BBA 04 Bahria University

Harvard Referencing
Generic and standardized way of acknowledging the information and ideas of cited authors Most commonly used style in management journals Author - Date style of referencing Two divisions: In-text referencing End-referencing /List of references

In Text Referencing
Where the authors name is used as part of a sentence, only enter the date in brackets
Cooper and Schindler (2001) argued that ..

If not referred to directly, you need to put both surname and date in brackets in ascending order
It has been argued that (Goodstein, 1994a, 1994b, 2003; Ingram and Simons, 1995).

If there are more than two authors, enter the name of the first author and et al.
There is general consensus in the literature that.. (Goodstein, 1994; Ingram and Simons, 1995; Wood et al., 2003).

In Text Referencing
Where different type of sources are used ......indicated by the literature in this area (Goodstein, 2003; Ingram and Simons, 1995; Wood et al., 2003; Wikipedia, 2007; MoD, 2007). When indicating a page number, you can do it like this
(Meyer and Rowan, 1977, pp. 342) or (Meyer and Rowan, 1977: 342) or (Meyer and Rowan, 1977, p. 342)

When using a secondary source

... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) or Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) ...or Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding...

Important!
All the commas, semicolons, colons, full stops and brackets cannot be altered. Where the name of an author is a natural part of the sentence, it is not written in the brackets. Only surnames i.e. family names or second names can be used

End Referencing
List of references at the end of the document should be arranged alphabetically by the surname of authors Book:
When the whole book is written by the named author(s).
Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, R. S. (2001), Business Research Methods (7th edition), Singapore, McGraw-Hill.

When you are naming the editor of the book

Baum, J. A. C. (ed.) (2002), Companion to Organisations, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

When each chapter is written by different authors

Amburgey, T. L. and Singh, J. V. (2002), Organisational Evolution in Baum, J.A.C. (ed), Companion to Organisations, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

End Referencing
Report A stand alone report
Chaplin, J., Mangla, J., Purdon, S. and Airey, C. (2005), The Workplace Employee Relations Survey 2004 Technical Report, London, National Centre for Social Research.

Part of a series
Hogarth, T., Hasluck et al.(2001), Employee friendly flexible working 2000: Baseline study of employee friendly flexible working practices in Great Britain, DfEE Research Report No. 249, Nottingham, DfEE Publications.

End Referencing
Journal Article
Meyer, J. W. and Rowan, B. (1977), Institutionalised organisations: formal structure as myth and ceremony, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 340-63.

Magazine Article
Elliott, M. (2007, January 22), The Chinese Century, Time, Vol. 169, No. 2, pp. 15-23

Newspaper Article
Roberts, D. (1998), BAe sells property wing for $301m, The Daily Telegraph, London, 10 October, pp. 31. Guardian (1992), Fraud trial at Britannia Theme Park, The Guardian, Manchester, 5 February, pp. 4.

End Referencing
Net Download
Wikipedia (2007), Harvard Referencing, [online] Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_referencing, [Accessed 6th April 2007] Telenor (2007), About Telenor, [online] Available from http://www.telenor.com/about/, [Accessed 6th April 2007]

End Referencing
Working Paper
Dex, S. and Smith, C. (2001), Which British employers have family-friendly policies? Analysis of the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey, Research papers in management studies, WP 17/2001, Cambridge, The Judge Institute of Management Studies.

Thesis
David, S. (2003), The role of power in employment relations, Unpublished PhD thesis, Cass Business School, London.

Purpose of Proposal
To present the problem to be researched and its importance To discuss the research efforts of others who have worked on related problems To suggest the data necessary for solving the problem and how the data will be gathered, treated and interpreted

Purpose of Proposal (cont.)

A proposal is also known of a work plan that tells:
What will be done Why it will be done How it will be done Where it will be done To whom it will be done What is the benefit of doing it

Proposal Development

Proposal Complexity

Types of Research Proposals

Research proposals can be divided between those generated for internal and those for external audiences. An internal proposal is done by staff specialists or by the research department within the firm. External proposals may sponsored by university grant committees, government agencies, government contractors, not-for-profit organizations, or corporations. Generally, the larger the project, the more complex the proposal. These can be further classified:
Solicited proposals Unsolicited proposals

Types of Research Proposals (cont.)

Solicited proposals is often in response to an RFP, is likely competing against several others for a contract or grant Unsolicited proposals represents a suggestion by a contract researcher for research that might be done

Types of Research Proposals (cont.)

There are three levels of complexity:
exploratory studies, small-scale studies, and large-scale studies. The exploratory study generates the most simple research proposal. The large-scale professional study is the most complex and could be worth up to several million dollars.

Modules to include in a proposal

Structure of A Research Proposal

Executive summary Problem statement Research objectives Literature review Benefits of study Research design Data analysis Nature/ Form Research qualifications Budget Schedule Facilities Project management Bibliography Appendices

Structure of A Research Proposal

Executive summary
Thrust of a proposal

Problem statement
Management dilemma, background, consequences and management questions

Research objectives
General to specific Specific, concrete and achievable

Literature review
Historically significant research studies, company data or industry reports

Structure of A Research Proposal

Benefits of the study
Importance of doing the study now should be emphasized

Research design
Technical details: sample selection, sample size, data collection method, instrumentation, procedures and ethical requirements

Data analysis Nature/ Form of results

Contractual statement, statistical conclusions, applied findings, recommendations, action plans, models, strategic plans -----------

Structure of A Research Proposal

Qualifications of researchers
Professional research competence, relevant management experience

Budget
Varies for internal and external proposals

Schedule
Critical path method, Gantt Charts

Facilities and special resources Project management Bibliography Appendices

Glossary, measurement instrument and others

Budget

Schedule

Schedule

Evaluating the Research Proposal

Development of review criteria Assignment of points Assignment of weights Generation of a proposal score Consideration of other factors