu (W/Hz) Tsym l thng s chu k mu ca khi trong Es/No k l s bit trn 1 symbol li vo Tsamp l thi gian ly mu ca khi, tnh bng giy Khi tn hiu vo l thc, khi knh AWGN c mi lin h vi Es/No v SNR theo cng thc sau: Es/No = 2 . SNR . ( Tsym/Tsamp )

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Ch : Phng trnh vi trng hp thc khc vi phng trnh tng ng i vi trng hp phc bi h s 2 . iu ny l bi v khi ny s dng mt cng sut nhiu ca No/2 W/Hz cho tn hiu li vo thc, khc vi No W/Hz cho cc tn hiu phc. 3.2.4 Khi khi phc nh thi tn hiu MSK Khi phc li mu pha ng b s dng phng php phi tuyn bc bn a. Miu t

Khi khi phc ng b tn hiu MSK: l khi khi phc li mu pha nh thi ca tn hiu li vo s dng phng php phi tuyn bc bn. Khi ny thc hin phng php t hi tip v khng cn s tr gip ca d liu (non-data-aided feedback). iu ny c lp vi khi phc pha sng mang nhng cn hiu chnh dch tn s sng mang. Khi ny ph hp vi cc h thng s dng iu ch kho dch cc tiu bng c s (MSK) hoc l iu ch kho dch cc tiu c b lc Gaussian li vo (GMSK). Khi ny gm cc thng s sau:

- Cc li vo: Nu mc nh khi ny c mt cng li vo. Tn hiu li vo c th l li vo ca mt b lc thu (nhng khng bt buc) c ni vi dng xung pht hoc li vo b lc thng thp gii hn lng n li vo khi ny. Tn hiu li vo phi l v hng hoc l vect ct da theo khung.Tn hiu li vo s dng N mu th hin mi mt k hiu, khi N > 1 l thng s cc mu da trn k hiu. Nu li vo l da theo khung, th vect di l N*R, trong R l s i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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nguyn dng ch ra s k hiu c trong mt khung. Nu li vo l da trn mu , th thi gian ly mu l 1/N ln di chu k k hiu. Nu thng s Reset t l On nonzero input via port, th khi c cng li vo th hai, nhn Rst. Li vo Rst xc nh khi qu trnh c lng thi gian bt u li v phi l tn hiu v hng. Thi gian ly mu li vo Rst bng chu k k hiu nu tn hiu vo da trn mu v l chu k khung nu tn hiu li vo da theo khung. - Li ra: Khi c hai cng li ra, c nhn Sym v Ph Li ra Sym l kt qu ca vic p dng c lng s hiu chnh pha t tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li ra ny l gi tr tn hiu cho mi k hiu, m c th c s dng cho mc ch quyt nh. Cc gi tr ny trong li vo Sym xut hin theo t l: Nu tn hiu li vo l vect ct da trn khung ca di N*R, li ra Sym l vect ct da theo khung ca di R c cng chu k da theo khung. Nu tn hiu li vo l da theo mu v hng vi thi gian ly mu T/N th li ra da theo khung v hng vi thi gian ly mu T. Li ra Ph a ra c lng pha cho mi k hiu trong tn hiu li vo. Li ra Ph cha s thc khng m, nh hn N. Cc gi tr nguyn khng m cho c lng pha tng ng vi cc gi tr ni suy nm gia hai gi tr ca tn hiu li vo. Thi gian ly mu hoc chu k khung ca li ra Ph cng tng t nh l li vo Sym. Ch Nu li ra Ph gn nh bng khng hoc bng mu trn k hiu hoc nu dch pha thi gian thc l rt gn khng, th tnh chnh xc ca khi ny phi c dung ho bi lng nh n hoc s bin ng tp. Khi ny lm vic chnh xc khi dch pha thi gian gn v khng. - Tr: Khi ny gy ra tr ca hai k hiu khi tin hiu li vo da theo khung v khi tn hiu li vo da theo mu.

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- Cp nht li li: L s thc dng th hin cho kch thc bc m khi s dng cho c lng pha lin tip c cp nht. in hnh l s ny nh hn 1/N m tng ng vi pha bin i chm. - S thit lp li: Quyt nh hon cnh iu kin no m khi ny bt u li qu trnh c lng pha. *Thut ton Khi thut ton ny rt ra thng tin v ng b bng vic ly mu tn hiu c s thng qua phng php phi tuyn bc bn cho php bi b vi phn s m li vo c lm trn. Thut ton ny s dng tn hiu li iu chnh ly mu. C th hn, khi ny s dng b pht hin li nh thi m kt qu ca n cho k hiu l e(k) a ra chng 2. 3.2.5 Khi khi phc pha mang CPM Khi phc pha sng mang s dng phng php 2P-Power a. Miu t

Nu bn biu din ch s iu ch CPM nh phn thc h = K/P, th P l s m phng php lu tha 2P m ch ti. Phng php 2P-Power gi thit pha sng mang bin i qua mt dy cc biu tng lin tip v o s hi tip v ca cc dy pha sng mang. Thng s khong quan st l s cc k hiu m pha sng mang gi thit bin i. S ny phi l bi s nguyn ca di vec t tn hiu li vo. Khi ny gm cc thng s sau:

- Li vo v li ra

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Tn hiu li vo phi l vect ct da trn khung hoc da trn mu v hng. Tn hiu li vo th hin tn hiu bng c s ti tc k hiu, bi vy n phi l gi tr phc v phi cha mt mu trn symbol. Cc tn hiu li ra l cc tn hiu sau y: Cng li ra nhn Sig a ra kt qu lun chuyn tn hiu li vo ngc nhiu kim ng h, khi lng lun chuyn tng ng c lng pha sng mang. Bi vy li ra Sig l phin bn ca tn hiu li vo c hiu chnh v c cng thi gian ly mu v kch thc vect nh tn hiu li vo. Cng li ra nhn Ph a ra c lng pha sng mang, o bng , cho tt c cc k hiu trong khong quan st. Li ra Ph l tn hiu v hng. Ch : Bi v t khi ny tnh ton i s phc nn vic c lng pha mang vn khng xc nh. Vic c lng pha mang gia -90/P v 90/P v phi khc vi pha mang thc bi bi s nguyn ca 180/P . - Tr v thi gian tr: Khi thut ton ny yu cu n la chn cc k hiu trong sut chu k di khong quan st trc khi tnh ton c lng n l ca pha mang. Do mi c lng l tr bi khong cch quan st cc k hiu v hiu chnh tn hiu c thi gian tr ca khong quan st cc k hiu, lin quan ti tn hiu li vo.

3.2.6 Gii iu ch tn hiu bng c s MSK a. Miu t

Khi gii iu ch bng c s MSK: gii iu ch tn hiu m c iu ch s dng phng php kho dch pha cc tiu. Li ra l s biu din bng c s ca

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tn hiu c iu ch. Thng s dch pha l pha ban u ca dng sng iu ch. Khi ny gm cc thng s sau y:

- di vt ngc v tr li ra T bn trong, khi ny to ra s m t cc mng li ca s iu ch v s dng thut ton Viterbi. Thng s di vt ngc_D (Traceback length), trong khi ny l s cc nhnh mng s dng mi ng dn di vt ngc. D nh hng n tr u ra, tr li ra l s cc k hiu c gi tr 0 ng trc gi tr gii iu ch c ngha u tin trong gi tr li ra: +Nu tn hiu li vo l da trn mu th tr bao gm D+1 k hiu bng khng. +Nu tn hiu li vo l da trn khung th tr bao gm D k hiu bng khng. - Li vo v li ra Li vo c th l hoc v hng hoc vect ct da trn khung. Nu thng s Output type t l nguyn th khi c gi tr 1 v -1. Nu thng s Output type t l bit th khi c gi tr 0 v 1. b. Qu trnh ly mu nhanh tn hiu iu ch Tn hiu li vo c th l phin bn ly mu nhanh (upsampled version) ca tn hiu iu ch. Thng s mu trn k hiu l h s ly mu. N phi l nguyn dng. - Loi tn hiu li ra: Xc nh liu l li vo bao gm gi tr lng cc hay nh phn. - Dch pha (rad): Pha ban u ca dng sng iu ch.

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- S mu trn mt k hiu l: S lng mu c trong mi k hiu iu ch. - di vt ngc: S lng mng nhnh m khi m ho Viterbi s dng to ra ng dn vt ngc (traceback path). 3.2.7 Gin hin th cc im phn tn Hin th thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ca gin chm sao ca tn hiu iu ch. a. Miu t

Khi gin hin th cc im phn tn: hin th cc im phn tn ca tn hiu iu ch cho bit c tnh iu ch nh l: s phn chia xung hoc mo knh ca tn hiu. Khi hin th cc im phn tn c mt cng li vo. Tn hiu li vo phi l phc. Tn hiu li vo phi l da trn mu v hng trong ch da trn mu. Li vo phi l vec t ct da trn khung hoc l v hng trong ch da trn khung. 3.2.8 Gin mt hin th a vt tn hiu c iu ch a. Miu t

Khi gin mt phn tn hin th a vt ca tn hiu c iu ch to ra gin mt. C th s dng khi ny s cho bit c tnh iu ch ca tn hiu nh l s phn chia xung hoc mo knh. Nu rng ca mt nh v nho th tn hiu b nhiu. Tn hiu b nhiu t hay nhiu c th hin m ca mt nh hay ln.

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Khi gin mt c mt cng vo. Tn hiu li vo c th hoc thc hoc phc. Tn hiu li vo phi l da trn mu v hng trong ch da trn mu. Tn hiu li vo phi l vect ct hoc v hng trong ch da trn khung.

3.3 M phng bng Matlab 7.0 Trong phn m phng bng matlab 7.0 s m phng tn hiu i qua knh ch c nhiu gaussian; tn hiu qua knh ngoi nhiu gaussian cn c dch nh thi, dch pha, dch tn s; m phng tn hiu sau khi khi phc nh thi, khi phc tn s sng mang, khi phc pha mang; m phng hin th BER. chy chng trnh m phng thc hin cc thao tc sau: ti ca s lnh ca Matlab 7.0 g demo sau click Getting Started with Demos/Blocksets/Communications/Synchronization and Receivers/MSK Signal Recovery/Open this model. Ti s m phng khi phc nh thi, tn s v pha sng mang, sau click play chy chng trnh. 3.3.1 M phng tn hiu i qua knh ch c cng n Gaussian trng (AWGN) Tn hiu i qua knh truyn khng c dch nh thi, dch pha mang, dch tn s sng mang.

Hnh 23. Gin pha ca tn hiu MSK qua knh truyn ch c nhiu Gausian vi E b /N 0 = 45db

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Hnh 23 biu din gin pha ca tn hiu MSK qua knh truyn c cng n Gassian trng xt vi E b /N 0 = 45dB so vi gin khng gian ca tn hiu MSK trc khi truyn trn knh (hnh 7) th cc im chm biu din pha b lan rng so vi cc im chm trc khi qua knh truyn. Nh vy nhiu Gaussian trng gy ra nh hng n tn hiu truyn trn knh l: + Lm cho pha ca tn hiu b x dch mt lng nh, iu ny lm cho cc im pha lan rng sang hai bn so vi im pha trc khi qua knh truyn. Do lm cho tn hiu n ni thu b nho. + Lm cho tn hiu b thng ging nn cc im x dch ln xung so vi cc im trc khi qua knh truyn. Kt qu nhiu Gaussian trng trn knh truyn lm cho cc im pha ca tn hiu MSK x dch theo cc chiu hay im chm pha lan rng hn so vi im chm pha trc khi qua knh truyn. Nh vy tp m Gaussian trng ca knh truyn lm nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu truyn trn knh, nh hng ny c th hin bng mc chm b nho t hay nhiu. Khi chm b nho t ngha l tn hiu b thng ging t v b x dch pha t. Hnh 23 th hin t s tn hiu trn nhiu E b /N 0 = 45dB th tn hiu truyn qua knh b nhiu ln. Khi E b /N 0 = 60 dB gin pha ca tn hiu MSK (hnh 24) khng c s thay i so vi gin pha ca tn hiu MSK trc khi truyn qua knh (hnh 7). Trong thc t khi m ti ni thu ta vn thu c tn hiu t yu cu th nh hng ca nhiu Gaussian phi mc va phi. Trong trng hp cc loi nhiu khc nh dch nh thi, dch pha v dch tn s s gy ra cc nh hng ln hn. Nn khi phc ng b trong cc phn sau ch quan tm n khi phc cc i lng b dch ny v cho nh hng ca nhiu Gaussian ch mc rt nh (t s E b /N 0 = 60dB).

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Hnh 24: Gin pha ca tn hiu MSK qua knh ch c nhiu Gaussian vi E b /N 0 = 60dB 3.3.2 M hnh tn hiu qua knh gm nhiu Gaussian, dch nh thi, dch pha mang v dch tn s sng mang. i vi s m phng qu trnh khi phc nh thi, tn s sng mang v pha mang th cc gi tr dch nh thi, dch tn s sng mang v dch pha mang l cc gi tr dch c nh trong mi ln chy chng trnh m phng. Trong s m phng, gi tr dch nh thi chnh l gi tr dch nh thi k hiu pha, do ti ni thu pha c th n sm hay mun hn so vi pha ti ni pht. V vi s ny ch xem xt cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu iu ch MSK truyn trn ng truyn v vn khi phc da trn gin pha, nn ta ch quan tm n khi phc nh thi k hiu pha v pha mang, tn s sng mang t khi phc li tn hiu MSK Trc tin, xt ti v tr ch c dch nh thi k hiu pha i vi gi tr dch 0.2 chng hn (hnh 25). Ta thy rng nu ch c dch nh thi k hiu pha th cc im biu din cho pha ca tn hiu MSK dch v hai pha so vi cc im biu din pha cho tn hiu MSK nh trong hnh 24. Ngha l sau khi qua knh truyn gi tr pha ti ng thi im mi chu k bt c th hin trn hnh 25 l cc im dch v 3 hay ni cch khc l hin tng rung pha v mt thi hai pha so vi 0, , ,
2 2

gian. y l do tn hiu b x dch, nn ti ng thi im mi chu k bt th cc gi tr pha chnh l gi tr ti cc thi im sm hn hay mun hn so vi thi im cn thu. y l trng hp thng gp khi truyn tn hiu, v vy ti ni thu ta lun cn phi thc hin khi phc li nh thi tn hiu pha.

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Hnh 25 : M phng tn hiu ch b dch ng b thi gian Khi xt ch c s dch pha (xt vi gi tr dch pha l 30), gi tr ny l c nh trong mi ln chy m phng th pha ca tn hiu ti mi thi im b tng thm hoc gim i mt lng c nh. Ta thy trn hnh 26 m phng cc im trong qu o pha b dch i mt khong xc nh so vi cc im trong qu o pha biu din ca tn hiu truyn i khi khng c dch pha (hnh 7).

Hnh 26: M phng tn hiu MSK b dch pha Xt vi trng hp tn hiu nhn c ch dch tn s s lm cho pha ca tn hiu b thay i lin tc, hay ni cch khc dch tn s s lm cho gin qy o pha ca tn hiu MSK s b quay i theo gi tr dch tn s. V thay i tn s tn hiu s dn n pha ca tn hiu iu ch cng thay i theo thi gian (hnh 27).

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Khi gi tr dch tn s cng ln th vn tc gc thay i cng nhanh nn ta thy pha quay nhanh hn theo cng thc:
= d( t )/dt

Trong :

(t) = 2 ( f c + f )t + t + 0

Hnh 27: M phng tn hiu MSK b dch tn s Nh vy, tn hiu qua knh truyn c cng n Gaussian trng c dch nh thi, dch pha mang, dch tn s sng mang l s kt hp ca cc trng hp trn. Khi tn hiu qua knh truyn, qu o pha khng nhng thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n
/ 2 hoc ngc li t 0 n - / 2 tng ng vi dng bit d liu lng cc li vo l

1 hay 0 so vi bit ti thi im xt trc m cn b quay pha theo thi gian theo gi tr dch tn s v c m phng trn gin khng gian nh hnh 28.

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Hnh 28: Tn hiu MSK qua knh truyn khng ch c nhiu Gaussian Ta c th gii thch r hn ngha gin pha c m phng trn hnh 28 Theo nh chng mt ta xt qu trnh iu ch tn hiu MSK, pha ca n thay i tuyn tnh:
t = ki * i (t i * T )
i

i (t ) =

2T

t ;

T l khong chu k bit

Nh vy, tn hiu MSK iu ch c pha lun thay i tuyn tnh

90 theo thi gian t, m t chy trong khong t 0 n T. Nhng khi truyn trn knh
0

cng n Gaussian trng, dch nh thi, dch pha v dch tn s th pha ca tn hiu qua knh khng nhng thay i tuyn tnh m cn b dch i theo thi gian. C th l dch nh thi s lm pha dch sang hai pha so vi im ban u; dch pha s lm pha dch i mt khong. Hai gi tr dch chuyn ny s lm pha ca tn hiu b thay i trong mt di quanh im pha ban u. Trn hnh m phng khi ch lu nhiu im trn mn hnh ta s lu c cc di thnh cc cung trn (8 cung trn). Khi c dch tn lm cho dch pha tng dn theo thi gian lm cho cc cung trn dch chuyn ngc chiu kim ng h. So snh hai hnh 24 v 28 thy rng nhiu trn knh truyn do gi tr dch nh thi, dch pha v dch tn s mnh hn knh truyn ch c nhiu Gaussian rt nhiu. Do ti ni thu vic p dng cc phng php khi phc nh thi k hiu pha, khi phc tn s sng mang v khi phc pha mang l ch yu, sau mi gii iu ch tn hiu MSK.

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3.3.3 M phng m hnh khi phc nh thi k hiu pha, khi phc tn s v khi phc pha sng mang. Tn hiu MSK trc khi c gii iu ch phi c khi phc tn s, khi phc pha v khi phc nh thi k hiu pha. Ta xt ln lt khi phc nh thi k hiu pha sau khi phc tn s v cui cng l khi phc pha. Ta cn phi khi phc nh thi k hiu pha v khi phc tn s trc xc nh khong ly mu sm ln hay mun i so vi nhp bit lm cho tn hiu khng rung pha v mt thi gian, ng thi lm cho qu o pha khng quay na. Ti ni thu qu o pha ca tn hiu thu c khng rung pha v mt thi gian v ng yn th mi c lng dch pha mt cch chnh xc t khi phc pha mang v cho qua b gii iu ch tn kiu MSK s thu c chnh xc tn hiu pht. Ta kho st tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn ti thi im khi qua knh vi gi tr E b /N 0 tng dn.

Hnh 29 M phng nhiu trn knh truyn phn tn hnh 29 vi gi tr E b /N 0 rt nh, khong 20 dB th nhiu nh hng n tn hiu l rt ln, nn m hnh m phng ta thy nhiu phn tn rng v dy c. Trng hp ny gn nh l khng khi phc li c tn hiu ban u. i vi hnh 30 gi tr E b /N 0 c ci thin nn nhiu gim bt. Do vy ta nhn c hnh dng ca gin khng gian pha tn hiu MSK

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Hnh 30: M phng t s E b /N 0 c ci thin. Nh vy : khi t s E b /N 0 cng ln cng tt. Khi nng lng tn hiu trn mt tp m cng ln tn hiu truyn c i xa v khi phc li tn hiu mt cch d dng hn. File msk_sync trong Matlab 7.0 mc nh l ly gi tr E b /N 0 bng 60dB nn xc sut li bit qua knh truyn l nh.

Hnh 31: M phng t s E b /N 0 khong 40 dB

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Hnh 32: M phng t s E b /N 0 khong 60dB

Cc hnh m phng tn hiu ln lt qua cc b khi phc nh thi k hiu pha, khi phc tn s sng mang v khi phc pha mang:

Hnh 33: M phng khi phc nh thi k hiu pha Xt ln lt cc khi khi phc: Khi khi phc nh thi pha trong s m phng (hnh 22) thc cht l khi phc li nh thi k hiu pha. Khi trn ng truyn ch c dch thi, sau khi cho tn hiu thu c qua khi khi phc nh thi th mi i hc Cng ngh-HQG H Ni
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cp im chm gn nhau nht trn hnh 25 s chp thnh 1 im th hin cho vic xc nh c im ly mu tn hiu thu sm nn hay mun i do rung pha v mt thi gian. Khi m ng truyn c c dch thi, dch pha, dch tn th sau khi khi phc dch thi ta s thu c 4 cung trn xoay ngc chiu kim ng h. Tn hiu sau khi khi phc nh c i qua mch khi phc li tn s (hnh 33).

Hnh 34: M phng khi phc li tn s Tn hiu khi c khi phc tn s sng mang s c mt tn s xc nh, do tn s s khng thay i tuyn tnh theo thi gian na. Nn trn hnh 34 gin khng gian ca tn hiu MSK s ch cn gi tr pha b dch i vi mt gi tr xc nh so vi 3 trn gin pha tn hiu MSK (hnh 7). Tip tc cho i qua mch v tr 0, , ,
2 2

khi phc dch pha mang (hnh 35).

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Hnh 35: M phng khi phc pha mang Nh vy qua hai m hnh m phng khi phc tn s sng mang v khi phc pha mang ta thy rng li ra ca b khi phc tn s sng mang th pha mang s b dch v mt pha no vi mt gi tr pha xc nh so vi gin khng gian tn hiu MSK ti ni pht (hnh 7), khi qua s khi phc pha mang, n s dch vi mt lng bng ng gi tr nhng theo chiu ngc li. Hay ni cch khc, qua b khi phc pha mang n s b li mt lng pha bng ng gi tr pha b dch trn knh truyn. Khi tn hiu ti ni thu c khi phc c v nh thi, tn s v pha sau tn hiu MSK n b gii iu ch MSK ch c nhiu Gaussian. B gii iu ch ch cn dng thut ton Viterbi chn t hp ging vi bn tin pht i nht trong rt nhiu cc t hp d liu v ng thi loi b c nhiu Gaussian d dng.

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Hnh 36: Cc gi tr c lng dch nh thi, tn s, pha sau khi khi phc T hnh 36 ta thy rng cc gi tr c lng dch nh thi k hiu pha, tn s, pha mang c hin trn ng h o qua cc b khi phc c gi tr gn bng vi cc gi tr dch ng vai tr l nhiu trn knh truyn. Cc gi tr ny cng xp x vi gi tr dch ti ni pht cng tt. 3.3.4 S dng cng c Bertool trong Matlab 7.0 tnh ton BER * Cng thc v ngha ca tc li bit BER: Ta c: SNR = t s tn/tp = S/N . Nn tc bit c tnh theo cng thc C = B log 2 (1 + SNR) truyn khng c nhiu th N = 0 C= Nhng trong thc t iu ny l khng th xy ra v tc bt khng th l v cng v tp m nhiu trong khng kh khng th l bng khng c. Do ngi ta lun ly nhng gi t C v N mt gi tr thch hp.

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Trong khi xc sut sai li P e (tng ng vi sai bit BER) ph thuc vo C/N (tng ng vi E b /N 0 u vo ca b gii iu ch). Sai li cng ln tng ng vi hiu sut s dng ngun cng thp v nng lng tiu ph cho cng nhiu hn cho d liu sai. Vi
B Eb C = * W fb N0 N

Trong : E b l nng lng ca mt bit.

N 0 l mt tp m.

C l cng sut sng mang. N l cng sut nhiu.

Bw l t s ca di thng tp m vi tc bit. fb

T ta tnh c tc li bit BER ph thuc vo gi tr * Cc bc thao tc s dng Bertool:

Eb nh th no. N0

Cng c Bertool trong Matlab 7.0 m phng tnh ton BER v so snh vi kt qu BER thc nghim vi l thuyt. Cc bc thao tc s dng Bertool nh sau: Bc 1: M ca s lnh trong Matlab 7.0, sau click file/open, trong ca s open click MALAB7/toolbox/commblks/commblksdemos/msk_sync m file msk_sync l file m phng s khi phc tn hiu MSK. Bc 2: khai bo cc gi tr khi u ca cc thng s trong MATLAB workspace v cc gi tr trong cc khi thng s ny phi c nh ngha, nh vo ca s lnh MATLAB dng lnh sau: EbNo = 0; maxNumErrs = 100; maxNumBits = 1e8; Trong : EbNo l tham s khi u cho v bng 0 maxNumErrs l s bit li ln nht v bng 100 maxNumBits l s bit ln nht c x l v bng 1e8

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Bc 3: chc chn rng BERtool s dng ng lng n cho mi mt lng thi gian chy m phng, m hp thoi ca khi AWGN Channel bng vic click p vo khi. t Es/No l EbNo v click OK. Bc 4: s dng ng tiu chun dng cng c BERtool ang chy cho mi ln chy lp li, m khi Error Rate Calculation . t Target number of errors bng maxNumErrs, t Maxmum number of Symbol bng maxNumBits v click OK. l hai iu kin dng chng trnh m phng BER nu mt trong hai iu kin xy ra. Bc 5: BERtool c th truy nhp c kt qu BER v khi Error Rate Calculation tnh ton c s li bit, ta ly khi Signal to Workspace trong Signal Processing Blockest v ni vo u ra ca khi Error Rate Calculation

Bc 6: cu hnh thm vo khi Signal to Workspace ta m hp thoi. t thng s Variable name l BER, t thng s Limit data points to last l 1 v click l 1000.

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Bc 7: m phng chy nhanh hn vi gi tr EbNo ln hn, m hp thoi ca khi Bernoilli Binary Generatator. Kim t Frame-base outputs v t Samples per frame nn 1000. Bc 8: Save file m phng va thay i cc thng s trn vo v ly tn file l msk_1. Bc 9: (tu chn) ti ca s dng lnh Matlab ta nh dng lnh

set_param('bertool_bpskdoc','preLoadFcn',... 'EbNo = 0; maxNumErrs = 100; maxNumBits = 1e8;'); Bc ny c th c hoc khng cng c. Nu c th ta mc nh l cc ln sau ta chy li m phng vi chnh cc thng s ta va t v khng c s thay i. Bc 10: M BERtool v ti bng Monte Carlo Bc 11: t cc thng s trong bng Monte Carlo theo ch dn di y:

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Bc 12: Click Run BERtool s a ra kt qu tnh ton trong mt s khong thi gian v v nn mt s im. Bc 13: Ta cng c th so snh kt qu m phng l thuyt vi kt qu thc nghim. Click Theoretical trong BERtool v t theo cc thng s di y:

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Bc 14: Click Plot. Khi BERtool s v ra ng cong l thuyt v c ng thc nghim. * Kt qu hin th tc li bit BER (Bit error rate)

Hnh 37: Hin th BER Nh trn hnh tnh ton li bit BER. Vi gi tr E b /N 0 nh th BER cn rt ln, khi E b /N 0 trong khong t 30dB n 40dB BER gim rt nhanh. T E b /N 0 bng 40dB tr i BER c gi tr rt nh. Kt qu BER c c bi vic tnh ton da trn m phng b iu ch, knh AWGN cng nh mch lc thng gii v gii iu ch. Vic ny c thc hin khi c sng mang hon chnh v c s ng b bit. iu ny l rt quan trng v khng p dng c cho vic thit k trong h thng thc, c bit ti gi tr BER nh. tng kt hp sng mang v thut ton ng b bt c thc hin trong b m phng. Trong thc t vic lin kt h thng thng tin di ng thc gia cc v tr di chuyn v trm c s s tu thuc vo nhiu phading Rayleigh, l kt qu dch pha nhanh. iu ny s c nh hng ng k n gi tr BER. ci thin iu ny ta phi ci thin b gii iu ch v knh, lm cho t s E b /N 0 tng ln v gi tr BER gim i. C th tng t s C/N cho c trng BER mc ti a t 10 15 dB.

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Kt lun
Trong gii hn ca kho lun ny, mc ch l dng Matlab 7.0 m phng qu trnh khi phc tn hiu MSK trn iu kin knh truyn cht lng km. C th, kho lun ny m phng nhng nh hng ng vai tr l nhiu trn ng truyn n cht lng tn hiu thu c ti ni thu nh: dch nh thi k hiu pha, dch tn s, dch pha v nhiu Gaussian cng nh cho ta bit mc nh hng ca nhiu n dng tn hiu thu c. ng thi m phng c qu trnh khi phc nh thi k hiu pha, khi phc tn s sng mang, khi phc pha mang v nu nn cc phng php khi phc cc tham s b dch. Ngoi ra kho lun ny s dng cng c BERtool tnh tc li bit BER nhm minh ho tnh phc tp ca qu trnh khi phc tn hiu ti ni thu. Qua da vo l thuyt v m phng cho ta hnh dung ton cnh khi phc li tn hiu MSK trn knh truyn cht lng km trong thc t. Do thi gian v hiu bit c hn, chc chn kho lun ny khng trnh khi sai st. Em rt mong s gp v chm trc ca cc thy c. Em xin chn thnh cm n. H Ni, ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2005 Sinh vin Ng Th Nguyn

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Cc ti liu tham kho

[1] C s l thuyt truyn tin _Tp 1 Tc gi: ng Vn Chuyt, Nguyn Tun Anh. [2] K thut truyn dn s_ Hc vin k thut qun s _H Ni 2000 Tc gi: Nguyn Quc Bnh [3] Thng tin khng dy nguyn tc v thc hnh_Tp2 Ngi dch: Nguyn Vit Knh [4] Thng tin di ng s Cellular_Nh xut bn gio dc Tc gi: V c Th [5] Wireless Communication Principles and Practice Tc gi: Theodore S.Rappaport

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MC LC

Li m u.......................................................................................................................4 Chng I: TNG QUAN MT S K THUT IU CH S ...............................6 1.1 Kho dch pha (PSK) .............................................................................................6 1.2. Kho dch pha vung gc (QPSK) .......................................................................7 1.3 Kho dch pha lch vung gc (OQPSK)..............................................................9 1.4 K thut iu ch tn hiu MSK trong thng tin v tuyn ...................................11 1.4.1 Phng php iu ch v biu din tn hiu MSK........................................11 1.4.2 Gin khng gian tn hiu MSK ................................................................15 1.4.3 So snh ph ca tn hiu MSK vi tn hiu OQPSK. ...................................16 1.4.4 S b thu v pht tn hiu MSK...............................................................18 1.5 Kho dch ti thiu kiu Gauss (GMSK)...........................................................19 Chng II K THUT KHI PHC TN HIU MSK ............................................25

2.1 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn v tuyn ................................25 2.2 K thut khi phc tn hiu MSK.........................................................................28 2.2.1 Khi phc nh thi k hiu ..........................................................................28 2.2.2 K thut khi phc tn s sng mang ...........................................................30 2.2.3 K thut khi phc pha mang .......................................................................31 2.2.4 Gii iu ch tn hiu MSK...........................................................................31 Chng III M PHNG H THNG KHI PHC TN HIU MSK.....................33 3.1 Cu trc chng trnh m phng .......................................................................33 3.1.1. Cu trc chng trnh m phng ...............................................................33 3.1.2. Kt qu v hin th .....................................................................................34 3.1.3. Th nghim vi chng trnh .......................................................................34 3.2 Cc khi trong s m phng...........................................................................34

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3.2.1 My pht nh phn Bernoulli .......................................................................34 3.2.2 iu ch tn hiu bng c s MSK .............................................................36 3.2.3 Knh AWGN.................................................................................................37 3.2.4 Khi khi phc nh thi tn hiu MSK.......................................................40 3.2.5 Khi khi phc pha mang CPM....................................................................42 3.2.6 Gii iu ch tn hiu bng c s MSK .......................................................43 3.2.7 Gin hin th cc im phn tn..............................................................45 3.2.8 Gin mt ..................................................................................................45 3.3 M phng bng Matlab 7.0..................................................................................46 3.3.1 M phng tn hiu i qua knh ch c cng n Gaussian trng (AWGN)....46 3.3.2 M hnh tn hiu qua knh gm nhiu Gaussian, dch nh thi, dch pha mang v dch tn s sng mang. ............................................................................48 3.3.3 M phng m hnh khi phc nh thi k hiu pha, khi phc tn s v khi phc pha sng mang...............................................................................................52 3.3.4 S dng cng c Bertool trong Matlab 7.0 tnh ton BER ......................57 Kt lun..........................................................................................................................63 Cc ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................................64

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