Amygdala Amara, B.P., Bitter Almond. Amygdala Dulcis, B.P., Sweet Almond. Amygdalinum, Amygda.

Prunus dulcis Prunus dulcis var. amara AMYGDALA AMARA, B.P. BITTER ALMOND. Related entry: Oil of almond, Oil of bitter almond Bitter almond biji masak kering dari Amygdalus, Stokes, var. amara, Baillon (N.O. Rosaceae). Keduaana, bitter dan sweet dikembangkan di Mediterranian. Buahnya bercangkang, yang pecah, atau membuka ketika kering, memperlihatkan endokarpnya yang keras, di mana ditemukan almond didalam nya. Ekspor utama Bitter almond berasal dari Morocco dan Silicy. Bijinya pendek dan lebih besar. Jordan sweet almond ukurannya 2 cm panjang nya dan lebarnya 1,25 cm, dan dapat dibedakan dari karakteristik baunya ketika di campur dengan air sebagaimana rasanya yang pahit. Bitter almonds are the ripe dried seeds of Prunus Amygdalus, Stokes, var. amara, Baillon (N.O. Rosaceae). They are also official in the U.S.P. Almond trees, both sweet and bitter, are widely cultivated in the countries that border on the Mediterranean. The fruit is a drupe, which splits open as it ripens, disclosing the hard endocarp, within which the almond is to be found. Bitter almonds are exported chiefly from Morocco and Sicily. The seeds are shorter and broader than the ordinary Jordan sweet almond, being about 2 centimetres long and 1.25 centimetres broad, and are at once distinguishable by the characteristic odour evolved when they are triturated with water, as well as by their bitter taste. Kandungan utama Bitter almond adalah minyak menguap atau minyak atsiri (sekitar 50%), Glukosida amygdalin kristal (3-4%) dan setidaknya ada 2 enzim fermen, emulsin dan laccase, bersama dengan protein lainnya. Minyak atsiri diperoleh dengan mengancurkan dan menekan bijinya, mengangkat bagian utamanya yaitu minyak almond. Kemudian minyak tersebut dicampur dengan air hangat dan dibiarkan, enzim fermen, emulsin akan membuka struktur amigdalin glucosida menjadi dextrosa, asam hidrosianat dan benzaldehid. Jika uap air dilewatkan pada campuran tersebut(destilasi uap), asam hidrosianat dan benzaldehid keluar sebagai destilat, sebagian berada dalam keadaan bebas dan utamanya berada dallam kombinasi yang tidak stabil benzaldehyde-cyanhydrin. Ini membentuk minyak almond berat yang tenggelam dalam air. Bitter almond menghasilkan 0,5% -0,8% minyak esensial, yang mengandung 4-7% asam hidrosianat. Standar : harus mengandung benzaldehid tidak lebih dari 80% , tidak kurang dari 2% dan tidak lebih dari 4% HCN baik dalam bentuk minyak atau larutan oleum amygdale. Constituents.The chief constituents of bitter almonds are fixed oil (about 50 per cent.), the bitter crystalline glucoside amygdalin (about 3 to 4 per cent.), and at least two enzyme ferments, emulsin and laccase, together with other proteins. The fixed oil, obtained by crushing and pressing the seeds, constitutes the bulk of the genuine almond oil of commerce. When the cake thus produced is mixed with warm water and allowed to stand, the ferment emulsin splits up the glucoside amygdalin into dextrose, hydrocyanic acid, and benzaldehyde. If steam be then passed through the mixture, the hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde distil over, partly in the free state, but mainly in unstable combination as benzaldehyde-cyanhydrin. These form a heavy oil (essential oil of almonds) which sinks in water. Bitter almonds yield about 0.5 to 0.8 per cent. of essential oil, which may contain from 4 to 7 per cent. of hydrocyanic acid. Kegunaan: Aksi bitter almond tergantung pada kandungan HCN nya. Simtom tidak enak, rasa kurang nyaman, terutama pada anak, dapat diatasi dengan menkonsiumsi dalam jumlah kecil.Sebagai obat batuk, yaitu Pulvis Amygdalae Amarae Compositus yang mengandung bitter almond.

Sebagai basis lotion, yaitu Mistura Amygdalae Amarae lebih dipilih dari pada gom, acasia sebagai emilsifying agent. Action and Uses.The action of bitter almonds depends upon the hydrocyanic acid they yield. Unpleasant symptoms, especially in children, may arise from eating relatively small quantities. For administration in cough mixtures, Pulvis Amygdalae Amarae Compositus is prepared, bitter almonds being used instead of the sweet variety in the B.P. formula; from the compound powder the corresponding Mistura Amygdalae Amarae is prepared. For toilet purposes, and as a basis of lotions, Mistura Amygdalae Amarae is preferred without gum acacia and sugar. PREPARATIONS. Mistura Amygdalae Amarae, B.P.C.BITTER ALMOND MIXTURE. 3 in 40. Used as a basis for soothing skin lotions, especially to allay the smarting of sunburn. Mistura Amygdalae Amarae Composita, B.P.C.COMPOUND BITTER ALMOND MIXTURE. 1 (compound bitter almond powder) in 8. Contains a variable amount of hydrocyanic acid and is given for coughs. Dose.15 to 30 mils (1/2 to 1 fluid ounce). Pulvis Amygdalae Amarae Compositus, B.P.C.COMPOUND BITTER ALMOND POWDER. Bitter almonds, 10; refined sugar, 5; gum acacia, 1. AMYGDALA DULCIS, B.P. SWEET ALMOND merupakan biji masak yang kering dari Prunus Amygdalus, Stokes, var. Dulcis. Dikembangkan di itali bagiann selatan, prancis bagian selatan, dan spanyol. Bijinya lebar dan panjang, panjangnya 2,25 cm-2,5 cm dan lebarnya 1,5 cm. Sweet almonds are the dried ripe seeds of Prunus Amygdalus, Stokes, var. dulcis, Baillon (N.O. Rosaceae). They are also official in the U.S.P. 'The sweet almond tree closely resembles the bitter almond, and is cultivated in the same districts, but especially in Southern Italy, Southern France, and Spain. The variety known as the Jordan almond, which is exported from Malaga, is alone official, and may be recognised by its large size and long narrow shape, being about 2.25 to 2.5 centimetres long and 1.5 broad. Valencia almonds, which are also exported from Spain, are shorter and broader. Kandungan Ketika masih segar, sweet almond mengandung 27,7% air, 16,5% protein (termasuk emulsin), 41% minyak dan 2,8% selulosa. Tidak mengandung amilum. Kandungan utamanya adalah minyak, sekitar3 5-56%. Minyak dihasilkan setelah pemrosesan mengandung 10% air, 15% minyak, 41% protein, 20% nonprotein, 9% serabut, dan 4,3 % mineral. Constituents.When fresh, sweet almonds contain an average of 27.7 per cent. of water, 16.5 per cent. of proteins (including emulsin), 41.0 per cent. of fixed oil, and 2.8 per cent. of cellulose. They contain no starch, and leave, when incinerated, about 1.5 to 2 per cent. of ash. The most important constituent is the fixed oil, which varies in quantity from about 35 to 56 per cent. The oil cake which is left after the expression of the oil contains about 10 per cent. of water, 15 per cent. of oil, 41 per cent. of protein, 20 per cent. of non-protein, 9 per cent. of fibre, and 4.3 per cent. of mineral constituents. Sweet almonds differ essentially from bitter almonds in containing no amygdalin; the taste of the seeds, and of the emulsion obtained by triturating them with water, is bland and agreeable. Action and Uses.Sweet almonds are demulcent, and a mixture made from the compound powder of almonds is a useful vehicle for cough medicines. Almond flour, when deprived of its oil forms a valuable material for preparing bread for diabetic patients. Almond meal is used as a "water-softener" for toilet purposes. PREPARATIONS. Emulsum Amygdalae, U.S.P.EMULSION OF ALMOND.

Sweet almond, 6; acacia, in fine powder, 1; sugar, 3; distilled water, sufficient to produce 100. Average dose.120 mils (4 fluid ounces). Lotio Rosae, B.P.C.ROSE LOTION. Syn.Lac Rosae; Milk of Roses. 1 in 10. Almonds, curd soap, white wax, oil of almonds, oil of bergamot, oil of lavender, oil of rose, alcohol, and diluted rose water. Mistura Amygdalae, B.P.ALMOND MIXTURE. Syn.Lac Amygdalae; Milk of Almonds; Emulsio Amygdalae; Emulsio Simplex. Compound almond powder, 1; distilled water, 8. Almond mixture is employed as a demulcent vehicle for cough mixtures, and to suspend terebene and similar drugs not readily miscible with water. Dose.15 to 30 mils (1/2 to 1 fluid ounce), Pulvis Amygdalae Compositus, B.P.COMPOUND POWDER OF ALMONDS. Sweet almonds, 8; refined sugar, in powder, 4; gum acacia, in powder, 1. This compound powder is used as an emulsifying agent, and to prepare demulcent mixtures for use in cough. AMYGDALINUM. AMYGDALIN. C20H27NO11, 3H2O = 511.274. Amygdalin, C20H27NO11, 3H2O, is the glucoside of d-phenylglycollic acid, and is obtained from bitter almonds, or the seeds of other Rosaceous plants. It occurs in white crystals with a bitter taste. It is neutral in reaction and laevorotatory ([]D = -35.5). It melts at about 200, after darkening in colour, and sets to a glassy mass, which melts at 125 to 130. By the action of emulsin it is decomposed into dextrose, benzaldehyde, and hydrocyanic acid this decomposition also occurs under the influence of dilute acids. Soluble in water or alcohol; insoluble in ether. Action and Uses.Amygdalin in itself has no action, but in the stomach it undergoes decomposition, hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde being formed, so that its ultimate effect is that of hydrocyanic acid. It may be administered as an ingredient of cough mixtures. Dose.1 to 3 centigrams (1/4 to 12 grain). Oleum Amygdalae, B.P., Almond Oil. Oleum Amygdalae Amarae, Oil of Bitter Almond. Prunus armeniaca Prunus dulcis Prunus dulcis var. amara OLEUM AMYGDALAE, B.P. ALMOND OIL. Related entries: Bitter almond, Sweet almond Almond oil (Oleum Amygdalae Expressum, U.S.P.; Expressed Oil of Almond) is extracted by pressure from bitter or sweet almonds, in which it exists to the extent of about 40 per cent. It occurs as a clear, pale yellow, almost odourless, oily liquid, and has a bland, nutty taste. Specific gravity, 0.915 to 0.920 (0.910 to 0.915 at 25). It should remain clear at a temperature of -10, and should not congeal until it has been cooled to nearly -20 (absence of olive oil and lard oil). If 10 mils of the oil be mixed with 15 mils of a 15 per cent. solution of sodium hydroxide and 10 mils of alcohol, the mixture allowed to stand at a temperature of 35 to 40, with occasional agitation, until clear, and then diluted with 100 mils of water, the clear solution thus obtained will, upon the subsequent addition of excess of hydrochloric acid, set free a layer of oleic acid, which, when separated, washed with warm water, and clarified by heating on a water-bath, will remain liquid if cooled to 15. The fatty acid should also, on being mixed with an equal volume of alcohol (95 per cent.), yield a clear solution at 15, and not deposit any fatty acids, nor become turbid on the further addition of one volume of alcohol (distinction from olive, arachis, cotton seed, sesame, and other fixed oils). The saponification value is from 188

to 200, and the iodine value from 95 to 100. Apricot kernel oil has a higher iodine value than almond oil, and is often substituted for it, or used to adulterate it. Slightly soluble in alcohol, in ether (1 in 2.25), in chloroform or benzene in all proportions. Constituents.Almond oil consists chiefly of olein, with a small proportion of the glyceride of linolic acid, and other glycerides; it contains no stearin. Action and Uses.The oil is nutritive, demulcent, and laxative. It may be administered in the form of an emulsion. It is applied externally as an emollient for chapped hands and slight excoriations. It becomes rancid less readily than olive oil, and forms a whiter ointment with white wax and spermaceti; it is therefore preferred in the preparation of cold creams and similar toilet articles. It is the basis of many brilliantines and is added to lotions for the hair. Mixed with an equal quantity of lime water, one-eighth of its bulk of glycerin, and a suitable perfume, it forms "Glycerin and Lime Cream," a popular application for the hair. As a mild laxative dose for children, 4 mils (1 fluid drachm) of the oil maybe given. Sterilised almond oil is prepared by heating it for half an hour at 120 to 140 in small flasks or bottles, the necks of which are tightly plugged with cotton wool. Dose.4 to 16 mils (1 to 4 fluid drachms). PREPARATIONS. Ceratum Galeni, B.P.C.GALEN'S CERATE. Syn.Unguentum Refrigerans; Cold Cream; Parogen Cold Cream. Almond oil, 50; white beeswax, 12.5; soft paraffin, white, 12.5; borax, 1; oil of rose, 0.1; rose water (undiluted), 25. Especially suitable for toilet use. If a similar preparation be required as a basis for medicaments the borax should be omitted, or preference should be given to the modification of Unguentum Aquae Rosae. Emulsio Olei Amygdalae, B.P.C.EMULSION OF ALMOND OIL. 1 in 8. Used as a simple cough mixture. Dose.8 to 30 mils (2 to 8 fluid drachms). Lotio Crinalis, B.P.C.HAIR LOTION. Almond oil, 12.5; strong solution of ammonia, 12.5; oil of rosemary, 0.52; alcohol, 50; honey water to 100. Sir Charles Locock's hair lotion or wash is prepared by mixing 120 grains of expressed oil of nutmeg or mace, 4 fluid ounces of spirit of rosemary, and 1 fluid ounce of olive oil, 2 fluid drachms of solution of ammonia, and 10 fluid ounces of rose water. OLEUM AMYGDALAE AMARAE. OIL OF BITTER ALMOND. Synonym.Oleum Amygdalae Essentiale. Oil of bitter almond is obtained by distilling the moistened, bitter almond cake from which the fixed oil has been extracted by pressure. A similar oil, found in commerce, is obtained from the seeds of the apricot (Prunus Armeniaca, Linn.., which are imported in large quantities from Syria and California. When treated in the same way as bitter almonds, apricot kernels and peach kernels yield about 35 per cent. of fixed oil (Oleum Persicae), and about 0.6 to 1.0 per cent. of essential oil. The oil does not pre-exist in the almond cake, but is formed by the interaction of two constituents, amygdalin and emulsin, the products of the reaction being benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid, and dextrose. Hydrocyanic acid may be present in the natural oil to the extent of 4 or 5 per cent. When used in medicine it should contain not less than 2 per cent. and not more than 4 per cent. of hydrocyanic acid. Oleum Amygdalae Amarae, U.S.P., contains from 2 to 4 per cent. of hydrocyanic acid, and not less than 85 per cent. of benzaldehyde. For flavouring purposes the oil deprived of hydrocyanic acid (Oleum Amygdalae Essentiale sine Acido Prussico) should be used. To remove the hydrocyanic acid, the distilled oil is shaken with milk of lime and ferrous sulphate, whereby hydrocyanic acid is precipitated as calcium ferrocyanide; the unchanged benzaldehyde is then rectified by means of steam. In this way all traces of hydrocyanic acid are removed, and the oil may safely be used

for any purpose. Another method of rectification is to shake the oil with a strong solution of sodium acid sulphite, which forms with the benzaldehyde a crystalline compound, from which the pure oil may be obtained by distilling with sodium carbonate. Oil of bitter almond occurs as a colourless liquid, having a characteristic odour; it is optically inactive. Specific gravity, 1.045 to 1.060 (1.040 to 1.055 at 25). Boiling-point, 179. On exposure to the air it is oxidised, and gradually deposits benzoic acid as a solid crystalline mass. This change takes place more readily in the oil freed from hydrocyanic acid, which evidently acts as a preservative. The presence of chlorine indicates contamination with, or substitution by, synthetically prepared benzaldehyde, although the latter, free from chlorine, has recently been placed on the market, so that the absence of chlorides is not an infallible indication of its purity. The following test may be applied to show the absence of chlorides:Filter paper, free from chlorides, is moistened and placed on the inside of a large beaker. A folded strip of filter paper, saturated with the oil, is placed in a porcelain dish standing in a larger one, ignited, and immediately covered with the prepared beaker, which should be sufficiently large to cover the dish. The products of combustion are absorbed by the moistened paper, from which they are washed with distilled water, filtered, and treated with silver nitrate solution. No precipitate or even turbidity should be produced. To detect added nitrobenzene, dissolve 1 mil of the sample in 12 mils of absolute alcohol, and add 0.75 gramme potassium hydroxide; boil the liquid until it is reduced to about 4 mils, and leave it to cool; if the sample be pure no crystals form, but a brown colour is slowly developed, and the residual liquid is entirely soluble in water. In presence of nitrobenzene brown crystals of azoxybenzene, C12H10N2O, are formed, which are insoluble in water, and may be collected, dried by pressure, and weighed. Sparingly soluble in water; soluble in all proportions of alcohol, ether, fixed, or volatile oils. Nitric acid dissolves the oil at ordinary temperatures without generation of nitric oxide vapours. Action and Uses.Oil of bitter almond is employed as a flavouring agent for emulsions, and for use in domestic culinary operations. For the latter purpose the oil freed from hydrocyanic acid should be used. Dose.1 to 6 centimils (0.01 to 0.06 milliliters) (1 to 1 minim). PREPARATIONS. Aqua Amygdalae Amarae, U.S.P. and B.P.C.BITTER ALMOND WATER. 1 in 1000. Used as a flavouring agent. Dose.2 to 8 mils (1/2 to 2 fluid drachms), Aqua Amygdali Amarae, P.I.BITTER ALMOND WATER, P.I. Strength, 0.1 per cent. Essentia Amygdalae Composita, B.P.C.COMPOUND ESSENCE OF ALMOND. Oil of bitter almond free from hydrocyanic acid, 0.52; tincture of vanilla, 40; tincture of benzoin, to 100. Used as a flavouring agent, Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae, C.F., and U.S.P.SPIRIT OF BITTER ALMOND. Syn. Essence of Bitter Almonds, Oil of bitter almond, 1; alcohol (95 per cent.), 80; distilled water, to 100. Used chiefly as a flavouring agent. Average dose.5 decimils (0.5 milliliters) (8 minims). Syrupus Amygdalae, U.S.P.SYRUP OF ALMOND. Spirit of bitter almond, 1; orange-flower water, 10; syrup, to 100. Average dose.4 mils (1 fluid drachm). http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/prunus-dulc_oleu.html Description This section is from the book "A Text-Book Of Pharmacology, Therapeutics And Materia Medica", by T. Lauder Brunton. Also available from Amazon: A text-book of pharmacology, therapeutics and materia medica. Oleum Amygdalae, B.P.; Oleum Amygdalae Expressum, U.S.P. Almond Oil, B.P.; Expressed Oil of Almond, U.S.P

A fixed oil expressed from bitter and sweet almonds. Characters. - Pale yellow, nearly inodorous or having a nutty odour, with a bland oleaginous taste. Preparation. B.P Oleum Phosphoratum. Unguentum Cetacei. Resinae. Simplex, and the preparations containing it. U.S.P Unguentum Aquae Rosae. U.S.P. Oleum Amygdalae Amarae. Oil of Bitter Almond. A volatile oil obtained from bitter almonds by maceration with water, and subsequent distillation. Characters. - A colourless or yellowish thin liquid of a peculiar aromatic odour, a bitter and burning taste and a neutral reaction. Preparation. Dose. Aqua Amygdalae Amarae (oil of bitter almond 1, water 999)....... Indefinite. Uses. - The fixed oil is demulcent. It is applied externally to chapped hands and slight excoriations, also to the ear in earache. Internally, in doses of 1 drachm to 2 drachms, it is a mild laxative. The cake left after the expression of the bland oil from sweet almonds contains no starch, and is therefore employed instead of bread in diabetes. The oil of bitter almonds is used as a flavouring agent. The crude oil of the U.S.P. contains hydrocyanic acid, and may be used instead of it as a local application in pruritus, and also for internal administration. Amygdalin. Bitter almond oil. Glucose. C20H27NO11 + 2H2O = HCN + C7H6O + C12H24O12 It retains its strength better than pure hydrocyanic acid, but its disadvantage is that the proportion of the acid is not constant. It may be given in doses of 1/4 to 1 minim cautiously increased. Continue to: prev: Amygdala Amara, B. and U.S.P. Bitter Almond Table of Contents next: Prunum, B. and U.S.P. Prune. - The dried drupe of the plum, Prumus domestica. Southern Europe. Characters Tags pharmacology, therapeutics, materia medica, chemicals, medicine, health, drugs, conditions, decease,action http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Pharmacology-TherapeuticsDrugs/Oleum-Amygdalae-B-P-Oleum-Amygdalae-Expressum-U-S-P-Almond-Oil-B-PExpre.html

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Maserasi adalah proses perendaman sampel menggunakan pelarut organik pada temperatur ruang Minyak dikocok dengan larutan H2SO4 untuk membentuk kristal benzalhidroksisulfonat, kemuudian dicuci dengan alkohol dingin Maserasi selama 12 jam dengan air, dimana amygdalin mengalami fermentasi oleh adanya enzim emulsin membuka struktur amigdalin glucosida menjadi dextrosa, asam hidrosianat dan benzaldehid. Kemudian, minyak yang terbentuk didestilasi. asam hidrosianat dan benzaldehid keluar sebagai destilat, sebagian berada dalam keadaan bebas dan utamanya berada dalam kombinasi yang tidak stabil benzaldehyde-cyanhydrin. Hal ini menyebabkan minyak almond tenggelam dalam air.Bitter almond menghasilkan 0,5% -0,8% minyak esensial, yang mengandung 4-7% asam hidrosianat. 1. Minyak + H2SO4 benzalhidroksisulfonat + alkohol + NaCO3 Destilasi uap 2. Toluen mendidih +Klorin, dipanaskan Benzilklorida + barium nitrat dan air, sementara itu dilewatkan CO2 melalui campuran benzilnitrat yang terbentuk akan terdekomposisi menjadi benzaldehid dan N2O emulsin 3. Amigdalin minyak atsiri
N2O

Minyak atsiri : tidak berwarna, kekuningan, baunya seperti bitter almond, sedikit larut dalam air, dapat bercampur dengan alkohol, eter, minyak Test: 1. 10 tetes air destilasi+KOH + feroous sulfat, dipanaskan + HCl Tidak biru kehijauan atau biru selama 15 menit( abs. HCN) 2. Manufacture: 1. Shake oil of bitter almond (peach, apricot, etc.) with concentrated solution of acid sodium sulphite (3) to form crystalline benzalhydroxysulphonate, wash with cold alcohol, treat with strong sodium carbonate solution, rectify by distillation with steam. 2. Treat boiling toluene, C7O8, with chlorine, heat resulting benzyl chloride with barium nitrate and water, while passing carbon dioxide through the mixture, the benzyl nitrate formed decomposes into benzaldehyde and oxides of nitrogen. It is a colorless, yellowish, refractive liquid, bitter almond-like odor, burning aromatic taste, slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol, ether, fixed or volatile oils; sp. gr. 1.045; differs from oil of bitter almond in having no hydrocyanic acid. Tests: 1. Shake 10 drops with distilled water (5 Ml. (Cc.)), + potassium hydroxide T. S. (.5 Ml. (Cc.)), + ferrous sulphate T. S. (.1 Ml. (Cc.)), warm gently, + excess of hydrochloric acid - no greenish-blue color nor blue precipitate within 15 minutes (abs. of hydrocyanic acid). 2. Dissolve 1 Ml. (Cc.) in alcohol (20), + distilled water until turbid, evolve hydrogen 1 hour by adding zinc 1/4-1 (.016-.06 Ml. (Cc.)).and diluted sulphuric acid, filter, evaporate to 20 Ml. (Cc.); of this boil 10 Ml. (Cc.) + a drop of potassium dichromate T. S. - not violet (abs. of nitrobenzene). Impurities: Hydrocyanic acid, chlorinated products, nitrobenzene. Should be kept dark, in small, well-stoppered bottles. Dose, http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Manual-Pharmacology/AmygdalaAmara-Bitter-Almond.html http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Textbook-Materia-Medica/SweetAlmonds-Amygdala-Dulcis.html