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Standards
Communication systems that interact with each other require standardization. Standards are typically decided on by national or international committees: in the U.S. the TIA plays this role. These committees adopt standards that are developed by other organizations. The IEEE is the major player for standards development in the United States, while ETSI plays this role in Europe. Both groups follow a lengthy process for standards development which entails input from companies and other interested parties, and a long and detailed review process. The standards process is a large time investment, but companies participate since if they can incorporate their ideas into the standard, this gives them an advantage in developing the resulting system. In general standards do not include all the details on all aspects of the system design. This allows companies to innovate and differentiate their products from other standardized systems. The main goal of standardization is for systems to interoperate with other systems following the same
standard.
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In addition to insuring interoperability, standards also enable economies of scale and pressure prices lower. For example, wireless LANs typically operate in the unlicensed ipectral bands, so they are not required to follow a specific standard. The first generation oi wireless LANs were not standardized, so specialized components were needed for many systems, leading to excessively high cost which, coupled with poor performance, led to very limited adoption. This experience led to a strong push to standardize the next wireless LAN generation, which resulted in the highly successful IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Future generations of wireless LANs are expected to be standardized, including the now emerging IEEE 802.1la standard in the 5 GHz band. There are, of course, disadvantages to standardization. The standards process is not perfect, as company participants often have their own agenda which does not always coincide with the best technology or best interests of the consumers. In addition, the standards process must be completed at some point, after which time it becomes more difficult to add new innovations and improvements to an existing standard. Finally, the
standards process can become very politicized. This happened with the second generation of cellular phones in the U.S., which ultimately led to the adoption of two different standards, a bit of an oxymoron. The resulting delays and technology split put the U.S. well behind Europe in the development of 2nd generation cellular systems. Despite its flaws, standardization is clearly a necessary and often beneficial component of wireless system design and operation. However, it would benefit everyone in the wireless technology industry if some of the problems in the standardization process could be mitigated.
Standardul 802.11
IEEE 802.1I este un set de standarde pentru comunicarea wireless pentru retelele
locale
public de latime de band de 5GHz sl2.4GHz. Familia 802.11 include tehnici de modulatie pe calea aerului dar care folosesc
acelasi protocol debaza. Cele mai populare 802.1
fost primul
standard de retea wireless, dar 802.1lb a fost primul care a fost acceptat la scara latga, urmat de 802.1lg si 802.1ln. Securitatea a fost intentionat slaba datorita necesitatilor de
ln
lncainfaza
incipient a demoltarii , dar produse bazate pe veriunea inicipienta sunt vandute. Alte
standard in familie anterioare.
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sunt
802.1lb si 802.11g folosesc banda de2.4GHz ISM. Datorita alegerii acestei benzi
de frecvente 802.1Ib si g pot suferii ocazional interferente de la cuptoarele cu microunde,
Protocol Lansare Freq. (GHz) 802j1 An 1997 2.4 a 1999 5 b 1999 2.4 g 2003 2.4 n 2.4,5 2009 y 2008 3.7
802.11
4.3 19 74 23
23
54 11 54
248
54
rdt
(m)
-100 -120
Versiunea originala a standardului IEEE 802.11, lansata in 1997 si clarificata in 1999, specifica doua rate de transfer de I si 2 Mbps pentru a fi transferati in banda de frecventa 2.4GHz.
802.1
802.1la
Data
Oct
lansare 1999
Frecv
functionare
Rate transfer
(tipica)
Rata transfer
(max)
Distanta
5 GHz
23
Mbit/s
54
Mbit/s
-35 m
Standardul 802.1la foloseste acelasi protocol debaza ca si standardul original, functioneaza in banda de frecventa de 5GHz cu o rata maxima de transmisie de 54Mbps,
care ofera un throughput net realistic in aproximativ 25Mbps.
Din moment ce 2.4GHz este foarte folosita si de aceea este aglomerata, folosind
banda de 5GHz, ofera 802.1la un avantaj semnificativ. Totusi frecventele purtatoare aduc
si un mic dezavantaj. Raza efectiva a 802.1 la este putin mai mica decat cea a 802.llb/g; semnalele 802.1la nu pot patrunde atat de mult ca si cele de La802.1lb pentru ca sunt absorbite mult mai rapid de catre pereti si alte obiecte solide in calealor.
802.11b
Data
Oct
lansare 1999
Frecv
functionare
Rate transfer
(tipica)
Ratatransfer
I
(max)
Distanta
2.4 Gl:z
4.5
Mbit/s
I Mbit/s
-35 m
Data Iunie
lansare
Frecv
2003
2.4
GHz
functionare
Rate transfer
(tipica)
Rata transfer
(max)
Distanta
23
Mbit/s
54
Mbit/s
-35 m
54Mbps, sau la l9Mbps throughput net. Hardware-ul 802.11g este compatibil complet cu
cel din urma 802.1lb.
Acest standard a fost rapid adoptat de catre consumatori, cu mult inainte de ratificarea sa, datorita necesitatii de viteze inalte, si reducerea costurilor de fabricatie.
Pana
mode, duportand a si b/g intr-un singur device. Detaliile despre cum sa faca b si g sa
functioneze bine impreuna ocupa mult din procesul tehnic; intro retea 802.1lg, activitatea
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802.11 Pseudo-broadcast MAC-ul folosit de standardul 802.11 are doua moduri: unicast si broadcast
.
Din moment ce COPE face broadcast de pachete codate, in mod normal s-ar folosii
conceptul de broadcast. Din pacate acesta nu functioneaza din cavza a doua motive: nu
fix
confirmare sincron este receptionat. Lipsa unui semnal de confirmare este interpretata ca un semnal de coliziune, in cazul in care nodul care trimite reactioneaza incetand
transmisiunea exponential, astfel lasand mai multe noduri sa imparta legatura.
In contrast modul broadcast pentru 802.1 I nu are nici backoff si nici nu este de
incredere. Un pachet de broadcast are multi receptori intentionati, si nu este clar cine va
mesaje care sunt intentionate sa fie transmise prin broadcast. Campul destinatie este setat
de catre nivelul de legatura ca
este este adaugat antetului nivelului de legatura listand toate hop-urile urmatoare ale
pachetului. Din moment ce toatea nodurile sunt in modul de ascultare, pot sa auda
pachete care nu sunt adresate lor. Cand un nod primeste un pachet cu o adresa MAC
diferita de a sa, verifica antetul codat sa vada daca exista un hop urmator. Daca exista
acesta procese:za pachetul mai departe, altfel el stocheaza pachetul intr-un buffer ca un
pachet primit oportunist. Astfel cum toate pachetele sunt trimise folosind unicast-ul,
trimis de mai multe ori pana cand MAC-ul destinat il primeste si trimite o
confirmare.