I TING NI VIT NAM TRNG CAO NG PT TH I

BI GING MN:

K THUT XUNG S

Ging vin: Trn Vn Hi Khoa K thut in t PT-TH Email: tranvanhoi@vov.org.vn

1

CHNG I: KHI NIM C BN V K THUT XUNG

BI 1: TN HIU XUNG I. Khi nim tn hiu xung Xung in l nhng dng hc p ch tn ti trong 1 khong thi gian ngn c th so snh c vi thi gian ca qu trnh qu trong mch in m n tc ng. Xung: l 1 i lng vt l c thi gian tn ti rt nh so vi ton b thi gian ma n tc ng. Mc so snh: l thi gian qu - khong thi gian m h thng vt l chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc
2

BI 1: TN HIU XUNG

II. Phn loi tn hiu xung.

Xung vung

Xung nhn

Xung rng ca

Xung hnh thang

Xung hm m

Xung tam gic

3

III. Cc tham s ca tn hiu xung.

Dy xung rng xung x : thi gian tn ti xung.(s) Khong cch xung : K/c gia 2 xung lin tip. Chu k xung: Tx. 1 fx = Tn s s xung Tx trn 1 giy. dy: Qx = x
Tx

x
Um

Tx

Qx > 0.5 - Xung rng Qx < 0.5 - Xung hp. 1 Tx = = rng(xp): Qx x

Tham s dng xung

U t s1 : rng sn trc. t s 2 : rng sn sau. Um :Bim ln nht ca xung. Um: st nh tuyt i. Um Um = : % st nh tng i. t

Um

Um

Um

s1

ts 2

Thc t chn h s <1. U = 0.1, 0.05, 0.01 (1 )Um Thng chn = 0.05

Um

Um

<1

t s1

ts 2
5

Bi 2: Phng php phn tch tn hiu xung

Phng php xp chng:

u vo: S1(t), u ra S2(t).

S1 (t )
n n i =1 i =1

Mch tuyn tnh

S 2 (t )

1 S1 (t ) = s1 (t ) + s12 (t ) + ... + s1n (t ) = s1i (t ) 1 S1 (t ) = s1 (t ) + s12 (t ) + ... + s1n (t ) = s1i (t )

Ton t laplace.
F ( p ) = f (t )e pt dt
0

Mi f(t) u c nh F(p).

1 f (t ) = 2

a + j

a j

F ( p )e pt dt
6

I. Cc dng tn hiu xung n gin.

U (t )

Dng t bin: U(t) =E.1(t) = E t t0 0 t < t0 E Vi 1t0 =1(t-t0) = 1 t t0 0 t < t0 Dng tuyn tnh: U (t ) K = const = tg

to

Kt

K(t-to)

K (t to) U (t ) = K (t to)1(to) = 0

t to t< to

to
7

Cc dng tn hiu xung n gin.(tip)

Dng hm m. U (t ) = E (1 e (t to ) ).1(to).

U
E

E (1 e U (t ) = 0

( t to )

).

t to t < to
to

Kt lun: Tn hiu xung rt a dng song tt c u c coi l tng hp ca 3 dng tn hiu ni trn.

V d
U

Ta c U(t) = U(t) + U(t) Cho t1 =0, t2 = T U(t) = E.1(t) . U U(t) =-E.1(t-Tx) U(t) = E[1(t) -1(tTx) ]

t t1 t2

U(t)

t t1 t2 U(t)
9

V d
U U(t)

U(t) = U1(t)+U2(t)+U3(t) +U4(t)

a U
U1(t)

a t2
U4(t)

t1

U2(t)

U3(t)

10

 Tn hiu t bin:

E ( RC ) E 1 1 ; i (t ) = .e ; Ip = Mch RC:U1(t) =E.1(t)-> Z p = R + R p R + pC pC U C = U 1(t ) U R (t ); U R = i (t ).R C Uc t U R (t ) = E. exp( ) E t R Ur U C (t ) = E[1 exp( )]

U1

= RC

U E Uc Ur t

NX: Ur (t ) t =0 = E; Ur (t ) t = = 0 Uc (t ) t =0 = 0; Uc(t ) t = = E;

nh lut ng mch th nht: Ko bao gi c t bin U trn t in. Thng chn t tl = 3 Hng s thi gian:c trng cho qun tnh ca mch, ch ph thuc tham s mch in m ko ph thuc tn hiu vo.
11

II. Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

Tn hiu t bin Mch RL

t U L (t ) = E. exp( ) t U R = E.(1 exp( ))

C E
U1

Uc Ul

L R

nh lut ng mch 2:Ko bao gi c t bin dng trn cun cm.

Uc Ul t

12

II. Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

Tn hiu tuyn tnh.
t U R = K .(1 exp( ))
t U C = K .(t exp( ))
C
U1

Uc Ur

NX:

Ur (t ) t = = K Uc(t ) t = = K (t )

Uc (t ) = K (t )

U1(t)=Kt
Ur (t )

Nu thay RC bng RL:

t U L = K .[1 exp( )] t U R = K .{t [1 exp( )]}

13

II.Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

1 = Ri C i Hng s thi gian ca ngun tn hiu. 2 = RC Hng s t/g ca mch.
t U 1 (t ) = E.[1 exp( )].1(t )

Tn hiu hm m.

C
U1

Uc Ur

q t t U R (t ) = E. [exp( ) exp( )] q +1 2 1

Uc(t)/E U q=0.1 q=1 q=10

Uc(t ) = U 1 (t ) Ur (t )
RC q= 2 = = const 1 Ri C i
Ur: q ln, Ur->U1. q gim th bin Ur gim q=1 th Ur =o.37E. Ur l xung nhn. Uc:khi q nh, Uc->U1 q tng, tc Uc gim nhanh khi q =100 -> Uc c dim un

q=100 t

Ur(t)/E

q=100 q=10 q=1 q=0.1 t

14

III. Phn ng ca mch RC i vi dy xung vung.

C
E

U1

U2
t1
U

t t2

T/h q/t qu sm k thc: Cho: t1 = 0; t 2 = x

1 U 1 (t ) = E.1(t )

U11
1 U2

t x t U 2 (t ) = E.[exp( ) exp( )]

Do :

U 12 (t ) = E (t x ) t x 2 U 2 (t ) = E. exp( )
t1

t 1 U 2 (t ) = E. exp( )

t2

U2

t1

U 22
U12
t

t2

15

Qu trnh qu sm kt thc
Khi = RC >> x
Cc thnh phn Ura b/ chm,dng xung gn ging dng xung vo-> st nh xung E E E = % st nh xung tng i. E Mch RC lm mch phn cch,truyn t/h xung.
E U

t1
U E U2

t2

Khi = RC << x

t2 t1 U2

Ut/h bin i nhanh, t/h ra bin thnh 2 xung nhn + v - ti t1 v t2 S dng mch RC lm mch vi phn.

16

Tn hiu ra trn t
C
U1

U2
E t
U

R
t1
1 U1

t2

Cho
1 2

t U (t ) = E.[1 exp( )] t

t1 = 0; t 2 = x

U 22

2 x U 2 (t ) = E.[1 exp( )] t x t U 2 (t ) = E.[exp( ) exp( )]

U2

t2 t1
1 U2

U12

U1

U2m

t 17 t1 t2

Tn hiu ra trn t
Khi: = RC >> x cc thnh phn U thay i chm,t/h ra c dng tam gic v sn trc gn nh ng thng.Trong khoang t/g t1-t2 ta c. y l trng hp dng mch RC lm mch tch phn U t U 2 (t ) = E.[1 exp( )] theo Macloranh:
U2

t1

t2

t U 2(t ) E -> U2 =Kt vi K = E

U2

Khi = RC << x Cc thnh phn U thay i nhanh,t/h xung ra ging xung vo nhng b mo sn trc . y l trng hp RC ging cc thnh phn k sinh ca ngun t/h vi R nh,C = Cra ca ngun.

18

Qu trnh qu chm
Uc(t)

Uo t S1 t

Ur(t)

S2

19

IV. Mch phn p xung

KN:l mch 4 cc c nhim v trch 1 phn tn hiu t ngun ua ti ti p/hp v mt bin . Y/c: khng gy mo tn hiu->h s truyn t l 1 hng s , ko f thuc vo f. Cc mch phn p: 1. Phn p in tr: U1 U 2 = iR 2 i= R1 + R2 i R1 R2 U 2 = U1. = RU 1 R1 + R2 U1

R2 R = = const , f R1 + R2

R2 U2
20

IV. Mch phn p

Phn p in dung

U 2 = IX 2
U1 i= X1 + X 2

U 2 = U1.

X2 = CU 1 X1 + X 2

i U1

C1 C2 U2

C1 R = = const , f C1 + C 2

Thc t tn ti R k sinh v C k sinh nn h s phn p lun f thuc vo f. Phn p hn hp. U1 U2 = .Z 2 = z .U 1 Z1 + Z 2 1 1 U1 Z1 = R1 // Z 2 = R2 // C1 C 2 Ni chung z f thu vo f K cn bng:
R1C1 = R2 C 2

R1

C1

R2

C2

U2

khi z = C = R

21

BI 3: KHA IN T
I. KHA IN T 1. Kha in t: l 1 van in c th ng hoc ngt 1 dng in di tc ng ca t/h iu khin. 2. Tnh cht: Ni tr kha: Khi ng: Rk = 0 Khi ngt: Rk = v cng. 3. Tc ng ngt: f iu khin ng ngt m kha lm vic tin cy. m bo tin cy:[Fmax] cho php < hoc = 1/(2 t/g thit lp). 4. Ngng iu khin: L mc t/h thp nht c th /k c kha 1 cch tin cy.

22

II. Kha in dng TRANSISTOR

T tt Kha m:Rkm= Ic = Ico nh: 10-100mA Uc=Ec T thng Kha ng:Rk =0 Ic = Icbh=Ec/Rc; Uc =Ucbh rt nh.
Ic Ec/Rc X

I co
A

RC

Icbh

I bo
Rc
B

UC
U DK

Ib

Rb

U be

Ucbh

Min ct dng

Uc

23

Nguyn l

Min ct dng: di im B. Min khuych i.(on AB). Ib Ic Uc ic = .ib ; U c = E c ic .RC Min bo ho:(Sau im A-ng Ox). ib>=ib boho->ic=icbh=const. iu kin T bo ho : ib>=ibbh. ch kha :Yu cu T thng ch bo ho vi dng in ln v: c dng ln. Kh nng chng nhiu cao. 24 Ic =Icbh = Ec/Rc

Qu trnh qu ca kho T
Udk

t1

E1

t3

E2

ib ic

Ibo
tt

Ib1

Ibbh

Ibo
Tiu tn

ico
Uc E ts1

Icbh t4 ts2

Tr t3 t4

Ec t2 Ucbh
25

t5

Nguyn l
Trong khong: 0 t < t1; Udk= E2<0-> T tt, ib=-ibo;ic=Ico, Uc=Ec. Trong khong: t1 t t 3 + Ti t=t1: Udk t bin dng,E1>0; Ib=Ib1=E1/Rb >Ibbh.-> T bo ho. Ic tng theo quy lut hm m to ra sn trc ts1. + Sau t2: tuy ic=Icbh=const nhng v ib=Ib1>Ibh nn c hin tng trn in tch t E->B to nn cc in tch tha trong cc B phi tip gip cc C. Qu trnh tch lu vn theo ng quy lut tng sn trc ca ic v tin ti xc lp ti t3. Khi:t-t3, Udk c t bin m,Udk =E2<0. L ra Ib=-Ibo song do R ngc tip gip u vo EB ca T cha kp thit lp-> Ib vn c gi tr rt ln> Ib2=E2/Rb. Dng Ib2 s duy tr trong 1 khong thi gian no ri dn dn gim v Ibo sau khi R ngc c thit lp. Ic vn duy tr Icbh trong khong thi gian t3-t4 to ra thi gian tr 26 ngt.

Nguyn l (tip)
T tr = t4-t3: l thi gian tiu tn cc in tch tha c tch lu trong giai on trc. Sau Ic gim . n thi im t5 c ic=ico v hnh thnh rng sn sau ts2=t5-t4. Chnh cc khong thi gian ts1, ts2, t tr to nn cc qu trnh qu trong mch lm chm tc ca kho. Do phi hn ch chng.

27

CHNG 2: MCH BIN I XUNG

28

CHNG 2: MCH BIN I XUNG

BI 1: MCH VI PHN I. Khi nim: - Mch vi phn:l mch 4 cc m t/h ra t l vi vi phn ca t/h vo.
d [ S1 (t )] S 2 (t ) = K . dt

Trng hp t/h vo ra l U th c mch vi phn in p. U (t ) = K . d [U 1 (t )]

2

dt

S1(t)

II. ng dng: - To xung nhn t xung vung. - To xung vung t xung hnh thang. - Thc hin php tnh vi phn trong MTTT

d/dt

S2(t)

29

BI 1: MCH VI PHN
III. Mch vi phn iu kin: dU i R = ic = C . c U 2 = i R .R dt
U 2 = RC.
C i R U2
U1

Gi s: Ur << Uc -> U 2 << U 1

d [U 1 (t )] U 2 (t ) = K . dt

d (U 1 U 2 ) dt

U1 E

/k mch RC l mch VP l: Ur<<Uc.

iR << i 1 C

L tng

t
dU 1 = tg = tg 90 0 = dt

RC <<

V tn hiu xung c: /k l: RC<<Tx

= t c

U2 E E

Thc t

t 30

BI 2: MCH TCH PHN

I. Khi nim: - Mch vi phn l mng 4 cc m Ur t l vi t tch phn U vo.
S 2 (t ) = K S1 (t )dt
0

R i C U2
U1

II. ng dng: - To xung rng ca, cung cp U qut trong VTTH, chn, m xung
1 U 2 = Uc = ic dt C0
t

U ic = i R = R R

Gi s Uc<<Ur do :U2 <<U1-> K l mch tch phn: i 1 << iR

C

1 (U 1U 2 )dt RC 1 1 U 2 = K U 1(t )dt vi K = = RC U2 =

= RC > > Tx

U2(t) S1(t)

U1(t)

dt

S2(t)
31

BI 2: MCH TCH PHN Mun tch phn chnh xc phi tha mn iu kin tch phn: Xra c bin nh so vi xung vo -> Dng mch Tch phn RC kt hp vi mch KTT gi l mch KTT tch phn.
Mch tch phn Mch vi phn

32

Mch to in p rng ca

T/h U rng ca c s dng /khin mch li tia e trong cc n m cc my thu hnh, mn hnh MT -> U rng ca gi l U qut. Dng mch tch phn lm Uq Uq l nhng xung rng ca c cha 1 phn U thay i theo t i vi t. Cc on c th tng hoc gim nu o hm ca n + v U>0

U< 0
33

Cc tham s
Uo: in p d ban u. Uqm: Bin max ca Uq Tq = t2- t1. T/g hnh trnh qut thun. Tph= t3-t2 T/g hnh trnh qut ngc 0 q gc tip tuyn ca ng cong Uq ti cc thi im u v , cui ca q/t qut thun. Yu cu: Uo nh +Uqm ln, Uq thng +Tph : nh c th bt u 1 hnh trnh sm. H s mo phi tuyn: dUq dq

q =

dt

t1

dt

t2

dUq dt

tg 0 tg 1 = (%) tg 0

t1

ngha: l chnh lch v dc ca phn ng thng. Uqm Hiu sut: q = % Eng

34

in p rng ca
q

Uqm

t1 Uo

t2

35

Mch to in p rng ca
R Ngun in C Uq Rk K

S dng phng php np in cho t qua R ln tha mn iu kin tch phn. Trong tq: kha K ngt, C c np. n = RC >> t q t t U q (t ) = U c (t ) = Eng [1 exp( )] Eng n n Khi t= tq->Uq=Uqm. Kha K ng, C phng in qua Rk, f = CR K << n

t ph = 3 f

36

Mch qut RC n gin Udk

t1 Rb R t2 t

in if
C

Ecc Uq Um Ucbh t1 tq t2 t3 tph t Ecc

Udk

Ube

37

Nguyn l
Phn t tch phn:R,C Ngun np: Ecc, kha in t e. Trng thi u:T thng( bo ha). 0 t t1 + K: Rb << min . R +Uco=Ucbh=0 + I c = I cbh = Ec , Uq=Uc R Trng thi qut: t1 t t 2 C xung(-) iu khin vi rng C c np: +Ec->R->C->-Ec.

x = t q T tt.

t U q = Ec.[1 exp( )] n

voi

n = R.C
Uq = Ec.
Ec t K= = const = Kt ; n n

Gi thit:

n >> t q

theo chui Macloranh:

Uq

t =t 2 =t q

= E c .(1 exp(

tq

)) = Ec.

tq

= Um

Trng thi phc hi: sau khi t bin xc nh t2, kt thc xung k u vo->T thngbo ha-> C phng rt nhanh qua rcebh

ph = C.rcebh << n ; t

ph

= 3 n = 3C.rcebh

38

Mch Miller
R ir D Udk Rb Eb Uq Cfng Uq
tq tqmax tq

Udk
C

Rc

ip
Udk

t1

t2

- + Ube Uq

t3

Uc

Cnp
t4 tph
39

t5

Nguyn l.
Do kt cu mch, to nn hi tip m t cc gp C n cc gc B thng qua t C. S hi tip ny khng ch chnh lch const-> I phng = const-> U trn t C gim tuyn tnh-> Uq gim tuyn tnh, Ic phng = const. Gi s Ic phng ->iR -> U R ->Ube -> Ib -> ic -> Uq -> Ube. -> Do hi tip chng li s gim ca I phng.

40

Mch Bootstrap
Udk t1 t Uq X Rb Cb Udk
R

*C

D thng Uq T2 Re Uq Uc * UC t2

Utt
Ux

D thng t3
Ur

ir ib2
C

t4

ib1

T1

Uy

Ecc t

tq
C*phng

* C np tph

t5

41

Nguyn l
Trng thi u: 0 t t1; U X = EC U D Ec T1 ng vai tr kho in t- thng hon ton. Ec iR = iC1bh = ; U Y = U C1bh 0; U C = U X U Y Ec T2 mch khuych i: R Trng thi to qut: t1 t t 3 + Giai on 1: D thng. C* C np-> UY -> Uq Ux V D thng nn Uc ( UY) thay i theo quy lut bc 2. + Giai on 2:t=t2 Ux tng >=Ec-> D tt. T C c np vi I const, Uy-> Uq v tng tuyn tnh. Do Uy( U Y) -> Uq ( U q = U Y ; K U T 2 1;)
*

( U X = U Y = U q ; -> UR=UY-UX= const ) Trong giai on 2do C* c tr s ln so vi C nn C* ng vai tr nh ngun 1 chiu np cho cho C. Mch to qut ch tuyn tnh trong giai on D tt.Thi gian qut 42 thc. [tq] = t3-t2 < tq
C*>>C-> Ux

BI 3: MCH HN BIN I. Khi nim: l mng 4 cc phi tuyn m Ur thay i theo ng quy lut ca Uv khi Uv cha vt qu 1 mc cho trc - gi l mc ngng-> Ur gi 1 gi tr = const gi l U hn ch - c tuyn truyn t ca mch theo U2(t)=F[Uv(t) ] l 1 ng gm 2 phn: + Phn nghing: truyn tn hiu Hn ch + Phn thng: ct. tri phi
U2 Uhc Ung1 U1 Uhc
Hn ch trn Hn ch di

U2 Ung2 U1

U2 Ung2 Ung1 Uhc

43

U1

Mch hn ch dng it 1 pha. U

Mch hn ch song song Uhc
D E Dtt U2
2

Rhc U1

Ung1 Dthng U1

Khi U1<E -> UD < 0 -> D tt . Do RDtt >> Rhc-> U2 =U1. Khi U1>E : D thng. Do RDthng << Rh/c -> U2 =E Thc t : Khi truyn : U1 U2 =RT+Rhc Khi o chiu it : mch hn ch di mc E Ch :nh hng tham s k sinh: Cra =Cak+Cti+Clp
rp
44

RT

Hn ch ni tip
Rhc U1 Uhc D E Dthng U2

U2 Ung1 Dtt U1

Khi U1<E -> D thng . Do RDthng << Rhc-> U2 =U1. Khi U1>E : UD<0 ->D tt. Do RDtt >> Rhc -> U2 =E Khi i chiu it ta c mch hn ch di.

45

Mch han ch 2 pha

Mch song song
U2 E2 Rhc U1 D1 E1 E1 D2 E2 D2thng D1,D2 tt D1thng U2 Uhc U1

iu kin hn ch : E2 < E1
46

D1

Mch ni tip
D2 Rhc2 E1 E2 U2 U2 E1 D1tt D2thng E2 U1 D1thng D2tt Rhc1

U1

D1,D2 thng

iu kin hn ch:E1<E2 Rhc2 > Rhc1

47

Rc Rb

Mch hn ch dng Transitor R E

cc b

K
U1 U2 D

>

U2

U1

Mch vo ca T l tip gip p-n : tng ng 1 it. Rb: tng ng Rhc -> Mch hn ch it song song u vo.

Tn hiu sau khi c hn ch c T khuych i -> Mch

khuych i hn ch.

Vi im cng tc thch hp v t/h vo ln: Mch K thng

thng cng c kh nng hn ch.1 pha do dng b ct, o pha do 48 transitor bo ha.

BI 4: MCH GHIM MC

L mch gi cho t/h ra 1 mc Uno . U1 Mch ghim di mc 0. t2 t3 t1 t4 C

+ D U2 U2 E U1 R

49

Mch ghim trn mc 0

C + D U2 U2 1 2 3 U1

U1 R

50

Mch ghim mc bt k
C + A U1

t1
D U2

t2

t3

t4
U t

U1 R

E E B

Ti t =t1.U1=0, U2=E, D thng, C c np n E Khi t=t1: + u vo c t bin dng E1, UAB =U2 = E+E1 + D tt, C phng qua R chm, U2 gim chm Khi t=t2: c t bin m E1->U2 gim 1 lng E1-> hnh thnh xung ghim mc E 51

Chng 3: Mch dao ng xung

52

Bi 1: B to dao ng tch Ch cha 1 phn t tch ly nng thot lngl C.

Sau khi tch ly nng lng C, ri nh thit b chuyn mch n li phng n mt mc xc nh no ri li c np in. Nu mch phng c cha R th hu nh NL c tch ly u tiu hao trn R di dng nhit. K1 ng, K2 m :C np. K1 v K2 ng m nh K1 m, K2 ng: C phng qua R t/b chuyn mch K2
Ngun NL

K1

Phn t tch tr NL

Mch phng in

T/b chuyn mch

53

Bi 2: Mch dao ng a hi I. Mach dao ng a hi.

Rc1 Rb1 C1 T1 Ub1 Ub2 Rb2 C2 T2 U2 Ecc Rc2

Mch gm 2 tng K ni tip nhau. Rb1 v Rb2 ni trc tip ln Ec m bo mch dao ng. Mch c 2 trng thi cn bng khng n nh: + T1 thng, T2 tt. + T1 tt, T2 thng.
54

I. Mach dao ng a hi.

Rc1 Rb2 Rb1 Rc2 C2 T2 Ub1 Ub2 U2 - Ecc

C1 T1

T1 tt, T2 thng: + C1 c np: +Ec->reb2->C1->-Ec. + C2 phng qua T2: +C2 ->Rb1->E->recT2->-C2. T1 thng, T2 thng: + C1 phng. + C2 np.

55

Mch dao ngE a hi

V ta c:I b 2

Ec c v I b 2 h = nn khi T thng bo ha Rc 2 Rb 2

xung ra n nh th Ib2 >= Ib2h hay

Rb 2 .Rc 2
C2 phng C2 phng

Ub1

C2 phng Ub1h

UcT1 Uc1h C1 np

Ub2 UcT2

Ub2h

Uc2h

56

II. Mch a hi i dng T ghp cc pht

-Ec R1 Cb T1 Ukt Ube2 R2 Ub1 Re Ue Rc1 C bc2 Rc2 T2 UcT2=Ura

57

Dng sng mch a hi i dng T

UcT1 Ico2.Rc2 Ube2 Ec

Ue

UcT2 Ico2.Rc2 -Ec

58

Nguyn l
Mch c 2 trng thi n nh:
T1 tt, T2 thng. K: 2 .( Rc 2 + Re ) > (Re + Rb 2 ) Do Rb2 ca T2 u ln Ec nn c UbeT2<0 v UbeT2=Ube2bh. UcT2= Uc2bh + Ic2bh.Re. C c np in : +Ec->Re->RbeT2->C->Rc1->-Ec. Ucmax = Ec-Ico1.Rc1-Re.Ic2bh. Khi u vo c xung (-) kch thch vo BT1-> T1 thng bo ha-> T2 tt. C li phng: +C->Rb2->-Ec->+Ec->Re->T1->-C. Do s phng ca t C: +Trn Rb2 c in p (+) a vo BT2 gi cho T2 tt hn trong 1 khong t/g. +I phng ca C gim -> Ube2 trn T2 bt dng-> t n U thng ca T2 -> T2 bt u thng, chm dt qu trnh to xung. t bin ln 2: khi Ube2 =0, T2 thng xut hin qu trnh t bin ln 2 nh trn, C li c np.

n = C.(Re + R ) R = Rc 2 // Rc1 // Rb 2

ph = 3 n

59

III. Mch Trig

Gm 2 tng K ghp vi nhau. C hi tip dng. C 2 trng thi cn bng v n nh v c kh nng chuyn t trng thi c/b ny sang trng thi cn bng khc khi c kch thch. ng dng: phn tn, to xung /khin cc mch vi tch phn; lm cc b nh thc hin cc php tnh logic.
60

Mch in
Rc1 C4 R1 Co1 Ukt1 Rb1 Rb2 Eb R2 Co2 Ukt2 T2 C1 C2 Rc2 C3

+Ec

T1, T2: cc phn t K. C1R1,R2C2 dn t/h hi tip a v B cc T Rb1,Rb2 ni vi ngun Eb nh thin cho T. T1 thng, T2 tt. Co1,Co2 dn t/h kch thch Trig chuyn trng thi. Cc trng thi c th : c 2 T thng, T1 thng T2 tt hoc T1 tt T2 thng. 61

Nguyn l mch Trig

Gi s ban u T1 thng, T2 tt. Ti t1: u vo T1 c kch thch xung (-) ->T1 ang thng chuyn sang tt ->UcT1 dng ln->UbT2 dng ln-> T2 thng. n t2: c xung (-) vo bT2-> T2 tt,T1 thng do UcT2(+) tng-> UbT1(+) tng thng qua R2C2 -> T1 thng. Qu trnh tip tc cho cc xung tip theo-> u ra ta c cc xung vung. Cng c th a xung kch thch vo 1 u ca mch nhng cc xung lin tip ngc cc tnh. iu kin 2 trng thi cn bng n nh ca Trig: Icbh1(2) Ube2(1) <=0; Ib1(2)>= min1(2) 62

Dng sng mch Trig

Ukt1 Ukt

Ukt1

Ura1 Ura2

Ura1 Ura2

63

IV. ng b cc mch dao ng xung

Mch dao ng t kch th T, f ca xung ra f thuc vo cc tr s R,C, Ri ca kho. Bin li ph thuc ngun cung cp v h s khuych i. Thc t ta cn 1 dy xung c T v f xc nh-> Mch xung s phi cng tc ch i. Ch ny, qu trnh bin i trng thi nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo xung kch thch. Khi Txra = Txkt Xung kch thch gi l xung ng b. Dng ca xung kch thch l nhng xung nhn dng hoc m kch thch. Khi c xung kch thch, mch dao ng xung lm vic theo quy lut ca xung kch thch gi l s ng b ca mch to xung kch thch v mch dao ng. Txra =T xKT =T ng b. H s ng b l 1 64 Txra = nTxKT H s ng b l n

V d mch phn tn.

1 2 3 Rc1 T1 Rb1 C1 UKT T Rb2 C2 T2 t2 t3 T t Ecc Rc2 4 5 6 7 8 To t

Khi khng c xung ng b : T1 tt -> thng v chu k dao ng ca n l To. Khi c xung ng b : trong khong T: T1 ang thng nn xung ng b + t vo khng nh hng g. Nhng trong khong T: xung ng b + t vo-> n thi 65 im t2, T1 lt trng thi-> Chu k dao ng ca mch l

Mch chn xung

KN: chn xung l tch t/h xung c ch ra khi c nn nhiu hay chn t/h ring bit ra khi ng t/h chung. - Cc du hiu chn:cc tham s ca xung: bin , rng hoc tn s. - B chn xung l t hp cc s xung khc nhau. - Yu cu: n gin, cc phn t trong mch phi cng tc ch tuyn tnh. Cc mch chn xung. Chn xung theo bin : Ura =f(Ux) vi Uxlaf bin xung vo. +chn xung theo cc tnh (+) hoc (-). +chn xung c bin ln hn mc cho php. +chn xung c bin nh hn mc cho php. + chn xung c bin : Umin<Ura<Umax
66

Mch chn xung c bin nh hn mc cho php.

n1 a) 1 n2 b) 3 c) 4
d/dt

2 5 d) e) 6

u vo 1 c cc xung vi bin khc nhau chng chia thnh 2 nhnh song song n1 & n2. + n1 qua mch vi phn (a). + n2 qua mch hn ch di(b) -> mch lm tr . u ra ca 2 nhnh l 2 v 4 n b cng (d). U tng a n mch chn cc tnh xung( ghim trn mc 0) a xung ra l xung nhn nh du thi im kt 67 thc xung c bin a<Umax

Dng sng mch chn xung

Uv

du/dt

Uhc

Utr U tng

Ur
68

Chn xung theo rng

D1 D2

+ Uv C R1 R2

Ur

+E Cu to gm 1 mch tch phn RC v mch hn ch bin gm D2, R1, R2 vi mc hn ch:

t x min R1 U min = E. = Um.[1 exp( )] R1 + R 2 Rc

Um: l bin xung vo. rt ngn thi gian hi phc ca mch tch phn RC ta mc thm D1. 69 Trong thi gian np in cho C th D1 tt-> ko nh hng g n mch tch phn.

Dng tn hiu mch chon xung theo rng.

Uv

Uc

Ur

70

Ti liu tham kho

K thut xung Vng Cng.

71