Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Linux
Linux
Lv
3.1 LR
Lv v (Linus Torualds), HF
CA F ,
F MFO FE (Project)
J. F,
CK
v. (Prof.Andrew S. Tannenbaum) A,
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134
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(directories) (files)
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P . F
P HP G W
. EPJ .
:
[ilamathi@localhost ilamathi]$ passwd
Changing password for ilamathi (current ) password:
( OA)
New password:
( F OA)
( F e OA)
135
. K
F K C .
b H O EJ N
. F P
b M FA. F L A.
passwd
:
[ilamathi@localhost ilamathi]$ passwd
Changing password for ilamathi
( current ) password:
( OA)
New passwd:( F OA)
Retype new password:
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3.1 Lv
138
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139
c
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A. IP
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,
cprogramming
H ,
/home/kumaran/cprogramming
3.4 O
Lv J .
1. GA
(System Administrator or the Root user)
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(v) A. v, O /home
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. chmod H
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3. K (Group Owner)
PH FEJ EP
140
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[option]
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[argument]
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. ,
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list . , ls F, E
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F (error message )
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141
ls
ls
-l
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ls
ls
-l
file1
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(spelling), O (case)
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(alphabet) . O (dot
files) C O
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3.1 - bin personal
F, P (path name) ,
142
, Q . bin
O /bin /usr/bin .
A. ,
personal O /home/kumaran/personal
/home/ilamathi/personal . /home personal
F, H
.
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3.1- H, c E
K kumaran Q, job H G
/personal/job . H G
/home/kumaran/personal/job .
143
c
H, c
K .
EK
Pi? C O,
F EKAl
GO pwd (print
. F , J (logged on),
$ PJ pwd A
:
[ilamathi@localhost ilamathi] $ pwd
/home/ilamathi
[ilamathi@localhost ilamathi] $
FJ . /home/ilamathi K
J F .
, FJ
F (home directory) G .
PH ,
K, J M .
(Changing Current Directory)
cd (change directory) , FL,
PH . ,
F FL,
/usr/bin MA. L,
P,
P, H /usr/bin .
P
J W :
[ilamathi@localhost ilamathi] $ pwd
/home/ilamathi
[ilamathi@localhost ilamathi] $ cd /usr/bin
[ilamathi@localhost bin ] $ pwd
/usr/bin
, F (parent
directory) MA Q, $ PJ, cd..
.
144
O (..) F
PA. O (.)
PA. cd .. AA
O (space) . O
O .
P:
:
[ilamathi@localhost bin] $ cd ..
[ilamathi@localhost /usr] $ pwd
/usr
[ilamathi@localhost /usr] $ cd ..
[ilamathi@localhost /] $ pwd
, J , /usr/bin
F .
MA. cd
. ,
.
:
[kumaran@localhost bin] $ cd
[kumaran@localhost kumaran] $ pwd
/home/kumaran
cd
,
.
P:
/usr/bin F A.
personal bQA. M
GP I O N, /personal
O (~) P .
[kumaran@localhost bin] $ ~/personal
[kumaran@localhost personal] $ pwd
/home/kumaran/personal
145
[kumaran@localhost personal] $ cd ~
[kumaran@localhost kumaran] $ pwd
/home/kumaran
O P,
.
P:
personal F A,
health MA F
. cd.. , /health E
GP . $ PJ W
.
[kumaran@localhost personal] $ cd .. /health
[kumaran@localhost health] $ pwd
/home/kumaran/health
F W
F - (Sub - Directory)
A.
(Creating a Directory)
, health F W
insurance MA
. health F . mkdir
(make directory) . mkdir
PHA K
F , F W .
F
. F
MH, cd F .
[kumaran@localhost health] $ mkdir insurance
health F W insurance
F . F
mkdir J PH
.
146
c (Removing a Directory)
NJA Q,
c NJ. K
A A? , c
G K! rmdir
(remove directory) .
:
[kumaran@localhost health] $ rmdir insurance
c c MAl Q,
,
1. L (empty) .
2. (current directory) .
, insurance F I
M. L . ,
health-, insurance . , insurance
N A.
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c MH L rm
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mkdir J , rmdir J
PH.
F L
F -
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, , /home/kumaran
F -O
P MA .
:
[ Kumaran@localhost kumaran]$ ls /home/kumaran
health cprogramming
c++programming
[kumaran@localhost kumaran] $ ls - F
personal.
147
J -F ,
- H
/ P
.
ls
ls
A. , /home
F . ( / P -
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P P MH
ls G.
P M Q ls -l . -l ,
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H M (size)
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148
3.6 H
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clear F M. tput clear
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tput cup
20 20
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. (
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man JI
(level of help) PH
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man , M M
M . Q, GGJ (online) M
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KJ F G, echo
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Lv J (logging on) ,
Lv . logout exit
, Lv ML O.
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(Hierarchial File System) Lv A.
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K (Group Owner)
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J :
Command
Option
Argument
C :
v pwd - EK
v man - M P
v mkfs - A
v cd - EK FL
v mkdir - F
150
L c
v ls -l F
v echo F FJ
v rmdir
JC M
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1.
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2.
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n.x.y
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151
5.
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6.
logout
7.
8.
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A.
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MFM P, $
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exit A
F O .
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FL , change
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152
10. F i?
11.
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3.7
H
cat H
more
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more . , F
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153
Of (standard output) .
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K
Al. Q, P [ilamathi@localhost ilamathi]$
F $ P KJ
.
file1 H FJ
MAl. W M
. file1- ,
It is a fun.
You are encouraged to work with the Linux
.
$cat file1
J Of,
It is a fun.
You are encouraged to work with the Linux.
A.
- FJ,
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:
file1
$ more file1
Of,
154
It is a Fun
You are encouraged to work with the Linux.
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M.
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155
, file2 - FJ .
, file1- .
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file1 H .
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156
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This command expects data from the standard input
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This command expects data from the standard input
(Of)
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Now you have to enter the data from the knewboard (Of)
Ctrl+D
$
157
H, MJL K
k Al. K , F
(buffer) k A.
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A cat k A. F
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cat
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:
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and this message is sent to the file after >
k)
to the cat command through the std input
symbol.
Ctrl+D
158
$ cat file3
The typed in material will be redirected
to the cat command through the std input
and this message is sent to the file after >
symbol. $
k FF P (<)
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, M N
k HA. k,
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k FF P (<) FA. cat
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(Pipes)
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159
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160
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Interesting things are going to be printed.
Ctrl+D
F (Ctrl+D M)
J C.
H ( file3 ) M KK K
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161
- n , file3 - ,
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P P.
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162
Of H F
A. Of F H
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file6- F , FJ A.
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:
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sfile5- file5-
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Ashok
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Of:
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Chandran
Malar
FJ , sfile5 H
F . , MF C
A.
163
Of:
1. Ashok
2. Chandran
3. Malar
M FJ , sfile5 H
F. , C A.
.
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164
H A H, file1 H
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alpha- M F I. alpha1
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165
?
0! = 1
n! = n * (n-1)!
factorial(1) = 1 * factorial (0) = 1
A MK.
c
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:
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:
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cAM. -i -V
O . -f A
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166
Fh P
O O F GM
Q P , Lv *, ?, [ ]
( L O ) A C Pf A
. ch .c
L MH * C Pf
.
:
$ ls
main.c fact.c swap.c char1 char2.ex doc1 doc2
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char1 char2.ex
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main.c fact.c swap.c
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167
2 H L MAl.
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doc1
doc2
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doc[1-5] doc[a-g]
E A.
1 . FL
.
2. F .
mv (move)
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FL
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F.
168
P:
:
mv
:
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temp F temporary
P . mv , H P
.
:
$mv file1 /home/ilamathi/personal/file1
O, -i, -v, -f A
F .
EPJ F,
P date EP
J F A J
.
$
:
$ date
Wed July 07:11:41:12 ET 2004
F, A FJ OJ
.
P .
P + P .
FJ , , F E, GI,
M P . W:
%d
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F (F)
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169
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07/07/04
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172
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173
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174
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178
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179
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182
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183
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184
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3.
4.
Suitable to any machine: Suitable Linux version can run on any machine
available now. This allows low investment for the hardware. The users, who
have low configuration machines, prefer to use Linux OS compared to other
OSs that require higher configurations.
185
FJ
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that F. Q, Having
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M. , F. h F
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Having computer knowledge is an invaluable asset it will do a world of
good to young people seeking jobs.
1
Simple Upgrade and Installation: The installation procedure of most Linux
versions is menu driven and easy.
2
Reliability: Linux is a highly reliable system. Linux servers are not shut
down for years together. Normally operating failures are unknown to Linux systems.
It does not mean that you need not be vigilant. Do not forget the computer adage. If
186
3.10 G
(Shell Script)
G Lv A
(text file) . M H
H (Text Editor) P
H c . ( F
FJ k). PH Lv O
F KJ
H, GL M c .
KJ K O G
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Q (default shell) w (Bash) .
w G N F .
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187
C-NJ M Lv
A. P A F .
G H P . G
F PO .
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(new shell) . F ,
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$ PJ G
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(File Access Permission - FAP) P . H
(execute) F . chmod
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$ chmod u+x edufile
$ edufile
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chmod +x ,
(execute) F . u+x ,
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188
G A, F
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3.11 P
(Variables)
P F F G
H. Lv P
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let P .
P (Creating Variables)
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file1, bookshell, book_shell, a+b, rs-paise
:
a + b, a+ b, a!b, ab&, a=b
189
P :
<variable_name> = <value>
P PM, FH
P (=) O
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P .
P:
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name=Ilamathi
name=Ilamathi
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FHL number PJ F
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(character string) . number PJ 1, 2 A
. 12 ( M 1100)
190
M. number PJ e
EF , , , N,
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P (Referencing Variables)
PJ F $ P
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:
var1=${var2},
var1, var2 A G H P G
A. ${var2} , HF F
A. FH , var1 PJ
A. P I. , PJ
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F , son F
son1 PJ Q, W
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M. M, M AM. (father, son
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191
FJ . ,
k . GF F
. E G LR
:
echo Please enter your name
read name
echo FJ . F,
k . read
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F. , O Enter M
F, name PJ . ,
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3.12 (Expressions)
expr let
, , C
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P F. P
A.
F G , P E J N
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let F. expr , W
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Of Of (F) A.
192
:
$ expr 21 + 51
72 M FJ . + P
J O (Space) Q
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$num1=7
$num2=3
$expr $num1 + $num2
Of F , FJ 10
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F M A. Q, F O (decimal point),
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.
let , O M, F
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<
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193
operator) .
tor) . let
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J . expr J
J.
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MH, W P
.
:
$ let pr = 5 * 10
$ echo The product is $pr
The product is 50
M PJ F M FJ
. M FJ Q echo
.
194
:
$ let sum = 2 + 4
$ echo The sum is $sum
The sum is 6
GF let F W
F F.
let a = 0
let a = a+1
P P
L P. Q,
. name PJ IIamathi
.
echo The given name is $name
echo The given name is $name
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:
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P $ P PJ F
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196
f G. H, eF .
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(Reliability)
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198
nY), p n K
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LR H F
G .
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.
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199